Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 696

Bibliography on Corruption and Anticorruption

Professor Matthew C. Stephenson


Harvard Law School
http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/mstephenson/
December 2020

Aaken, A., & Voigt, S. (2011). Do individual disclosure rules for parliamentarians improve
government effectiveness? Economics of Governance, 12(4), 301–324.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-011-0100-8
Aalberts, R. J., & Jennings, M. M. (1999). The Ethics of Slotting: Is this Bribery, Facilitation
Marketing or Just Plain Competition? Journal of Business Ethics, 20(3), 207–215.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006081311334
Aaronson, S. A. (2011a). Does the WTO Help Member States Clean Up? Available at SSRN
1922190. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1922190
Aaronson, S. A. (2011b). Limited partnership: Business, government, civil society, and the
public in the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). Public Administration
and Development, 31(1), 50–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.588
Aaronson, S. A., & Abouharb, M. R. (2014). Corruption, Conflicts of Interest and the WTO. In
J.-B. Auby, E. Breen, & T. Perroud (Eds.), Corruption and conflicts of interest: A
comparative law approach (pp. 183–197). Edward Elgar PubLtd.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:ELGAR01620140507
Ab Lo, A. (2019). Actors, networks and assemblages: Local content, corruption and the politics
of SME’s participation in Ghana’s oil and gas industry. International Development
Planning Review, 41(2), 193–214. https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2018.33
Abada, I., & Ngwu, E. (2019). Corruption, governance, and Nigeria’s uncivil society,
1999-2016. Análise Social, 54(231), 386–408.
https://doi.org/10.31447/AS00032573.2019231.07
Abalo, E. (2019). Why does inaccessibility widely exist in healthcare in Ghana? Understanding
the reasons from past to present. Journal of Public Health, 1–10.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-019-01019-x
Abbink, K., Dasgupta, U., Gangadharan, L., & Jain, T. (2014). Letting the briber go free: An
experiment on mitigating harassment bribes. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMICS,
111(Journal Article), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.12.012
Abbink, Klaus. (2004). Staff rotation as an anti-corruption policy: An experimental study.
European Journal of Political Economy, 20(4), 887–906.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2003.10.008

 
Abbink, Klaus. (2005). Fair Salaries and the Moral Costs of Corruption. In Kokinov & Boicho
(Eds.), Advances in Cognitive Economics. Sofia: NBU Press.
https://winster.nottingham.ac.uk/cedex/documents/papers/2002-05.pdf
Abbink, Klaus. (2006). Laboratory Experiments on Corruption. In S. Rose-Ackerman (Ed.),
International handbook on the economics of corruption (pp. 418–440). Edward Elgar
Publishing.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=P60nmWlJWEoC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&d
q=Laboratory+Experiments+on+Corruption,%E2%80%9D+in+Susan+Rose-Ackerman+
ed.+International+Handbook+on+the+Economics+of+Corruption+(Edward+Elgar&ots=j
9agtH21zb&sig=2ojEcFGAw5WeEuD5KDd_f7alhb4
Abbink, Klaus, & Ellman, M. (2010). The Donor Problem: An Experimental Analysis of
Beneficiary Empowerment. Journal of Development Studies, 46(8), 1327–1344.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380903428407
Abbink, Klaus, Freidin, E., Gangadharan, L., & Moro, R. (2018). The Effect of Social Norms on
Bribe Offers. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, 34(3), 457–474.
Abbink, Klaus, & Hennig-Schmidt, H. (2006). Neutral versus loaded instructions in a bribery
experiment. Experimental Economics, 9(2), 103–121.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-006-5385-z
Abbink, Klaus, Irlenbusch, B., & Renner, E. (2002). An Experimental Bribery Game. Journal of
Law, Economics, and Organization, 18(2), 428–454.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/18.2.428
Abbink, Klaus, Ryvkin, D., & Serra, D. (2020). Corrupt police. Games and Economic Behavior,
123, 101–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2020.07.001
Abbink, Klaus, & Serra, D. (2012). Anticorruption policies: Lessons from the lab. In New
advances in experimental research on corruption (Vol. 15, pp. 77–115).
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=N48c72KXsD4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA77&d
q=Abbink,+Klaus+%26+Danila+Serra.+2012.+%E2%80%9CAnticorruption+Policies:+
Lessons+from+the+Lab,%E2%80%9D+in+Danila+Serra+%26+Leonard+Wantchekon,+
eds.,+New+Advances+in+Experimental+Research+on+Corruption+&ots=uycq5h5aMR
&sig=vUixS6mxw6Zc-7lPoVpnBt-ZQB8
Abbink, Klaus, & Wu, K. (2017). Reward self-reporting to deter corruption: An experiment on
mitigating collusive bribery. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 133,
256–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2016.09.013
Abbott, K. W. (2001). Rule-making in the WTO: Lessons from the case of bribery and
corruption. Journal of International Economic Law, 4(2), 275–296.

 
https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/4.2.275
Abbott, Kenneth W. (2009). Fight Against Corruption. In Max Planck Encyclopedia of
International Law.
Abbott, Kenneth W., & Snidal, D. (2002). International action on bribery and corruption: Why
the dog didn’t bark in the WTO. In D. M. Kennedy & J. D. Southwick (Eds.), The
political economy of international trade law.
Abbott, K. w, & Snidal, D. (2002). Values and Interests: International Legalization in the Fight
against Corruption. The Journal of Legal Studies, 31(S1), S141–S177.
https://doi.org/10.1086/342006
Abdalla, H. F., Maghrabi, A. S., & Raggad, B. G. (1998). Assessing the perceptions of human
resource managers toward nepotism A cross-cultural study. International Journal of
Manpower, 19(8), 554–570.
Abdallah, S., Sayed, R., Rahwan, I., Leveck, B. L., Cebrian, M., Rutherford, A., & Fowler, J. H.
(2014). Corruption drives the emergence of civil society. Journal of the Royal Society,
Interface / the Royal Society, 11(93), 20131044. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.1044
Abdiweli, M. A. (2003). Institutional differences as sources of growth differences. Atlantic
Economic Journal, 31(4), 348–362.
Abdixhiku, L., Krasniqi, B., Pugh, G., & Hashi, I. (2017). Firm-level determinants of tax evasion
in transition economies. Economic Systems, 41(3), 354–366.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2016.12.004
Abdixhiku, L., Pugh, G., & Hashi, I. (2018). Business tax evasion in transition economies: A
cross-country panel investigation. The European Journal of Comparative Economics,
15(1), 11–36. https://doi.org/10.25428/1824-2979/201801-11-36
Abdul‐Gafaru Abdulai. (2009). Political will in combating corruption in developing and
transition economies: A comparative study of Singapore, Hong Kong and Ghana. Journal
of Financial Crime, 16(4), 387–417. https://doi.org/10.1108/13590790910993753
Abdullah, S., Gray, T., & Clough, E. (2018). Clientelism: Factionalism in the allocation of public
resources in Iraq after 2003. Middle Eastern Studies, 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2018.1444607
Abdulrauf, L. A. (2020). Using Specialised Anti-Corruption Agencies to Combat Pervasive
Corruption in Nigeria: A Critical Review of the ICPC and EFCC. African Journal of
Legal Studies, 12, 2020(3–4), 215–241. https://doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12340050
Abdyli, E. (2017). Some Forms of Manifestation of Official Corruption and Crimes against
Official Duty in Kosovo 2011- 2012. Acta Universitatis Danubius. Juridica, 13(3).

 
http://search.proquest.com/docview/2118379145/?pq-origsite=primo
Abe, K., & Wilson, J. S. (2008). Governance, Corruption, And Trade In The Asia Pacific Region
(World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4731). The World Bank.
http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/pdf/10.1596/1813-9450-4731
Abé Ndjié, A., Atangana Ondoa, H., & Ngoa Tabi, H. (2019). Governance and youth
unemployment in Africa. Labor History, 60(6), 869–882.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2019.1645320
Abed, G. T., & Davoodi, H. R. (2000). Corruption, Structural Reforms, and Economic
Performance in the Transition Economies (IMF Working Paper No. 00/132).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=879906
Abed, G. T., & Gupta, S. (2002). Governance, Corruption, and Economic Performance.
International Monetary Fund.
Abeyagoonasekera, A. (2020). Unexplained wealth and for what purpose: A Sri Lankan
perspective. Journal of Financial Crime, 27(1), 24–28.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-12-2018-0128
Abidin, I. S. Z., Jantan, M. D., Satar, N. M., & Haseeb, M. (2014). Trade Linkages between
Malaysia and the OIC Member Countries: Empirical Evidence Based on Gravity Model.
American Journal of Applied Sciences, 11(11), 1938–1944.
Abiona, I. A., & Savage, O. (2014). Influence of Independent Corrupt Practices and other
Related Offences Commission on Female Civil Servants in Oyo State, Nigeria. Public
Policy and Administration Research, 4(12), 36–43.
Abotsi, A. (2018). Tolerable Level of Corruption for Foreign Direct Investment in Europe and
Asia. Contemporary Economics, 12(3), 269–284.
https://doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.277
Aboutorabi, A., Ghiasipour, M., Rezapour, A., Pourreza, A., Sarabi Asiabar, A., & Tanoomand,
A. (2016). Factors affecting the informal payments in public and teaching hospitals.
Medical Journal of The Islamic Republic of Iran (MJIRI), 30(1), 26–35.
Abraham, J., & Giovani Pea, A. (2018). Can proneness to moral emotions detect corruption? The
mediating role of ethical judgment based on unified ethics. Kasetsart Journal of Social
Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2018.07.013
Abraham, J., Suleeman, J., & Takwin, B. (2018). The Psychology of Corruption: The Role of the
Counterfeit Self, Entity Self-Theory, and Outcome-Based Ethical Mindset. Journal of
Psychological and Educational Research, 26(2), 7–32.
Abrams, D., Travaglino, G., Marques, J., Pinto, I., & Levine, J. (2018). Deviance Credit:

 
Tolerance of Deviant Ingroup Leaders is Mediated by Their Accrual of Prototypicality
and Conferral of Their Right to Be Supported. The Journal of Social Issues, 74(1), 36–55.
https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12255
Abrams, N. (2010). Federal criminal law and its enforcement (5th ed.). West.
Abrams, N. (2011). The Distance Imperative: A Different Way of Thinking About Public
Official Corruption Investigations/Prosecutions and the Federal Role. Loyola University
Chicago Law Journal, 42, 207–741.
Abrate, G., Erbetta, F., Fraquelli, G., & Vannoni, D. (2015). The cost of corruption in the Italian
solid waste industry. Industrial and Corporate Change, 24(2), 439.
Abtidon, A. H. (2015). The Impact of Financial Accountability on Reducing Corruption in
Mogadishu Somalia. Academic Research International, 6(2), 128–137.
Abu, N., Karim, M., & Aziz, M. (2015a). Corruption, Political Instability and Economic
Development in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): Is There
a Causal Relationship? Contemporary Economics, 9(1), 45–60.
https://doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.159
Abu, N., Karim, M., & Aziz, M. (2015b). Low Savings Rates in the Economic Community of
West African States (ECOWAS): The Role of Corruption. Journal of Economic
Cooperation & Development, 36(2), 3.
Abu, N., & Staniewski, M. W. (2019). Determinants of corruption in Nigeria: Evidence from
various estimation techniques. Ekonomska Istraživanja, 32(1), 3052–3076.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1655467
Aburime, T. U. (2009). Impact of corruption on bank profitability in Nigeria. In Proceedings of
FIKUSZ ’09 (pp. 7–16). Óbuda University, Keleti Faculty of Business and Management.
https://ideas.repec.org/h/pkk/sfyr09/7-16.html
Abu-Shanab, E. A., Harb, Y. A., & Al-Zoubi, S. Y. (2013). E-government as an anti-corruption
tool: Citizens perceptions. Int. J. of Electronic Governance, 6(3).
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEG.2013.058410
Acar, M., & Emek, U. (2009). Preventing Corruption in Turkey: Issues, Instruments and
Institutions. In Preventing Corruption in Asia: Institutional Design and Policy Capacity
(pp. 164–188). Routledge. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1992167
Accinelli, E., Martins, F., Pinto, A. A., Afsar, A., & Oliveira, B. M. P. M. (n.d.). The power of
voting and corruption cycles. The Journal of Mathematical Sociology,
ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1818077
Accinelli, Elvio, Martins, F., Oviedo, J., Pinto, A., & Quintas, L. (2017). Who controls the

 
controller? A dynamical model of corruption. The Journal of Mathematical Sociology,
41(4), 220–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2017.1388235
Accinelli, Elvio, & Sánchez Carrera, E. (2012). Corruption driven by imitative behavior.
Economics Letters, 117(1), 84–87.
Acconcia, A. (2011). Tax evasion and corruption: Endogenous deterrence and the perverse
effects of fines. Studi Economici : Rivista Quadrimestrale, 65(2), 31–53.
Acconcia, A., & Cantabene, C. (2008). A big push to deter corruption: Evidence from Italy.
Giornale Degli Economisti e Annali Di Economia, 67(1), 75–102.
Acconcia, A., D’Amato, M., Martina, R., & others. (2003). Corruption and tax evasion with
competitive bribes (CSEF Working Paper No. 112).
http://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6664825.pdf
Acconcia, A., Immordino, G., Piccolo, S., Rey, P., & others. (2009). Accomplice-witnesses,
organized crime and corruption: Theory and evidence from italy. Centre for Studies in
Economics and Finance (CSEF), University of Naples, Italy.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/sef/csefwp/232.html
Acemoglu, D. (1995). Reward structures and the allocation of talent. European Economic
Review, 39(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(94)00014-Q
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., Kermani, A., Kwak, J., & Mitton, T. (2016). The value of
connections in turbulent times: Evidence from the United States. Journal of Financial
Economics, 121(2), 368–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2015.10.001
Acemoglu, D., Robinson, J. A., & Verdier, T. (2004). Kleptocracy and Divide-and-Rule: A
Model of Personal Rule. Journal of the European Economic Association, 2(2/3),
162–192. https://doi.org/10.1162/154247604323067916
Acemoglu, D., & Verdier, T. (1998). Property Rights, Corruption and the Allocation of Talent: A
General Equilibrium Approach. The Economic Journal, 108(450), 1381–1403.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00347
Acemoglu, D., & Verdier, T. (2000). The Choice Between Market Failures and Corruption.
American Economic Review, 90(1), 194–211. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.1.194
Acharya, A., Roemer, J. E., & Somanathan, R. (2015). Caste, corruption and political
competition in India. Research in Economics, Journal Article.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2015.02.001
Achim, M. (2016). Cultural Dimension of Corruption: A Cross-Country Survey. International
Advances in Economic Research, 22(3), 333–345.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294-016-9592-x

 
Achim, M. V., Văidean, V. L., & Borlea, S. N. (2019). Corruption and health outcomes within an
economic and cultural framework. The European Journal of Health Economics :
HEPAC : Health Economics in Prevention and Care.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-019-01120-8
Acht, M., Mahmoud, T. O., & Thiele, R. (2015). Corrupt governments do not receive more
state-to-state aid: Governance and the delivery of foreign aid through non-state actors.
Journal of Development Economics, 114(0), 20–33.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.11.005
Achua, J. K. (2011). Anti-Corruption in Public Procurement in Nigeria: Challenges and
Competency Strategies. Journal of Public Procurement, 11(3), 323–353.
Achury, C., Koulovatianos, C., & Tsoukalas, J. D. (2015). Political Economics of External
Sovereign Defaults (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2631418). Social Science Research
Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2631418
Ackah, I., Lartey, A., Acheampong, T., Kyem, E., & Ketemepi, G. (2020). Between altruism and
self-aggrandisement: Transparency, accountability and politics in Ghana’s oil and gas
sector. Energy Research & Social Science, 68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101536
Ackerman, J. M. (2014). Rethinking the international anti-corruption agenda: Civil society,
human rights and democracy. American University International Law Review, 29(2),
293–334.
Acorn, E. (2018). Twenty Years of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention: National
Implementation and Hybridization. University of British Columbia Law Review, 51(3),
613.
Adam, A., Delis, M. D., & Kammas, P. (2014). Fiscal decentralization and public sector
efficiency: Evidence from OECD countries. ECONOMICS OF GOVERNANCE, 15(1),
17–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-013-0131-4
Adam, I. O. (2020). Examining E-Government development effects on corruption in Africa: The
mediating effects of ICT development and institutional quality. Technology in Society,
61, 101245-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101245
Adaman, F., & Carkoglu, A. L. I. (2003). SOCIAL CAPITAL AND CORRUPTION DURING
TIMES OF CRISIS: A LOOK AT TURKISH FIRMS DURING THE ECONOMIC
CRISIS OF 2001 (Article). Turkish Studies.
Adams, E. B. (2019). Police legitimacy in Trinidad and Tobago: Resident perceptions in a
high-crime community. Journal of Crime and Justice, 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2019.1582350

 
Adams, J. S., Tashchian, A., & Shore, T. H. (2001). Codes of Ethics as Signals for Ethical
Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 29(3), 199–211.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026576421399
Adams, O. Y. (2017). Institutional Approach to Anti-corruption Efforts in Taiwan, Hong Kong
and Mainland China: Improving the Norms, Strengthening the Ethics. Contemporary
Chinese Political Economy and Strategic Relations: An International Journal, 3(1),
247–283.
Adams, S., Agomor, K., & Youmbi, W. (2017). What Influences Swing Voters’ Choices?
Reflection on Ghana’s Elections. The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies,
43(3/4), 246–271.
Adams, S., & Klobodu, E. K. M. (2016). Financial development, control of corruption and
income inequality. International Review of Applied Economics, 30(6), 790–808.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2016.1208740
Addesa, F., & Mendola, C. (2019). Entrepreneurial Self-Identity, Perceived Corruption,
Exogenous and Endogenous Obstacles as Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Intention in
Italy. Social Sciences, 8(2), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8020054
Adebanwi, W., & Obadare, E. (2011). When Corruption Fights Back: Democracy and Elite
Interest in Nigeria’s Anti-Corruption War. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 49(2),
185–213.
Adebayo, A. (2018). A Review of Plea Bargain Concept in the Anti- Corruption War in Nigeria.
Brawijaya Law Journal, 5(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.blj.2018.005.01.01
Adebayo, D. O. (2005). Gender and attitudes toward professional ethics. African Security
Review, 14(2), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2005.9627359
Adegboyega, R. (2017). Corruption And Economic Growth In Nigeria: A Cointegration
(Fm-Ols) Approach. Annals of the University of Petroşani. Economics, 17, 5–18.
Adelman, L. (2019). The Supreme Court and the Corruption of Democracy. Raritan, 38(3),
6–164.
Adelopo, I. (2018). Trust Deficit and Anti-corruption Initiatives. Journal of Business Ethics,
1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-4059-z
Adena, M. (2016). Nonprofit Organizations, Free Media and Donor’s Trust. Journal Of
Economics, 118(3), 239–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00712-016-0477-5
Ades, A., & Di Tella, R. (1997a). The new economics of corruption: A survey and some new
results. Political Studies, 45(3), 496–515.

 
Ades, A., & Di Tella, R. (1997b). National Champions and Corruption: Some Unpleasant
Interventionist Arithmetic. The Economic Journal, 107(443), 1023–1042.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.1997.tb00005.x
Ades, A., & Di Tella, R. (1999). Rents, Competition, and Corruption. American Economic
Review, 89(4), 982–993. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.4.982
Adetunji, A. J. (2018). Customs, mores and culture in determining the scope of law and financial
crime control – relevance of Savigny and Lord Denning’s analysis. Journal of Financial
Crime, 25(4), 1111–1122. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-09-2017-0083
Adewale T. Muritala, Adeniyi M. Ijaiya, Ahmed O. Adekunle, Ibraheem K. Nageri, & A. Bolaji
Yinus. (2020). Impact of Oil Prices on Stock Market Development in Selected Oil
Exporting Sub-Saharan African Countrie. E-Finanse, 16(2), 1-.
Adeyeye, A. (2012). Corporate social responsibility of multinational corporations in developing
countries: Perspectives on anti-corruption. Cambridge University Press.
Adhikari, T., Breen, M., & Gillanders, R. (2018). Are new states more corrupt? Expert opinions
versus firms’ experiences. Applied Economics Letters, 1–4.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2018.1441500
Adisa, W., Alabi, T., & Adejoh, S. (2018). Corruption on the Road: A Test of Commercial
Drivers’ Encounters with Police Extortion in Lagos Metropolis. Journal of Police and
Criminal Psychology, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-018-9289-6
Adjibolosoo, S. (2017). Corruption in the Petroleum and Energy Sector: A Human Factor
Perspective on Minimizing Its Intensity. Review of Human Factor Studies, 23(1), 75–113.
Adomeit, H. (2016). The ‘Putin System’. Crime and Corruption as Constituent Building Blocks.
Europe-Asia Studies, 68(6), 1067–1073. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2016.1202593
Adsera, A. (2003). Are You Being Served? Political Accountability and Quality of Government.
Journal of Law Economics & Organization, 19(2), 445.
Adu, K. K. (2018). The paradox of the right to information law in Africa. Government
Information Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2018.10.003
Adut, A. (n.d.). Scandal as norm entrepreneurship strategy: Corruption and the French
investigating magistrates. Theory and Society, 33(5), 529–578.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:RYSO.0000045718.42431.7d
Aduwo, E., Ibem, E., Afolabi, A., Oluwunmi, A., Tunji-Olayeni, P., Ayo-Vaughan, E.,
Uwakonye, U., & Oni, A. (2020). Exploring anti-corruption capabilities of e-procurement
in construction project delivery in Nigeria. Construction Economics and Building, 20(1).
https://doi.org/10.5130/AJCEB.v20i1.6964

 
Afolabi, O. S. (2019). Political Elites and Anticorruption Campaigns as "Deep" Politics of
Democracy A Comparative Study of Nigeria and South Africa. Taiwan Journal of
Democracy, 15(1), 159–181.
Afonso, A., Schuknecht, L., & Tanzi, V. (n.d.). Public sector efficiency: An international
comparison. Public Choice, 123(3–4), 321–347.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-005-7165-2
Afridi, F. (2008). Can Community Monitoring Improve the Accountability of Public Officials?
Economic and Political Weekly, 43(42), 35–40.
Afridi, F., Dhillon, A., & Solan, E. (2016). Exposing Corruption: Can Electoral Competition
Discipline Politicians? https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2879803
Agarwal, S., Qian, W., Seru, A., & Zhang, J. (2020). Disguised corruption: Evidence from
consumer credit in China. Journal of Financial Economics, 137(2), 430–450.
Agbalajobi, D. T. (2009). Gender and Corruption: Insights from Nigeria Democracy (1999 –
2008). African Research Review, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v3i4.47543
Agbiboa, D. (2011). Leaders or leeches? Corruption and the cycle of dysfunction in Nigeria.
Loyola Journal of Social Sciences, 25(1), 83–102.
Agbiboa, D. (2013). One step forward, two steps back: The political culture of corruption and
cleanups in Nigeria. CEU Political Science Journal, 8(3), 273.
Agbiboa, D. (2014). Under-development in practice: Nigeria and the enduring problem of
corruption. Development in Practice, 24(3), 390–404.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2014.899559
Agbiboa, Daniel Egiegba. (2013). Corruption and economic crime in Nigeria. African Security
Review, 22(1), 47–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2012.736869
Agbiboa, Daniel E. (2015). “Policing Is Not Work: It Is Stealing by Force”: Corrupt Policing and
Related Abuses in Everyday Nigeria. Africa Today, 62(2), 95.
Agbiboa, Daniel Egiegba. (2010). The Corruption-Underdevelopment Nexus in Africa: Which
Way Nigeria?! The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies, 35(4), 474–509.
Agbiboa, Daniel Egiegba. (2011). Between Corruption and Development: The Political
Economy of State Robbery in Nigeria. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(3), 325–345.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1093-5
Agbiboa, Daniel Egiegba. (2012). Serving the Few, Starving the Many: How Corruption
Underdevelops Nigeria and How There Is an Alternative Perspective to Corruption
Cleanups. Africa Today, 58(4), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.2979/africatoday.58.4.111

10 

 
Agbiboa, Daniel Egiegba. (2015). Protectors or Predators? The Embedded Problem of Police
Corruption and Deviance in Nigeria. Administration & Society, 47(3), 244.
Agbo, A. A., & Iwundu, E. I. (2016). Corruption as a Propensity: Personality and Motivational
Determinants Among Nigerians. The Journal of Psychology, 150(4), 502–526.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2015.1107523
Agbor, A. (2017). Prosecuting the Offence of Misappropriation of Public Funds: An Insight into
Cameroon’s Special Criminal Court. Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal, 20, 1–31.
Agbota, T. K., Sandaker, I., & Ree, G. (2016). Verbal operants of corruption: A study of
avoidance in corruption behavior. Journal Article.
https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v.24i0.5864
Agerberg, M. (2014). Perspectives on Gender and Corruption. QoG Working Paper Series,
2014(14), 14.
Agerberg, M. (2017). Failed expectations: Quality of government and support for populist parties
in Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 56(3), 578–600.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12203
Agerberg, M. (2018). The Curse of Knowledge? Education, Corruption, and Politics. Political
Behavior, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-018-9455-7
Agerberg, M. (2019). The Lesser Evil? Corruption Voting and the Importance of Clean
Alternatives. Comparative Political Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414019852697
Aghion, P., Akcigit, U., Cagé, J., & Kerr, W. (2016). Taxation, corruption, and growth.
European Economic Review, 86(Journal Article), 24.
Agmon, I. (2018). State, Family and Anticorruption Practices in the Late Ottoman Empire. In
Anti-corruption in History: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford University Press.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.001.0001/oso-978
0198809975-chapter-18
Agnafors, M. (2013). Quality of Government: Toward a More Complex Definition. American
Political Science Review, 107(03), 433–445.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055413000191
Agrawal, A. (2007). Forests, Governance, and Sustainability: Common Property Theory and its
Contributions. International Journal of the Commons, 1(1).
https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.10
Aguilera, R. V., & Vadera, A. K. (2007). The Dark Side of Authority: Antecedents, Mechanisms,
and Outcomes of Organizational Corruption. Journal of Business Ethics, 77(4), 431–449.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9358-8
11 

 
Agur, C. (2015). Second-order networks, gambling, and corruption on Indian mobile phone
networks. Media, Culture & Society, 37(5), 768.
Agyei-Mensah, B. K. (2017). Does the corruption perception level of a country affect listed
firms’ IFRS 7 risk disclosure compliance? Corporate Governance, 17(4), 727–747.
Agyemang, O. S., Fantini, G., & Frimpong, J. (2015). Does country-level governance enhance
ethical behaviour of firms? An African perspective. International Journal of Law and
Management, 57(6), 582–599.
Ahamd, N., & Brookins, O. T. (2004). On Corruption and Countervailing Actions in Three South
Asian Nations. Journal of Policy Reform, 7(1), 21–30.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1384128042000219708
Ahlborg, H., Boräng, F., Jagers, S. C., & Söderholm, P. (2015). Provision of electricity to
African households: The importance of democracy and institutional quality. Energy
Policy, 87, 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.09.002
Ahlin, C. (2005). Effects and (in) tractability of decentralized corruption.
http://msu.edu/~ahlinc/research/corruptnew.pdf
Ahlin, C., & Bose, P. (2007). Bribery, inefficiency, and bureaucratic delay. Journal of
Development Economics, 84(1), 465–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.12.002
Ahlin, C., & Pang, J. (2008). Are financial development and corruption control substitutes in
promoting growth? Journal of Development Economics, 86(2), 414–433.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2007.07.002
Ahmad, E., Ullah, M. A., & Arfeen, M. I. (2012). Does Corruption Affect Economic Growth?
Latin American Journal of Economics, 49(2), 277–305.
https://doi.org/1O.7764/LAJE.49.2.277
Ahmad, J., Ahmad, A., & Salahuddin, T. (2020). Tolerance to Petty Corruption in Public Sector:
A Review. Pakistan Vision, 21(1), 168.
Ahmad Khai, A. H., Haniffa, R., Hudaib, M., & Karim, M. N. A. (2015). Neopatrimonialism,
crony capitalists and the production of corruption in Malaysia. Accounting Forum,
Journal Article. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2015.06.001
Ahmad, N., & Arjumand, S. (2016). Impact of corruption on GDP per capita through
international migration: An empirical investigation. Quality & Quantity; Qual.Quant.,
50(4), 1633–1643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-015-0224-y
Ahmad, Naved. (2002). Corruption and Government Regulations: An Empirical Analysis. The
Bangladesh Development Studies, 28(4), 29–51.

