THE IMPACTS OF MISINFORMATION IN SOCIAL MEDIA AS PERCEIVED BY THE

STUDENTS OF USLS-BEU

______________________________

A Proposed Research Rationale

Presented to the Faculty

Of Liceo De La Salle

Senior High School

University of St. La Salle

______________________________

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements

In Practical Research 1

______________________________

Submitted by:

Bañares, Kirsten Breanna G.

Estores, Eaya Juliana A.

Guinto, Drew D.

Javillo, Allessandra Chris B.

Lozada, Bryce Christian V.

______________________________

April 2023
 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The rise of technology and social media shows no signs of slowing down, the audience

grows larger and accessibility grows easier, and the influence of media either affects its audience

negatively or positively. Social media plays a significant role in spreading news information but

at the same time, fake news. Individuals, especially the youth, commonly engage in many

aspects of social media that lead them to either get a benefit or inaccuracy. Benefits and

consequences are gained with the widespread use of social media. One of the most predominant

issues in social media is dissipating incorrect information or fake news. It's alarming how fake

data and pieces of information spreads faster than factual and authentic news and information.

What previously in society used to be "taboo" subjects or dismissed topics, e.g., depression,

anxiety, body-image-related issues, are now trends brought to light by the youth (Little, 2016).

While the masses are long overdue for being educated about mental illness and its undeserving

stigmas, it has also been shown to encourage the worsening of pre-existing mental conditions. As

an individual feels safe and free to express themselves, the online world perpetuates and

disseminates false and incorrect information about the different mental conditions and illnesses

which can cause different assumptions that an individual acquires the stated mental condition

without proper justifications and assessment by a professional. Moreover, Eighty-six percent of

internet users have been deceived by fake news—most of it spread on Facebook, surveyed

(PhysOrg, 2019).

As Han Luo puts it, misinformation is an objective social phenomenon that appears in the

social operation environment. It usually refers to information that is widely circulated,

intentionally or unintentionally, without a factual basis and confirmation or clarification. A large

amount of false information, the spread of rumors, and misleading information on social media

platforms not only cause public concern and pose a threat to the public’s physical and

psychological health but also bring serious challenges to the governance and stability of social

order.

According to the National Literacy Trust Fake News and Critical Literacy Report, more

than half of 12–15-year-olds go to social media as their regular source of news. And while only a

third believe that social media stories are truthful, it is estimated that only 2% of school children

have the basic critical literacy skills to tell the difference between real and fake news. The

pervasive utilization of media brought both benefits and disadvantages to different aspects which

lead to the establishment of different studies and research presented by different professionals. In

variance to past studies, this research topic entails and aims to reveal the different impacts of

misinformation in social media on Junior High School students as it makes it harder for people to

find legit information online. The researchers intend to seek information and data about how the

different grade levels of Junior High students are a key component of how social media

influences their mind's behavior. This subject matter is brought to light because of how a

person’s mindset and way of understanding varies from their certain age range. This will help in

identifying more solutions to the given problem and will help in diminishing the dreadful

impacts on the student’s academic performance, social reality, and mental being. This research

topic intends to identify the different consequences of misinformation in social media that are

consumed by students on a daily basis and raise awareness of the dangers of passive scrolling

and uninformed usage of social media. Today's generation, particularly the generation of youth,

is hooked on basing their day-to-day gossip or conversation on what they acquire from social
media. What lies beneath the skin is best deceived by social media. There are numerous

perspectives on the story that users of it release. As a result, many youths based their information

on those, but those all resulted in contrasting views of the information (McGillivray, 2022). It

also misdirects them from using credible knowledge, which would be offensive if used in

presenting facts for their projects, resorts, statistics, and so on.

The youth need to be shielded from social media's power to control their lives and skew

their perception of the world. It is a widespread problem that inappropriate and harmful media

use, such as consuming false information, leads to students displaying unfavorable attitudes and

behaviors toward others, developing insecurities and self-doubt, and causing damage to social

relationships. This research paper emphasizes the destruction of inaccurate information the most

out of all the above-mentioned effects. When it comes to writing essays and research papers, a

student's performance in the classroom depends on their authenticity to avoid being accused of

leading their readers to false information due to the fake credibility of the data provided.

Analyzing the different consequences of the student’s consumption of social media will

enable us to discern the root causes of certain aspects which affect the youth. This study will help

in adjusting ameliorate the negative foundation that fosters negative outcomes in the student’s

academic and social performance, mindset and mental being, and social relationships.

