Republic of the Philippines

SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
ACCESS, EJC Montilla 9800 City of Tacurong
Province of Sultan Kudarat
INTRODUCTION

     
Man’s role in relation to plants and animals is beautifully defined in Genesis
1:28-29 of the Holy Bible when God said to Adam and Eve:

“Be fertile and multiple, fill the earth and subdue it. Have dominion over the
fish of the sea, the birds of the air and over all the living things that move on earth”.
God also said, “See, I give you every seed-bearing plant all over the earth and every
tree that has seed-bearing fruit on it to be your food; and to all the animals of the
land, all the birds of the air and all the living creatures that crawl on the ground, I give
all the green plants for food”.

Animal science is the biological science and management of domestic

livestock, including beef cattle, horses, sheep, swine and companion animals.
Students learn the science, art and practical methods of caring for, improving and
managing livestock and companion animals.
Your education in animal science will prepare you for the dynamic, ever-
changing agricultural environment. You'll gain skills that will help you adapt to future
job market conditions, including:
 Leadership
 Communication
 Problem-solving
 Technical-knowledge

Your interest in animals and science may hold the key to an exciting future in the
animal industry - a field that includes a wide variety of career choices. As a U of A
graduate with a degree in animal science, you'll join a group that finds good jobs and
productive careers. You will be prepared for jobs in:
 Feed and feed additive sales and technical services
 Cooperative Extension Service
 Production management
 Management and promotion of commodity
 Processing and marketing of livestock products
 Banking for agricultural ventures
 Quality control and regulatory compliance
 Veterinary medicine
 Equine management
 And many more areas.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
OF FARM ANIMALS
RIZZA JOY R. AUTOR

ANATOMY
- From LATIN word
-“ana” “tome” “ana” – again or go back “tome” – to cut “cut again” or “go back and
cut”
The study of the structure of the animal body and the relationships of its many
parts.

Gross (macroscopic) anatomy

–Forms and relations of the structure of the body which can be seen with an
unaided eye
Comparative anatomy
–Structure of various species of animals with particular emphasis on those
characteristics that aid in classification
Embryology
-Developmental anatomy covering the period from conception (fertilization of
the egg within the female) to birth
Histology (microscopic anatomy)
- Tissues and cells which can be seen only with aid of microscope
Systematic anatomy approach
– Anatomy by systems
Physiology-
- Integrated functions of the body and functions of all of its parts
External Anatomy of Farm Animals

1. Head – composed of sensory organs

2. Trunk – composed of dorsal and ventral cavities, neck

3. Appendages (limbs) – composed of fore and hind limbs

4. Tail – begins at the caudal end of the the digestive tract

Internal Anatomy of Farm Animals

THE PHYSIOLOGY OF FARM ANIMALS

Introduction
Physiology is defined as the study of function of the parts or organ systems of
the body; a study of function of living matter.  It attempts to explain the physical and
chemical factors that are responsible for the origin, development and progression of
life.  The study of physiology will provide knowledge on the structure and function of
the body and consequently, the care of the body.
Homeostasis is a key word in modern physiology.  It is used to mean the
maintenance of static or constant conditions in the internal environment.

The Nervous System

Basic unit of the nervous system
  The nervous system is composed of the Brain, the Spinal Cord and the
Nerves.  Essentially all parts of the body are supplied with nerves.  The nerve cells
or neurons specialize in impulse conduction or the relay of messages from effector
organs to the nervous system and vice versa.  The human brain contains about 100
billion neurons or about the same number of stars in our galaxy.