12 

 
Ahmad, Naved. (2006). Corrupt Clubs and the Convergence Hypothesis. The Pakistan
Development Review, 45(4), 1001–1009. JSTOR.
Ahmad, Naved. (2008). Corrupt clubs and the convergence hypothesis. Journal of Economic
Policy Reform, 11(1), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870802031395
Ahmad, Naved, Ali, S., & others. (2010). Corruption and financial sector performance: A
cross-country analysis. Economics Bulletin, 30(1), 303–308.
Ahmad, Naved, & Aziz, D. (2001). Corruption Perception Indices: A Comparative Analysis. The
Pakistan Development Review, 40(4), 813–830.
Ahmad, Naved, & Brookins, O. T. (2007). The Impact of Corruption on Efficiency in
Developing Economies. International Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1(2), 64–73.
Ahmad, S. (2019). Corruption and Money Laundering: The Nexus and The Way Forward.
International Journal of Government Auditing, 46(2), 29–30.
Ahmadi, C. N. (2012). Regulating the regulators: A solution to Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
woes. Journal of International Business & Law, 11(2), 351–378.
Ahmed, A., & Khan, B. (2017). DIVULGING SPORTS CORRUPTION: DELINEATING
LOOP-HOLES/LINKAGES. International Journal of Information, Business and
Management, 9(4), 91–107.
Ahmed, A., Lodhi, S. A., & Ahmad, M. (2015). Using Split-Questionnaire Design: An Empirical
Analysis. Pakistan Journal of Statistics, 31(2), 211–218.
Ahmed, E., Rosser, J. B., & Rosser, M. V. (2007). Income Inequality, Corruption, and the
Non-Observed Economy: A Global Perspective. In Complexity Hints for Economic
Policy (pp. 233–252). Springer Milan.
http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/978-88-470-0534-1_12
Ahmed, R., & Ahmed, Q. M. (2012). Petty corruption in the Police Department, a case study of
slum areas of Karachi. Developing Country Studies, 2(6), 78.
Ahmed, S. P., & Ullah, G. M. (2014). Global Corruption Hoax: Politicization of the Concept of
Corruption and the Issues of Corruption Measurement Indices. Samiul Parvez Ahmed,
GM Wali Ullah. Global Corruption Hoax: Politicization of the Concept of Corruption
and the Issues of Corruption Measurement Indices. Journal of Economics and
Sustainable Development, 5(7).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2433869
Ahmed, W. M. A. (2020). Corruption and equity market performance: International comparative
evidence. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 60.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2020.101282
13 

 
Ahrend, R. (2002). Press freedom, human capital and corruption (DELTA Working Paper 11).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=620102
Aidis, R. (2005). Institutional Barriers to Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprise Operations in
Transition Countries. Small Business Economics, 25(4), 305–317.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-003-6463-7
Aidis, R., Estrin, S., & Mickiewicz, T. (2008). Institutions and entrepreneurship development in
Russia: A comparative perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(6), 656–672.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.01.005
Aidis, R., Estrin, S., & Mickiewicz, T. (2010a). Institutions, Finance and the Level of
Development: The Impact on Entrepreneurship in Transition. Review of Economics and
Institutions. https://doi.org/10.5202/rei.v1i1.3
Aidis, R., Estrin, S., & Mickiewicz, T. (2010b). Size Matters: Entrepreneurial Entry and
Government (IZA Discussion Paper No. 5052). Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/izaizadps/dp5052.htm
Aidt, T. (2016). Rent seeking and the economics of corruption. Constitutional Political
Economy, 27(2), 142–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10602-016-9215-9
Aidt, T., Dutta, J., & Sena, V. (2008). Governance regimes, corruption and growth: Theory and
evidence. Journal of Comparative Economics, 36(2), 195–220.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2007.11.004
Aidt, Toke S. (2003). Economic analysis of corruption: A survey. The Economic Journal,
113(491), F632–F652. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0013-0133.2003.00171.x
Aidt, Toke S. (2009). Corruption, institutions, and economic development. Oxford Review of
Economic Policy, 25(2), 271–291. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grp012
Aidt, Toke S. (2011a). Corruption and sustainable development. In S. Rose-Ackerman & T.
Soreide (Eds.), International handbook on the economics of corruption (Vol. 2, pp.
3–51). Edward Elgar Publishing.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=QbZEbihNOfUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq
=Aidt,+Toke+S.+2011.+%E2%80%9CCorruption+and+Sustainable+Development%E2
%80%9D,+in+Susan+Rose-Ackerman+%26+Tina+Soreide+eds.,+The+International+Ha
ndbook+on+the+Economics+of+Corruption,+Vol.+2+(Edward+Elgar+Publishing),+pp.+
3-51.&ots=dGHqANiCZ-&sig=-WQo6fOiwUtVBdmE7dFO44AVipU
Aidt, Toke S. (2011b). The Causes of Corruption. DICE Report, 9(2), 15–19.
Aidt, Toke S., & Dutta, J. (2008). Policy Compromises: Corruption and Regulation in a
Democracy. Economics & Politics, 20(3), 335–360.

14 

 
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2008.00332.x
Aidt, Toke S., & Gassebner, M. (2010). Do autocratic states trade less? The World Bank
Economic Review, lhp022.
Aidt, Toke S., Hillman, A. L., & Qijun, L. (2020). Who takes bribes and how much? Evidence
from the China Corruption Conviction Databank. World Development, 133.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104985
Aidt, Toke Skovsgaard, Golden, M. A., & Tiwari, D. (2010). Criminality and incumbency of
candidates to the national legislature in India. APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1643641
Ainge, C., Stephens, N., Albrecht, C., & Malagueño, R. (2010). Accounting and corruption: A
cross‐country analysis. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 13(4), 372–393.
https://doi.org/10.1108/13685201011083885
Aixalá, J., & Fabro, G. (2008). Does The Impact Of Institutional Quality On Economic Growth
Depend On Initial Income Level? Economic Affairs, 28(3), 45–49.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.2008.00844.x
Aiyede, R. (2016). Corruption Perception Studies and Anti-Corruption in Nigeria. Glocalism:
Journal of Culture, 2016(2). https://doi.org/10.12893/gjcpi.2016.2.1
Aizenman, J., & Spiegel, M. M. (2006). Institutional Efficiency, Monitoring Costs and the
Investment Share of FDI. Review of International Economics, 14(4), 683–697.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2006.00595.x
Ajayi, K. (1997). On The Trail of a Spectre - Destabilisation of Developing and Transitional
Economies: A Case Study of Corruption in Nigeria. 15, 545–621.
Ajaz, T., & Ahmad, E. (2010). The Effect of Corruption and Governance on Tax Revenues. The
Pakistan Development Review, 49(4), 405–417.
Ajide, F. M. (2020). Can financial inclusion reduce the presence of corruption? Evidence from
selected countries in Africa. International Journal of Social Economics, 47(11),
1345–1362. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-03-2020-0145
Ajie, H. A., & Wokekoo, O. E. (2012). The Impact of Corruption on Sustainable Economic
Growth and Development in Nigeria. International Journal of Economic Development
Research and Investment, 3(1), 91–109.
Ajilore, O. T. (2007). Does corruption matter for Nigeria long run growth: Evidence from
conintegration analyses and causality tests? The International Journal of Business and
Finance Research : IJBFR, 1(2), 69–79.

15 

 
Akai, N., Horiuchi, Y., & Sakata, M. (2005). Short-run and long-run effects of corruption on
economic growth: Evidence from state-level cross-section data for the United States.
https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/43028
Akan, Y., & Arslan, I. (2007). The Effect of Corruption on Foreign Direct Investment—The
Case of Turkey. Lex ET Scientia International Journal, 14, 200–206.
Akanji, B. (2017). The Relationship between Culture and Corruption in Nigeria – Prospecting
Culture Change in Dealing with this ‘Big Black Hole.’ Romanian Economic Journal, 63,
3–18.
Akanle, O., & Adesina, J. O. (2015). Corruption and the Nigerian Development Quagmire.
Journal of Developing Societies (Sage Publications Inc.), 31(4), 421–446.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X15590323
Akarca, A. T., & Tansel, A. (2016). Voter reaction to government incompetence and corruption
related to the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey. Journal of Economic Studies, 43(2), 309–335.
Akbar, Y., & Vujic, V. (2014). Explaining corruption The role of national culture and its
implications for international management. Cross Cultural Management-An International
Journal, 21(2), 191–218. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCM-03-2013-0050
Akbari, M., Bahrami-Rad, D., & Kimbrough, E. O. (2019). Kinship, fractionalization and
corruption. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.07.015
Akça, H., im, Y, A., Ata, lmaz, Karaca, C., & kun. (2012). Inflation and Corruption
Relationship: Evidence from Panel Data in Developed and Developing Countries.
International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2(3), n/a.
Akcay, S. (2001). Is Corruption an Obstacle for Foreign Investors in Developing Countries? A
Cross-Country Evidence. Yapi Kredi Economic Review, 12(2), 27–34.
Akçay, S. (2006). Corruption and human development. The Cato Journal : An Interdisciplinary
Journal of Public Policy Analysis, 26(1), 29–48.
Akee, R., Basu, A., Bedi, A., & Chau, N. (2014). Transnational Trafficking, Law Enforcement,
and Victim Protection: A Middleman Trafficker’s Perspective. Journal of Law and
Economics, 57(2), 349–386.
Akerlof, R. (2016). Anger and enforcement. Journal Of Economic Behavior & Organization;
J.Econ.Behav.Organ., 126(Journal Article), 110–124.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2015.10.022
Åkerström, M., Wästerfors, D., & Jacobsson, K. (2016). Struggling for One’s Name: Defense
Narratives by those Accused of Small-Time Corruption. Sociological Focus, 49(2),
16 

 
148–162.
Akhbari, R., & Nejati, M. (2019). The effect of corruption on carbon emissions in developed and
developing countries: Empirical investigation of a claim. Heliyon, 5(9), e02516.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02516
Akhter, S. H. (2004). Is globalization what it’s cracked up to be? Economic freedom, corruption,
and human development. Journal of World Business, 39(3), 283–295.
Akinboade, O. A. (2014). Regulation, SMEs’ growth and performance in Cameroon’s central
and littoral provinces’ manufacturing and retail sectors. African Development Review,
26(4), 597–609. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12116
Akinlabi, O. M., & Murphy, K. (2018). Dull compulsion or perceived legitimacy? Assessing
why people comply with the law in Nigeria. Police Practice and Research, 19(2),
186–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2018.1418170
Akins, B., Dou, Y., & Ng, J. (2017). Corruption in Bank Lending: The Role of Timely Loan
Loss Recognition. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 63(2–3), 454–478.
Akitoby, B., & Stratmann, T. (2010). The value of institutions for financial markets: Evidence
from emerging markets. Review of World Economics / Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv,
146(4), 781–797.
Aklin, Michael, Bayer, P., Harish, S. P., & Urpelainen, J. (2015). Quantifying slum
electrification in India and explaining local variation. Energy, 80(Journal Article),
203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.11.063
Aklin, Michaël, Bayer, P., Harish, S., & Urpelainen, J. (2014). Who blames corruption for the
poor enforcement of environmental laws? Survey evidence from Brazil. Environmental
Economics & Policy Studies, 16(3), 241–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10018-014-0076-z
Aktan, C. (2015). Ethics in government: Anti-corruption measures. International Journal of
Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 7(2), 63–89.
Al Qudah, A., Bani-Mustafa, A., & Yamen, A. (2019). The mechanism of control of corruption
and the rule of law. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 22(3), 498–514.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-11-2018-0066
Al Qudah, A., Zouaoui, A., & Aboelsoud, M. E. (2020). Does corruption adversely affect
economic growth in Tunisia? ARDL approach. Journal of Money Laundering Control,
23(1), 38–54. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-12-2018-0076
Aladdinovna, A. (2016). Correlation between corruption and economic crimes in housing and
communal services. Ekonomika, 62(2), 15–28.
https://doi.org/10.5937/ekonomika1602015A
17 

 
Aladwani, A. (2016). Corruption as a source of e-Government projects failure in developing
countries: A theoretical exposition. International Journal of Information Management;
Int.J.Inf.Manage., 36(1), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2015.10.005
Ala’i, P. (2000). The legacy of geographical morality and colonialism: A historical assessment of
the current crusade against corruption. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 33(4),
877.
Ala’i, P. (2008). The WTO and the Anti-Corruption Movement. 6, 259–421.
Ala’i, P. (2014). Civil Consequences of Corruption in International Commercial Contracts.
American Journal of Comparative Law, 62(Journal Article).
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2494294; http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2494294
Alaimo, V., Fajnzylber, P., Guasch, J. L., López, J. H., & Oviedo, A. M. (2009). Behind the
Investment Climate: Back to Basics—Determinants of Corruption. In Does the
Investment Climate Matter? Microeconomic Foundations of Growth in Latin America
(pp. 139–178). The World Bank.
Alam, A., & Southworth, V. R. (2012). Fighting Corruption in Public Services: Chronicling
Georgia’s Reforms. World Bank.
Alam, M. s. (1990). Some Economic Costs of Corruption in LDCs. Journal of Development
Studies, 27(1), 89.
Alam, M. S. (1995). A Theory of Limits on Corruption and some Applications. Kyklos, 48(3),
419–435. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1995.tb02323.x
Alam, M. Shahid. (1989). Anatomy of Corruption: An Approach to the Political Economy of
Underdevelopment. American Journal of Economics & Sociology, 48(4), 441.
Alarcon Lopez, P. (n.d.). Constitutional Design and Political Agency Problems: The Case of
Colombia. Con-Texto: Revista de Derecho y Economia, 41, 11–49.
Alatas, V., Banerjee, A., Hanna, R., Olken, B. A., Purnamasari, R., & Wai-Poi, M. (2013). Does
Elite Capture Matter? Local Elites and Targeted Welfare Programs in Indonesia.
http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/remahanna/files/6_elite_capture.pdf
Alatas, V., Cameron, L., Chaudhuri, A., Erkal, N., & Gangadharan, L. (2008). Subject pool
effects in a corruption experiment: A comparison of Indonesian public servants and
Indonesian students. Experimental Economics, 12(1), 113–132.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-008-9207-3
Alatas, V., Cameron, L., Chaudhuri, A., Erkal, N., & Gangadharan, L. (2009). Gender, Culture,
and Corruption: Insights from an Experimental Analysis. Southern Economic Journal,
75(3), 663–680.
18 

 
Al‐Azzam, M. D. (2016). Corruption and Microcredit Interest Rates: Does Regulation Help?
Bulletin of Economic Research, 68(S1), 182–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/boer.12080
Albanese, J. S., & Artello, K. (2018). Focusing Anti-Corruption Efforts More Effectively: An
Empirical Look at Offender Motivation-Positive, Classical, Structural and Ethical
Approaches. Advances in Applied Sociology, 8(6), 471–485.
https://doi.org/10.4236/aasoci.2018.86028
Albanese, J. S., Artello, K., & Nguyen, L. T. (2018). Distinguishing Corruption in Law and
Practice: Empirically Separating Conviction Charges from Underlying Behaviors. Public
Integrity, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2018.1423859
Albin-Lackey, C. (2014). Corruption, Human Rights, and Activism: Useful Connections and
Their Limits. In D. N. Sharp (Ed.), Justice and Economic Violence in Transition (pp.
139–163). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8172-0_6
Albisu Ardigó, I., & Hough, D. (2018). Bishops Who Live Like Princes: Bishop Tebartz-van Elst
and the Challenge of Defining Corruption. Public Integrity, 20(1), 64–79.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2016.1243001
Albulescu, C. T., Tămăşilă, M., & Tăucean, I. M. (2016). Entrepreneurship, Tax Evasion and
Corruption in Europe. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 221(Journal Article),
246–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.112
Aldashev, G. (2015). Voter Turnout and Political Rents. Journal Of Public Economic Theory;
J.Public.Econ.Theory., 17(4), 528–552. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12141
Aldaz, M., Alvarez, I., & Calvo, J. A. (2015). Non-financial reports, anti-corruption performance
and corporate reputation. Revista Brasileira de Gestao de Negocios (Brazilian Journal of
Business Management), 17(58), 1321. https://doi.org/10.7819/rbgn.v17i58.2687
Alderman, R. (2014). B20 Task Force on Improving Transparency and Anti-Corruption:
Development of a Preliminary Study on Possible Regulatory Developments to Enhance
the Private Sector Role in the Fight Against Corruption in a Global Business Context.
http://www.aodv231.it/images/image/Allegato%201%20-Preliminary_Study_v_2%201.p
df
Aldrighi, D. M. (2011). Risks of Wrongdoing in Public Companies and Ways to Cope with
Them: The Case of Brazil. In International Handbook on the Economics of Corruption
(Vol. 2). Edward Elgar Publishing.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=QbZEbihNOfUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA231&
dq=Aldrighi,+Dante+Mendes.+2011.+%E2%80%9CRisks+of+Wrongdoing+in+Public+
Companies+and+Ways+to+Cope+with+Them:+The+Case+of+Brazil%E2%80%9D,+in+
International+Handbook+on+the+Economics+of+Corruption&ots=dGHqBJmG1V&sig=

19 

 
Qbfs7Ma00WvqduRX9hbBqZDYjtA
Aleksynska, M., & Havrylchyk, O. (2013). FDI from the south: The role of institutional distance
and natural resources. European Journal of Political Economy, 29, 38–53.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.09.001
Alemu, A. M. (2012). Effects of Corruption on FDI Inflow in Asian Economies. Seoul Journal of
Economics, 25(4), 387–412.
Alence, R. (2004). Political Institutions and Developmental Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The Journal of Modern African Studies, 42(2), 163–187.
Alesina, A., & Angeletos, G.-M. (2005a). Fairness and Redistribution. American Economic
Review, 95(4), 960–980. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828054825655
Alesina, A., & Angeletos, G.-M. (2005b). Corruption, inequality, and fairness. Journal of
Monetary Economics, 52(7), 1227–1244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2005.05.003
Alesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W., Kurlat, S., & Wacziarg, R. (2003).
Fractionalization. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(2), 155–194.
Alesina, A. F., Michalopoulos, S., & Papaioannou, E. (2012). Ethnic Inequality (SSRN Scholarly
Paper ID 2170635). Social Science Research Network.
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2170635
Alesina, A., Gennaioli, C., & Lovo, S. (2014). Public Goods and Ethnic Diversity: Evidence
from Deforestation in Indonesia (Working Paper No. 20504). National Bureau of
Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w20504
Alesina, A., & Wacziarg, R. (1998). Openness, country size and government. Journal of Public
Economics, 69(3), 305–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(98)00010-3
Alesina, A., & Weder, B. (2002). Do Corrupt Governments Receive Less Foreign Aid?
American Economic Review, 92(4), 1126–1137.
https://doi.org/10.1257/00028280260344669
Alesina, A., & Zhuravskaya, E. (2011). Segregation and the quality of government in a cross
section of countries. American Economic Review, 101(5), 1872–1911.
Alessandro, M., Cardinale Lagomarsino, B., Scartascini, C., & Torrealday, J. (2019).
Transparency and Trust in Government: Evidence from a Survey Experiment (No. 9496;
IDB Publications (Working Papers)). Inter-American Development Bank.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/idb/brikps/9496.html
Alexander, C. R., & Arlen, J. (2018). Does conviction matter? The reputational and collateral
effects of corporate crime. Research Handbook on Corporate Crime and Financial

20 

 
Misdealing.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781783474462/9781783474462.00011.xml
Alexander, C. R., & Cohen, M. A. (2015). The evolution of corporate criminal settlements: An
empirical perspective on non-prosecution, deferred prosecution, and plea agreements.(p.
537-566). American Criminal Law Review, 52(3), 537.
Alexander, C. R., & Lee, Y.-H. A. (2018). Non-Prosecution of Corporations: Toward a Model of
Cooperation and Leniency. North Carolina Law Review, 96(3), 859.
Alexander, D. (2017, October 26). Corruption and the Governance of Disaster Risk. Oxford
Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.253
Alexandre, A. B. (2018). Perception of corruption by traffic police and taxi drivers in Bukavu
DR Congo: The limits of moral analysis. Journal of Contemporary African Studies,
36(4), 563–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2019.1583323
Alexeev, M., & Conrad, R. (2009). The Elusive Curse of Oil. Review of Economics and
Statistics, 91(3), 586–598. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.91.3.586
Alexeev, M., & Conrad, R. (2011). The natural resource curse and economic transition.
Economic Systems, 35(4), 445–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2010.10.003
Alexeev, M., & Habodaszova, L. (2012). Fiscal Decentralization, Corruption, and the Shadow
Economy. Public Finance and Management, 12(1), 74–99.
Alexeev, M., & Song, Y. (2013). Corruption and product market competition: An empirical
investigation. Journal of Development Economics, 103, 154–166.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.02.010
Alfa, M., & Marangos, J. (2016). An empirical appraisal of the role of money in Nigerian
politics. Int.J.of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies, 9(1).
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEPEE.2016.074946
Alfada, A. (2019a). Does Fiscal Decentralization Encourage Corruption in Local Governments?
Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(3), 118.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12030118
Alfada, A. (2019b). The destructive effect of corruption on economic growth in Indonesia: A
threshold model. Heliyon, 5(10), e02649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02649
Alfano, M., Baraldi, A., & Cantabene, C. (2019). The Effect of Fiscal Decentralization on
Corruption: A Non‐linear Hypothesis. German Economic Review, 20(1), 105–128.
https://doi.org/10.1111/geer.12164