Additionally, this will allow each person to enjoy and have a healthy space for growth during

their youth without being influenced and under pressure from internet personalities and the idea

of various cultures (First, 2018). The purpose of the current study is to determine how

misinformation spread through social media affects students' academic achievement, well-being,

self-esteem, and identity formation.

Statement of the Problem

This study focuses on analyzing the consequences of having mainstream media as the

primary source of information for the students of the Junior High School Department of Lasalle

as well as the students of Liceo.

There are 3 questions that this study will attempt to answer. They are:

1. What are the profiles of students when grouped according to:

a. Age

b. Sex/Gender

c. Grade Level

2. What are the different impacts of misinformation in social media?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the impact of misinformation in social media when

grouped according to:

a. Age

b. Sex/Gender

c. Grade Level

Hypothesis

Based on the problems perceived by the researchers, a null hypothesis was formulated:
1. There is no significant relationship between the impact of misinformation in social media

when grouped according to their age, sex/gender, and grade level.

Theoretical Framework

The relationship between students and social media is extremely important to the process

and gathering of information. Not only that students’ general knowledge will be affected by

misinformation, but health-related information will also be at risk. Found related studies can

attest to that.

According to Wang, McKee, Torbica, & Stuckler (2019), a Systematic Literature Review

on the Spread of Health-related Misinformation on Social Media study, misinformation, whether

intentional or unintentional, spreads quickly. In the said study, examples of rapid misinformation

can be traced back to the beginnings of science, medicine, and the internet, and instantaneous

communication and powerful amplification have resulted in a quantum shift. A total of 57

articles on health-related misinformation and the role of social media in its spread have been

published, indicating an increasing trend.

Furthermore, a study conducted by Alcot, Gentzkow, and Yu (2019) on Trends in the

diffusion of misinformation on social media, measured trends in the diffusion of content from

569 fake news websites and 9540 fake news stories on Facebook and Twitter between January

2015 and July 2018. Their results suggest that the relative magnitude of the misinformation

problem on Facebook has declined since its peak.

Many of these related studies show that not only is misinformation on the rise, but it also

poses threats to health-related information, making it more doubtful as time passes.

Conceptual Framework

All students worry about misinformation; it has become a rampant issue that somehow

influences the significance of learning and the primary goal of education, which is providing

learners with knowledge that is based on factual information from authentic sources. This study

will help understand how misinformation on social media affects the learning process of

students, and its overall outcome in order to identify solutions that will combat this growing

problem. By conducting this research, it is hoped that the identified solutions will help to reduce

the amount of misinformation spread on social media, which will in turn contribute to an

enhanced learning experience for every student of the modern generation. The results of this

study will add to the literature on information behavior in three different ways by examining the

factors that lead to students sharing false information on social media, a topic that has not yet

been thoroughly investigated. First, the study examines students' use of social media, an

increasingly popular information source, in addition to analyzing how they use traditional

scholarly and online resources. Second, the study investigates students as information sharers

rather than mere information consumers. Finally, the study expands on cognitive explanations for

students' information behavior to include effective ones. With a better understanding of the

reasons why students spread false information and the possible personal factors influencing such

behavior, the goal of creating effective strategies that equip students to be ready to use social

media responsibly will soon become a reality.

Input Process Output

1. Profile of 1. The collection of 1. The relationship

Students: data for the between the
students’ profiles. students’ profile to
a.) Age their understanding
- 13 2. The analysis of towards impacts of
- 14 data gathered from Misinformation in
- 15 the survey social media is
- 16 questionnaires. distinguished.
- 17
- 18 3. The analysis of 2. The perception of
- 19 data through USLS-BEU
statistical towards impacts of
b. Sex/Gender treatments. Misinformation in
- Female social media to the
- Male respondents is
distinguished.
c. Grade Level
- Grade 7
- Grade 8
- Grade 9
- Grade 10
- Grade 11
- Grade 12

2. The
understanding
towards impacts of
Misinformation in
social media.
Scope and Limitations

This study mainly focuses on the impacts of misinformation in social media as perceived

by the students of USLS-BEU. The data gathering of the study commenced during the 4th

quarter of the present school year and the respondents’ involved students from Junior High

School (JHS) and Senior High School (SHS) in the BEU. A researcher-made questionnaire with

closed questions will be made and used in gathering the data from the chosen respondents. Each

student then will be given 10-20 minutes in answering the survey form. The information

gathered will be handled by the researchers with the greatest extent of protection and

confidentiality. Likewise, this study did not cover any other factors that may affect students'

perceptions about the impact of misinformation in social media except for the choices the

researchers had included.