The Central Nervous System (CNS) 

    The brain and the spinal column  jointly control the activities of the skeletal
or  involuntary smooth muscles of the body in response to stimuli in their
environment.  Information about the internal and external environment reaches the
CNS via a variety of sensory receptors.  These receptors are transducers that
convert various forms of energy in the environment into action potential or nerve
impulse in the neurons.  
Hormones may be classified as simple protein, glycoprotein and steroids but
they all have common characteristics and functions:
1. Hormones appear to regulate rather than initiate reactions;
2. Hormones are effective in biocatalytic amounts;
3. Hormones are not secreted in uniform rates;
4. Hormones are inactivated rapidly either at the site where it exerts its effect or
at some other glands or organs;  and
5. Hormones are transported through the circulatory system or blood stream.
The Cardiovascular System (CVS)
The CVS includes the heart, the blood and the blood vessels through which the
blood flows in circulation.  The CVS has the following functions:
o To convey the nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract to the tissues;
o To carry O2 from the lungs to the tissues and CO2 from the tissues to the
lungs;
o To remove the waste products of metabolism and take them to the excretory
organs for disposal;
o To transport hormones from one part of the body to another;
o To help in maintaining the water equilibrium of the body;
o To assist in keeping the normal temperature of the body;
o To regulate the hydrogen ion concentration in the body; and
o To assist in overcoming diseases by the antibodies contained in the blood.

The Respiratory System

                   The main function of respiration is to provide oxygen to the cells of the

body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them.  Different species achieve
this in different ways.  Unicellular organisms get their O2 by diffusion from the fluid
surrounding them and eliminate CO2 in the same way:  larger organisms cannot. 
Some larger organisms that live in air (certain insects) do get enough O2 by
diffusion alone, but they have a special system of air tubes (trachea or spiracles) that
pipe air directly to many regions of the body, so that the distance O2 must diffuse to
reach tissue cells are short.  Large animals, including man, make use of two
systems:
                   (1)  A blood circulatory system to carry to and from the tissue cells
large quantities of O2 and CO2, with the help of hemoglobin; and

                   (2)  A respiratory system, a gas exchanger, to load the blood with O2

and remove excess CO2.  In fish, blood flows through gill vessels and extracts O2
from water flowing around them. 
In man and other farm animals, the respiratory surfaces are folded within the
body to prevent drying of the delicate membranes; air saturated with water vapor is
drawn into intimate contact with the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries,
and gases are exchanged.
The Excretory System – Kidney and Body Fluids
The kidneys play a prominent role in regulating (a) the concentration of
metabolic wastes; (b) the osmotic pressure; (c) the fluid volume; and (d) the ionic
composition of our internal environment.  The kidneys are commonly described as
excretory organs’ but actually, they are primarily organs which regulate volume and
composition of the internal fluid environment.  Their excretory function is incidental to
their regulatory function.
                   The kidney aids in keeping the composition of blood plasma constant by:
 The excretion of urea and other nitrogenous waste products of metabolism;
 The elimination of excess inorganic salts;
 The elimination of excess water; and
 The elimination of non-volatile, soluble foreign substances that may have
gained entrance to the blood.

The Reproductive System

 There are two forms of reproduction:  asexual and sexual reproduction.  The
asexual reproduction does not require the sex organ to facilitate the perpetuation of
the species.  Asexual reproduction is very common in unicellular organisms as well
as in some species of plants.  Unicellular organisms may multiply by fission wherein
the individual organism may divide into two individual cells.  In certain plants,
propagation may be achieved by using cuttings as planting materials or by budding,
marcoting or by propagating plant cell in culture media (Tissue Culture Technique). 
All these forms of reproduction do not use sex organs in the process of propagation,
thus, they are asexual.