21 

 
Alfano, M. Rosaria, & Baraldi, A. L. (2015). Is There an Optimal Level of Political Competition
in Terms of Economic Growth? Evidence from Italy. European Journal of Law and
Economics, 39(2), 263–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-012-9340-5
Alfano, Maria Rosaria, Baraldi, A. L., & Cantabene, C. (2013). The role of political competition
in the link between electoral systems and corruption: The Italian case. The Journal of
Socio-Economics, 47, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2013.07.005
Alfano, Maria Rosaria, Baraldi, A. L., & Papagni, E. (2016). Effect of the proportionality degree
of electoral systems on corruption. Environment and Planning C: Government and
Policy, 34(8), 1895–1916. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774X16642771
Alfonso, E. (2016). Stock Recommendations for Politically Connected Firms. Journal of
Business Finance & Accounting, 43(3–4), 448–486. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12178
Alford, J., Teeters, H., Ward, D. S., & Wilson, R. K. (1994). Overdraft: The Political Cost of
Congressional Malfeasance. The Journal of Politics, 56(3), 788–801.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2132193
Alford, R. P. (2012). A Broken Windows Theory of International Corruption. Ohio State Law
Journal, 73, 1253–1485.
Alhassan, A. (2019). Weak economic institutions in Africa: A destiny or design? International
Journal of Social Economics, 46(7), 904–919.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-12-2018-0651
Alhassan-Alolo, N. (2007a). Fighting Public Sector Corruption in Ghana: Does Gender Matter?
In Corruption and Development (pp. 205–220). Springer.
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230590625_11
Alhassan-Alolo, N. (2007b). Gender and corruption: Testing the new consensus. Public
Administration and Development, 27(3), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.455
Al-Hussein, K. (2020). The use of social media and perceptions of corruption within the
Jordanian political elite. Technology in Society, 62, 101334-.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101334
Ali, A., Khan, M. J., & Khalid, S. U. (2017). Theory and Practice of Understanding Corruption
in Pakistan: Case Study of National Accountability Bureau, KPK. Pakistan Development
Review, 56(4), 361.
Ali, A. M., & Isse, H. S. (2003). Determinants of economic corruption: A cross-country
comparison. The Cato Journal, 22(3), 449.
Ali, K. (2017). Conflict of Interest: Engaging with Alatas’ Ideas in the Sociology of Corruption.
Global Business and Management Research, 9(1s), 198–207.
22 

 
Ali, M., Fjeldstad, O.-H., & Shifa, A. B. (2020). European colonization and the corruption of
local elites: The case of chiefs in Africa. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,
179, 80–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.08.043
Ali, Z. (2016). Conflict between social structure and legal framework: Political corruption in
Pakistan. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 54(1), 115–137.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2015.1124497
Alias, N., & Nawawi, A. (2019). Internal auditor’s compliance to code of ethics. Journal of
Financial Crime, 26(1), 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-07-2017-0066
Alibux, A. N. R. N. (2016). Criminogenic conditions, bribery and the economic crisis in the EU:
A macro level analysis. 13(1), 29–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370815597252
Alicante, T. (2019). To Catch a Kleptocrat: Lessons Learned from the Biens Mal Acquis Trials
in France [National Endowment for Democracy Working Paper].
Aligica, P. D., & Tarko, V. (2014). Crony Capitalism: Rent Seeking, Institutions and Ideology.
Kyklos, 67(2), 156–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12048
Aliyev, Z., & Safarov, I. (2019). Logos, Mythos and Ethos of Blockchain: An Integrated
Framework for Anti-Corruption.
http://www.oecd.org/corruption/integrity-forum/academic-papers/Z-Aliyev-I-Safarov-Blo
ckchain-anti-corruption.pdf
Aliyu, S. U. R., & Elijah, A. O. (2008). Corruption and Economic Growth in Nigeria: 1986
-2007 [MPRA Paper]. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12504/
Aljarallah, R. (2019). Impact of Natural Resource Rents and Institutional Quality on Human
Capital: A Case Study of the United Arab Emirates. Resources, 8(3), 152.
https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8030152
Aljazaerli, M. A., Sirop, R., & Mouselli, S. (2016). Corruption and Stock Market Development:
New Evidence from GCC Countries. Verslas: Teorija Ir Praktika, 17(2), 117–127.
https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2016.555
Al-Jundi, S. A. (2019). A survey dataset on determinants of administrative corruption. Data in
Brief, 27, 104820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104820
Al-Kasim, F., Søreide, T., & Williams, A. (2013). Corruption and reduced oil production: An
additional resource curse factor? Energy Policy, 54(C), 137–147.
Alldridge, P. (2012). The U.K. Bribery Act: "The Caffeinated Younger Sibling of the FCPA.
Ohio State Law Journal, 73, 1181–1485.
Alldridge, P. (2013). Bribery and the changing pattern of criminal prosecution. In J. Horder & P.

23 

 
Alldridge (Eds.), Modern Bribery Law (pp. 219–250). Cambridge University Press.
http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139088398A020
Alldridge, P. (2015). Tax avoidance, tax evasion, money laundering and the problem of
‘offshore.’ In S. Rose-Ackerman & P. Lagunes (Eds.), Greed, Corruption, and the
Modern State: Essays in Political Economy (pp. 317–335).
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=47KCCgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA317
&dq=Alldridge,+Peter.+2014.+Tax+Avoidance,+Tax+Evasion,+Money+Laundering+an
d+the+Problem+of+%E2%80%9COffshore%E2%80%9D.+Working+paper.&ots=1hyIm
55HrZ&sig=K_nzxPqqjWraTVNxMUC6tz8l3zc
Allen, N., & Birch, S. (2011). Political Conduct and Misconduct: Probing Public Opinion.
Parliamentary Affairs, 64(1), 61–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsq007
Allen, N. W. (2014). From Patronage Machine to Partisan Melee: Subnational Corruption and
the Evolution of the Indonesian Party System. Pacific Affairs, 87(2), 221–245.
https://doi.org/10.5509/2014872221
Allen, N. W. (2015). Clientelism and the personal vote in Indonesia. Electoral Studies,
37(Journal Article), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2014.10.005
Alleyne, P., Charles-Soverall, W., Broome, T., & Pierce, A. (2017). Perceptions, predictors and
consequences of whistleblowing among accounting employees in Barbados. Meditari
Accountancy Research, 25(2), 241–267.
Alm, J., Martinez-Vazquez, J., & Mcclellan, C. (2016). Corruption and firm tax evasion. Journal
of Economic Behavior & Organization, 124(Journal Article), 146.
Alm, J., & Torgler, B. (2011). Do Ethics Matter? Tax Compliance and Morality. Journal of
Business Ethics, 101(4), 635–651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0761-9
Al-Mahayreh, M., & Abedel-Qader, M. (2015). Identifying the Impact of Administrative
Transparency on the Administrative Corruption: A study on the Employees of Grand
Amman Municipality. Advances in Management and Applied Economics, 5(2), 101–126.
Al-Marhubi, F. (2004). The Determinants of governance: A cross-country analysis.
Contemporary Economic Policy : A Journal of Western Economic Association
International, 22(3), 394–406.
Al-Marhubi, F. A. (2000). Corruption and inflation. Economics Letters, 66(2), 199–202.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1765(99)00230-X
Almond, M. A., & Syfert, S. D. (1997). Beyond compliance: Corruption, corporate responsibility
and ethical standards in the new global economy. North Carolina Journal of
International Law and Commercial Regulation, 22(2), 389–447.

24 

 
Alolo, N. (2004). Fighting Public Sector Corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does Gender
Matter? [IDD School of Public Policy Working Paper].
Alolo, N. (2006). Ethic of care versus ethic of justice? The gender-corruption nexus: Testing the
new conventional wisdom. https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/handle/1866/3380
Alon, A., & Hageman, A. M. (2012). The Impact of Corruption on Firm Tax Compliance in
Transition Economies: Whom Do You Trust? Journal of Business Ethics, 116(3),
479–494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1457-5
Alonso, J. A., & Garcimartín, C. (2013). The Determinants of Institutional Quality. More on the
Debate. Journal of International Development, 25(2), 206–226.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1710
Aloudat, A., Abulaila, M., Gadour, W., Salih, K., Aljishi, S., & Almohammadi, H. (2020). The
Role of International Standards for Internal Auditing to Reduce Financial and
Administrative Corruption on Public Shareholding Companies in the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 24(2), 1–14.
Al-Sadig, A. (2009). The effects of corruption on FDI inflows. The Cato Journal, 29(2),
267–294.
Alschuler, A. W. (2015). Criminal Corruption: Why Broad Definitions of Bribery make Things
Worse. Fordham Law Review, 84(2), 463–492.
Alston, L. J., & Gallo, A. A. (2010). Electoral fraud, the rise of Peron and demise of checks and
balances in Argentina. Explorations in Economic History, 47(2), 179–197.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2009.09.002
Alt, J. E., & Lassen, D. D. (2003). The Political Economy of Institutions and Corruption in
American States. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 15(3), 341–365.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0951692803015003006
Alt, J. E., & Lassen, D. D. (2008). Political and Judicial Checks on Corruption: Evidence from
American State Governments. Economics & Politics, 20(1), 33–61.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2007.00319.x
Alt, J. E., & Lassen, D. D. (2014). Enforcement and public corruption: Evidence from the
American states. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, 30(2), 307–338.
Altamirano, G. D. (2007). The Impact of the Inter-American Convention Against Corruption.
University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, 38, 487–699.
Altbach, P. G. (2020). Corruption: A Key Challenge to Internationalization. In Corruption in
Higher Education (pp. 77–81). Brill Sense.
https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004433885/BP000015.xml
25 

 
Altindag, D., & Xu, J. (2017). Life Satisfaction and Preferences over Economic Growth and
Institutional Quality. Journal Of Labor Research, 38(1), 100–121.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-016-9235-2
Altun, R. K. (2016). The Effect of Political Stability and Governance on Economic Development
(SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2948652). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2948652
Altunbaş, Y., & Thornton, J. (2012). Fiscal Decentralization and Governance. Public Finance
Review, 40(1), 66–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142111424276
Álvarez Etxeberria, I., & Aldaz Odriozola, M. (2018). The social reputation of European
companies: Does anti‐corruption disclosure affect stakeholders’ perceptions? Corporate
Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25(5), 713–721.
https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1488
Alvarez, J. P. (2015). Low-Level Corruption Tolerance: An Action-Based Approach for Peru and
Latin America. Journal of Politics in Latin America, 7(2), 99–129.
Amacher, G. S. (2006). Corruption: A challenge for economists interested in forest policy
design. Journal of Forest Economics, 12(2), 85–89.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfe.2006.05.002
Amara, I., & Khlif, H. (2018). Financial crime, corruption and tax evasion: A cross-country
investigation. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 21(4), 545–554.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-10-2017-0059
Amat, F., & Beramendi, P. (2020). Democracy under High Inequality: Capacity, Spending, and
Participation. The Journal of Politics, 82(3), 859–878. https://doi.org/10.1086/707397
Ambraseys, N., & Bilham, R. (2011). Corruption kills. Nature, 469(7329), 153–155.
https://doi.org/10.1038/469153a
Ambrey, C., Fleming, C., Manning, M., & Smith, C. (2016). On the Confluence of Freedom of
the Press, Control of Corruption and Societal Welfare. Social Indicators Research,
128(2), 859–880. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1060-0
Ameen, A. B., & Ahmad, K. (2013). A Conceptual Framework of Financial Information Systems
to Reduce Corruption. Journal of Theoretical & Applied Information Technology, 54(1).
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype
=crawler&jrnl=19928645&AN=90357137&h=B4NGImJcqoSs54PiPibnecZk5ponlO%2F
R2GM%2BLjUfL6bj9MuwN4IGf4kZ%2FJgsOInArxzMQfAwQENz66RGKo3Gmw%3
D%3D&crl=c
Amegashie, J. A. (2016). The Welfare Effects of Consumers’ Reports of Bribery. Journal of

26 

 
Economics & Management Strategy, 25(2), 516–534. https://doi.org/10.1111/jems.12149
Ameyaw, Ernest E, Pärn, E., Chan, A. P. C., Owusu-Manu, D.-G., Edwards, D. J., & Darko, A.
(2017). Corrupt Practices in the Construction Industry: Survey of Ghanaian Experience.
Journal of Management in Engineering, 33(6).
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000555
Ameyaw, Ernest Effah, & Chan, A. P. C. (2015). Evaluating key risk factors for PPP water
projects in Ghana: A Delphi study. Journal of Facilities Management, 13(2), 133.
Amin, M., & Soh, Y. C. (2019). Corruption and Country Size: Evidence Using Firm-Level
Survey Data (No. WPS8864; pp. 1–55). The World Bank.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/186421559050813620/Corruption-and-Count
ry-Size-Evidence-Using-Firm-Level-Survey-Data
Amin, M., & Soh, Y. C. (2020). Does Greater Regulatory Burden Lead to More Corruption ?
Evidence Using Firm-Level Survey Data for Developing Countries (No. WPS9149; pp.
1–50). The World Bank.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/296861582037503905/Does-Greater-Regulat
ory-Burden-Lead-to-More-Corruption-Evidence-Using-Firm-Level-Survey-Data-for-Dev
eloping-Countries
Amini, C., & Douarin, E. (2020). Corruption and Life Satisfaction in Transition: Is Corruption a
Social Norm in Eastern Europe? Social Indicators Research, 151(2), 723-.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02389-6
Amir, R., & Burr, C. (2015). Corruption and Socially Optimal Entry. Journal of Public
Economics, 123(Journal Article), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.12.012
Amit, E., Koralnik, J., Posten, A.-C., Muethel, M., & Lessig, L. (2017). Institutional corruption
revisited: Exploring open questions within the institutional corruption literature. Southern
California Interdisciplinary Law Journal, 26(3), 467.
Amodio, F., Choi, J., De Giorgi, G., & Rahman, A. (2018). Bribes vs. Taxes: Market Structure
and Incentives. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc.
http://search.proquest.com/docview/2072928515/?pq-origsite=primo
Amore, M. D., & Bennedsen, M. (2013). The value of local political connections in a
low-corruption environment. Journal of Financial Economics, 110(2), 387–402.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2013.06.002
Ampratwum, E. F. (2008). The fight against corruption and its implications for development in
developing and transition economies. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 11(1),
76–87. https://doi.org/10.1108/13685200810844514

27 

 
Amundsen, I. (2013). ‘Pay up and off you go!’Buying political positions in Bangladesh. In T.
Soreide & A. Williams (Eds.), Corruption, Grabbing and Development: Real World
Challenges (pp. 140–147).
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=cS1jAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA140&
dq=Amundsen,+Inge.+2013.+%E2%80%9C%E2%80%98Pay+Up+and+Off+You+Go!%
E2%80%99:+Buying+Political+Positions+in+Bangladesh%E2%80%9D,+in+Soreide,+T
ina+%26+Aled+Willams+eds.,+Corruption,+Grabbing+and+Development+(Edward+Elg
ar),+pp.+140-147.&ots=hka6df2lyZ&sig=zayo_U2h7KgFOEs_26WDC3v8hDI
Ana Sekulovska - Jovkovska, Pece Mitrevski, & Sime Arsenovski. (2020). Preventing Corrupt
Practices in Public Institutions in the Western Balkans: Application of Ict Security
Standards, Policies and Procedures. UTMS Journal of Economics, 11(1), 67–79.
Anaedozie, F. (2016). Is grand corruption the cancer of Nigeria? A critical discussion in the
light of an exchange of presidential letters.(Report). 12(5), 11.
https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n5p11
Anand, V., Ashforth, B. E., & Joshi, M. (2005). Business as Usual: The Acceptance and
Perpetuation of Corruption in Organizations. The Academy of Management Executive
(1993-2005), 19(4), 9–23.
Anbarci, N., Escaleras, M., & Register, C. (2006). Traffic Fatalities and Public Sector
Corruption. Kyklos, 59(3), 327–344. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2006.00335.x
Anbarci, N., Escaleras, M., & Register, C. A. (2005). Earthquake fatalities: The interaction of
nature and political economy. Journal of Public Economics, 89(9–10), 1907–1933.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.08.002
Anbarci, N., Escaleras, M., & Register, C. A. (2009). The Ill Effects of Public Sector Corruption
in the Water and Sanitation Sector. Land Economics, 85(2), 363–377.
Anders, G. (2015). The normativity of numbers in practice: Technologies of counting,
accounting and auditing in Malawi’s civil service reform. Social Anthropology, 23(1),
29–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8676.12101
Anders, G., Kanyongolo, F. E., & Seim, B. (2020). Corruption and the impact of law
enforcement: Insights from a mixed-methods study in Malawi. The Journal of Modern
African Studies, 58(3), 315–336. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X2000021X
Anders, G., & Nuijten, M. (2007). Corruption and the secret of law: An introduction. In
Corruption and the secret of law: A legal anthropological perspective (pp. 1–26).
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=e0bJtdjisCQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=A
nders,+Gerhard+%26+Monique+Nuijten.+2007.+%E2%80%9CCorruption+and+the+Sec
ret+of+Law:+An+Introduction,%E2%80%9D+in+Monique+Juijten+%26+Gerhard+And

28 

 
ers+eds.,+Corruption+and+the+Secret+of+Law:+A+Legal+Anthropological+Perspective
.+(Burlington,+VT:+Ashgate),+pp.+1-26.&ots=CFaKbn4xqo&sig=AB3pTO_eYj2DPN
OGBt3WyFAryak
Andersen, Jørgen J., & Ross, M. L. (2014). The Big Oil Change A Closer Look at the
Haber–Menaldo Analysis. Comparative Political Studies, 47(7), 993–1021.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414013488557
Andersen, Jørgen Juel, Johannesen, N., Lassen, D. D., & Paltseva, E. (2017). Petro Rents,
Political Institutions, and Hidden Wealth: Evidence from Offshore Bank Accounts.
Journal of the European Economic Association, 15(4), 818–860.
Andersen, Jorgen Juel, Johannesen, N., & Rijkers, B. (2020). Elite Capture of Foreign Aid:
Evidence from Offshore Bank Accounts (No. WPS9150; pp. 1–46). The World Bank.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/493201582052636710/Elite-Capture-of-Forei
gn-Aid-Evidence-from-Offshore-Bank-Accounts
Andersen, M. K. (2018). Why Corruption Matters in Human Rights. Journal of Human Rights
Practice, 10(1), 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huy004
Andersen, T. B. (2009). E-Government as an anti-corruption strategy. Information Economics
and Policy, 21(3), 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2008.11.003
Andersen, T. B., Bentzen, J., Dalgaard, C.-J., & Selaya, P. (2011). Does the Internet Reduce
Corruption? Evidence from U.S. States and across Countries. The World Bank Economic
Review, 25(3), 387–417. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhr025
Anderson, B. B. (2012). Corruption and economic development: A puzzling relationship. World
Sustainable Development Outlook, 2(2), 557–568.
Anderson, B. B. (2013). Corrupting activities and economic development: New Variables in the
Mix. International Journal of Innovation & Knowledge Management in Middle East &
North Africa, 3(3–4), 369–378.
Anderson, B. B. (2015). Corrupting activities and economic development. World Journal of
Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 11(1), 64–64.
Anderson, C. (2017). Sanctions, Transparency, and Accountability: The Missing Links in
Natural Resource Anti-Corruption Efforts. Georgetown Journal of International Law,
48(3), 779–806.
Anderson, C. J., & Tverdova, Y. V. (2003). Corruption, Political Allegiances, and Attitudes
Toward Government in Contemporary Democracies. American Journal of Political
Science, 47(1), 91–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5907.00007
Anderson, E.-L., & Beresford, A. (2016). Infectious injustice: The political foundations of the
29 

 
Ebola crisis in Sierra Leone. Third World Quarterly, 37(3), 468–486.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1103175
Anderson, J. E., & Marcouiller, D. (2002). Insecurity and the Pattern of Trade: An Empirical
Investigation. Review of Economics and Statistics, 84(2), 342–352.
https://doi.org/10.1162/003465302317411587
Anderson, J. E., & Marcouiller, D. (2005). Anarchy and Autarky: Endogenous Predation as a
Barrier to Trade. International Economic Review, 46(1), 189–213.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-6598.2005.00315.x
Anderson, J., & Gray, C. (2006). Anticorruption in Transition 3: Who is Succeeding...And Why?
The World Bank.
http://elibrary.worldbank.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/doi/abs/10.1596/978-0-8213-669
2-9
Anderson, J. H., Recanatini, F., & Kaufmann, D. (2003). Service delivery, poverty and
corruption-common threads from diagnostic surveys.
http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US2012406586
Anderson, R. D., Jones, A., & Kovacic, W. E. (2018). Preventing Corruption, Supplier Collusion
and the Corrosion of Civic Trust: A Procompetitive Program to Improve the
Effectiveness and Legitimacy of Public Procurement (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID
3289170). Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3289170
Anderson, R. D., Kovacic, W. E., & Müller, A. C. (2011). Ensuring integrity and competition in
public procurement markets: A dual challenge for good governance. In The WTO Regime
on Government Procurement: Challenge and Reform (pp. 681–718). Cambridge
University Press.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Anderson40/publication/265222261_Ensuri
ng_integrity_and_competition_in_public_procurement_markets_A_dual_challenge_for_
good_governance/links/552671540cf2628d5afdf690.pdf
Andersson, L. (2017). Of Great Vampire Squids and Jamming Blood Funnels: A Socially
Constructed and Historically Situated Perspective on Organizational Corruption. Journal
of Management Inquiry, 26(4), 406–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492616670755
Andersson, Staffan. (2008). Studying the Risk of Corruption in the Least Corrupt Countries.
Public Integrity, 10(3), 193–214. https://doi.org/10.2753/PIN1099-9922100301
Andersson, Staffan. (2017). Beyond Unidimensional Measurement of Corruption. Public
Integrity, 19(1), 58–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2016.1200408
Andersson, Staffan, & Anechiarico, F. (2012). The political economy of conflicts of interest in
an era of public-private governance. In P. Heywood (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of
30 

 
Political Corruption (pp. 253–270).
http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:551019
Andersson, Staffan, & Erlingsson, G. Ó. (2016). New Public Management and Risks of
Corruption: The Case of Sweden. In The Social Construction of Corruption in Europe
(pp. 33–58).
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HxWgCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA33
&dq=Andersson,+Staffan+%26+Gissur+O.+Erlingsson.+2012.+%E2%80%9CNew+Publ
ic+Management+and+Risks+of+Corruption:+The+Case+of+Sweden%E2%80%9D,+in+
Dirk+Tanzler,+Konstadinos+Maras+%26+Angelos+Giannakopoulos+eds.,+The+Social+
Construction+of+Corruption+in+Europe+(Ashgate),+pp.33-58.&ots=nMqBOiqxT3&sig
=6zEaZrjSW3U_O1JrXR46mkOwrSU
Andersson, Staffan, & Heywood, P. M. (2009). The Politics of Perception: Use and Abuse of
Transparency International’s Approach to Measuring Corruption. Political Studies, 57(4),
746–767. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2008.00758.x
Andersson, Steffan, & Heywood, P. M. (2009). Anti-Corruption as a Risk to Democracy: On the
Unintended Consequences of International Anti-Corruption Campaigns. In Luís de
Sousa, P. Larmour, & B. Hindess (Eds.), Governments, NGOs and anti-corruption: The
new integrity warriors (pp. 362–377). Routledge.
Andrades, J., Martinez-Martinez, D., Larran, M., & Herrera, J. (2019). Online information
disclosure in Spanish municipal-owned enterprises. Online Information Review, 43(5),
922–944. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-02-2018-0063
Andreas, P. (1998). The Political Economy of Narco-Corruption in Mexico. Current History, 97,
160–170.
Andreev, S. A. (2009). The unbearable lightness of membership: Bulgaria and Romania after the
2007 EU accession. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 42(3), 375–393.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2009.07.001
Andrei, T., Matei, A., & Oancea, B. (2009). Simultaneous Equations Models Used in the Study
of Some Issues Related to the Corruption and Performance of Services in the Public
Health System. Theoretical and Applied Economics, XVI(1), 3–18.
Andrei, T., Matei, A., Stancu, S., & Oancea, B. (2009). Some Notes About Decentralization
Process Implications on Public Administration Corruption in Romania. Prague Economic
Papers, 1, 26–37.
Andrei, T., Stancu, S., Nedelcu, M., & Matei, A. (2009). Econometric Models Used for the
Corruption Analysis. Economic Computation & Economic Cybernetics Studies &
Research, 43(1), 101–122.