Significance of the Study

This research will provide new insights and analyze the consequences of having

mainstream media as the primary source of information for students at USLS-BBEU.

Specifically, this research will benefit the following:

Community. This study will help spread awareness in the community about recognizing social

media as a primary source of information and how it disseminates misleading information.

Students. This study will directly help students encourage themselves to spread useful and

legitimate information with the use of social media. Additionally, this will assist them in learning

various strategies for addressing problems like the spread of false information, which can be very

vital in today’s generation.

Academic Institutions and Administrators. Through this research, academic institutions and

administrators may support the promotion of initiatives addressing false information or

misinformation on social media, which can make the world a better place.

Future Researchers. This study mainly focuses on the different negative effects of consuming

misinformation that people acquire through their daily scrolls of media. Thus, the results of this

study may be used by future researchers and can be used for future discussions about misleading

information on social media.

Definition of Terms

In order to assure that the readers are interpreting the terms the same way as the

researchers intended, the salient terms are defined conceptually and operationally.

Consequences. A result of something that has occurred, particularly an unfavorable outcome

(Oxford University Press, 2023). In this study, it is the outcome or fallout of viewing and

consuming potentially inaccurate information.

Impacts. Conceptually, the impact is a ‘marked effect or influence,’ and it’s worth highlighting

‘marked,’ meaning that there’s some ability to observe or ideally measure the effect (Debevoise,

2019). In this study, it refers to the extent to which a risk event might affect a student.

Misinformation. The unintentional dissemination of false and misleading information (College

of Staten Island Library, 2023). In this study, it is the false and incorrect information that

proliferates through the form of social media.

Perceived. Conceptually, perceived refers to our sensory experience of the world. It is the

process of using our senses to become aware of objects, relationships (Cherry, 2023). In this

study, it refers to a student’s personal perspective and perception of viewing the study that

involves the processing of stimuli, incorporating memories and experiences in the process of

understanding their thoughts.

Social Media. Conceptually, it refers to a web-based communication tool that enables people to

interact with each other by sharing and consuming information (Nations, 2021). In this study, it

refers to the various online platforms that are utilized in obtaining news and series of

information.

Students. Someone who is not employed full-time but who is enrolled in a degree-granting

program (undergraduate or graduate) at a higher education institution, registered full-time in

accordance with the requirements of his or her respective academic institution. (“Student

Definition,” 2023). In this study, it refers to the learners of the University of Saint La Salle -

Basic Education Unit.

Students. Someone who is not employed full-time but who is enrolled in a degree-granting

program (undergraduate or graduate) at a higher education institution, registered full-time in

accordance with the requirements of his or her respective academic institution. (“Student

Definition,” 2023). In this study, it refers to the learners of the University of Saint La Salle -

Basic Education Unit.

Review of Related Literature

This section includes a review of related literature and previous investigations that are relevant to

the subject under investigation. This provided significant notions and ideas for the study's

progress.

Reasons Why People Are Prone Victims of Misinformation in social media

The source of misleading information has always been the human brain. This is because

the brains are prone to biases and cognitive errors, which lead to believing and spreading false

information without even realizing it. It is important to be aware of these tendencies and actively

fact-check information before accepting it as true.

The number of ramifications that incorrect facts may have in the everyday lives of

everyone is becoming a major issue, especially given in the age where technology has become

the primary source of information. There is no disputing that social media sites such as

Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc. have become the go-to sources anytime we need to conduct

research. The issue comes when inaccurate information is distributed through these channels,

leading to disinformation and confusion among individuals.

Fake news on social media gained prominence during the 2016 presidential election in

the United States of America, driving many to question science, accurate news, and societal

standards. Fake news entails altering people's views of key issues and themes, as well as

redefining facts, realities, and truths. (Olan et al., 2022) Misinformation throughout the years has

become a rampant concern in the society, and the root cause of this is social media being the key

pathway to news in the modern generation.

 When analyzing a politically agreeable material, people are 'better' at separating truth

from untruth (despite increased overall confidence), contrary to a common storyline in which

politics increases susceptibility to fake news. Instead, poor truth discernment is associated with a

lack of thorough thought and necessary information, as well as the use of heuristics such as

familiarity. Furthermore, there is a significant gap between what people believe and what they

post on social media. This division is primarily the result of inattention rather than purposeful

misinformation spread. Consequently, interventions can successfully influence social media

users to value accuracy more. Crowdsourced truthfulness assessments might also be utilized to

enhance social media ranking algorithms (The Psychology of Fake News, 2021).