The Female Reproductive System

                   The principal sex organs of the female are the ovaries.  The ovaries
have two main functions:  (1) the production of sex cell or ovum; and (2)  the
production of female sex hormone – estrogen.  The female reproductive system
includes the pair of ovaries and the accessory reproductive tract.
March 11, 2022

QUIZ NO.1
ANSCI 121
INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL SCIENCE
Instructions: Analyse and comprehend the questions and write your answer
after each number item.
Enumerate 10 examples of domesticated animals and its scientific names.
Match the descriptions in the table below with the terms in the list.
Synapse Axon Myelin sheath Nerve impulse
also called neuronal    the long   is an insulating layer, or a signal
junction, the site of threadlike part sheath that forms transmitted along
transmission of of a nerve cell around nerves, including a nerve fiber. It
electric nerve along which those in the brain and consists of a wave
impulses between two impulses are spinal cord. It is made of electrical
nerve cells (neurons) conducted up of protein and fatty depolarization that
or between a neuron from the cell substances. This myelin reverses the
and a gland or muscle body to other sheath allows electrical potential
cell (effector). A cells. impulses to transmit difference across
synaptic connection quickly and efficiently the nerve cell
between a neuron and along the nerve cells. If membranes.
a muscle cell is called myelin is damaged,
a neuromuscular these impulses slow
junction. synapse; down
neuron.
Sense receptor Response Reflex Cell body
a nerve ending that  An action or an action consisting of the nucleus-
sends signals to movement comparatively simple containing central
the. central nervous due to the segments of behaviour part of a neuron
system when it is application of that usually occur as exclusive of its
stimulated. Sensory a stimulus direct and immediate axons and
Receptors. responses to particular dendrites that is
Chemoreceptors stimuli uniquely the major
respond to chemicals correlated with them structural element
in taste and smell and of the gray matter
in internal changes. of the brain and
spinal cord, the
ganglia, and the
retina — see
neuron illustration.
Dendrite Nerve Neurotransmitter Axon terminal
Term Description
are appendages that a glistening to as the body's
are designed to white cordlike chemical messengers. refers to the axon
receive bundle of They are the molecules endings that are
communications from fibres, used by the nervous somewhat
other cells surrounded by system to transmit enlarged and
a sheath, that messages often club- or
connects the button-shaped.
nervous
system
Animals in the Ecological System

Ecology – as study of relationship of living things and their surroundings.

In an ecosystem, the continued growth of plants and animals depends on the
maintenance of the balance between the food producers (plants) and the food
consumers (animals and man). 
Thus, animal productions are extremely under wide range of environment
such as the physical and chemical conditions (climate, soil & water resources,
pollution); biological condition (plant sources of food, disease and pest) and human
factor (cultural condition, social structure of raisers and involvement in the economic
systems).

Interactions of factors on animal production

Two kinds of Management 

1. Intensive management
– Environment conditions are highly controlled (i.e integrated poultry
enterprise, confinement swine operation, large dairies) Many
environmental conditions are changed to fit the animals

2. Extensive management
– Less producer control over the environmental conditions in which
animals are expected to produce. Animals are changed to fit the
environment.

Animal and Their Economic Utility

The relative inefficiency of animals in the production of food, they are

important components of the food production system. For example, animals have the
following distinctive attributes that enhance the ability of an agricultural system to
produce food for man:

 a) Animal can feed on and convert plants and other material which could have
otherwise gone to waste, into rich human food, and

 b) Animal products have chemical composition that closely resemble man’s

dietary requirement and therefore more digestible and nutritious.
 Farm Animals and their Uses:

Species Scientific Name Main Uses

Mammals:

  Horse Equus caballus Traction, transport and amusement

Transport, milk, meat and hide

  Camel Camelus dromedaries

  Cattle Traction, transport, meat,

   Humpless Bos taurus    milk, hide, fertilizer, fuel
   Zebu Bos indicus
  Buffalo Bubalus bubalis
Meat, wool
Sheep Ovis aries
Meat and milk
 Goat Capra hircus

Pigs Meat
   Asiatic Sus vittatus
  European Sus scrofa
Meat and skin
Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus

Birds:
Meat, eggs and amusement
Gallus gallus
Chicken
G. Domesticus

Ducks
Anas platyrhynchos
Mallard/Peking
Anas moschata
Muscovy
Anser anser
Goose
Meleagris gallopavo
Turkey
Columbia livia
Pigeon
Coturnix coturnix
Quail
Coturnix coturnix
Japanese quail
japonica
Ostrich
Strauthus camilos
Common terms applied to farm animals and other information

Species name Cattle Buffalo Sheep

Group of animals Herd Herd Flock

Adult male Bull Carabull Ram/Tup
Adult female Cow Caracow Ewe
Young male Bull calf Carabull calf Ram lamb
Tup lamb
Young female Heifer Caraheifer Ewe lamb
Newborn (regardless of Calf Caracalf lamb
sex)
Meat Beef Carabeef Mutton

Castrated male Steer Cara steer Wether

Bullock Bullock
Breeding Serving Serving Tupping

Parturition Calving Calving Lambing

Offspring with mother Calf at foot Calf at foot Suckling

Age at puberty of female 8-10 24-36 5-7
(mo)
Estrus cycle (days) 21 21 16
Estrus length (h) 12-18 18-24 24-36
Time of ovulation 10-15 h after end of 3-4 day of
th
Late estrus
heat estrus

Gestation (days) 283 324 148

Offspring/ part. 1 1 1-2

Mammary glands 4 4 2

Age at puberty of male 10-12 4-6

(months)
Volume ejaculate (cc) 5-7 0.75-1.5
Sperm/cc 1.2 billion 2.0 billion
Female to male ratio (nl 25-40:1 35-60:1
breeding)
Normal temp (°C) 37-41 38-39 38-40
Normal Resp. r/min 18-28 24-29 12-24
Normal heart r/min 60-70 56-60 70-80
Expected productive life 10 20 6-8
(years)

Goats Swine Poultry

Group of animals Flock/ band Drove, stock, Flock
herd
Adult male Buck Boar Rooster/
Cock
Adult female Doe Sow Hen
Young male Buckling Boarling Cockerel
Young female Doeling Gilt Pullet
Newborn (regardless of Kid Piglet Chick
sex)
Meat Chevon Pork Capon
Castrated male Wether Barrow Capon
Breeding Serving Coupling Copulating
Parturition Kidding Farrowing Hatching
Offspring with mother Suckling Suckling Clutch Brood
Age at puberty of female 7-10 4-7 4-6
(mo)
Estrus cycle (days) 20 20 20
Estrus length (h) 34-38 48-72
Time of ovulation Late estrus Mid-estrus After laying
Gestation (days) 148 114

Offspring/ part. 2 8-10

Mammary glands 2 4-9 pairs
Age at puberty of male 4-6 4-8
(months)
Volume ejaculate (cc) 1 200-300
Sperm/cc 2.0 billion 100-200 b
Female to male ratio (nl 30-50:1 25-50:1 10-15:1
breeding)
Normal temp (°C) 38-40 38.5-39.5 40-42
Normal Resp. r/min 12-20 15-24 14-26
Normal heart r/min 70-80 60-80 130-160
Expected productive life 6-10 6-8
(years)

 In animal science, the challenge for us is to be able to meet our local need for
food and other essential products from animals in a most economical and
efficient systems of production without endangering our environment.

Reference:

ANIMAL SCIENCE 1, INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL SCIENCE

(LECTURE NOTES). ANIMAL AND DAIRY SCIENCES CLUSTER,
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS
BAÑOS, COLLEGE, LAGUNA
HANDIWORK
OF BSA-1B
 Accumulations

Generally, when we tackle anatomy in animals we

often forget to know the kinds of their organs. With the
help of Animal Science, we had the chance to explore
the kinds of the animal's body systems. From our
previous laboratories, 1 & 2. We learned amazingly how
the parts of the animal can have advantages to each
other. Their bones and muscles, the functionality of each
organs (it might be the outer part or the inner part) and
etc.
Nevertheless, we thoroughly knew the aspect of
their living mechanism, indicating their life and survival.
Beyond that, we also knew from the previous lesson
about the different systems of their body composition.
Hence, we are very overwhelmed for having such
interesting knowledge’s about animals. So that, we can
prolong their welfare and check how they similar or differ
from us humans.