31 

 
Andresen, M. S., & Button, M. (2019). The profile and detection of bribery in Norway and
England & Wales: A comparative study. European Journal of Criminology, 16(1),
18–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370818764827
Andreula, N., Chong, A., & Guillen, J. B. (2009). Institutional quality and fiscal transparency
(IDB Working Paper #IDP-WP-125).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1817228
Andrews, J. T., & Montinola, G. R. (2004). Veto players and the rule of law in emerging
democracies. Comparative Political Studies, 37(1), 55–87.
Andrews, Matt. (2008). The Good Governance Agenda: Beyond Indicators without Theory.
Oxford Development Studies, 36(4), 379–407.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13600810802455120
Andrews, Matthew, & Shah, A. (2005). Toward citizen-centered local-level budgets in
developing countries. In Public Expenditure Analysis (pp. 183–216). World Bank.
http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/207233/TowardsCitizencenteredLocalBudg
ets.pdf
Andrews, T. G., Nimanandh, K., Htun, K. T., & Kantabutra, S. (2019). Responsible cronyism in
transition: Understanding changing attitudes to business corruption in Myanmar. Asia
Pacific Business Review, 25(4), 554–570.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2019.1589767
Andrews, T. G., Rowley, C., Nimanandh, K., & Buranapin, S. (2019a). Business corruption in
the Asia Pacific region: Recapitulation and prospects. Asia Pacific Business Review,
25(4), 600–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2019.1629187
Andrews, T. G., Rowley, C., Nimanandh, K., & Buranapin, S. (2019b). Corruption in Asia
Pacific business organizations: Insights on causes, conditions, consequences and
treatment. Asia Pacific Business Review, 25(4), 459–469.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2019.1628504
Andrianova, S. (2001). Corruption and Reputation. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 48(3),
245–259. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9485.00197
Andrianova, S. (2007). On Corruption and Institutions in Decentralized Economies. The B.E.
Journal of Theoretical Economics, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.2202/1935-1704.1353
Andrianova, S., & Melissas, N. (2009). Corruption, Extortion, and the Boundaries of the Law.
Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 25(2), 442–471.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewn009
Andrighetto, G., Zhang, N., Ottone, S., Ponzano, F., D’Attoma, J., & Steinmo, S. (2016). Are

32 

 
Some Countries More Honest than Others? Evidence from a Tax Compliance Experiment
in Sweden and Italy. Frontiers In Psychology; Front.Psychol., 7(Journal Article).
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00472
Androphy, B. (2015). Understanding the Limited Authority of Ethics Commissions. Public
Administration Review, 75(1), 111–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12316
Anduiza, E., Gallego, A., & Muñoz, J. (2013). Turning a Blind Eye Experimental Evidence of
Partisan Bias in Attitudes Toward Corruption. Comparative Political Studies, 46(12),
1664–1692. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414013489081
Andvig, J. (2005). Experimental Research and Corruption: A Survey of Budding Research. In
Global Corruption Report 2005: Corruption in Construction and Post-Conflict
Reconstruction (pp. 265–67).
Andvig, J. (2007). Corruption in China and Russia compared: Different legacies of central
planning. In International handbook on the economics of corruption (p. 278).
https://books-google-com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/books?hl=en&lr=&id=P60nmWlJW
EoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA278&dq=Andvig,+Jens.+2006.+%E2%80%9CCorruption+in+Chin
a+and+Russia+Compared:+Different+Legacies+of+Central+Planning%E2%80%9D,+in
+Susan+Rose-Ackerman+ed.,+International+Handbook+on+the+Economics+of+Corrupt
ion+(Edward+Elgar),+pp.+278-322.&ots=j9aguF0_Ac&sig=ry2ijaLKt2jJLdI4UdZwuW
VTxKg
Andvig, Jens Chr. (2002). Corruption. NUPI.
Andvig, Jens Chr. (2006). Corruption and fast change. World Development, 34(2), 328–340.
Andvig, Jens Chr. (2008). Corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa and its Sources of Evidence (NUPI
Working Paper 744).
http://dspace.africaportal.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/27523/1/Corruption%20in%20S
ub-Saharan%20Africa%20and%20its%20sources%20of%20evidence.pdf
Andvig, Jens Chr, & Fjeldstad, O.-H. (2008). Crime, poverty and police corruption in developing
countries (NUPI Working Paper 738). http://bora.cmi.no/dspace/handle/10202/417
Andvig, Jens Chr., & Moene, K. O. (1990). How corruption may corrupt. Journal of Economic
Behavior & Organization, 13(1), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2681(90)90053-G
Andvig, Jens Christopher. (1991). The economics of corruption: A survey. Studi Economici,
43(1), 57–94.
Andvig, Jens Christopher. (2005). A house of straw, sticks or bricks? Some notes on corruption
empirics (pp. 3–22) [NUPI Working Paper 678].
http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/27335/ipublicationdocument_singledocu

33 

 
ment/B352F845-2CE7-4535-949F-71E54BE9EB77/en/678.pdf
Andvig, Jens Christopher. (2010). Corruption and conflict. Contrasting logics of collective
action. Comparative Social Research, 27, 77–102.
Andvig, Jens Christopher, & Attila, J. (2009). Crime, Police Corruption and Development:
Evidence from Victimization Data (NUPI Working Paper 772).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2260961
Andvig, Jens Christopher, & others. (2008). Corruption and armed conflicts: Some stirring
around in the governance soup (Kiel Institute for the World Economy Economics
Discussion Papers No. 2008-3).
http://www.economics-ejournal.org/economics/discussionpapers/2008-3/count
Andvig, Jens Christopher, & Todorov, B. (2011). Anti-Corruption in Public Procurement:
Balancing the Policies. Center for the Study of Democracy.
Anechiarico, F. (1996). The pursuit of absolute integrity: How corruption control makes
government ineffective. University of Chicago Press.
Anechiarico, F. (1999). End-runs and hairy eyeballs: The costs of corruption control in market
democracies. Connecticut Journal of International Law, 14(2), 379–391.
Anechiarico, F. (2006a). Procuring integrity: Oversight, inspection and the politics of public
contracting. In M. Kreutner (Ed.), The Corruption Monster: Ethik, Politik und Korruption
(pp. 21–30). Czernin Verlag.
Anechiarico, F. (2006b). Prosecution as corruption control: Paradigms of public integrity in
context. Wayne Law Review, 52(4), 1415–1432.
Anechiarico, F. (2017). Legal but corrupt: A new perspective on public ethics.
Anechiarico, F., & Jacobs, J. B. (1994). Visions of Corruption Control and the Evolution of
American Public Administration. Public Administration Review, 54(5), 465–473.
https://doi.org/10.2307/976432
Ang, Y. (2014). Authoritarian Restraints on Online Activism Revisited: Why “I-Paid-A-Bribe”
Worked in India but Failed in China. American University International Law Review,
47(1), 1.
Ang, Y. Y., & Jia, N. (2014). Perverse Complementarity: Political Connections and the Use of
Courts among Private Firms in China. The Journal of Politics, 76(2), 318–332.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381613001400
Angeles, L., & Neanidis, K. C. (2015). The Persistent Effect of Colonialism on Corruption.
Economica, 82(326), 319.

34 

 
Anghel, B. (2014). Do institutions affect foreign direct investment?
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228622178_Do_institutions_affect_foreign_dir
ect_investment
Anh, N., Minh, N., & Tran-Nam, B. (2016). Corruption and economic growth, with a focus on
Vietnam. Crime, Law and Social Change, 65(4–5), 307–324.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-016-9603-0
Anik, A. R., & Bauer, S. (2013). Impact of Corruption on Farm Production and Profit. Russian
Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 2(14), 3–14.
Anik, Ar, Bauer, S., & Alam, M. (2013). Why farm households have differences in corruption
experiences? Evidences from Bangladesh. Agricultural Economics-Zemedelska
Ekonomika, 59(10), 478–488.
Anik, Asif, & Bauer, S. (2014). Household Income and Relationships with Different Power
Entities as Determinants of Corruption. Contemporary Economics, 8(3), 275–288.
https://doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.145
Anis, M. (2018). The effect of political connections on companies’ performance and value.
Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies, 8(2), 185–204.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JAEE-12-2016-0105
Anishchenko, М. А. (2019). Anti-corruption management in the health care system: The legal
aspect. Aktualʹnì Pitannâ Farmacevtičnoï ì Medičnoï Nauki Ta Praktiki, 12(2), 209–214.
https://doi.org/10.14739/2409-2932.2019.2.171228
Ankamah, S. S., & Manzoor E Khoda, S. M. (2018). Political will and government
anti‐corruption efforts: What does the evidence say? Public Administration and
Development, 38(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1815
Annoni, P., & Charron, N. (2019). Measurement Assessment in Cross-Country Comparative
Analysis: Rasch Modelling on a Measure of Institutional Quality. Social Indicators
Research, 141(1), 31–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1821-z
Anokhin, S., & Acar, W. (2012). Corruption and the ethical context of country-level
entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing.
http://www.inderscienceonline.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/doi/abs/10.1504/IJEV.201
2.049830
Anokhin, S., & Schulze, W. S. (2009). Entrepreneurship, innovation, and corruption. Journal of
Business Venturing, 24(5), 465–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.06.001
Anoruo, E., & Braha, H. (2005). Corruption and economic growth: The African experience.
Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 7(1), 43–55.

35 

 
Ansell, A. (2018a). Impeaching Dilma Rousseff: The double life of corruption allegations on
Brazil’s political right. Culture, Theory and Critique, 59(4), 312–331.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14735784.2018.1499432
Ansell, A. (2018b). Clientelism, Elections, and the Dialectic of Numerical People in Northeast
Brazil. Current Anthropology, 59(S18), S128–S137. https://doi.org/10.1086/696530
Ansolabehere, S. (2007). The Scope of Corruption: Lessons from Comparative Campaign
Finance Disclosure. Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy, 6(2), 163–183.
https://doi.org/10.1089/elj.2007.6203
Ansolabehere, S., de Figueiredo, J. M., & Snyder, J. M. (2003). Why is There so Little Money in
U.S. Politics? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(1), 105–130.
https://doi.org/10.1257/089533003321164976
Ansolabehere, S., Gerber, A., & Snyder Jr., J. M. (2001). Corruption and the Growth of
Campaign Spending. In G. C. Lubenow (Ed.), A user’s guide to campaign finance reform
(pp. 25–46). Rowman & Littlefield.
https://books-google-com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/books?hl=en&lr=&id=iOIZWy0Y-
YMC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Ansolabehere,+Stephen,+Alan+Gerber+%26+James+M.+S
nyder,+Jr.+2001.+%E2%80%9CCorruption+and+the+Growth+of+Campaign+Spending,
%E2%80%9D+in+Gereald+Lubenow+ed.,+A+User%E2%80%99s+Guide+to+Campaig
n+Finance+Reform+(Lanham,+MD:+Rowman+%26+Littlefield+2001),+pp.+25-46.&ots
=frA_-DE2Rt&sig=TIbXreDjmlivuKDI_aEX_ZfrOEw
Anson, J., Cadot, O., & Olarreaga, M. (2006). Tariff Evasion and Customs Corruption: Does
Pre-Shipment Inspection Help? Contributions in Economic Analysis & Policy, 5(1).
https://doi.org/10.2202/1538-0645.1600
Antentas, J. M. (2015). Spain: The indignados rebellion of 2011 in perspective. Labor History,
56(2), 136–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2015.1029813
Anthonsen, M., Löfgren, Å., Nilsson, K., & Westerlund, J. (2012). Effects of Rent Dependency
on Quality of Government. Economics of Governance, 13(2), 145–168.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-011-0105-3
Antoci, A., & Sacco, P. L. (1995). A Public-Contracting Evolutionary Game with Corruption.
Journal of Economics, 61(2), 89–122.
Antonikova, N. A. (2015). Private Sector Corruption in International Trade: The Need for
Heightened Reporting and a Private Right of Action in the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.
Brigham Young University International Law & Management Review, 11(Journal
Article), 93–125.
Antunes, A. R., & Cavalcanti, T. V. de V. (2007). Start up costs, limited enforcement, and the
36 

 
hidden economy. European Economic Review, 51(1), 203–224.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2005.11.008
Antunes, R., & Santana, M. (2019). Chronicle of a Defeat Foretold: The PT Administrations
from Compromise to the Coup. Latin American Perspectives, 46(1), 85–104.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X18807210
Aparicio, S., Urbano, D., & Audretsch, D. (2016). Institutional factors, opportunity
entrepreneurship and economic growth: Panel data evidence. Technological Forecasting
and Social Change, 102(Journal Article), 45.
Apata, G. O. (2018). Corruption and the postocolonial state: How the west invented African
corruption. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2018.1497292
Apaza, C. R. (2009). Measuring Governance and Corruption through the Worldwide Governance
Indicators: Critiques, Responses, and Ongoing Scholarly Discussion. PS: Political
Science & Politics, 42(01), 139–143. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096509090106
Apaza, C. R., & Chang, Y. (2017). Whistleblowing in the world: Government policy, mass media
and the law. Palgrave Macmillan.
Apergis, E., & Apergis, N. (2017). US political corruption: Identifying the channels of bribes for
firms’ financial policies. International Review of Financial Analysis, 54, 87–94.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2017.09.010
Apergis, E., & Apergis, N. (2019). New evidence on corruption and government debt from a
global country panel. Journal of Economic Studies, 46(5), 1009–1027.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-03-2018-0088
Apergis, N., & Dănuleţiu, D. C. (2013). Public deficit, public debt, corruption and economic
freedom: Some empirical evidence from Romania. The Romanian Economic Journal,
XVI(48), 3–22.
Apergis, N., Dincer, O. C., & Payne, J. E. (2009). The relationship between corruption and
income inequality in U.S. states: Evidence from a panel cointegration and error correction
model. Public Choice, 145(1–2), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-009-9557-1
Apergis, N., Dincer, O. C., & Payne, J. E. (2012). Live free or bribe: On the causal dynamics
between economic freedom and corruption in U.S. states. European Journal of Political
Economy, 28(2), 215–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2011.10.001
Apollonio, D., Cain, B. E., & Drutman, L. (2008). Access and lobbying: Looking beyond the
corruption paradigm. Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, 36(1), 13–50.
Appiah, S. C. Y., Ametepe, K., & Dapaah, J. M. (2014). Systemic barriers to the fight against
37 

 
corruption by anti-corruptions institutions in Ghana. 5(5), 465–473.
Appolloni, A. (2013). Public Procurement and Corruption in Africa: A Literature Review.
Rivista Di Politica Economica, 2, 191–214.
Arafa, M. A. (2011). Battling corruption within a corporate social responsibility strategy.
Indiana International & Comparative Law Review, 21(3), 397–418.
Arafa, M. A. (2014). Corporate Social Responsibility and the Fight Against Corruption: Towards
the Concept of CSR in Egypt after the January Revolution. In Council on International
Law and Politics [Corporate Social Responsibility in Comparative Perspective Book]
(pp. 182–221).
http://papers.ssrn.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=2485902
Aragonès, E., Rivas, J., & Tóth, Á. (2020). Voter heterogeneity and political corruption. Journal
of Economic Behavior and Organization, 170, 206–221.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.12.004
Araujo, J., & Tejedo-Romero, F. (2016). Women’s political representation and transparency in
local governance. Local Government Studies, 42(6), 885–906.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2016.1194266
Arayankalam, J., Khan, A., & Krishnan, S. (2020). How to deal with corruption? Examining the
roles of e-government maturity, government administrative effectiveness, and virtual
social networks diffusion. International Journal of Information Management, 102203-.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102203
Arbache, J. S., & Habyarimana, J. (2010). Silent and lethal: How quiet corruption undermines
Africa’s development efforts (Working Paper No. 53844). The World Bank.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2010/01/12059203/silent-lethal-quiet-corrupti
on-undermines-africas-development-efforts#
Arbatskaya, M., & Mialon, H. M. (2020). The Impact of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act on
Competitiveness, Bribery, and Investment. American Law and Economics Review, 22(1),
105–126. https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/ahaa004
Arbogast, S. V. (2008). Resisting Corporate Corruption: Lessons in Practical Ethics from the
Enron Wreckage. Conflicts and Trends in Business Ethics. Scrivener Publishing.
Archambeault, D. S., Webber, S., & Greenlee, J. (2015). Fraud and Corruption in U.S. Nonprofit
Entities. Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 44(6), 1194–1224.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764014555987
Ardanaz, M., & Maldonado, S. (2016). Natural Resource Windfalls and Efficiency of Local
Government Expenditures: Evidence from Peru. In Documentos de Trabajo (No. 014578;

38 

 
Documentos de Trabajo). Universidad del Rosario.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/col/000092/014578.html
Arellano-Gault, D. (2016). Understanding the Trap of Systemic Corruption. Governance, 29(4),
463–465. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12236
Arena, V. (2018). Fighting Corruption: Political Thought and Practice in the Late Roman
Republic. In Anti-corruption in History: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford
University Press.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.001.0001/oso-978
0198809975-chapter-3
Arends, H. (2020). The Dangers of Fiscal Decentralization and Public Service Delivery:
A Review of Arguments. Politische Vierteljahresschrift, 61(3), 599–622.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11615-020-00233-7
Arendt, F., & Marquart, F. (2015). Corrupt politicians? Media priming effects on overtly
expressed stereotypes toward politicians. Communications-European Journal Of
Communication Research; Communications, 40(2), 185–197.
https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2015-0003
Ares, M., & Hernández, E. (2017). The corrosive effect of corruption on trust in politicians:
Evidence from a natural experiment. Research & Politics, 4(2).
https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168017714185
Arezki, R., & Brückner, M. (2011). Oil Rents, Corruption, and State Stability: Evidence from
Panel Data Regressions. European Economic Review, 55(7), 955–963.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2011.03.004
Arezki, R., & Brückner, M. (2012). Commodity windfalls, polarization, and net foreign assets:
Panel data evidence on the voracity effect. Journal of International Economics, 86(2),
318–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.11.001
Arezki, R., & Gylfason, T. (2013). Resource Rents, Democracy, Corruption and Conflict:
Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of African Economies, 22(4), 552–569.
Arezki, R., & Van der Ploeg, R. (2007). Can the Natural Resource Curse Be Turned Into a
Blessing? The Role of Trade Policies and Institutions [IMF Working Paper WP/07/55].
http://papers.ssrn.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=969869
Arffa, L. B. (2018). The Crime of “Causing Traffic”: Can the Criminal Civil Rights Statutes
Target Public Corruption? Yale Law & Policy Review, 36(2), 538.
Argandoña, A. (2003). Private-to-private Corruption. Journal of Business Ethics, 47(3),
253–267. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026266219609

39 

 
Argandoña, A. (2005). Corruption and Companies: The Use of Facilitating Payments. Journal of
Business Ethics, 60(3), 251–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-0133-4
Argandoña, A. (2007). The United Nations Convention Against Corruption and its Impact on
International Companies. Journal of Business Ethics, 74(4), 481–496.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9524-z
Argandoña, A. (2016). Extortion (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2900928). Social Science Research
Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2900928
Ari, A. (2008). Some educational sources of anxiety in Kyrgyz youth. Social Behavior and
Personality, 36(5), 577–584. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.5.577
Ariely, D. (2012). The (honest) truth about dishonesty: How we lie to everyone---especially
ourselves (First edition). Harper, 2012, ©2012.
Arikan, G. G. (2004). Fiscal Decentralization: A Remedy for Corruption? International Tax and
Public Finance, 11(2), 175–195. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ITAX.0000011399.00053.a1
Arikan, G. G. (2008). How Privatizations Affect the Level of Perceived Corruption. Public
Finance Review, 36(6), 706–727. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142107313302
Arin, K. P., Chmelarova, V., Feess, E., & Wohlschlegel, A. (2011). Why are corrupt countries
less successful in consolidating their budgets? Journal of Public Economics, 95(7–8),
521–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.01.007
Ariu, A., Docquier, F., & Squicciarini, M. P. (2016). Governance quality and net migration
flows. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 60(C), 238–248.
Ariu, A., & Squicciarini, M. P. (2013). The balance of brains—Corruption and migration. EMBO
Reports, 14(6), 502–504. https://doi.org/10.1038/embor.2013.59
Ariyabuddhiphongs, V., & Hongladarom, C. (2011). Violation of Buddhist Five Precepts, Money
Consciousness, and the Tendency to Pay Bribes among Organizational Employees in
Bangkok, Thailand. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 33(3), 325–344.
https://doi.org/10.1163/157361211X594168
Ariyabuddhiphongs, V., & Hongladarom, C. (2014). Bribe taking acceptability and bribe
payment among Thai organizational employees: The mediating effect of reciprocity
obligation. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation,
3(3), 184–196. https://doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000018
Arlen, J. (1994). The Potentially Perverse Effects of Corporate Criminal Liability. The Journal of
Legal Studies, 23(2), 833–867. https://doi.org/10.1086/467947
Arlen, J. (2011). The Failure of the Organizational Sentencing Guidelines Symposium: From the

40 

 
Board Room to the Court Room: The Evolving Legal Status of Corporate Crime.
University of Miami Law Review, 66(2), 321–362.
Arlen, J. (2012). Corporate Criminal Liability: Theory and Evidence. In Research Handbook on
the Economics of Criminal Law. Edward Elgar Publishing.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/9781848443747.00014.xml
Arlen, J. (2016). Prosecuting Beyond the Rule of Law: Corporate Mandates Imposed through
Deferred Prosecution Agreements. Journal of Legal Analysis, 8(1), 191–234.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jla/law007
Arlen, J. (2020). The potential promise and perils of introducing deferred prosecution
agreements outside the U.S. Negotiated Settlements in Bribery Cases.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788970402/9781788970402.00016.xml
Arlen, J., & Kahan, M. (2017). Corporate Governance Regulation through Nonprosecution.
University of Chicago Law Review, 84(1), 323–388.
Armacost, B. (2004). Organizational culture and police misconduct. George Washington Law
Review, 72(3), 453–546.
Armacost, R. L., Hosseini, J. C., Morris, S. A., & Rehbein, K. A. (1991). An Empirical
Comparison of Direct Questioning, Scenario, and Randomized Response Methods for
Obtaining Sensitive Business Information. Decision Sciences, 22(5), 1073–1090.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1991.tb01907.x
Armantier, O., & Boly, A. (2008). Can corruption be studied in the lab? Comparing a field and
a lab experiment (CIRANO Working Paper 2008s-26).
http://papers.ssrn.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1324120
Armantier, O., & Boly, A. (2011). A controlled field experiment on corruption. European
Economic Review, 55(8), 1072–1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2011.04.007
Armantier, O., & Boly, A. (2013). Comparing Corruption in the Laboratory and in the Field in
Burkina Faso and in Canada. The Economic Journal, 123(573), 1168–1187.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12019
Armantier, O., & Boly, A. (2014). On the effects of incentive framing on bribery: Evidence from
an experiment in Burkina Faso. Economics of Governance, 15(1), 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-013-0135-0
Armey, L., & Melese, F. (2017). Minimizing Public Sector Corruption: The Economics of
Crime, Identity Economics, and Money Laundering. Defence and Peace Economics,
1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2017.1318013
Armijo, L. E., & Rhodes, S. D. (2017). Explaining infrastructure underperformance in Brazil:
41 

 
Cash, political institutions, corruption, and policy Gestalts. Policy Studies, 38(3),
231–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2017.1290227
Arminen, H., & Menegaki, A. N. (2019). Corruption, climate and the
energy-environment-growth nexus. Energy Economics, 80, 621–634.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.02.009
Armon, J. (2007). Aid, Politics and Development: A Donor Perspective. Development Policy
Review, 25(5), 653–656. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2007.00390.x
Armstrong, R. (1992). An empirical investigation of international marketing ethics: Problems
encountered by Australian firms. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(3), 161–171.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00871963
Arnaudovska, A. (2018). Understanding and Combating Judicial Corruption. Journal of Liberty
and International Affairs, 4(1), 115–124.
Arndt, C., Oman, C., & Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2006).
Development Centre Studies Uses and Abuses of Governance Indicators. France: OECD
Development Centre.
Arnold, J. R. (2011). Political awareness, corruption perceptions and democratic accountability
in Latin America. Acta Politica, 47(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.1057/ap.2011.21
Arnold, P. E. (2003). Democracy and Corruption in the 19th Century United States: Parties
‘Spoils’ and Political Participation. In The History of Corruption in Central Government
(pp. 197–212).
Arnone, M. (2014). Corruption economic analysis and international law. Edward Elgar PubLtd.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:ELGAR00120140808
Arnone, M., & Iliopulos, E. (2007). The Cost of Corruption–Economic Institutional and Social
Effects,. Vita e Pensiero (Milan: Vita e Pensiero).
Arora, D. (1993). Conceptualising the context and contextualizing the concept—Corruption
reconsidered. Indian Journal of Public Administration, xxxix(1), 1–19.
Arozamena, L., & Weinschelbaum, F. (2009). The effect of corruption on bidding behavior in
first-price auctions. European Economic Review, 53(6), 645–657.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2008.11.001
Arrieta, L. (2016). Attacking Bribery at its Core: Shifting to the Demand Side of the Bribery
Equation. Public Contract Law Journal, 45(4), 587–612.
Arriola, L. (2011). Patronage circulation and party system fragmentation in Africa. Working
Paper.