SYNTHESIS

In this related literature, the different reasons why people are often victims of

misinformation in social media were tackled. The researchers aim to know these said reasons for

them to properly give a solution to the aforementioned issue that is being depicted through this

study.

Misinformation in the 21st Century

Fake news identification on social media provides distinct traits and obstacles, rendering

classic news media detection algorithms inefficient or inapplicable. First, fake news is purposely

prepared to deceive readers into believing false information, making it difficult and time-

consuming to identify based on news content alone; hence, why there’s a need to integrate

auxiliary information, such as using social interactions on social media, to assist in making a

conclusion. Second, exploitation of this supplementary information is difficult in and of itself

since consumers' social interactions with fake news generate data that is large, fragmentary,

unstructured, and loud. Because the identification of false news on social media is both difficult

and relevant, the researchers ran a poll to help with research. In this poll, they give a complete

analysis of identifying false news on social media, including characterizations of fake news

based on psychology and social theories, available data mining techniques, assessment criteria,

and sample datasets. The researchers also cover adjacent study topics, outstanding difficulties,

and future research objectives for social media false news identification (ACM Digital Library,

n.d.).

Because of the nature of social media, it is simple to propagate false news, since a user

may share bogus news stories with friends, who may then send it to their friends, and so on.

Comments on fake news can sometimes boost its 'credibility,' leading to quick distribution and

more bogus news (Albright, 2017).

SYNTHESIS

This related literature describes the current state of misinformation through social media

in the modern era. The researchers aim to dig deeper into this issue for them to construct a well-

written argument about how bad the effects of fake news have affected the youth of today’s

generation. This may also serve as an aid for the researchers in enumerating the different impacts

of misinformation.

The Impacts of Misinformation on Humanity

Misinformation may have a negative influence on many facets of our life, from public

health and politics to climate change and economic difficulties. For example, the viral
dissemination of disinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic caused a variety of

psychological concerns among the general population, leading them to take ineffective

preventative measures (Dong et al., 2020; Pian, Chi, & Ma 2021). Beyond affecting voters'

election actions, the propagation of disinformation could increase political fragmentation and

diminish public faith in the government (Garrett, 2019; Lazer et al., 2018).

Furthermore, economic topics are a popular target of misinformation, with significant

consequences such as stigmatizing corporate reputations and influencing consumers' purchase

intentions (Berthon & Pitt, 2018; Di Domenico, Sit, Ishizaka, & Nunan, 2021).

The ubiquity and detrimental impact of disinformation on social media need a rigorous

and systematic study of the relevant literature, with an emphasis on understanding the elements

that lead to misinformation dissemination and devising measures to combat it. (Misinformation

on social media: What Causes It and How to Combat It, 2022)

The majority of online material consumed by Southeast Asian millennials, particularly

Filipinos, is on social networking and video platforms, accounting for 80% and 76%,

respectively, with messaging platforms accounting for 38%. Traditional information outlets, such

as news platforms, corporate websites, magazines, and podcasts, have each lost 20% of their

appeal. (ASEAN Post, 2019)

As researchers research about individuals' opinions regarding news supplied via social

media, as well as subsequent verification procedures used or not used. According to a statistic

result, two-thirds of respondents routinely read news on Facebook, and one-third had come

across bogus news that they first thought to be factual. An analytical exercise including news

given via Facebook demonstrates a varied variety of judgment-making procedures, with

participants depending on personal judgments regarding plausibility and skepticism regarding

sources and journalistic style. This represents a move away from conventional ways of news

consumption and emphasizes the challenges of fighting the spread of fake news. (Falling for

Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via social media, 2018) Through this, the

entire world has become a victim of misinformation via social media—since this is the platform

that consumes most of everyone’s time.

SYNTHESIS

This related literature provides a generalized explanation of the impacts of

misinformation in social media on most of the humanity. The researchers aim to utilize this part

of the study to have a wider scope of the negative effects of fake news found on social media for

them to properly address the aforementioned issue.

METHODS

This section presents the research design, respondents of the study, instrument, validity,

reliability, data gathering procedure, and statistical treatment.

Research Design

This study aims to recognize the impacts of Misinformation in social media on the

students of USLS-BEU. The researchers intend to determine the different circumstances

confronted by the respondents regarding their personal views and experiences in inducing

Misinformation with social media. Thus, the researchers chose the descriptive research method.

