BDS 2

INTRODUCTION
TO BUILDING
SERVICES AND
ENVIRONMENT
Part 2
BUILDING ENVIRONMENT AND SERVICES

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QUS 3202/MNA
INTRODUCTION
• Elements that influence the design
of building services system :
1)Moisture
2)Heat
3)Ventilation / Air
4)Lighting
5)Acoustic

1) MOISTURE
• Describe the humidity content of
water vapor in the air can be
expressed as absolute humidity,
humidity ratio (relative) or water
vapor pressure deficit.
• The effect of high air humidity is dew
and fog.

The relation 1) MOISTURE
with building ?
corrosion
moldy
rotten
DISCUSSION1
• What are likely effect if the

moisture content in the
building is too high and how
do designer reduce it.

2) HEAT
• In physics and chemistry, heat
is energy in transfer between a
system and its surroundings
other than by work or transfer
of matter
• On that matter, a building @
shelter should consider a
thermal comfort for human.

2) HEAT
• Maintaining this standard of thermal
comfort for occupants of buildings or
other enclosures is one of the
important goals of HVAC (heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning)
design engineers.
• Heat from building can gain from
external and internal

2) HEAT
• Generally, there are FOUR heat

transfer sources within any building,
they are:
1. Fabric: Heat losses
2. Ventilation: Heat loss
3. Solar: Heat gains
4. Internal: Heat gains

2) HEAT

2) HEAT
• Solar heat gain through windows
and/or walls provides a valuable
contribution of space heating.
• The solar heat gain through a glazed
area is calculated by:
Q Solar = Area of window x solar

intensity x Transmissivity.

2) HEAT
• Casual heat gains inside a building
provide a valuable source of heat
contribution to space heating.
• Sources include :
 occupants
 lights
 equipments

DISCUSSION 2
• Find out what is Energy

Conservation and propose at
least 3 ways of energy
conservation in INTI IU
Duration : 40 minutes

3) VENTILATION
• Process to maintain the level of
comfort for temperature, humidity
and oxygen in a space with the fresh
air flowing from one space to another
space to replace the dirty air.
• Required air quantity are different
depending on the nature of buildings
and activities.

3) VENTILATION
Control Carbon Dioxide

Keep fresh air for Oxygen content is enough
respiratory system
Control the moisture level Lowering the heat level

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3) VENTILATION
• Formula for Air Changes
Air changes per hour = quantity of air x occupancy
room volume

3) VENTILATION

3) VENTILATION
Exercise 1
A maternity ward isolation will be
upgraded as virus-infected patients
H1N1.Room volume was estimated
20m x 15m and can accommodate as
many as 20 patients at one time.
Calculate the compressed air in the
ward for the installation of air
conditioning.

3) VENTILATION
Exercise 2
A renovated bungalow want to be a
fancy restaurant. Sized 35m x 20m
with air compressed of 300m³.
Calculate number of users at one
time.

3) VENTILATION

3) VENTILATION
WIND EFFECT STACK EFFECT COMBINATION

EFFECT
3) VENTILATION
• Mechanical ventilation systems are
frequently applied to commercial
buildings, workshops, factories, etc.,
where the air change requirements
are defined for health and welfare
provision.
• There are three categories of system:
1. Natural inlet and mechanical extract
2. Mechanical inlet and natural extract
3. Mechanical inlet and mechanical
extract
3) VENTILATION

3) VENTILATION

3) VENTILATION

3) VENTILATION
FANS
-Propeller Fan
does not create much air
pressure and has limited
effect in ductwork. Ideal for
use at air openings in
windows and walls.

3) VENTILATION
FANS
-Axial Flow Fan
can develop high pressure and
is used for moving air through
long sections of ductwork. The
fan is integral with the run of
ducting and does not require a
base.

3) VENTILATION
FANS
-Centrifugal Fan
can produce high pressure and
has the capacity for large volumes
of air. Most suited to larger
installations such as air
conditioning systems. It may have
one or two inlets. Various forms of
impeller can be selected
depending on the air condition.
Variable impellers and pulley ratios
from the detached drive motor
make this the most versatile ofPage
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fans.
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DISCUSSION 1
- Design a suitable natural and
mechanical ventilation for High
rise office building / School /
Factory producing bread.
- Explain the function of each
and reason why you design
that way.
Task : 4 person in a group

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4) LIGHTING
• Light travels in straight lines

• Light travel very fast – around
300,00 km per second
• Light travel much faster than sound.