-Faidah Camal
 In the first instance, Laboratory 1, which is the
"Identification of Different Parts of Farm Animals",
where we were able to draw and label the parts of
seven (7) various farm animals such as swine, cattle,
goat, horse, chicken, duck, and carabao, I have
learned that numerous of these farm animals are very
much the same in terms of some of their parts, as well
as there are some animals where they just differed in
the names of their parts but the same place as others.
Moreover, in Laboratory 2, the "Anatomy and
Physiology of Farm Animals", we were able to: draw
and label the different digestive systems of
monogastric animals, ruminant animals, and pseudo
ruminant animals as farm animals; explain and
elaborate on the functions of the digestive parts of
some farm animals; identify and differentiate the types
of muscles and skeleton of the animal body of swine
and cattle; and differentiate the various types of
muscles and bones as well as their functions. In this
laboratory,
I realized that the anatomy and physiology of
farm animals are not that easy to understand.
Perhaps it takes time for us to easily understand and
keep it in our minds. However, through doing the
activities that are included here by yourself, the
possibilities to easily deal with them are there. As a
result, the two (2) laboratories in our subject
Introduction to Animal Science really helped us
understand how we can easily not only understand
and differentiate but also deal with the various parts of
farm animals as well as the anatomy and physiology
of each of them — has its impact on us, as an
agriculture student.

-Amer K. Bantuan
 In laboratories 1 and 2, the insights that I've
learned we're how the animal's intestines worked as
an individual to support their function with the
assistance of discrepancy parts of bones, and
muscles.
As for the remainder, animals bring me the
realization of how much human seems to be similar
to them, beginning from their way of living which
was indicated by breathing through the lungs that
are what we do daily though, they were more
endangered than us because generally, their
species dies due to humans fault

-Sarina Latiban
PICTURES DURING CONDUCTING THE LABORATORY
ONLINE DISCUSSION
 For me learning is not limited to
class discussions. It could happen as a
result of self-discovery or life
experiences. It was a dream come true
for me as a student studying Animal
Science to learn about different types of
farm animals, the differences between
chickens, and their stomachs.
Reading the notes, especially
the stomach of Ruminant's work, was
difficult for me to comprehend.
However, I finally understood how it
worked after going through Laboratory
1 and 2.
The drawing guides me down
the path of comprehension. As well as
dissecting chickens and understanding
their anatomy and functions.
Regardless, while it may only be a
sliver of knowledge, it was a beginning
step toward fully comprehending what
Animal Science is.
-Ashnawy V. Usman
In laboratory 1 I have discovered that
many of these farm animals are very similar in
terms of some of their parts, and that some
animals only differ in the names of their parts
but are located in the same place as others.
And in laboratory 2 Drawing and
labeling the different digestive systems of farm
animals such as monogastric animals,
ruminant animals, and pseudo ruminant
animals; explain and elaborate on the
functions of some farm animals' digestive
parts;realized that the anatomy and physiology
of farm animals are difficult to grasp.
Perhaps it takes time for us to
understand and remember something.
However, if you carry out the activities listed
here on your own, you will be able to deal with
them easily. As a result, the two (2)
laboratories in our subject Introduction to
Animal Science really helped us to understand
on how we can easily understand and
differentiate the various parts, but also deal
with them.
- Gian Dexter S. Sabado
SWINE PRODUCTION
REFERENCES:

MAFEO B. BEJO, Ph.D.

CAS Estrella
Jay Ronel V. Conejos
https://www.nutritionadvance.com/types-of-meat/
https://www.scienceofcooking.com/eggs/anatomy-of-a-chicken-egg.html
http://milkfacts.info/Nutrition%20Facts/Nutritional%20Components.htm
https://www.ijset.net/journal/380.pdf

Rizza Joy R. Autor