Under the descriptive research method, the researchers will be utilizing a cross-sectional survey

to identify current opinions and to collect data from the students of USLS-BEU. Utilizing the
Cross-sectional survey adheres aids in assessing the prevalence of an issue at the same point in

time to provide a “snapshot” of the different causes and impacts of the stated issue (LaMorte,

2020.)

This method of data collection also allows for the identification of patterns and trends

among the respondents, which can aid in developing targeted interventions to address the issue at

hand. Additionally, it provides a cost-effective and efficient way to gather data from a large

sample size within a short period of time.

Respondents of the Study

The researchers have chosen the JHS and SHS students of the University of St. La Salle

Integrated School for S.Y. 2023-2024 as the respondents of this study.

The total population size of Junior High School students is 1,044 while Senior High

School is 2,500 in total based on the actual data provided by the school. Taking into

consideration the massive population of JHS and SHS students, a simple random sampling

method was utilized in this study to ensure a sample size with enough respondents.

The researchers used a sample size calculator with a 95% confidence level and 5%

margin of error, and a population size equal to 1,044 and 2500 in calculating the sample size.

The researchers have obtained the target number of respondents in need for the sample size in the

study, which is 282 in Junior High School and 334 in Senior High School. Lastly, a random

selection using an online wheel picker was utilized in order to come up with the final list of

respondents.

Research Instrument
 To gather the response of the chosen respondents, a closed question was used. This

questionnaire consists of the student’s perception of the impacts of misinformation in social

media. A 5-point Likert-Scale was used in order to validate the extent of the implications of

misinformation in social media as perceived by the students. The 4-point Likert Scale is similar

to the 5-or 7-point scale that offers a range of answer options — from one extreme attitude to

another, like “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree”. The only difference with the 4-point scale

is that it does not allow respondents to answer any neutral answers. In line with this, the

researchers will be utilizing Google Forms to achieve this method in collecting the data.

Validity of the Instrument

A research needs validity to ensure accurate results. The validity of a method refers to

how accurately it measures what it purports to measure. It is not a single statistic that the validity

of a test is assessed but it’s a body of research that indicates the relationship between the test and

the behavior of what it is intended to evaluate (Chally, 2019). A two-member panel of Liceo De

La Salle teachers will serve as validators to test the instrument's validation. Validators will

evaluate the research instrument utilizing the Good and Scates criteria as the validity tool.

Reliability of the Instrument

Research reliability refers to whether research methods can reproduce the same results

multiple times. If the research methods can produce consistent results, then the methods are

likely reliable and not influenced by external factors (Indeed Editorial Team, 2023). The type of

reliability test that the researchers will be utilizing is the parallel form method. Researchers will

prepare two different sets of questions and will determine the perceptions of the impact of

misinformation in social media among the students of USLS-BEU.

Data Gathering Procedure

The following steps must be followed for this research to be successfully completed:

First, the researchers will draft a letter of permission to conduct a study that includes the

study's purpose and target population. It will subsequently be forwarded to the Liceo and Junior

High School’s administration for clearance to carry out the research.

After the Liceo office approves the letter of permission, the proponents will gather

respondents from the majority of, both Junior High School and Senior High School students, for

the academic year 2023-2024 and seek their consent to willingly participate in the research. In

addition, the researchers will create questionnaires based on the number of respondents.

Second, the researchers will assist and manage the test through utilizing Google Forms to

accumulate answers from the respondents of different grade levels. Respondents will be provided

instructions on how to correctly navigate the questionnaire, and their names and answers will be

confidential and used exclusively for the objectives of the research. This is to ensure a more

convenient experience for both the respondents and the researchers.

After all the aforementioned procedures have been accomplished, the researchers will

eventually group and tabulate the data. Following the presentation and tally of data gathered

from respondents, it will be thoroughly analyzed and finally interpreted.

Statistical Treatment

In the analysis of the gathered data, the statistical tools that will be used are as follows:
1. To address problem statement number one (1), which aims to identify the USLS-BEU

students' profiles when grouped according to their age, sex or gender, and grade level.

The researchers will then utilize a Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table.

2. To address problem statement number two (2), which aims to identify the different

impacts of the dissemination of misinformation on social media. The researchers will

then utilize the Linear Regression Analysis.

3. To address problem statement number three (3), which aims to determine if there is a

significant relationship between the impact of misinformation dissemination in social

media when grouped according to age, sex, gender, and grade level. The researchers will

then utilize The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient.

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SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE