Calculus III

Math207 16.4

Calculus III

16.4

March 30, 2019

23 Green’s Theorem

Let C be a simple closed curve. Let D be the region consists of all points inside C as well as all points on C. The positive

orientation of a simple closed curve C refers to a single counterclockwise traversal of C. Thus if C is given by the vector

function r(t), a ≤ t ≤ b, then the region D is always on the left as the point r(t) traverses C.
y y

D D

C C

x x

Green’s Theorem gives the relationship between a line integral around a simple closed curve C and a double integral over

the plane region D bounded by C.

I I I I
The notation F · dr = P dx + Q dy or F · dr = P dx + Q dy is sometimes used to indicate that the line integral
∧ ∧

C C C C
over a simple closed curved is taken in the positive, or counterclockwise, direction.

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 Calculus III
Math207 16.4

Theorem 23.1: [Green’s Theorem]

Let C be a positively oriented, piecewise-smooth, simple closed curve in the plane given by r(t) and let D be the

region bounded by C. Let F (x, y) = hP (x, y), Q(x, y)i be a vector field. If P and Q have continuous patrial derivatives

on an open region that contains D, then

Z Z ZZ  
∂Q ∂P
F · dr = P dx + Q dy = − dA
∂x ∂y
C C D

Z
Example 1: Evaluate x2 dx + 2xy dy, where C is the triangle curve cosiest of the line segment from (0, 0) to (1, 0), from
C
(1, 0) to(1, 1), and from (1, 1) to (0, 0).

Solution:

Since C is simple closed curve, positively oriented

and D is enclosed by C we can use Green’s Theorem,

Let P (x, y) = x2 and Q(x, y) = 2xy, then we have y

Z ZZ   1 y=x
2 ∂Q ∂P
x dx + 2xy dy = − dA
∂x ∂y C x=1
C D D
ZZ
= (2y − 0) dA y=0 1 x
D
Z1 y=x
Z
= 2y dy dx
0 y=0
Z1
 2 y=x
= y y=0 dx
0
Z1
= x2 dx
0
1
x3

1
= = .
3 0 3


I
Example 2: Evaluate (4y + esin x ) dx + (12x − cos (y 3 + 5y)) dy, where C is circle of radius 2 center at (2, −1).
C
Solution: Since C is simple closed curve, positively oriented and D is enclosed by C we can use Green’s Theorem, Let

March 30, 2019 2 c Dr.Hamed Alsulami

 Calculus III
Math207 16.4

P (x, y) = 4y + esin x and Q(x, y) = 12x − cos (y 3 + 5y), then we have

I ZZ  
sin x 3 ∂Q ∂P
(4y + e ) dx + (12x − cos (y + 5y)) dy = − dA
∂x ∂y
C D
ZZ
= (12 − 4) dA
D
ZZ
=8 dA This integral represent the area of the circle
D

= 8(π(2)2 ) = 32π.

0
x
−1 1 2 3 4
−1 D

−2 C

−3

I
Example 3: Evaluate y 2 dx + x2 dy, where C is the boundary of semiannular region D in the upper half-plane between
C
the circles x2 + y 2 = 1 and x2 + y 2 = 9.

Solution: Note that the region D is not simple but y-axis divides it into two simple region which can be written in polar

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 Calculus III
Math207 16.4

coordinates D = {(r, θ) | 1 ≤ r ≤ 3, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π}. Let P (x, y) = y 2 and Q(x, y) = x2 . Therefore Green’s Theorem,

I ZZ  
2 2 ∂Q ∂P
y dx + x dy = − dA
∂x ∂y
C D
ZZ
= (2x − 2y) dA use x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ.
D
Zπ Z3
=2 (r cos θ − r sin θ) rdrdθ
0 1
Zπ Z3
=2 (cos θ − sin θ) r2 drdθ
0 1
Zπ Z3
=2 (cos θ − sin θ) dθ r2 dr
0 1
3
r3

π
= 2 [sin θ + cos θ]0
3
1 
27 1
= 2 [(0 − 1) − (0 + 1)] −
3 3
 
26 −104
= −4 = .
3 3

3 x2 + y 2 = 9

2 C
D
1 x2 + y 2 = 1

0
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1

23.1 Area of a Region by Line Integrals

ZZ
Another application of the reverse direction of Green’s Theorem is in computing areas. Since the area of D is dA, we
D
∂Q ∂P
wish to choose P and Q so that − = 1 There are several possibilities:
∂x ∂y

y
P (x, y) = 0 P (x, y) = –y P (x, y) =
2
x
Q(x, y) = x Q(x, y) = 0 Q(x, y) =
2

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 Calculus III
Math207 16.4

Then Green’s Theorem gives the following formulas for the area of D :

1
I I I
A= x dy = − y dx = x dy − y dx
2
C C C

x2 y2
Example 4: Find the area enclosed by the ellipse 2
+ 2 = 1.
a b
Solution: The ellipse has parametric equations x = a cos t and y = b sin t, where 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Then dx = −a sin t dt and

dy = b cos t dt.

1
I
A= x dy − y dx
2
C
Z2π
1
= (a cos t)(b cos t) dt − (b sin t)(−a sin t) dt
2
0
Z2π
1
= (ab cos2 t + ab sin2 t) dt
2
0
Z2π
ab
= dt
2
0
 
ab
= 2π = abπ.
2

bD C

x
a

March 30, 2019 5 c Dr.Hamed Alsulami