42 

 
Arriola, L. R. (2009). Patronage and Political Stability in Africa. Comparative Political Studies,
42(10), 1339–1362. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414009332126
Artavanis, N., Morse, A., & Tsoutsoura, M. (2016). Measuring Income Tax Evasion Using Bank
Credit: Evidence from Greece. Quarterly Journal Of Economics, 131(2), 739–798.
https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw009
Artello, K., & Albanese, J. S. (2019). Investigative decision-making in public corruption cases:
Factors influencing case outcomes. Cogent Social Sciences, 5(1).
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2019.1670510
Arvate, P. R., Curi, A. Z., Rocha, F., & Miessi Sanches, F. (2010). Corruption and the size of
government: Causality tests for OECD and Latin American countries. Applied Economics
Letters, 17(10), 1013–1017. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850802676207
Arvin, M., & Lew, B. (2014). Does income matter in the happiness-corruption relationship?
Journal of Economic Studies, 41(3), 469–490. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-02-2013-0024
Asadullah, M. N., & Chakravorty, N. N. T. (2019). Growth, governance and corruption in
Bangladesh: A re-assessment. Third World Quarterly, 40(5), 947–965.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1599854
Asamoah, K., & Ofosu-Mensah, E. A. (2018). Fruitlessness of Anti-Corruption Agencies:
Lessons from the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice in Ghana.
Journal of Asian and African Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909618762575
Asare, B. (2012). Unitarism and presidentialism: Political institutions and corruption in public
management in Ghana. Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research, 4(2),
32–41. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPAPR11.046
Asea, W. B. (2018). Combating political and bureaucratic corruption in Uganda: Colossal
challenges for the church and the citizens. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies,
74(2), e1–e14. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v74i2.4535
Asghar, N., Qureshi, S., & Nadeem, M. (2016). Effects of Socio-Economic and Political Factors
on the Crime Rate in Pakistan. Journal of Political Studies, 23(1), 183.
Ashari, A., Nanere, M., & Trebilcock, P. (2018). Corruption awareness and ethical decision
making in Indonesia. Business and Economic Horizons, 14(3), 570–586.
https://doi.org/10.15208/beh.2018.41
Ashcroft, J., & Ratcliffe, J. (2012). The Recent and Unusual Evolution of an Expanding FCPA.
26, 25–621.
Ashe, D. (2005). The Lengthening Anti-Bribery Lasso of the United States: The Recent
Extraterritorial Application of the U. S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Fordham Law
43 

 
Review, 73(6), 2897–2945.
Asher, M. G. (2001). Design of tax systems and corruption. Conference on “Fighting
Corruption: Common Challenges and Shared Experiences”, Singapore, 10–11.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mukul_Asher/publication/228543638_Design_of_ta
x_systems_and_corruption/links/0deec5149a9c4827e9000000.pdf
Asher, S., & Novosad, P. (2018). Rent-Seeking and Criminal Politicians: Evidence from Mining
Booms. Unpublished manuscript.
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~novosad/asher-novosad-mining-politics.pdf
Ashforth, B. E., & Anand, V. (2003). The Normalization of Corruption in Organizations.
Research in Organizational Behavior, 25, 1–52.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-3085(03)25001-2
Ashforth, B. E., Gioia, D. A., Robinson, S. L., & Treviño, L. K. (2008). Re-Viewing
Organizational Corruption. Academy of Management Review, 33(3), 670–684.
https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2008.32465714
Ashkanasy, N. M., Windsor, C. A., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Bad Apples in Bad Barrels
Revisited: Cognitive Moral Development, Just World Beliefs, Rewards, and Ethical
Decision-Making. Business Ethics Quarterly, 16(4), 449–473.
Ashour, A. S. (2006). Integrity, Corruption and Development in Arab Countries.
http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan031660.pdf
Ashraf, B. N. (2017). Political institutions and bank risk-taking behavior. Journal of Financial
Stability, 29, 13–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2017.01.004
Ashraf, B. N., Arshad, S., & Yan, L. (2018). Do Better Political Institutions Help in Reducing
Political Pressure on State-Owned Banks? Evidence from Developing Countries. Journal
of Risk and Financial Management, 11(3), 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm11030043
Ashyrov, G., & Akuffo, I. N. (2020). Dimension of corruption and firm performance: An
empirical analysis from BEEPS survey. International Journal of Social Economics,
47(3), 384–403. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-08-2019-0476
Asia Foundation. (2008). The cost of moving goods: Road transportation, regulations, and
charges in Indonesia. Asia Foundation.
Asian African Legal Consultative Organization. (2005). Combating Corruption: A Legal
Analysis. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/toc/550349251.pdf
Asian Development Bank. (1991). Anticorruption and Integrity: Policies and Strategies. Asian
Development Bank.

44 

 
Asian Development Bank & Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Asian
Development Bank, & Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
(2006). Anti-corruption policies in Asia and the Pacific: Progress in legal and
institutional reform in 25 countries. Asian Development Bank ; Paris, France.
Asiedu, Edward. (2014). Is Pro-Social Behavior Stable? Revisiting the Impact of Gender,
Education and Situational Effects in Corruption Behavior: Evidence from Sub-Saharan
Africa [Working Paper].
Asiedu, Edward. (2020). Household services, social norms and bribe involvements? Evidence
from Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Development Issues, 19(2), 229–253.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDI-11-2019-0195
Asiedu, Elizabeth. (2006). Foreign Direct Investment in Africa: The Role of Natural Resources,
Market Size, Government Policy, Institutions and Political Instability. World Economy,
29(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2006.00758.x
Asiedu, Elizabeth, & Esfahani, H. (2001). Ownership Structure In Foreign Direct Investment
Projects. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(4), 647–662.
Asiedu, Elizabeth, & Freeman, J. (2009). The Effect of Corruption on Investment Growth:
Evidence from Firms in Latin America, Sub‐Saharan Africa, and Transition Countries.
Review of Development Economics, 13(2), 200–214.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9361.2009.00507.x
Asiedu, K. F., & Deffor, E. W. (2017). Fighting Corruption by Means of Effective Internal Audit
Function: Evidence from the Ghanaian Public Sector. International Journal of Auditing,
21(1), 82–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijau.12082
Asilis, C., & Juan-Ramon, V. H. (1994). On corruption and capital accumulation (IMF Working
Paper WP/94/86).
http://papers.ssrn.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=883817
Askari, H., Rehman, S. S., & Arfaa, N. (2010). Corruption and its Manifestation in the Persian
Gulf [Books]. Edward Elgar Publishing.
https://econpapers.repec.org/bookchap/elgeebook/12946.htm
Aslaksen, S. (2007). Corruption and oil: Evidence from panel data [Working Paper].
http://www.sv.uio.no/econ/personer/vit/siljeasl/corruption.pdf
Aslund, A. (2014). Oligarchs, Corruption, and European Integration. Journal Of Democracy;
J.Democr., 25(3), 64–73.
Åslund, A. (2017). The Three Regions of the Old Soviet Bloc. Journal of Democracy, 28(1),
89–101.

45 

 
Aslund, Anders, & Jenish, N. (2006). The Eurasian growth paradox. Institute for International
Economics Working Paper, 06–5.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=911661
Asomah, J. Y. (2019). What Are the Key Drivers of Persistent Ghanaian Political Corruption?
Journal of Asian and African Studies, 54(5), 638–655.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909619826339
Asomah, J. Y. (2020a). Can private media contribute to fighting political corruption in
sub-Saharan Africa? Lessons from Ghana. Third World Quarterly.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2020.1806707
Asomah, J. Y. (2020b). Democracy, the public sphere, and power elites: Examining the
Ghanaian private media’s role in political corruption. Critical Studies in Media
Communication, 37(3), 221–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2020.1774069
Asongu, S. (2014a). Fighting African corruption when existing corruption-control levels matter
in a dynamic cultural setting. International Journal of Social Economics, 41(10),
906–922.
Asongu, S. (2014b). Globalization (fighting), corruption and development How are these
phenomena linearly and nonlinearly related in wealth effects? Journal of Economic
Studies, 41(3), 346–369. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-04-2012-0048
Asongu, S. A., & Nwachukwu, J. (2016). The Mobile Phone in the Diffusion of Knowledge for
Institutional Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 86, 133–147.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.05.012
Asongu, S., & Kodila-Tedika, O. (2016). Fighting African conflicts and crimes: Which
governance tools matter? International Journal of Social Economics, 43(5), 466–485.
Asongu, S., & Nnanna, J. (2019). Foreign Aid, Instability, and Governance in Africa. Politics &
Policy (Online), 47(4), 807–848. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12320
Asongu, S., & Nwachukwu, J. (2017). The Impact of Terrorism on Governance in African
Countries. World Development, 99, 253.
Asongu, S., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2020). Financial access, governance and insurance sector
development in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Economic Studies (Bradford),
ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 849–875. https://doi.org/10.1108/jes-01-2019-0025
Asongu, Simplice A. (2011). Law, democracy and the quality of government in Africa. African
Governance and Development Institute WP/11/018.
http://papers.ssrn.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2493175
Asongu, Simplice A. (2012a). Fighting corruption with cultural dynamics: When legal-origins,
46 

 
religious-influences and existing corruption-control levels matter (African Governance
and Development Institute WP/12/015).
http://papers.ssrn.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2493248
Asongu, Simplice A. (2012b). Government Quality Determinants of Stock Market Performance
in African Countries. Journal of African Business, 13(3), 183–199.
Asongu, Simplice A. (2012c). On the effect of foreign aid on corruption. Economics Bulletin,
32(3), 2174–2180.
Asongu, Simplice A. (2013a). Fighting corruption in Africa: Do existing corruption-control
levels matter? International Journal of Development Issues, 12(1), 36–52.
https://doi.org/10.1108/14468951311322109
Asongu, Simplice A. (2013b). Fighting corruption when existing corruption-control levels count:
What do wealth-effects tell us in Africa? Institutions and Economies, 5(3), 53–74.
Asongu, Simplice A. (2015). Institutional Benchmarking of Foreign Aid Effectiveness in Africa.
International Journal of Social Economics, 42(6), 543–565.
Asongu, Simplice A., Efobi, U., & Tchamyou, V. S. (2018). Globalisation and governance in
Africa: A critical contribution to the empirics. International Journal of Development
Issues, 17(1), 2–27. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDI-04-2017-0038
Asongu, Simplice A., & Jellal, M. (2013). On the channels of foreign aid to corruption.
Economics Bulletin, 33(3), 2191–2201.
Asongu, Simplice A., & Kodila-Tedika, O. (2013). Crime and conflicts in Africa: Consequences
of corruption? European Economics Letters, 2(2), 50–55.
Asongu, Simplice A., & Nwachukwu, J. (2015). A Good Turn Deserves Another: Political
Stability, Corruption and Corruption-Control (African Governance and Development
Institute Working Paper 15/039).
http://papers.ssrn.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2662731
Asongu, Simplice A., & Nwachukwu, J. C. (2016a). Foreign aid and governance in Africa.
International Review of Applied Economics, 30(1), 69–88.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2015.1074164
Asongu, Simplice A., & Nwachukwu, J. C. (2016b). Law, Politics, and the Quality of
Government in Africa. Politics & Policy, 44(5), 916–944.
https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12171
Aspinall, E., Hicken, A., Scambary, J., & Weiss, M. (2018). Timor-Leste Votes: Parties and
Patronage. Journal of Democracy, 29(1), 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2018.0013

47 

 
Aspinwall, M. (2016). Light of Day: Governance in the Age of Video Recordings. Journal of
Management and Public Policy, 8(1), 27–39.
Asquer, R. (2012). Why do citizens of democracies tolerate corruption? Preliminary evidence
from the World Value Survey [Working Paper].
http://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/9b21a4f0-85e6-4b39-be01-87d840830b97.pdf
Asquer, R. (2015). Media Coverage of Corruption and Renomination: Evidence from Italian
Parliamentary Elections [Working Paper]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
http://search.proquest.com/docview/1722481701/
Asquer, R., Golden, M. A., & Hamel, B. T. (2020). Corruption, Party Leaders, and Candidate
Selection: Evidence from Italy. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 45(2), 291–325.
https://doi.org/10.1111/lsq.12259
Assakaf, E. A., Samsudin, R. S., & Othman, Z. (2018). Public Sector Auditing and Corruption: A
Literature Review. Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting, 10(1), 226–241.
https://doi.org/10.5296/ajfa.v10i1.13029
Assane, D., & Grammy, A. (2003). Institutional framework and economic development:
International evidence. Applied Economics, 35(17), 1811–1817.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0003684032000152862
Assegaf, A. (2018). Curbing Corruption Through Tertiary Education in Indonesia and Japan.
Analisa: Journal of Social Science and Religion, 2(2), 254–273.
https://doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v2i2.452
Assegaf, I. (2002). Legends of the fall: An institutional analysis of Indonesian law enforcement
agencies combating corruption. In T. Lindsey & H. Dick (Eds.), Corrutpion in Asia:
Rethinking the Governance Paradigm. Annandale, NSW, Federation Press.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=P0sz_EvRLu8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA127&d
q=%E2%80%9CLegends+of+the+Fall:+An+Institutional+Analysis+of+Indonesian+Law
+Enforcement+Agencies+Combating+Corruption%E2%80%9D,+in+T.+Lindsey+%26+
H.+Dick,+eds.+Corrutpion+in+Asia:+Rethinking+the+Governance+Paradigm&ots=nxJn
NZ7tIV&sig=ElCrMyK3p7xZJBuBkBYFe-f5Er0
Assiotis, A., & Sylwester, K. (2014). Do the Effects of Corruption upon Growth Differ Between
Democracies and Autocracies? Review Of Development Economics, 18(3), 581–594.
https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12104
Assiotis, Andreas. (2012). Corruption and income. Economics Bulletin, 32(2), 1404–1412.
Asthana, A. N. (2008). Decentralisation and corruption: Evidence from drinking water sector.
Public Administration and Development, 28(3), 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.496

48 

 
Asthana, A. N. (2012a). Decentralisation and Corruption Revisited: Evidence from a Natural
Experiment. Public Administration and Development, 32(1), 27–37.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.621
Asthana, A. N. (2012b). Human Rights and Corruption: Evidence From a Natural Experiment.
Journal of Human Rights, 11(4), 526–536.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14754835.2012.730913
Ata, A. Y., & Arvas, M. A. (2011). Determinants of economic corruption: A cross-country data
analysis. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(13), 161.
Atakan, M. G., Burnaz, S., & Topcu, Y. (2008). An Empirical Investigation of the Ethical
Perceptions of Future Managers with a Special Emphasis on Gender – Turkish Case.
Journal of Business Ethics, 82(3), 573–586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9577-z
Atan, R., Alam, M. M., & Said, J. (2017). Practices of corporate integrity and accountability of
non-profit organizations in Malaysia. International Journal of Social Economics, 44(12),
2271–2286. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-09-2016-0260
Atanasov, P. D. (2011). Bribery as negotiation: A decision making perspective. IACM 24TH
Annual Conference Paper.
http://papers.ssrn.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1872132
Ateljevic, J., & Budak, J. (2010). Corruption and public procurement: Example from Croatia.
Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 12(4), 375–397.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2010.531202
Atems, B., & Mullen, J. K. (2016). Outward FDI from the USA and host country financial
transparency. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 25(8),
1122–1143. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2016.1191526
Aterido, R., Hallward-Driemeier, M., & Pagés, C. (2011). Big Constraints to Small Firms’
Growth? Business Environment and Employment Growth across Firms. Economic
Development and Cultural Change, 59(3), 609–647. https://doi.org/10.1086/658349
Aterido, R., Hallward-Driemeier, M., & Pagés-Serra, C. (2007). Investment Climate and
Employment Growth: The Impact of Access to Finance, Corruption and Regulations
Across Firms. Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/idb/wpaper/4559.html
Athanas, W. C. (2010). When doing business internationally becomes a crime: Assisting clients
in understanding and complying with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. The Alabama
Lawyer, 71(5), 382.
Athanasouli, D., & Goujard, A. (2015). Corruption and management practices: Firm level

49 

 
evidence. Journal of Comparative Economics, Journal Article.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2015.03.002
Athanasouli, D., Goujard, A., & Sklias, P. (2012). Corruption and firm performance: Evidence
from Greek firms. International Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research,
5(2), 43–67.
Atkinson, M. M. (2011). Discrepancies in Perceptions of Corruption, or Why Is Canada So
Corrupt? Political Science Quarterly, 126(3), 445–464.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-165X.2011.tb00708.x
Atkinson, M. M., & Seiferling, M. (2006). Corruption on Two Levels: National Comparisons
Using Hierarchical Models. Canadian Political Science Association Conference.
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.529.5831&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Attila, G. (2011). Corruption and quality of public institutions: Evidence from Generalized
Method of Moment [Working Paper]. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00556802/
Attila, J. (2008a). Corruption, taxation and economic growth: Theory and evidence [Working
Paper].
http://papers.ssrn.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2260995
Attila, J. (2008b). How do African populations perceive corruption: Microeconomic evidence
from Afrobarometer data in twelve countries. Available at SSRN 1260828.
http://papers.ssrn.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1260828
Attila, J. (2008c). Is corruption contagious? An econometric analysis (NUPI Working Paper
742).
http://papers.ssrn.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1275804
Attila, J. (2009). Individual attitudes toward anti-corruption policies in Sub-Saharan Africa:
Microeconometric evidence. Economics Bulletin, 29(3), 1927–1933.
Attila, J. (2013). Globalization and corruption: New evidence. Oil, Gas & Energy Quarterly,
61(3), 541–562.
Atuobi, S. M. (2007). Corruption and state instability in West Africa: An examination of policy
options. KAIPTC Occasional Paper, 21.
Au, T. H. (2019). Combatting Military Corruption in China. Southern Illinois University Law
Journal, 43(2), 332.
Au, U. (2014). Toward a reconceived legislative intent behind the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act:
The public-safety rationale for prohibiting bribery abroad. Brooklyn Law Review, 79(2),
925–952.

50 

 
Audi, M., & Ali, A. (2019). Exploring the Linkage between Corruption and Economic
Development in The Case of Selected Developing and Developed Nations. International
Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 9(4), 37–49.
Audretsch, D. (2019). Institutions and Entrepreneurship Quality. Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice, 43(1), 51–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718780431
Auriol, E., Straub, S., & Flochel, T. (2016). Public Procurement and Rent-Seeking: The Case of
Paraguay. World Development; World Dev., 77(Journal Article), 395–407.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.09.001
Auriol, Emmanuelle. (2006). Corruption in procurement and public purchase. International
Journal of Industrial Organization, 24(5), 867–885.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2005.11.001
Auriol, Emmanuelle, & Blanc, A. (2009). Capture and corruption in public utilities: The cases of
water and electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Utilities Policy, 17(2), 203–216.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2008.07.005
Auriol, Emmanuelle, & Lassebie, J. (2004). Capture for the Rich, Extortion for the Poor. mimeo
Toulouse. http://www.deskafrica.net/public/CEIS/file/seminari/2013/Auriol.pdf
Auriol, Emmanuelle, & Søreide, T. (2017). An economic analysis of debarment. International
Review of Law & Economics, 50, 36–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2017.04.004
Auriol, Emmanuelle, & Straub, S. (2011). Privatization of rent-generating industries and
corruption. In International Handbook on the Economics of Corruption (Vol. 2, pp.
207–230).
https://books-google-com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/books?hl=en&lr=&id=QbZEbihNO
fUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA207&dq=Auriol,+Emmanuelle+%26+Stephane+Straub.+2011.+%E
2%80%9CPrivatization+of+Rent-Generating+Industries+and+Corruption%E2%80%9D,
+in+International+Handbook+on+the+Economics+of+Corruption,+Vol.+II.+(Edward+El
gar+Publishing),+pp.+207-230.&ots=dGHqBLkH20&sig=Hk6yWVILUO8B5Rpi4yoM
CR-PLdE
Ausland, A., & Tolmos, A. (2005). Focus on corruption: How to secure the aims of
decentralization in Peru by improving good governance at the regional level. mimeo,
Kennedy School, Harvard University.
Autio, E., & Fu, K. (2015). Economic and political institutions and entry into formal and
informal entrepreneurship. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 32(1), 67–94.
Avelino, G., Biderman, C., & Lopes, M. F. M. (n.d.). Measuring Corruption: What Have We
Learned? [Working Paper]. Retrieved July 20, 2016, from
http://www.plataformademocratica.org/Publicacoes/19646.pdf
51 

 
Avenburg, A. (2019). Public Costs versus Private Gain: Assessing the Effect of Different Types
of Information about Corruption Incidents on Electoral Accountability. Journal of
Politics in Latin America, 11(1), 71–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/1866802X19840457
Avery, M. (2008). Whose rights? Why states should set the parameters for federal honest
services mail and wire fraud prosecutions. Boston College Law Review, 49(5),
1431–1458.
Avkiran, N. K., Kanol, D. K., & Oliver, B. (2016). Knowledge of campaign finance regulation
reduces perceptions of corruption. Accounting & Finance, 56(4), 961–984.
https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.12121
Avnimelech, G., Zelekha, Y., & Sarabi, E. (2011). The effect of corruption on entrepreneurship
[Working Paper].
http://druid8.sit.aau.dk/druid/acc_papers/1944qlhkqrqpnsq5gmkf4yvuy4m2.pdf
Avsar, V., Habiyaremye, A., & Unal, U. (2016). Does Corruption Increase Antidumping
Investigations? International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(2).
http://search.proquest.com/openview/9f8178bf540a2166e4464c329e4e6c06/1?pq-origsite
=gscholar&cbl=816338
Avtonomov, V. (2006). Balancing State, Market and Social Justice: Russian Experiences and
Lessons to Learn. Journal of Business Ethics, 66(1), 3–9.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9048-y
Awan, R., Akhtar, T., Rahim, S., Sher, F., & Cheema, A. (2018). Governance, Corruption and
Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis of Selected Saarc Countries. Pakistan
Economic and Social Review, 56(1), 1–20.
Awasthi, R., & Bayraktar, N. (2015). Can Tax Simplification Help Lower Tax Corruption?
Eurasian Economic Review, 5(2), 297–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40822-015-0014-9
Awojobi, O. N. (n.d.). Corruption and Underdevelopment in Africa: A Discourse Approach.
International Journal of Economics, Commerce & Management, 11(10). Retrieved
September 23, 2016, from
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.681.6411&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Awojobi, O. N. (2014). Political Corruption and Underdevelopment in Nigerian Fourth Republic.
International Journal of Innovation & Scientific Research, 11(1), 151–157.
Awopeju, A., Olowu, S., & Jegede, I. (2018). Significance of funding the Nigerian
anti-corruption agencies: Lessons from Singapore and Hong Kong. Africa’s Public
Service Delivery and Performance Review, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v6i1.233
Awortwi, N., & Nuvunga, A. (2019). Sound of One Hand Clapping: Information Disclosure for

52 

 
Social and Political Action for Accountability in Extractive Governance in Mozambique
(IDS Working Paper 523). Institute of Development Studies.
https://www.ids.ac.uk/publications/sound-of-one-hand-clapping-information-disclosure-f
or-social-and-political-action-for-accountability-in-extractive-governance-in-mozambiqu
e/
Ayaydın, H., & Hayaloğlu, P. (2014). The Effect of Corruption on Firm Growth: Evidence from
Firms in Turkey. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 4(5), 607–624.
Ayodeji, D., & Idowu, G. (2015). Assessing the Strategies of the Defunct Kenya’s
Anti-Corruption Commission (KACC): Lessons for the Ethics and Anti-Corruption
Commission (EACC) [Working Paper].
http://papers.ssrn.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2638761
Ayres, I. (1997). The twin fares of judicial corruption: Extortion and bribery. Denver University
Law Review, 74(4), 1231–1253.
Ayres, M., Clark, J., Gourley, A., & Wrage, A. (2009). Anti-Corruption. The International
Lawyer, 43(2), 771–793.
Ayyagari, M., Demirguc-Kunt, A., & Maksimovic, V. (2014). Bribe Payments and Innovation in
Developing Countries: Are Innovating Firms Disproportionately Affected? Journal Of
Financial And Quantitative Analysis, 49(1), 51–75.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S002210901400026X
Ayyagari, Meghana, Demirguc-Kunt, A., & Maksimovic, V. (2010). Are innovating firms
victims or perpetrators ? Tax evasion, bribe payments, and the role of external finance in
developing countries (No. WPS5389; pp. 1–57). The World Bank.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/299891468331798087/Are-innovating-firms-
victims-or-perpetrators-tax-evasion-bribe-payments-and-the-role-of-external-finance-in-d
eveloping-countries
Azam, M., & Emirullah, C. (2014). The role of governance in economic development: Evidence
from some selected countries in Asia and the Pacific. International Journal of Social
Economics, 41(12), 1265.
Azam, M., Hassan, S., & others. (2013). Corruption, workers remittances, FDI and economic
growth in five South and South East Asian countries: A panel data approach. Middle-East
Journal of Scientific Research. http://www.lib.uum.edu.my:8080/handle/123456789/1510
Azfar, O. (2005). Corruption and the Delivery of Health and Education Services. In B. Spector
(Ed.), Fighting Corruption in Developing Countries: Strategies and Analysis (pp.
181–212). Kumarian Press.
Azfar, O., & Gurgur, T. (2008). Does corruption affect health outcomes in the Philippines?
53 

 
Economics of Governance, 9(3), 197–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-006-0031-y
Azfar, O., Lee, Y., & Swamy, A. (2001). The Causes and Consequences of Corruption. Annals of
the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 573, 42–56.
Azfar, O., Livingston, J. A., & Meagher, P. (2007). Decentralization in Uganda. In P. Bardhan &
D. Mukherjee (Eds.), Decentralisation and Local Governance in Developing Countries:
A Comparative Perspective. Oxford University Press.
Azfar, O., & Murrell, P. (2009). Identifying Reticent Respondents: Assessing the Quality of
Survey Data on Corruption and Values. Economic Development and Cultural Change,
57(2), 387–411. https://doi.org/10.1086/592840
Azfar, O., & Nelson, W. (2007). Transparency, wages, and the separation of powers: An
experimental analysis of corruption. Public Choice, 130(3), 471–493.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-006-9101-5
Azim, M. I., Sheng, K., & Barut, M. (2017). Combating corruption in a microfinance institution.
Managerial Auditing Journal, 32(4/5), 445–462.
Azimi, M. N., & Shafiq, M. M. (2020). Hypothesizing directional causality between the
governance indicators and economic growth: The case of Afghanistan. Future Business
Journal, 6(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-020-00039-4
Aziz, A., & Sharif, S. (2020). Linkages of Corruption with Income, Inflation and Income
Inequality in Pakistan. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 57(1), 347.
Aziz, M. N., & Sundarasen, S. D. D. (2015). The Impact of Political Regime and Governance on
ASEAN Economic Growth. Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 32(3), 375–389.
https://doi.org/10.1355/ae32-3e
Azmi, K. S. A., & Rahman, A. A. L. A. (2015). E-Procurement: A Tool to Mitigate Public
Procurement Fraud in Malaysia? Electronic Journal of E-Government, 13(2), 150–160.
Azpitarte, F. (2011). Can corruption constrain the size of governments? European Journal of
Law and Economics, 32(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-010-9205-8
Babajide, A., Amodu, L., & Olokoyo, F. (2020). Challenges of accountability in Nigeria: The
role of deposit money bank. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 23(2), 477–492.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-10-2019-0082
Babajide, A., Osabohien, R., Adeniji, A., Adu, O., Adegboye, F., Olokoyo, F., Adediran, O.,
Urhie, E., & Edafe, O. (2020). Challenges of accountability and development in Nigeria.
Journal of Money Laundering Control, 23(2), 387–402.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-10-2019-0086

54 

 
Babatunde, J. O. (2014). Corruption and public exclusion: A serious challenge to effective public
policy on health. Int.J.of Behavioural and Healthcare Research, 4(2).
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBHR.2013.057364
Babeiya, E. (2011). Electoral corruption and the politics of elections financing in Tanzania.
Journal of Politics and Law, 4(2), 91.
Babos, P. (2015). Corruption experience, perception and anti-corruption trust: Different effects
in various post-Communist states. Romanian Journal of Political Science, 15(1), 107.
Bac, M. (1996a). Corruption and Supervision Costs in Hierarchies. Journal of Comparative
Economics, 22(2), 99–118. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcec.1996.0013
Bac, M. (1996b). Corruption, Supervision, and the Structure of Hierarchies. 12(2), 277–298.
Bac, M. (1998). The Scope, Timing, and Type of Corruption. International Review of Law &
Economics, 18(1), 101–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8188(97)00060-4
Bac, M. (2001). Corruption, Connections and Transparency: Does a Better Screen Imply a Better
Scene? Public Choice, 107(1–2), 87–96.
Bac, M. (2019). Gift policy, bribes and corruption. European Journal of Law and Economics,
1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-019-09611-y
Bac, M., & Bag, P. K. (2006). Beneficial collusion in corruption control: The case of
nonmonetary penalties. Journal of Development Economics, 81(2), 478–499.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.06.007
Bachman, D. (2017). China Is Corrupt, but There Is More to the Story. Asia Policy, 23, 158–162.
Bacio-Terracino, J. (2008). Corruption as a violation of human rights. International Council on
Human Rights Policy, Forthcoming.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1107918
Bacio-Terracino, J. (2010). Linking Corruption and Human Rights. American Society of
International Law Proceedings, 104, 243–246.
https://doi.org/10.5305/procannmeetasil.104.0243
Bäck, H., & Hadenius, A. (2008). Democracy and State Capacity: Exploring a J‐Shaped
Relationship. Governance, 21(1), 1–24.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2007.00383.x
Bäck, H., Teorell, J., & Lindberg, S. I. (2019). Cabinets, Prime Ministers and Corruption. A
Comparative Analysis of Parliamentary Governments in Post-war Europe. Political
Studies, 67(1), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321718760806
Badarneh, M. A. (2020). Discourses of defense: Self and other positioning in public responses to
55 

 
accusations of corruption in Jordan. Discourse Studies, 22(4), 399–417.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445620914670
Badejo, B., Agunyai, S., & Buraimo, S. (2015). The Pursuit of Primordial Interest as an
Explanatory Factor for the Prevalence of Governance Crisis in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic.
Journal of Politics and Law, 8(3), 1–13.
Bader, F., von Maravić, P., Peters, B. G., & Tauch, M. (2013). Corruption, method choice, and
constraints—Exploring methodological pluralism in corruption research. Zeitschrift Für
Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft, 7(1), 13–32.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-013-0154-9
Badescu, G., Sum, P., & Uslaner, E. (2004). Civil Society Development and Democratic Values
in Romania and Moldova. East European Politics and Societies, 18(2), 316–341.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325403259915
Badinger, H., & Nindl, E. (2014). Globalisation and Corruption, Revisited. The World Economy,
37(10), 1424.
Badun, M., Pribicevic, V., & Deskar-Skrbic, M. (2014). Government size and efficiency as
constraints to economic growth: Comparing Croatia with other European countries. Post -
Communist Economies, 26(3), 297.
Bae, J. H., Li, D. D., & Rishi, M. (2016). Determinants of CO 2 emission for post-Soviet Union
independent countries. Climate Policy, Journal Article, 1–25.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2015.1124751
Baer, M. H. (2009). Governing corporate compliance. Boston College Law Review, 50(4),
949–1019.
Baez-Camargo, C., Bukuluki, P., Sambaiga, R., Gatwa, T., Kassa, S., & Stahl, C. (2020). Petty
corruption in the public sector: A comparative study of three East African countries
through a behavioural lens. African Studies (Johannesburg), 79(2), 232–249.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2020.1803729
Baez-Camargo, C., & Ledeneva, A. (2017). Where Does Informality Stop and Corruption Begin?
Informal Governance and the Public/Private Crossover in Mexico, Russia and Tanzania.
The Slavonic and East European Review, 95(1), 49–75.
https://doi.org/10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.95.1.0049
Bag, P. K. (1997). Controlling Corruption in Hierarchies. Journal of Comparative Economics,
25(3), 322–344. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcec.1997.1475
Bagashka, T. (2014). Unpacking corruption: The effect of veto players on state capture and
bureaucratic corruption. Political Research Quarterly, 67(1), 165–180.

56 

 
Bågenholm, A. (2009). Politicizing corruption. The electoral impact of anti-corruption discourse
in Europe 1983-2007 (QoG Working Paper Series 2009: 10).
http://swepub.kb.se/bib/swepub:oai:services.scigloo.org:110196
Bågenholm, A. (2013a). The electoral fate and policy impact of “anti-corruption parties” in
Central and Eastern Europe. Human Affairs, 23(2), 174–195.
Bågenholm, A. (2013b). Throwing the rascals out? The electoral effects of corruption allegations
and corruption scandals in Europe 1981-2011. Crime Law And Social Change, 60(5),
595–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-013-9482-6
Bågenholm, A. (2014). Standing By Your (Wo) Man? How Voter Ideology Impacts Party Loyalty
in the Face of Corruption Scandals [Working Paper]. 21st International Conference of
Europeanists. https://ces.confex.com/ces/2014/webprogram/Paper6289.html
Bågenholm, A. (2018). Corruption and Anticorruption in Early-Nineteenth-Century Sweden: A
Snapshot of the State of the Swedish Bureaucracy. In Anti-corruption in History: From
Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford University Press.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.001.0001/oso-978
0198809975-chapter-17
Bågenholm, A., & Charron, N. (2014). Do Politics in Europe Benefit from Politicising
Corruption? West European Politics, 37(5), 903–931.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2014.909164
Bågenholm, A., & Charron, N. (2016). Ideology, party systems and corruption voting in
European democracies. Electoral Studies, 41(Journal Article), 35–49.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2015.11.022
Bågenholm, A., Dahlberg, S., & Solevid, M. (2014). Does Politicization of Corruption Affect
Voter Turnout? (APSA 2014 Annual Meeting Paper) [Working Paper].
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2453969
Báger, G. (2011). Corruption risks in public administration. Public Finance Quarterly, 56(1),
44–57.
Báger, G., & Kovács, Á. (2005). Corruption and the options of the activities of the state audit
office. Development and Finance, 3, 40–48.
Bagues, M., & Esteve-Volart, B. (2009). Top Civil Service: Meritocracy or Nepotism [Working
Paper].
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.187.3649&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Bah, E., & Fang, L. (2015). Impact of the Business Environment on Output and Productivity in
Africa. Journal of Development Economics, 114(Journal Article), 159–171.

57 

 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.01.001
Bah, M., Charlier, L., Davila, C., Descousse, S., Frimon-Richard, B., Hashem, S., Leroy, C.,
Minault, M., Mouro, V., Nillameyom, R., Schlüter, L., & Wailly, M. (2020). Tackling
corruption in global health. The Lancet (British Edition), 396(10245), 161–161.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30310-X
Bahmani-Oskooee, M., & Goswami, G. G. (2005). The impact of corruption on the black market
premium. Southern Economic Journal, 483–493.
Bahmani-Oskooee, M., & Nasir, A. B. M. (2002). Corruption, law and order, bureaucracy, and
real exchange rate. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 50(4), 1021–1028.
Bahn, C. (1975). The Psychology of Police Corruption: Socialization of the Corrupt. Police J.,
48, 30.
Bahoo, S. (2020). Corruption in banks: A bibliometric review and agenda. Finance Research
Letters, 35, 101499-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2020.101499
Bahoo, S., Alon, I., & Floreani, J. (n.d.). Corruption in economics: A bibliometric analysis and
research agenda. Applied Economics Letters, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2020.1764476
Bahre, E. (2005). How to ignore corruption: Reporting the shortcomings of development in
South Africa. Current Anthropology, 46(1), 117–121.
Bai, Bao-yu, Liu, X., & Kou, Y. (2014). Belief in a Just World Lowers Perceived Intention of
Corruption: The Mediating Role of Perceived Punishment. PLoS ONE, 9(5), 1–6.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097075
Bai, Bao‐Yu, Liu, X., & Kou, Y. (2016). Belief in a just world lowers bribery intention. Asian
Journal of Social Psychology, 19(1), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12108
Bai, C.-E., & Wei, S.-J. (2001). The quality of bureaucracy and capital account policies (World
Bank Working Paper 2575). World Bank Publications.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=_-1EWHfgrbwC&oi=fnd&dq=Bai,+C.-
E.+%26+S.-J.+Wei.+2001.+The+Quality+of+Bureaucracy+and+Capital+Account+Polici
es.+World+Bank+Working+Paper+2575.&ots=mYGCkoUIrB&sig=lc3UQP0c_jv3uk41
DTvBzXAwtrs
Bai, J., Jayachandran, S., Malesky, E. J., & Olken, B. A. (2013). Does economic growth reduce
corruption? Theory and evidence from Vietnam [Working Paper]. National Bureau of
Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w19483
Bailes, R. (2006). Facilitation payments: Culturally acceptable or unacceptably corrupt? Business
Ethics: A European Review, 15(3), 293–298.
58 

 
Bailey, J. (2009). Corruption and Democratic Governability. In C. H. Blake & S. D. Morris
(Eds.), Corruption and Democracy in Latin America (pp. 60–76). Pittsburgh University
Press.
Bailey, J., & Paras, P. (2006). Perceptions and attitudes about corruption and democracy in
Mexico. Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos, 22(1), 57–82.
Baird, J.-A., & Elliott, V. (2018). Metrics in education-control and corruption. Oxford Review of
Education, 44(5), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2018.1504858
Bajada, C., & Shashnov, M. (2019). The effects of economic development and the evolution of
social institutions on the level of corruption: Comparing the Asia-Pacific with other
regional blocs. Asia Pacific Business Review, 1–31.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2019.1589768
Bajolle, J. (2006). The origins and motivations of the current emphasis on corruption: The case
of Transparency International. Workshop: The International Anti-Corruption Movement,
Eur. Consort. Polit. Res. Jt. Sess. Workshops, Apr, 25–30.
http://hussonet.free.fr/bajolle.pdf
Bąk, P. (2020). Economic analysis of corruption at the company level. Central European
Economic Journal., 7(54), 186–204. https://doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2020-0015
Bakare, A. S. (2011). The crowding-out effects of corruption in Nigeria: An empirical study. E3
Journal of Business Management and Economics., 2(2), 59–68.
Baker, J. (2015). The Rhizome State: Democratizing Indonesia’s Off-Budget Economy. Critical
Asian Studies, 47(2), 309–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2015.1041282
Baker, J., & Milne, S. (2015). Dirty Money States: Illicit Economies and the State in Southeast
Asia. Critical Asian Studies, 47(2), 151–176.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2015.1041273
Baker, M. B. (1993). Private Codes of Corporate Conduct: Should the Fox Guard the Henhouse?
The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, 399–433.
Baklouti, N., & Boujelbene, Y. (2015). Exploring the relationship between democracy,
corruption and economic growth in MENA countries. Acta Universitatis
Danubius.OEconomica, 11(3), 43–58.
Baksi, S., Bose, P., & Pandey, M. (2009). The impact of liberalization on bureaucratic
corruption. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 72(1), 214–224.
Balabanova, D., & McKee, M. (2002). Understanding informal payments for health care: The
example of Bulgaria. Health Policy, 62(3), 243–273.

59 

 
Balabanova, D., McKee, M., Pomerleau, J., Rose, R., & Haerpfer, C. (2004). Health Service
Utilization in the Former Soviet Union: Evidence from Eight Countries. Health Services
Research, 39(6p2), 1927–1950. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2004.00326.x
Balafoutas, L. (2011). Public beliefs and corruption in a repeated psychological game. Journal of
Economic Behavior & Organization, 78(1), 51–59.
Balán, M. (2011). Competition by denunciation: The political dynamics of corruption scandals in
Argentina and Chile. Comparative Politics, 43(4), 459–478.
Baland, J.-M., & Francois, P. (2000). Rent-seeking and resource booms. Journal of Development
Economics, 61(2), 527–542.
Balaniuk, R., Bessière, P., Mazer, E., & Cobbe, P. R. (2013). Corruption risk analysis using
semi–supervised naïve Bayes classifiers. International Journal of Reasoning-Based
Intelligent Systems, 5(4), 237–245.
Baldi, S., Bottasso, A., Conti, M., & Piccardo, C. (2016). To bid or not to bid: That is the
question: Public procurement, project complexity and corruption. European Journal Of
Political Economy, 43, 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2016.04.002
Baldi, Simona, & Vannoni, D. (2017). The impact of centralization on pharmaceutical
procurement prices: The role of institutional quality and corruption. Regional Studies,
51(3), 426–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2015.1101517
Baldock, G. (2016). The perception of corruption across Europe, Middle East and Africa.
Journal of Financial Crime, 23(1), 119–131. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-02-2015-0004
Baldock, M. (2019). Changing Obligations for Corporations under Investigation by the Serious
Fraud Office.(United Kingdom). Journal of Criminal Law, 83(1), 24–26.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022018319831090
Baldwin, F. N., & Gadboys, J. A. (2016). The Duty of Financial Institutions to Investigate and
Report Suspicions of Fraud, Financial Crime, and Corruption. In M. Dion, D. Weisstub,
& J.-L. Richet (Eds.), Financial Crimes: Psychological, Technological, and Ethical
Issues (pp. 83–104). Springer International Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32419-7_4
Baldwin, K., & Huber, J. D. (2010). Economic versus cultural differences: Forms of ethnic
diversity and public goods provision. American Political Science Review, 104(04),
644–662.
Baliamoune-Lutz, M., Ndikumana, L., & UNECA, A. A. (2008). Corruption and growth in
African countries: Exploring the investment channel. University of Massachusetts
Amherst Working Paper, 8.

60 

 
http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Knowledge/Conference_2007_a
nglais_16-part-III-4.pdf
Balkaran, L. (2020). Benford’s Law in a Big Data World: Applying the Mathematical Digital
Analysis Tool to Large Data Sets Can Help Auditors Detect Fraud and Other Problems.
Internal Auditor, 77(2), 17.
Bame-Aldred, C., Sweeney, J. T., & Seifert, D. (2007). An examination of the effectiveness of
Sarbanes-Oxley whistle-blower protection. Journal of Forensic Accounting, 8(1–2),
105–118.
Bamidele, O., Olaniyan, A. O., & Ayodele, B. (2016a). In the Cesspool of Corruption: The
Challenges of National Development and the Dilemma of Anti-Graft Agencies in
Nigeria. Journal of Developing Societies, 32(3), 322–322.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X16653526
Bamidele, O., Olaniyan, A. O., & Ayodele, B. (2016b). Culture, Corruption, and Anticorruption
Struggles in Nigeria. Journal of Developing Societies, 32(2), 103–129.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X15610015
Bandaranayake, B. (2014). Fraud and Corruption Control at Education System Level: A Case
Study of the Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development in
Australia. Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership, 17(4), 34–53.
Bandiera, O., Prat, A., & Valletti, T. (2009). Active and passive waste in government spending:
Evidence from a policy experiment. The American Economic Review, 99(4), 1278–1308.
Banducci, S. A., & Karp, J. A. (1994). Electoral consequences of scandal and reapportionment in
the 1992 house elections. American Politics Quarterly, 22(1), 3.
Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and
Social Psychology Review : An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social
Psychology, Inc, 3(3), 193–209.
Bandura, Albert. (2004). Selective Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency.
Journal of Moral Education, 31(2), 101–19.
Bandyopadhyay, B. (2018). Indian Perspective of Anti-Corruption Institutions for Combating
Corruption in Sustainable Development: A Scorecard. Delhi Business Review, 19(1), 85.
Bandyopadhyay, S., & Takashima, R. (2007). Corruption and trade protection evidence from
panel data (Working paper series / Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Research Division
2007-022A). http://research.stlouisfed.org/wp/2007/2007-022.pdf
Banerjee, A., Chattopadhyay, R., Duflo, E., Keniston, D., & Singh, N. (2012a). Can Institutions
be Reformed from Within? Evidence from a Randomized Experiment with the Rajasthan
61 

 
Police [IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc].
Banerjee, A., Chattopadhyay, R., Duflo, E., Keniston, D., & Singh, N. (2012b). Improving Police
Performance in Rajasthan, India: Experimental Evidence on Incentives, Managerial
Autonomy and Training (p. n/a) [NBER Working Paper Series].
Banerjee, A., & Duflo, E. (2006). Addressing Absence. Journal of Economic Perspectives,
20(1), 117–132. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533006776526139
Banerjee, A., Duflo, E., Imbert, C., Mathew, S., & Pande, R. (2016). E-governance,
Accountability, and Leakage in Public Programs: Experimental Evidence from a
Financial Management Reform in India (Working Paper No. 22803). National Bureau of
Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w22803
Banerjee, A., Green, D., Green, J., & Pande, R. (2009). Can voters be primed to choose better
legislators? Evidence from two field experiments in rural India [Working Paper].
Banerjee, A., Green, D. P., Mcmanus, J., & Pande, R. (2014). Are Poor Voters Indifferent to
Whether Elected Leaders Are Criminal or Corrupt? A Vignette Experiment in Rural
India. Political Communication, 31(3), 391–407.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2014.914615
Banerjee, A., Hanna, R., Kyle, J., Olken, B. A., & Sumarto, S. (2018). Tangible Information and
Citizen Empowerment: Identification Cards and Food Subsidy Programs in Indonesia.
Journal of Political Economy, 126(2), 451–491.
Banerjee, A., Hanna, R., Kyle, J., Olken, B., Banerjee, A., Hanna, R., Kyle, J., & Olken, B.
(2015). The Power of Transparency: Information, Identification Cards and Food Subsidy
Programs in Indonesia (NBER Working Paper Series Working Paper No. 20923; p. n/a).
Banerjee, A., Hanna, R., & Mullainathan, S. (2013). Corruption. In R. Gibbons & J. Roberts
(Eds.), The Handbook of Organizational Economics.
https://ideas.repec.org/h/pup/chapts/9889-27.html
Banerjee, A., Kumar, S., Pande, R., & Su, F. (2011). Do informed voters make better choices?
Experimental evidence from urban India [Working Paper].
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.221.1405&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Banerjee, A., & Pande, R. (2007). Parochial Politics: Ethnic Preferences and Politician
Corruption [IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc].
Banerjee, A. V. (1997). A Theory of Misgovernance. The Quarterly Journal of Economics,
112(4), 1289–1332.
Banerjee, A. V., Banerji, R., Duflo, E., Glennerster, R., & Khemani, S. (2010). Pitfalls of
Participatory Programs: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Education in India.
62 

 
American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2(1), 1–30.
https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.2.1.1
Banerjee, A. V., Duflo, E., & Glennerster, R. (2008). Putting a band-aid on a corpse: Incentives
for nurses in the Indian public health care system. Journal of the European Economic
Association, 6(2), 487–500.
Banerjee, D., & Vaidya, S. (2019). Anticorruption reforms, tax evasion, and the role of
harassment. Journal of Public Economic Theory, 21(1), 62.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12304
Banerjee, R. (2016a). Corruption, Norm Violation and Decay in Social Capital. Journal of Public
Economics, 137, 14–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.03.007
Banerjee, R. (2016b). On the interpretation of bribery in a laboratory corruption game: Moral
frames and social norms. Experimental Economics, 19(1), 240–267.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-015-9436-1
Banerjee, R., Baul, T., & Rosenblat, T. (2015). On self selection of the corrupt into the public
sector. Economics Letters, 127(C), 43–46.
Banerjee, R., & Mitra, A. (2018). On monetary and non-monetary interventions to combat
corruption. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2018.01.004
Banfield, E. C. (1975). Corruption as a Feature of Governmental Organization. The Journal of
Law and Economics, 18(3), 587–605. https://doi.org/10.1086/466826
Baniamin, H., & Jamil, I. (2018). Dynamics of Corruption and Citizens’ Trust in
Anti-Corruption Agencies in Three South Asian Countries. Public Organization Review,
18(3), 381–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-017-0384-4
Banini, D. K. (2020). Security sector corruption and military effectiveness: The influence of
corruption on countermeasures against Boko Haram in Nigeria. Small Wars &
Insurgencies, 31(1), 131–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2020.1672968
Bantekas, I. (2006). Corruption as an International Crime and Crime against Humanity. Journal
of International Criminal Justice, 4(3), 466–484. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mql025
Banuri, S., Croson, R. T., Kline, R., & Eckel, C. C. (2008). Towards an improved methodology
in analyzing corruption: Insights from citizen responses to corrupt practices across
countries [Working Paper]. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1883754
Banuri, S., & Eckel, C. (2015). Cracking down on bribery. Social Choice and Welfare, 45(3),
579–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00355-015-0883-6

63 

 
Banuri, S., & Eckel, C. C. (2012a). Experiments in culture and corruption: A review (World
Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 6064).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2055105
Banuri, S., & Eckel, C. C. (2012b). On the Effects of Culture on Punishment of Bribery: US v.
Pakistsan [Working Paper].
Banuri, S., Eckel, C. C., & Wilson, R. K. (2012). Deconstructing nepotism [Working Paper].
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2248187
Banuri, S., & Keefer, P. (2016). Pro-social motivation, effort and the call to public service.
European Economic Review, 83(C), 139–164.
Bao, E., & Hall, K. (2018). Peer Review and the Global Anti-Corruption Conventions: Context,
Theory and Practice. Australian Yearbook of International Law, 35, 67–90.
Bao, R., & Lewellyn, K. (2017). Corruption in China—A Review. Modern China Studies, 24(2),
158–183.
Baraldi, A. L. (2008). Effects of Electoral Rules, Political Competition and Corruption on the
Size and Composition of Government Consumption Spending: An Italian Regional
Analysis. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 8(1).
https://doi.org/10.2202/1935-1682.1825
Baranek, D., Sanchez, M. H., & O’Reilly - Allen, M. (2019). SBM: Lessons Learned From
FCPA Violations.(Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977). Oil, Gas & Energy Quarterly,
67(3), 479.
Barassi, M. R., & Zhou, Y. (2012). The effect of corruption on FDI: A parametric and
non-parametric analysis. European Journal of Political Economy, 28(3), 302–312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.01.001
Barber, S., Bonnet, F., & Bekedam, H. (2004). Formalizing under-the-table payments to control
out-of-pocket hospital expenditures in Cambodia. Health Policy and Planning, 19(4),
199–208. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czh025
Barbier, E. (2010). Corruption and the Political Economy of Resource-Based Development: A
Comparison of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Environmental and Resource Economics,
46(4), 511–537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-010-9352-y
Barbier, E. B. (2012). Corruption, Poverty and Tropical Land Use. Journal of Sustainable
Forestry, 31(4–5), 319–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2011.588455
Barbier, E. B., Damania, R., & Léonard, D. (2005). Corruption, trade and resource conversion.
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 50(2), 276–299.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2004.12.004
64 

 
Barbopoulos, L., Marshall, A., MacInnes, C., & McColgan, P. (2014). Foreign direct investment
in emerging markets and acquirers’ value gains. International Business Review, 23(3),
604–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2013.10.003
Bardhan, Pranab. (2002). Decentralization of governance and development. The Journal of
Economic Perspectives : EP ; a Journal of the American Economic Association, 16(4),
185–205.
Bardhan, Pranab. (2006). The economist’s approach to the problem of corruption. World
Development, 34(2), 341–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.03.011
Bardhan, Pranab. (2015). Corruption and Development Policy (Drawing Upon the Recent Indian
Debate). Journal of Public Economic Theory, 17(4), 472–479.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12126
Bardhan, Pranab. (2018). Reflections on Corruption in the Context of Political and Economic
Liberalization. In Institutions, Governance and the Control of Corruption (pp. 113–131).
Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65684-7_5
Bardhan, P. K. (1997). Corruption and development: A review of issues. Journal of Economic
Literature, 35(3), 1320–1346.
Bardhan, Pranab, & Mookherjee, D. (2000). Capture and Governance at Local and National
Levels. American Economic Review, 90(2), 135–139.
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.2.135
Bardhan, Pranab, & Mookherjee, D. (2005). Decentralizing antipoverty program delivery in
developing countries. The Journal of Public Economics, 89(4), 675.
Bardhan, Pranab, & Mookherjee, D. (2006a). Decentralisation and Accountability in
Infrastructure Delivery in Developing Countries*. Economic Journal, 116(508),
101–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2006.01049.x
Bardhan, Pranab, & Mookherjee, D. (2006b). Decentralization, corruption, and government
accountability. In S. Rose-Ackerman (Ed.), International handbook on the economics of
corruption (Vol. 6, pp. 161–188).
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=P60nmWlJWEoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA161
&dq=bardhan+decentralization+corruption+in+Rose-Ackerman&ots=j9b9AKV3Cg&sig
=E8aVtWTTt6yjFJFhiV9-KrnnT6E
Barfort, S., Harmon, N. A., Hjorth, F., & Olsen, A. L. (2019). Sustaining Honesty in Public
Service: The Role of Selection. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 11(4),
96–123. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20170688
Barkemeyer, R., Preuss, L., & Lee, L. (2015). Corporate reporting on corruption: An

