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Lecture 2 Mechanical Properties
Lecture 2 Mechanical Properties
Elasticity
Elastic limit
Elongation
Breaking extension
Elastic recovery
Work of rupture
Work factor etc.
Elasticity
The property of a material returning back to
its original position after removing the
external force is known as elasticity.
Elastic Limit
There is a limiting value of force, up to and
within which the deformation entirely
disappears on removal of the force.
Plasticity
After the elastic limit, when force is increased the material loses to some extent of
its property of elasticity and cannot return to its original shape and size if the
external force is completely removed. In this condition, the material gets into the
plastic stage and the property of the material is known as plasticity.
Stress
The resistance per unit area to deformation is
known as stress.
Mathematically, stress may be defined as the
force per unit area.
S = F/A
Where,
S = Intensity of stress
F = Load of force acting on the body
A = Cross sectional area
Specific Stress/Tenacity
It is the ability of a fiber, yarn or fabric to withstand pulling stresses. Specific
stress/Tenacity is more useful measurement of stress in case of textile fibers or
yarns.
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = Unit: gm/Tex, gm/denier etc.
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Hook’s law
When a material is loaded, within its elastic limit, the stress is proportional to the
strain.
Mathematically,
Stress ∞ strain
Stress/Strain = K
Stress-Strain curve:
Elastic properties of fiber
When the external force is applied to a material, it is balanced by the internal forces
developed in the molecular structure of the material. By increasing the stresses, a
material will be deformed and obey the stress-strain curve the following way:
Region OA
Linear region, obeys the Hook’s law, no
permanent deformation of materials, The
point A indicates the elastic limit.
Region AB
Plastic deformation, not follow the Hook’s
law, B indicates the breaking point.
The linear portion of the stress-strain curve can be used to determine the
modulus which corresponds to the slope of the curve, up to which all
deformations are elastic and therefore recoverable.
In figure: Initial modulus tanα = strain/strain
𝟏𝟏
= × 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 × 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆
𝟐𝟐
Work factor is defined as the ratio of work of rupture to the product of breaking
load and breaking extension.
1
× 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 × 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
= 2
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 × 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
1
=
2
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = × 100
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
Durability means how long time a material will give service. When fibers are
frequently subjected to shocks of given energy below their work of rupture, it does
not break initially. But succession of repeated shocks can lead up the stress-strain
curve to the point of break.