4) LIGHTING
• Lighting is divided into two types ;
1- Natural lighting / Daylighting
2- Artificial Lighting
• What is Daylighting ?

4) LIGHTING
• Opinion poll : Would you rather your

office window facing east, south,
west or north?
• What about your bedroom ?

4) LIGHTING
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE
BRIGHTNESS OF ROOM
1.Natural Brightness
2.Size, Shape and Position of Windows
3.Internal Reflected
4.External Reflected

4) LIGHTING
• The daylight received inside a
building can be expressed as the
ratio of the illumination at the
working point indoors, to the total
light available simultaneously
outdoors
• This can also be expressed as a
percentage and it is known as the
daylight factor ' .

4) LIGHTING
• The daylight factor includes light
from:
● Sky component - light received
directly from the sky; excluding
direct sunlight.
● External reflected component - light
received from exterior reflecting
surfaces.
● Internal reflected component - light
received from internal reflecting
surfaces.

4) LIGHTING

• The sum of the three components
gives the daylight factor:
DF = SC + ERC + IRC
SC – Sky Component
ERC – Exterior Reflectance Component
IRC – Interior Reflectance Component

4) LIGHTING
ARTIFICAL LIGHTING.
Definition - electrically generated light in
which involve components and
switches.

4) LIGHTING
Artifical lighting selection factors :
1.Quantity of light
2.Quality of colour
3.Level of glare
4.Quality of focusing
5.Electric usage
6.Costing
7.Physical properties
8.Amount of natural lighting

4) LIGHTING
Nature of Artificial Lighting

4) LIGHTING

4) LIGHTING
General Lighting
•provide uniform illumination across
the working plane
•lamps are mounted in the systematic
and structured.
•Advantage : work location can be
changed without changing position
lamp
•Disadvantage : the same level of
radiation for the location of critical
and critical space

4) LIGHTING
Localised Lighting
• order to give light irradiation required
to work at locations and also a minimal
irradiation at other non-work location.
•Advantage : use less electricity than
general lighting
•Disadvantage : work location can not
be changing without modified the
position of lights.

4) LIGHTING
Local Lighting
• The required irradiation only for
small work area.
•must be accompanied by
adequate general lighting for some
of the passages and other areas that
are not critical.
•Advantage : save the electric and
separate control
•Disadvantages : high maintenance
cost
4) LIGHTING
ExA
Calculation for
I x UF x MF determining the
lights
E= Lux
A = Room Area LUMEN METHOD

I = lumen
UF = utility factor
MF = maintenance
factor

4) LIGHTING
A room measuring 18m x 15m require

illumination at 330 lux level work, which
required high light is 3m above the
table. The proposed light opalescent
light with 80watt and 4800lumen.
Calculate the number of lights.
(UF = 0.6 , MF = 0.95)

4) LIGHTING
INSTALLATION
OF
LIGHT

4) LIGHTING
Direct Lighting
•all light emitted directly down one

point.
•illuminate only a small part of the
surface consists of limited range
•suitable for horizontal area or with
an unobstructed surface.

4) LIGHTING
Half-direct Lighting
•produce 60% to 90% of the light
output directly heading down and the
top remains to illuminate the ceiling.
•through the walls of sufficient
brightness quantity of light produced
can pose a comfortable working
environment.
•common place such as offices,
classrooms and work areas.

4) LIGHTING
Indirect Lighting
•produce light output between 90%

and 100% of the light produced
directly on the ceiling and walls
•often associated with waste light
source.