65 

 
international comparison. Accounting Forum, 39(4), 349–365.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2015.10.001
Barkemeyer, R., Preuss, L., & Ohana, M. (2018). Developing country firms and the challenge of
corruption: Do company commitments mirror the quality of national-level institutions?
Journal of Business Research, 90, 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.04.025
Barnes, T. D., & Beaulieu, E. (2019). Women Politicians, Institutions, and Perceptions of
Corruption. Comparative Political Studies, 52(1), 134–167.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414018774355
Barnes, T. D., Beaulieu, E., & Saxton, G. W. (2018). Restoring trust in the police: Why female
officers reduce suspicions of corruption. Governance, 31(1), 143–161.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12281
Barnett, K. (2015). Distributive justice and proprietary remedies over bribes. Legal Studies,
35(2), 302–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/lest.12062
Barnwal, P. (2014). Curbing Leakage in Public Programs with Biometric Identification Systems:
Evidence from India’s Fuel Subsidies [Working Paper].
http://www.med.uio.no/helsam/english/research/news-and-events/events/conferences/201
5/vedlegg-warsaw/subsidy-leakage-uid.pdf
Baron, E. (2019). When state corruption becomes a ‘Sunday school picnic’: A response to media
reports on corruption. Missionalia: Southern African Journal of Missiology, 47(1), 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.7832/47-1-332
Barone, G., & Mocetti, S. (2014). Natural Disasters, Growth and Institutions: A Tale of Two
Earthquakes. Journal of Urban Economics, 84, 52.
Barone, G., & Narciso, G. (2015). Organized crime and business subsidies: Where does the
money go? Journal of Urban Economics, 86(Journal Article), 98–110.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2015.01.002
Barr, A., Lindelow, M., & Serneels, P. (2009). Corruption in public service delivery: An
experimental analysis. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 72(1), 225–239.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2009.07.006
Barr, A., Mugisha, F., Serneels, P., & Zeitlin, A. (2012). Information and collective action in
community-based monitoring of schools: Field and lab experimental evidence from
Uganda [Working Paper].
http://cega.berkeley.edu/assets/cega_events/3/doc7Zeitlin-et-al_Information-and-Collecti
ve-Action-in-Community-based-mMonitoring-of-Schools.pdf
Barr, A., & Serra, D. (2009). The effects of externalities and framing on bribery

66 

 
in a petty corruption experiment. Experimental Economics, 12(4), 488–503.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-009-9225-9
Barr, A., & Serra, D. (2010). Corruption and culture: An experimental analysis. Journal of
Public Economics, 94(11), 862–869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.07.006
Barreto, R. A. (2000). Endogenous corruption in a neoclassical growth model. European
Economic Review, 44(1), 35–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(98)00052-X
Barreto, R. A. (2003). Corruption, optimal taxation, and growth. Public Finance Review : PFR,
31(3), 207–240.
Barron, R. (2016). Some Comments on the DOJ’s Kleptocracy Asset Recovery Initiative.
Securities Regulation Law Journal, 44(4), 451.
Barron, R. A. (2014). Some current developments under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.
Securities Regulation Law Journal, 42(2), 185–194.
Barron, R. A. (2017). Does corruption promote terrorism? Securities Regulation Law Journal,
45(1), 85–91.
Barry, T. A., Lepetit, L., & Strobel, F. (2016). Bank Ownership Structure, Lending Corruption
and the Regulatory Environment. Journal of Comparative Economics, 44(3), 732–751.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2015.08.003
Barta, J. A., & Chapman, J. (2012). Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. American Criminal Law
Review, 49(2), 825.
Barth, J., Lin, C., Lin, P., & Song, F. (2009). Corruption in bank lending to firms: Cross-country
micro evidence on the beneficial role of competition and information sharing. 91(3),
361–388.
Bartle, S., Chamberlain, C., & Wohlberg, B. (2014). Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. American
Criminal Law Review, 51(4), 1265.
Baryshnikova, N. V., Pham, N. T. A., & Wihardja, M. M. (2016). Does Political and Economic
Inequality Affect Institutional Quality? Economic Record, 92(297), 190–208.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4932.12246
Basabe‐Serrano, S. (2015). Informal Institutions and Judicial Independence in Paraguay,
1954–2011. Law & Policy, 37(4), 350–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/lapo.12038
Baschieri, A., & Falkingham, J. (2006). Formalizing informal payments: The progress of health
reform in Kyrgyzstan. Central Asian Survey, 25(4), 441–460.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02634930701210435
Basheka, B. C., & Mubangizi, B. C. (2012). Citizen-driven approaches in fighting corruption: A
67 

 
comparative analysis of Uganda’s and South Africa’s local government systems. Journal
of Public Administration, 47(3), 636–655.
Basheka, Benon C., Oluka, P. N., & Karyeija, G. K. (2013). The nature and forms of public
procurement corruption in Uganda’s local government systems: Implications for good
governance debate. Int. J. of Procurement Management, 6(6).
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPM.2013.056762
Basheka, Benon C., Oluka, P. N., & Mugurusi, G. (2015). Citizen-driven approaches for
combating public procurement corruption in Uganda’s local government systems: An
empirical survey. Int. J. of Logistics Systems and Management, 21(4).
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLSM.2015.070212
Basinger, S. J. (2013). Scandals and Congressional Elections in the Post-Watergate Era. Political
Research Quarterly, 66(2), 385–398. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912912451144
Basiru, A. (2018). Democracy Deficit and the Deepening Crisis of Corruption in
Post-Authoritarian Nigeria: Navigating the Nexus. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, 14(2),
121.
Basiru, A. S., & Osunkoya, O. A. (2019). Post-Authoritarian Nigeria: Democratizing Under
Pervasive Corruption. Brazilian Journal of African Studies, 4(7).
https://doi.org/10.22456/2448-3923.88679
Bašná, K. (2019). Income inequality and level of corruption in post-communist European
countries between 1995 and 2014. Communist and Post-Communist Studies.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2019.05.002
Bassole, L. (2010). Does governance matter in the fight against hiv/aids epidemic? Evidence
from cross-country analysis. Economics Bulletin, 30(4), 1–36.
Bastida, F., & Benito, B. (2007). Central Government Budget Practices and Transparency: An
international comparison. Public Administration, 85(3), 667–716.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2007.00664.x
Basu, G. (2014). Concealment, corruption, and evasion: A transaction cost and case analysis of
illicit supply chain activity. Journal of Transportation Security, 7(3), 209–226.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12198-014-0140-8
Basu, K. (2012). Why, for a certain class of bribes, the act of giving a bribe should be considered
as legal. In S. Kochar (Ed.), Policy-Making for Indian Planning: Essays on
Contemporary Issues in Honour of Montek Singh Ahluwalia. Academic Foundation.
Basu, Karna, Basu, K., & Cordella, T. (01). Asymmetric Punishment as an Instrument of
Corruption Control (Working Paper 6933). The World Bank Policy Research.

68 

 
http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/pdf/10.1596/1813-9450-6933
Basu, Kaushik, Bhattacharya, S., & Mishra, A. (1992). Notes on bribery and the control of
corruption. Journal of Public Economics, 48(3), 349–359.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(92)90012-5
Basu, Kaushik, & Cordella, T. (Eds.). (2018a). Institutions, Governance and the Control of
Corruption. Palgrave Macmillan. //www.springer.com/us/book/9783319738222
Basu, Kaushik, & Cordella, T. (2018b). Introduction. In Kaushik Basu & T. Cordella (Eds.),
Institutions, Governance and the Control of Corruption (pp. 1–13). Springer International
Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65684-7_1
Basu, Kaushik, Mcgavock, T., & Zhang, B. (2013). When Competition Corrupts: A Theoretical
Analysis of Market Structure and the Incidence of Corruption (Working Paper 6596). The
World Bank Policy Research.
http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/pdf/10.1596/1813-9450-6596
Batabyal, A. A., & Yoo, S. J. (2007). Corruption, Bribery, and Wait Times in the Public
Allocation of Goods in Developing Countries. Review of Development Economics, 11(3),
507–517. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9361.2007.00419.x
Batabyal, S., & Chowdhury, A. (2015). Curbing corruption, financial development and income
inequality. Progress in Development Studies, 15(1), 49–72.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1464993414546980
Batalla, E. C. (2001). De-institutionalizing Corruption in the Philippines. In Combating
Corruption in East Asia (pp. 41–78). De La Salle University.
http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan013117.pdf
Batalla, E. V. C. (2015). Treading the straight and righteous path: Curbing corruption in the
Philippines. Asian Education and Development Studies, 4(1), 51–75.
Bates, R., Greif, A., & Singh, S. (2002). Organizing Violence. Journal of Conflict Resolution.
https://doi.org/10.1177/002200202236166
Batista, C., & Vicente, P. C. (2011). Do Migrants Improve Governance at Home? Evidence from
a Voting Experiment. World Bank Economic Review;25(1).
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/13465
Batory, A. (2010). Post-accession malaise? EU conditionality, domestic politics and
anti-corruption policy in Hungary. Global Crime, 11(2), 164–177.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17440571003669183
Batory, A. (2012a). Political Cycles and Organizational Life Cycles: Delegation to
Anticorruption Agencies in Central Europe. Governance, 25(4), 639–660.
69 

 
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2012.01599.x
Batory, A. (2012b). Why do anti‐corruption laws fail in Central Eastern Europe? A target
compliance perspective. Regulation & Governance, 6(1), 66–82.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5991.2011.01125.x
Batory, A. (2020). A free lunch from the EU? Public perceptions of corruption in cohesion
policy expenditure in post-communist EU member states. Journal of European
Integration. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2020.1800681
Batra, G., Kaufmann, D., & Stone, A. H. W. (2003). Investment climate around the world:
Voices of the firms from the World Business Environment Survey / Geeta Batra, Daniel
Kaufmann, and Andrew H.W. Stone. Washington, DC, World Bank.
Batzilis, D. (2015). Bribing Abroad. In S. Rose-Ackerman & P. Lagunes (Eds.), Greed,
Corruption, and the Modern State: Essays in Political Economy. Edward Elgar
Publishing.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=47KCCgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&d
q=batzilis+bribing+abroad&ots=1hzBsa8JuW&sig=ClI12oTUF_9FmD1o9ip5eN-M7qQ
Batzilis, D. (2019). Electoral competition and corruption: Evidence from municipality audits in
Greece. International Review of Law & Economics, 59, 13–20.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2019.04.003
Baucus, M. S. (1994). Pressure, Opportunity and Predisposition: A Multivariate Model of
Corporate Illegality. Journal of Management, 20(4), 699–721.
https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639402000401
Baughn, C., Bodie, N. L., Buchanan, M. A., & Bixby, M. B. (2010). Bribery in International
Business Transactions. Journal of Business Ethics, 92(1), 15–32.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0136-7
Bauhr, M. (2011). Why Pay Bribes? Collective Action and Anticorruption Efforts. Qog Working
Paper Series 2011:18.
Bauhr, M. (2012). Need or greed corruption? In Good Government: The Relevance of Political
Science (p. 68).
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=nd1kKwqKXPkC&oi=fnd&pg=PA68&
dq=bauhr+need+or+greed+corruption+in+good+government&ots=xT3gfTcmIv&sig=3K
EyqKqIAinMpG1giDpPS-xwQyU
Bauhr, M. (2013). The Legacy of Honesty: Understanding Swedish Perception of Corruption. In
L. Wängnerud, S. Dahlberg, & H. Oscarsson (Eds.), Stepping Stones: Research on
Political Representation, Voting Behavior, and Quality of Government (pp. 237–248).

70 

 
Bauhr, M. (2017). Need or Greed? Conditions for Collective Action against Corruption.
Governance, 30(4), 561–581. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12232
Bauhr, M., & Charron, N. (2018). Insider or Outsider? Grand Corruption and Electoral
Accountability. Comparative Political Studies, 51(4), 415–446.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414017710258
Bauhr, M., & Charron, N. (2019). The EU as a savior and a saint? Corruption and public support
for redistribution. Journal of European Public Policy, 0(0), 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1578816
Bauhr, M., Charron, N., & Nasiritousi, N. (2013). Does Corruption Cause Aid Fatigue? Public
Opinion and the Aid-Corruption Paradox. International Studies Quarterly, 57, 568–579.
Bauhr, M., De Fine Licht, J., Fazekas, M., & Czibik, A. (2019). Lights on the shadows of public
procurement. Transparency as an antidote to corruption. Governance.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12432
Bauhr, M., & Grimes, M. (2014). Indignation or Resignation: The Implications of Transparency
for Societal Accountability. Governance, 27(2), 291–320.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12033
Bauhr, M., & Grimes, M. (2017). Transparency to curb corruption? Concepts, measures and
empirical merit. Crime, Law and Social Change, 68(4), 431–458.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9695-1
Bauhr, M., & Nasiritousi, N. (2012a). Resisting Transparency: Corruption, Legitimacy, and the
Quality of Global Environmental Policies. Global Environmental Politics, 12(4), 9–29.
Bauhr, M., & Nasiritousi, N. (2012b). How Do International Organizations Promote Quality of
Government? Contestation, Integration, and the Limits of IO Power. International
Studies Review, 14(4), 541–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/misr.12009
Baumann, F., & Friehe, T. (2016). Competitive Pressure and Corporate Crime. B E Journal Of
Economic Analysis & Policy; B E J.Econ.Anal.Policy, 16(2), 647–687.
https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2015-0064
Baumann, H. (2016). A failure of governmentality: Why Transparency International
underestimated corruption in Ben Ali’s Tunisia. Third World Quarterly, Journal Article,
1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2016.1153417
Baumol, W. J. (1990). Entrepreneurship: Productive, unproductive, and destructive. The Journal
of Political Economy, 98(5), 893–921.
Bautista-Beauchesne, N. (2020). Corruption and anti-corruption: A folklore problem? Crime,
Law and Social Change, 73(2), 159–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-019-09856-3
71 

 
Bauzá, F., Soriano-Paños, D., Gómez-Gardeñes, J., & Floría, L. M. (2020). Fear induced
explosive transitions in the dynamics of corruption. Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.), 30(6),
63107–063107. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0004826
Baxamusa, M., & Jalal, A. M. (2014). The Effects of Corruption on Capital Structure: When
Does It Matter? The Journal of Developing Areas, 48(1), 315–335.
Baxter, A. T. (1983). Federal discretion in the prosecution of local political corruption.
Pepperdine Law Review, 10(2), 321–376.
Bayar, G. (2005). The role of intermediaries in corruption. Public Choice, 122(3), 277–298.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-005-5916-8
Bayar, G. (2011). Causes of corruption: Dynamic panel data analysis of some post soviet
countries and East Asian countries. The Journal of Applied Business Research, 27(1),
77–86.
Bayar, G. (2014). Spurious middlemen in corrupt transactions.
Bayar, Y., & Alakbarov, N. (2016). Corruption And Foreign Direct Investment Inflows In
Emerging Market Economies. Ecoforum, 5(2).
https://doaj.org/article/52883494247d414a8aea19b7cdf6186a
Bayley, D. H. (1966). The effects of corruption in a developing nation. The Western Political
Quarterly : Official Journal of Western Political Science Association, 19(4), 719–732.
Bayley, D. H., & Perito, R. (2011). Police corruption: What past scandals teach about current
challenges. US Institute of Peace.
Bazerman, M. H., & Gino, F. (2012). Behavioral Ethics: Toward a Deeper Understanding of
Moral Judgment and Dishonesty. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 8(1),
85–104. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102811-173815
Bazuaye, B., & Oriakhogba, D. (2016). Combating corruption and the role of the judiciary in
Nigeria: Beyond rhetoric and crassness. Commonwealth Law Bulletin, 42(1), 125–147.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03050718.2016.1157504
Bbaale, E., & Ibrahim, M. (2018). Corruption and firm-level productivity: Greasing or sanding
effect? World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development,
14(3), 222–241. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-10-2017-0067
Beale, K. D., & Esposito, P. (2009). Emergent International Attitudes Towards Bribery,
Corruption and Money Laundering. Arbitration, 75, 360–373.
Beale, S. S. (2000). Comparing the scope of the federal government’s authority to prosecute
federal corruption and state and local corruption: Some surprising conclusions and a

72 

 
proposal. Hastings Law Journal, 51(4), 699–722.
Beaman, L., Duflo, E., Pande, R., & Topalova, P. (2011). Political reservation and substantive
representation: Evidence from Indian village councils. India Policy Forum, 159–201.
Bean, B. (2010). Hyperbole, Hypocrisy, and Hubris in the Aid-Corruption Dialogue.
Georgetown Journal of International Law, 41(4), 781.
Beare, M. (2018). Entitled Ease: Social Milieu of Corporate Criminals. Critical Criminology,
1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-018-9413-z
Bearse, P., Glomm, G., & Janeba, E. (2000). Why poor countries rely mostly on redistribution
in-kind. Journal of Public Economics, 75(3), 463–481.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00076-6
Beasley, M. (2015). Dysfunctional Equivalence: Why the OECD Antibribery Convention
Provides Insufficient Guidance in the Era of Multinational Corporations. The George
Washington International Law Review, 47(1), 191–231.
Beath, A., Christia, F., Egorov, G., & Enikolopov, R. (2016). Electoral Rules and Political
Selection: Theory and Evidence from a Field Experiment in Afghanistan. Review Of
Economic Studies, 83(3), 932–968. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdw018
Beaulieu, E. (2014). From voter ID to party ID: How political parties affect perceptions of
election fraud in the U.S. Electoral Studies, 35, 24–32.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2014.03.003
Beber, B., & Scacco, A. (2012). What the Numbers Say: A Digit-Based Test for Election Fraud.
Political Analysis, 20(2), 211–234. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mps003
Beblavý, M. (2009). Conditions for effective large‐scale anticorruption efforts and the role of
external actors: What does the Slovak experience tell us? Public Administration and
Development, 29(3), 180–192. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.526
Bechert, I., & Quandt, M. (2009). ISSP Data Report: Attitudes towards the Role of Government
[Working Paper]. http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/20006
Beck, A., & Lee, R. (2002). Attitudes to corruption amongst Russian police officers and trainees.
Crime, Law and Social Change, 38(4), 357–372.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021140413153
Beck, Paul J., & Maher, M. W. (1986). A comparison of bribery and bidding in thin markets.
Economics Letters, 20(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(86)90068-6
Beck, Paul J., & Maher, M. W. (1989). Competition, regulation and bribery. Managerial and
Decision Economics, 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.4090100102

73 

 
Beck, Paul John, Maher, M. W., & Tschoegl, A. E. (1991). The impact of the Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act on US exports. Managerial and Decision Economics, 12(4), 295–303.
Beck, T., Demirguc-Kunt, A., & Levine, R. (2006). Bank supervision and corruption in lending.
Journal of Monetary Economics, 53(8), 2131–2163.
Beck, T., Demirgüç‐Kunt, A., & Maksimovic, V. (2005). Financial and Legal Constraints to
Growth: Does Firm Size Matter? Journal of Finance, 60(1), 137–177.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00727.x
Beck, T., & Laeven, L. (2006). Institution building and growth in transition economies. Journal
of Economic Growth, 11(2), 157–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-006-9000-0
Becker, G. S. (1968). Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach. Journal of Political
Economy, 76(2), 169–217. https://doi.org/10.1086/259394
Becker, G. S., & Stigler, G. J. (1974). Law Enforcement, Malfeasance, and Compensation of
Enforcers. The Journal of Legal Studies, 3(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1086/467507
Becker, S. O., Boeckh, K., Hainz, C., & Woessmann, L. (2016). The Empire Is Dead, Long Live
the Empire! Long‐Run Persistence of Trust and Corruption in the Bureaucracy. Economic
Journal, 126(590), 40–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12220
Becker, S. O., Egger, P. H., & Seidel, T. (2009). Common political culture: Evidence on regional
corruption contagion. European Journal of Political Economy, 25(3), 300–310.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2008.12.002
Beekman, G., Bulte, E. H., & Nillesen, E. E. M. (2013). Corruption and economic activity:
Micro level evidence from rural Liberia. European Journal of Political Economy, 30, 70.
Beekman, G., Bulte, E., & Nillisen, E. (2014). Corruption, Investments and Contributions to
Public Goods: Experimental Evidence from Rural Liberia. Journal of Public Economics,
115, 37–2727.
Beeri, I., & Navot, D. (2013). Local Political Corruption: Potential structural malfunctions at the
central–local, local–local and intra-local levels. Public Management Review, 15(5),
712–739. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2012.707682
Beesley, C. (2015). Globalization and corruption in post-Soviet countries: Perverse effects of
economic openness. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 56(2), 170–192.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2015.1082923
Beets, D. S. (2007). Global Corruption and Religion: An Empirical Examination. Journal of
Global Ethics, 3(1), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449620600991614
Beets, S. (2005). Understanding the Demand-Side Issues of International Corruption. Journal of

74 

 
Business Ethics, 57(1), 65–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-004-3824-3
Begovic, B. (2005a). Corruption: Concepts, types, causes and consequences. Center for
Liberal-Democratic Studies, Year III No, 26.
http://www.cadal.org/english/pdf/documento_26_english.pdf
Begovic, B. (2005b). Judicial Corruption: A Theoretical Model [Working Paper].
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=734103
Begović, B. (2006). Economic inequality and corruption [Working Paper]. The World Bank.
http://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11869517.pdf
Begum, A. (2020). Corruption in business. Journal of Financial Crime, 27(3), 735–754.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-02-2020-0018
BEKA, A. (2020). Some Criminogenic Factors Affecting the Appearance of Corruption in
Kosovo. PRIZREN SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, 4(2), 89–92.
https://doi.org/10.32936/pssj.v4i2.166
Bekaert, G., Harvey, C. R., Lundblad, C. T., & Siegel, S. (2014). Political risk spreads. Journal
of International Business Studies, 45(4), 471–493. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2014.4
Belgibayeva, A., & Plekhanov, A. (2019). Does corruption matter for sources of foreign direct
investment? Review of World Economics, 1–24.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-019-00354-1
Belitski, M., Chowdhury, F., & Desai, S. (2016). Taxes, corruption, and entry. Small Business
Economics, 47(1), 201–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9724-y
Bellavite Pellegrini, C., Sergi, B. S., & Sironi, E. (2017). Stock Returns, Productivity, and
Corruption in Eight European Fast‐Emerging Markets. Thunderbird International
Business Review, 59(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.21747
Belli, P., Gotsadze, G., & Shahriari, H. (2004). Out-of-pocket and informal payments in health
sector: Evidence from Georgia. Health Policy, 70(1), 109–123.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2004.03.007
Bello, A. O. (2014a). Gift-Giving, Anti-Bribery Laws and the Nigerian Constitution: Matters
Arising. 58(2), 278–302. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021855314000102
Bello, A. O. (2014b). United Nations and African Union Conventions on Corruption and
Anti-corruption Legislations in Nigeria: A Comparative Analysis. African Journal of
International and Comparative Law, 22(2), 308–333.
https://doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2014.0094
Belloni, R., & Strazzari, F. (2014). Corruption in post-conflict Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo:

75 

 
A deal among friends. Third World Quarterly, 35(5), 855–871.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2014.921434
Bellos, S., & Subasat, T. (2012). Corruption and foreign direct investment: A panel gravity
model approach. Bulletin of Economic Research, 64(4), 565–574.
Bellows, A. (2020). Bridging the Elite-Grassroots Divide Among Anticorruption Activists.
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/01/07/bridging-elite-grassroots-divide-among-antic
orruption-activists-pub-80687
Bellver, A., & Kaufmann, D. (2005). Transparenting transparency: Initial empirics and policy
applications (Working Paper MRPA Paper No. 8188).
http://papers.ssrn.com/soL3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=808664
Belousova, V., Goel, R. K., & Korhonen, I. (2016). Corruption perceptions versus corruption
incidence: Competition for rents across Russian regions. 40(1), 172.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12197-014-9298-y
Belozercev, S. (2019). Corruption, opium and gold: The interaction of the police and the
Sino-Korean population in the Far East of the country in the pre-revolutionary period.
Klio, 147(3), 70.
Beltrán, A. (2016). Does corruption increase or decrease employment in firms? Applied
Economics Letters, 23(5), 361–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2015.1076137
Beltrán, E. C., & González, F. G. (2020). When Corruption is Cultural: Exploring Moral,
Institutional and Rule-Based Concepts of Corruption. Boletín Mexicano de Derecho
Comparado, 1(156), 1325–1360. https://doi.org/10.22201/iij.24484873e.2019.156.15155
Ben Ali, M. S., Fhima, F., & Nouira, R. (2020). How does corruption undermine banking
stability? A threshold nonlinear framework. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental
Finance, 27, 100365-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2020.100365
Ben Ali, M. S., & Gasmi, A. (2017). Does ICT diffusion matter for corruption? An Economic
Development Perspective. Telematics and Informatics, 34(8), 1445–1453.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.06.008
Ben Ali, M. S., & Sassi, S. (2016). The corruption-inflation nexus: Evidence from developed and
developing countries. The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, 16(1), 125.
Ben Ali, T. (2019). The effect of governance on public debt: An empirical investigation for the
Arabian Gulf countries. Journal of Economic Studies, 46(4), 812–841.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-07-2017-0168
Bénabou, R. (2011). Identity, morals, and taboos: Beliefs as assets. The Quarterly Journal of
76 