4) LIGHTING
Half-indirect Lighting
•produce a light output of 60% to
90% of the light emitted directly into
the ceiling and walls
Direct-Indirect Lighting
•provide equal light at the top and
bottom

4) LIGHTING
LIGHTING CONTROL
Function :
•ensure that the system operates only
when needed.
•operating at the level that have
been determined
•can change the level of light output

4) LIGHTING
TYPE OF CONTROL
1.Manual switch
2.Remote switch
3.Timer switch
4.Photo-electric cell switch

4) LIGHTING
TYPE OF LAMP
1)Incandescent
-First introduced to the public by
Thomas Alva Edison at December 31,
1879
-The flow of electric current through
the filament then heats up and
produces photons
-In broad terms, incandescent lamps
are cheap to install but expensive to
run
4) LIGHTING
2) Tungsten Halogen
-These lamps are filled with a
halogen gas, usually bromide
or iodine
- This allows much higher
operating temperatures which
require special bulbs, usually
made from quartz or fused
silica.
- has a very compact
envelope which makes it an
excellent lamp where optical
control is important
4) LIGHTING
Electric Discharge Lamp
1)Fluorescent
2)Low Pressure Sodium Vapor
3)High Pressure Mercury Vapor

4) LIGHTING

4) LIGHTING
LOCATION OF EMERGENCY LIGHTING
1.Markers that indicate travel /
direction from one place to another
2.The use of lighting in the
emergency lane
3.Exit and change direction
4.Fire equipment
5.Special area

5) ACOUSTIC
• Definition - an interdisciplinary field of
knowledge possessed by scientists
and human sciences
• Objective - produce a controlled
conditions in the building to feel the
comfort of the human senses.

5) ACOUSTIC
• The human ear is capable of
hearing sounds within
a limited range.

5) ACOUSTIC
• Animals have varied
hearing ranges

5) ACOUSTIC
• Many animals hear a much wider range of
frequencies than human beings do.
• For example, dog whistles vibrate at a higher

frequency than the human ear can detect,
while evidence suggests that dolphins and
whales communicate at frequencies beyond
human hearing (ultrasound).
• Frequency is measured in hertz, or the

number of sound waves a vibrating object
gives off per second. The more the object
vibrates, the higher the frequency and the
higher the pitch of the resulting sound.

5) ACOUSTIC
Acoustic Control in A
Building
1.Reflection
2.Continuation
3.Absorption
absorption
continuation
Source

5) ACOUSTIC
ACOUSTIC MATERIAL
•Purpose - lowering the noise level in
a reverberation or canal space.
•Factors :
1.Type of acoustic material
2.Cost
3.Density
4.Fire proof
5.Moisture resistance
6.Physical factors
7.Aesthetic value
5) ACOUSTIC

5) ACOUSTIC
POROUS ABSORBER
•2 types which is plate and bulk

•if thick absorbent material thinner
than the wavelength of sound ; it
called PLATE
•If thick of absorbent material is
thicker than the wavelength of
sound; it called BULK

5) ACOUSTIC
• PLATE ACOUSTIC MATERIAL
Glass wool fiber
Mineral wool fiber

• BULK ACOUSTIC MATERIAL 5) ACOUSTIC
Curtain
Carpet
Acoustic
comforter
Acoustic plaster

5) ACOUSTIC
• CAVITY RESONATOR
- Used in place that require / use
robust.
- Example ; cinema / bowling arena/
theater stage

5) ACOUSTIC
• Noise control in architecture can
be done through ;
1. Placement space
2. Using the cover of the machinery
3. Using vibration isolator

DISCUSSION
• Please indicate the appropriate
method for controlling the noise
of :
1. Cooling tower
2. Compressor
3. Ventilation ducting
Duration : 45 minutes
Task : 2 person in a group

BDS 2

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INTRODUCTION

BUILDING ENVIRONMENT AND SERVICES

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• What are likely effect if the

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• Generally, there are FOUR heat

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Q Solar = Area of window x solar

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• Find out what is Energy

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Control Carbon Dioxide

Control the moisture level Lowering the heat level

• Formula for Air Changes

Air changes per hour = quantity of air x occupancy

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WIND EFFECT STACK EFFECT COMBINATION

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Task : 4 person in a group

• Light travels in straight lines

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• Opinion poll : Would you rather your

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A = Room Area LUMEN METHOD

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A room measuring 18m x 15m require

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•all light emitted directly down one

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•produce light output between 90%

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