 
Economics, 126(2), 805–855.
Benabou, R., & Tirole, J. (2004). Willpower and Personal Rules. Journal of Political Economy,
112(4), 848–886. https://doi.org/10.1086/421167
Bendahan, S., Zehnder, C., Pralong, F. P., & Antonakis, J. (2015). Leader corruption depends on
power and testosterone. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(2), 101–122.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.07.010
Benedetti, M. (2014). How Multilateral Development Banks invest corruption in their funded
projects. In J.-B. Auby & E. Breen (Eds.), Corruption and Conflicts of Interest: A
Comparative Law Approach (pp. 215–235). Edward Elgar.
Benfratello, L., Del Monte, A., & Pennacchio, L. (2018). Corruption and public debt: A
cross-country analysis. Applied Economics Letters, 25(5), 340–344.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2017.1321831
Benito, B., Guillamón, M., & Bastida, F. (2016). The Impact of Transparency on the Cost of
Sovereign Debt in Times of Economic Crisis. Financial Accountability & Management,
32(3), 309–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/faam.12090
Benito, B., Guillamón, M.-D., & Bastida, F. (2015). Determinants of urban political corruption
in local governments. Crime, Law and Social Change, 63(3), 191–210.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-015-9563-9
Benito, B., Guillamón, M.-D., Ríos, A.-M., & Bastida, F. (2017). Can salaries and re-election
prevent political corruption? An empirical evidence. Revista de Contabilidad.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcsar.2017.04.003
Benito, B., Guillamón, M.-D., Ríos, A.-M., & Bastida, F. (2019). Do the illegal and legal rents of
politicians affect municipal election outcomes? Empirical evidence. Local Government
Studies, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2019.1585816
Benjamin, S., Bhuvaneswari, R., & Rajan, P. (2007). Bhoomi ‘E–governance’, or, an
anti–politics machine necessary to globalize Bangalore? [Working Paper].
Bennedsen, M., & Feldmann, S. (2011). Lobbying and Bribes—A Survey-Based Analysis of the
Demand for Influence and Corruption [Working Paper].
Bennett, V., Pierce, L., Snyder, J., & Toffel, M. (2013). Customer-Driven Misconduct: How
Competition Corrupts Business Practices. Management Science, 59(8), 1725–1742.
https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1120.1680
Bensassi, S., & Jarreau, J. (2019). Price discrimination in bribe payments: Evidence from
informal cross-border trade in West Africa. World Development, 122, 462–480.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.05.023
77 

 
Benson, B. L. (1988). Corruption in law enforcement: One consequence of “The tragedy of the
commons” arising with public allocation processes. International Review of Law &
Economics, 8(1), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-8188(88)90016-6
Benson, B. L., & Baden, J. (1985). The Political Economy of Governmental Corruption: The
Logic of Underground Government. The Journal of Legal Studies, 14(2), 391–410.
https://doi.org/10.1086/467777
Bentzen, J. S. (2012). How Bad is Corruption? Cross‐country Evidence of the Impact of
Corruption on Economic Prosperity. Review of Development Economics, 16(1), 167–184.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9361.2011.00653.x
Benyamin, B., Drummonds, K., Farag, D., & Tum, C. (2016). Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.
The American Criminal Law Review, 53(4), 1333.
Benyishay, A., & Grosjean, P. (2014). Initial endowments and economic reform in 27
post-socialist countries. Journal of Comparative Economics, 42(4), 892–906.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2014.04.008
Berdiev, A., Goel, R., & Saunoris, J. (2018). Corruption and the shadow economy: One‐way or
two‐way street? The World Economy, 41(11), 3221–3241.
https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12661
Berdiev, A. N., Goel, R. K., & Saunoris, J. W. (2020). The path from ethnic inequality to
development: The intermediary role of institutional quality. World Development, 130.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104925
Berdiev, A. N., Kim, Y., & Chang, C.-P. (2013). Remittances and corruption. Economics Letters,
118(1), 182–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2012.10.008
Berdiev, A. N., & Saunoris, J. W. (2018). Corruption and Entrepreneurship: Cross-Country
Evidence from Formal and Informal Sectors. Southern Economic Journal, 84(3),
831–848. https://doi.org/10.1002/soej.12250
Berdiev, A. N., Saunoris, J. W., & Schneider, F. (2020). Poverty and the shadow economy: The
role of governmental institutions. The World Economy, 43(4), 921–947.
https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12917
Berenbeim, R. (1999). Company programs for resisting corrupt practices: A global study.
Conference Board.
Berengaut, J., & Elborgh-Woytek, K. (2006). Who Is Still Haunted by the Specter of
Communism?: Explaining Relative Output Contractions Under Transition. Emerging
Markets Finance and Trade, 42(5), 61–80.
https://doi.org/10.2753/REE1540-496X420503

78 

 
Beresford, A. (2015). Power, patronage, and gatekeeper politics in South Africa. African Affairs,
114(455), 226–248. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adu083
Berg, S. V., Jiang, L., & Lin, C. (2012). Regulation and Corporate Corruption: New Evidence
from the Telecom Sector. 40(1), 22–43.
Berger, H., & Nitsch, V. (2008). Gotcha! A Profile of Smuggling in International Trade (SSRN
Scholarly Paper ID 1310068). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1310068
Berger, P., Sheehy, E. W., Davis, K. K., & Yannett, B. E. (2007). Is that a bribe? International
Financial Law Review, 1.
Berggren, N., Bergh, A., & Bjørnskov, C. (2012). The growth effects of institutional instability.
Journal of Institutional Economics, 8(2), 187–224.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137411000488
Berggren, N., Bergh, A., & Bjørnskov, C. (2015). What matters for growth in Europe?
Institutions versus policies, quality versus instability. Journal of Economic Policy
Reform, 18(1), 69–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2014.953159
Berggren, N., & Bjørnskov, C. (2020). Corruption, judicial accountability and inequality: Unfair
procedures may benefit the worst-off. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,
170, 341–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.12.010
Bergh, A., Erlingsson, G. Ó., Gustafsson, A., & Wittberg, E. (2019). Municipally Owned
Enterprises as Danger Zones for Corruption?: How Politicians Having Feet in Two
Camps May Undermine Conditions for Accountabilit. Public Integrity, 1–31.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2018.1522182
Bergh, A., Fink, G., & Öhrvall, R. (2012). Public Sector Size and Corruption: Evidence from
290 Swedish Municipalities (IFN Working Paper 938).
Bergh, A., Fink, G., & Öhrvall, R. (2017). More politicians, more corruption: Evidence from
Swedish municipalities. Public Choice, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-017-0458-4
Bergh, A., & Öhrvall, R. (2018). A sticky trait: Social trust among Swedish expatriates in
countries with varying institutional quality. Journal of Comparative Economics,
<xocs:firstpage xmlns:xocs=""/>. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2018.06.002
Berghoff, H. (2018). “Organised irresponsibility”? The Siemens corruption scandal of the 1990s
and 2000s. Business History, 60(3), 423–445.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2017.1330332
Bergman, M. (2009). Tax Evasion and the Rule of Law in Latin America: The Political Culture
of Cheating and Compliance in Argentina and Chile (1 edition). Penn State University
79 

 
Press.
Berg-Schlosser, D. (2004). The quality of democracies in Europe as measured by current
indicators of democratization and good governance. Journal of Communist Studies and
Transition Politics, 20(1), 28–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523270410001687091
Berkel, M. van. (2018). Fighting Corruption between Theory and Practice: The Land of the
Euphrates and Tigris in Transition, Ninth to Eleventh Centuries. In Anti-corruption in
History: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford University Press.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.001.0001/oso-978
0198809975-chapter-5
Berkman, Ü. (1992). Bureaucracy and bribery a conceptual framework. International Journal of
Public Administration, 15(6), 1345–1368. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900699208524763
Berkovich, I. (2016). The Corrupted Industry and the “Wagon-Wheel Effect”: A Cross-Country
Exploration of the Effect of Government Corruption on Public Service Effectiveness.
Administration & Society, 48(5), 559–579. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399715607287
Berkowitz, D., & Li, W. (2000). Tax rights in transition economies: A tragedy of the commons?
Journal of Public Economics, 76(3), 369–397.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00091-2
Berkowitz, J. P., Depken II, C. A., & Gandar, J. M. (2018). Market evidence against widespread
point shaving in college basketball. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,
153, 283–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2018.06.018
Berliner, D., & Wehner, J. (2020). Audits for Accountability: Evidence from Municipal
By-Elections in South Africa. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/bm62w
Berman, E. M. (2015). HRM in Development: Lessons and Frontiers. Public Administration and
Development, 35(2), 113–127. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1706
Bermpei, T., Kalyvas, A. N., & Leonida, L. (2020). Local Public Corruption and Bank Lending
Activity in the United States. Journal of Business Ethics.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04410-6
Bernabel, R. (2018). Federal Democracy in the Laboratory: Power Decentralization and
Democratic Incentives Against Corruption. Political Science Research and Methods,
6(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2016.17
Bernard, G. W. (2018). “A Water-Spout Springing from the Rock of Freedom”?: Corruption in
Sixteenth- and Early-Seventeenth-Century England. In Anti-corruption in History: From
Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford University Press.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.001.0001/oso-978

80 

 
0198809975-chapter-9
Bernardi, R. A., Delorey, E. L., Lacross, C. C., & Waite, R. A. (2003). Evidence of social
desirability response bias in ethics research: An international study. The Journal of
Applied Business Research, 19(3), 41–51.
Bernardi, R., Witek, M., & Melton, M. (2009). A Four-Country Study of the Associations
Between Bribery and Unethical Actions. Journal of Business Ethics, 84(3), 389–403.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9715-2
Bernheim, B. D., & Kartik, N. (2014). Candidates, character, and corruption. American
Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 6(2), 205–246.
Berninghaus, S. K., Haller, S., Krüger, T., Neumann, T., Schosser, S., & Vogt, B. (2013). Risk
attitude, beliefs, and information in a Corruption Game – An experimental analysis.
Journal of Economic Psychology, 34, 46–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2012.11.004
Bernsee, R. (2018). Privatisation and corruption in historical perspective: The case of
secularisation in Bavaria and Prussia in the early nineteenth century. Business History,
60(3), 321–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2017.1361932
Berry, B. R. (2001). Donkeys, Elephants, and Barney Fife: Are Deputy Sheriffs Policymakers
Subject to Patronage Termination? Missouri Law Review, 66, 667–959.
Bersch, K. (2016). The merits of problem-solving over powering: Governance reform in Brazil
and Argentina. Comparative Politics, 48(2), 205–225.
Bersch, K., & Botero, S. (2014). Measuring Governance: Implications of Conceptual Choices.
The European Journal of Development Research, 26(1), 124–141.
https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2013.49
Bersch, K., Praca, S., & Taylor, M. M. (2017). State Capacity, Bureaucratic Politicization, and
Corruption in the Brazilian State. Governance, 30(1), 105–124.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12196
Berti, C. (2018). Rotten Apples or Rotten System? Media Framing of Political Corruption in
New Zealand and Italy. Journalism Studies, 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1530068
Bertot, J. C., Jaeger, P. T., & Grimes, J. M. (2010). Using ICTs to create a culture of
transparency: E-government and social media as openness and anti-corruption tools for
societies. Government Information Quarterly, 27(3), 264–271.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2010.03.001
Bertrand, M., Djankov, S., Hanna, R., & Mullainathan, S. (2007). Obtaining a driver’s license in
India an experimental approach to studying corruption. The Quarterly Journal of
81 

 
Economics, 122(4), 1639–1676.
Bertrand, M., & Mullainathan, S. (2001). Do People Mean What They Say? Implications for
Subjective Survey Data. American Economic Review, 91(2), 67–72.
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.2.67
Besciu, C. D. (2016). The Impact of Corruption on the Performance Management of European
Health Systems. Management Research & Practice, 8(2), 5–22.
Besley, T. (2002). The political economy of government responsiveness: Theory and evidence
from India. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(4), 1415–1451.
Besley, T., & Burgess, R. (2001). Political agency, government responsiveness and the role of
the media. European Economic Review, 629.
Besley, T. J. (1993). Taxes and bribery: The role of wage incentives. The Economic Journal :
The Journal of the Royal Economic Society, 103(416), 119–141.
Besley, T., Pande, R., & Rao, V. (2012). Just Rewards? Local Politics and Public Resource
Allocation in South India. World Bank Economic Review, 26(2), 191–216.
https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhr039
Besley, T., & Persson, T. (2014). Why Do Developing Countries Tax So Little? The Journal of
Economic Perspectives, 28(4), 99–120.
Besley, T., & Prat, A. (2006). Handcuffs for the Grabbing Hand? Media Capture and
Government Accountability. American Economic Review, 96(3), 720–736.
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.3.720
Best, R., & Zhang, Q. Y. (2020). What explains carbon-pricing variation between countries?
Energy Policy, 143, 111541-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111541
Betances, E. (2020). The Rise and Fall of Marcha Verde in the Dominican Republic. Latin
American Perspectives, 47(5), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X20939100
Bethencourt, C., & Perera‐Tallo, F. (2015). Declining Predation during Development: A
Feedback Process. Economica, 82(326), 253–294. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12105
Bevan, A. A., & Estrin, S. (2000). The determinants of foreign direct investment in transition
economies [Working Paper]. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=258070
Bevan, A. A., & Estrin, S. (2004). The determinants of foreign direct investment into European
transition economies. Journal of Comparative Economics, 32(4), 775–787.
Beyerle, S. M. (2014). Curtailing corruption: People power for accountability and justice.
Lynne Rienner.

82 

 
Beylis, G., Finan, F., & Mazzocco, M. (2016). Understanding Corruption: Theory and Evidence
from Audits of Local Governments [Working Paper].
Bhagwati, J. N. (1982). Directly Unproductive, Profit-Seeking (DUP) Activities. Journal of
Political Economy, 90(5), 988–1002. https://doi.org/10.1086/261104
Bharara, P. (2015). Symposium: Fighting Corruption in America and Abroad. Fordham Law
Review, 84(2), 601–610.
Bhargava, V. K., & Bolongaita, E. P. (2004). Challenging corruption in Asia: Case studies and a
framework for action. World Bank.
Bhasin, N., & Garg, S. (2018). Does Host Country Institutional Quality Act as a Differentiator in
Intra-regional FDI? Evidence from Selected Asian Economies. Foreign Trade Review,
53(2), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0015732517734726
Bhatnagar, S. (2013). E-Governance: Can It Be a Potent Tool to Fight Corruption? In S. Paul
(Ed.), Fighting Corruption: The Way Forward. Public Affairs Center.
Bhatnagar, S. C., & Singh, N. (2010). Assessing the Impact of E-government: A Study of
Projects in India. Information Technologies & International Development, 6(2), pp–109.
Bhattacharyya, S., & Hodler, R. (2010). Natural Resources, Democracy and Corruption.
European Economic Review, 54(4), 608–621.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2009.10.004
Bhattacharyya, S., & Hodler, R. (2015). Media freedom and democracy in the fight against
corruption. European Journal of Political Economy, 39, 13–24.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.03.004
Bhattarai, M., & Hammig, M. (2004). Governance, economic policy, and the environmental
kuznets curve for natural tropical forests. Environment and Development Economics, 9,
367–382.
Bhattarai, P. C. (2009). Countering corruption: Globally or locally. Nepalese Journal of Public
Policy and Governance, 24(1), 89–98.
Bhaumik, S. K., & Dimova, R. (2014). Good and bad institutions: Is the debate over?
Cross-country firm-level evidence from the textile industry. Cambridge Journal Of
Economics, 38(1), 109–126. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bes089
Bhavnani, R. R. (2012). Using Asset Disclosures to Study Politicians Rents: An Application to
India [Working Paper].
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTABCDE/Resources/7455676-1315933592317/81
43947-1335963402037/8622235-1336401580364/Session-4-Rikhil_Bhavnani.pdf

83 

 
Bhavnani, R. R., & Condra, L. N. (2012). Why People Vote for Corrupt Politicians [Working
Paper].
http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/pdf/outputs/IGC/Bhavnani-Condra-2012-Working-Paper.pdf
Bhojwani, R. (2012). Deterring global bribery: Where public and private enforcement collide.
Columbia Law Review, 112(1), 66–111.
Bhuiyan, S. (2010). E-Government in Kazakhstan: Challenges and Its Role to Development.
Public Organization Review, 10(1), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-009-0087-6
Biadgilign, S., Ayenew, H., Chitekwe, S., Tolla, A., Haile, D., & Deribew, A. (2019). Good
governance, public health expenditures, urbanization and child undernutrition Nexus in
Ethiopia: An ecological analysis. BMC Health Services Research, 19(1), 1–10.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3822-2
Bialos, J. P., & Husisian, G. (1997). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Coping with Corruption
in Transitional Economies. Oceana Publications.
Bicchieri, C., & Duffy, J. (1997). Corruption Cycles. Political Studies, 45(3), 477–495.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00092
Bicchieri, C., & Rovelli, C. (1995). Evolution and Revolution: The Dynamics of Corruption.
Rationality and Society, 7(2), 201–224.
Bicchieri, C., & Xiao, E. (2009). Do the right thing: But only if others do so. Journal of
Behavioral Decision Making, 22(2), 191–208. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.621
Biddulph, R. (2014). Can elite corruption be a legitimate Machiavellian tool in an unruly world?
The case of post-conflict Cambodia. Third World Quarterly, 35(5), 872–887.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2014.921435
Bierstaker, J. L. (2009). Differences in attitudes about fraud and corruption across cultures;
Theory, examples and recommendations. Cross Cultural Management, 16(3), 241–250.
https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600910977337
Bigge, D., & Gans, K. (2013). The Potential for Arbitrators to Refer Suspicions of Corruption to
Domestic Authorities. Transnational Dispute Management (TDM), 10(3).
http://www.transnational-dispute-management.com/article.asp?key=1955
Bikelis, S. (2017). Prosecution for illicit enrichment: The Lithuanian perspective. Journal of
Money Laundering Control, 20(2), 203–214.
Bilan, Y., Vasylieva, T., Lyeonov, S., & Tiutiunyk, I. (2019). Shadow Economy and its Impact
on Demand at the Investment Market of the Country. Entrepreneurial Business and
Economics Review, 7(2), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2019.070202

84 

 
Bildfell, C. (2018). P3 Infrastructure Projects: A Recipe for Corruption or an Antidote? Public
Works Management & Policy : A Journal for the American Public Works Association,
23(1), 34–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087724X17709791
Bilicka, K., & Seidel, A. (2020). Profit shifting and corruption. International Tax and Public
Finance, 27(5), 1051–1080. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-020-09596-4
Billger, S. M., & Goel, R. K. (2009). Do existing corruption levels matter in controlling
corruption?: Cross-country quantile regression estimates. Journal of Development
Economics, 90(2), 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.07.006
Billon, S., & Gillanders, R. (2016). State Ownership and Corruption. International Tax and
Public Finance, 23(6), 1074–1092. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-015-9390-z
Bilotkach, V. (2006). A tax evasion--bribery game: Experimental evidence from Ukraine. The
European Journal of Comparative Economics, 3(1), 31.
Bimonte, S., & Stabile, A. (2019). The Effect of Growth and Corruption on Soil Sealing in Italy:
A Regional Environmental Kuznets Curve Analysis. Environmental and Resource
Economics, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-019-00376-1
Bina, X., & Yinghong, H. (2016). The Political Impetus behind the Construction of
Anti-Corruption Institutions in Developing Countries: An Analysis of the Process
Leading up to India’s Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act (LALA). Social Sciences in China,
37(3), 75–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/02529203.2016.1194629
Birch, S, Allen, N., & Sarmiento-Mirwaldt, K. (2017). Anger, Anxiety and Corruption
Perceptions: Evidence from France. Political Studies, 65(4), 893–911.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321717691294
Birch, Sara. (2007). Electoral systems and the manipulation of elections. Comparative Political
Studies, 40(12), 1533–1556.
Birch, Sarah. (2009). Full Participation: A Comparative Study of Compulsory Voting.
Manchester University Press.
Birch, Sarah, & Allen, N. (2015). Judging politicians: The role of political attentiveness in
shaping how people evaluate the ethical behaviour of their leaders. European Journal of
Political Research, 54(1), 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12066
Bird, R. M. (2008). Tax Challenges Facing Developing Countries (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID
1114084). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1114084
Bird, R. M., Martinez-Vazquez, J., & Torgler, B. (2008). Tax Effort in Developing Countries and
High Income Countries: The Impact of Corruption, Voice and Accountability. Economic
Analysis and Policy, 38(1), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0313-5926(08)50006-3
85 

 
Birdsall, N., Kenny, C., & Diofasi, A. (2018). What Drives Citizen Perceptions of Government
Corruption? National Income, Petty Bribe Payments and the Unknown. In Institutions,
Governance and the Control of Corruption (pp. 285–334). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65684-7_10
Birhanu, A. G., Gambardella, A., & Valentini, G. (2016). Bribery and investment: Firm‐level
evidence from Africa and Latin America. Strategic Management Journal, 37(9),
1865–1877. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2431
Birney, M. (2014). Decentralization and Veiled Corruption under China’s “Rule of Mandates.”
World Development, 53, 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.006
Bishara, N. D. (2011). Governance and corruption constraints in the middle east: Overcoming
the business ethics glass ceiling. American Business Law Journal : The Official
Publication of the American Business Law Association, 48(2), 227–283.
Bishara, N. D., & Schipani, C. A. (2009). Strengthening the ties that bind: Preventing corruption
in the executive suite. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(4), 765–780.
Bishara, N., & Hess, D. (2013). Human Rights and a Corporation’s Duty to Combat Corruption.
In R. Bird, D. Cahoy, & J. Prenkert (Eds.), Law, Business and Human Rights: Bridging
the Gap. Edward Elgar. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2388395
Bishara, N., & Hess, D. (2014). Will an FCPA Compliance Defense Improve Compliance with
the FCPA?: An Exploration of the Issues. In P. Nichols (Ed.), Corruption, Business Law,
and Business Ethics. University of Chicago Press.
Bishop, D. (2010). Toward a More Flexible Approach to the International Legal Consequences
of Corruption. ICSID Review, 25(1), 63–66. https://doi.org/10.1093/icsidreview/25.1.63
Bissessar, N. (2009). Does Corruption Persist In Sub-Saharan Africa? International Advances in
Economic Research, 336–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294-009-9210-2
Biswas, A. K., Farzanegan, M. R., & Thum, M. (2012). Pollution, shadow economy and
corruption: Theory and evidence. Ecological Economics, 75, 114–125.
Biswas, M. (2017). Are They Efficient in the Middle? Using Propensity Score Estimation for
Modeling Middlemen in Indian Corporate Corruption. Journal of Business Ethics,
141(3), 563–586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2524-x
Bitzenis, A. (2006). Decisive FDI barriers that affect multinationals’ business in a transition
country. Global Business and Economics Review.
http://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/GBER.2006.008778
Bitzenis, A., Tsitouras, A., & Vlachos, V. (2009). Decisive FDI obstacles as an explanatory
reason for limited FDI inflows in an EMU member state: The case of Greece. Journal of
86 

 
Behavioral and Experimental Economics (Formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics),
38(4), 691–704.
Bitzenis, A., Vlachos, V., & Schneider, F. (2016). An Exploration of the Greek Shadow
Economy: Can Its Transfer into the Official Economy Provide Economic Relief Amid the
Crisis? Journal of Economic Issues, 50(1), 165–196.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2016.1147918
Bixby, M. B. (2010). The lion awakens: The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act - 1977 to 2010. San
Diego International Law Journal, 12(1), 89–145.
Bjarnegard, E. (2008). Gender and Corruption: Reversing the Causal Direction.’ [Working
Paper].
Bjarnegard, E. (2013). Gender, informal institutions and political recruitment: Explaining male
dominance in parliamentary representation. Springer.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=SU36FqyITNAC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq
=Bjarnegard,+Elin.+2012.+Gender,+Informal+Institutions+and+Political+Recruitment:+
Explaining+Male+Dominance+in+Parliamentary+Representation+&ots=bXiUoxuzpJ&si
g=w1qYrrLWhZbZV6gORg1WGgrtaAo
Bjørkelo, B. (2013). Workplace bullying after whistleblowing: Future research and implications.
Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28(3), 306–323.
https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941311321178
Björkman, M. (2007). Does Money Matter for Student Performance? Evidence from a Grant
Program in Uganda (IGIER Working Paper No. 326).
ftp://ftp.igier.unibocconi.it/wp/2007/326.pdf
Björkman, M. (2009). Power to the people: Evidence from a randomized field experiment on
community-based monitoring in Uganda. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(2),
735–769.
Björkman, M. (2010). When is community-based monitoring effective?: Evidence from a
randomized experiment in primary health in Uganda. Journal of the European Economic
Association, 8(2), 571–581.
Bjorkman Nyqvist, M., De Walque, D., & Svensson, J. (2014). Information is power:
Experimental evidence on the long-run impact of community based monitoring. World
Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 7015.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2487613
Bjørnskov, C. (2003a). Corruption and social capital (Working Paper 03-13). Citeseer.
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.468.9082&rep=rep1&type=pdf

87 

 
Bjørnskov, C. (2003b). The Happy Few: Cross–Country Evidence on Social Capital and Life
Satisfaction. Kyklos, 56(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6435.00207
Bjørnskov, C. (2011). Combating Corruption: On the Interplay between Institutional Quality and
Social Trust. The Journal of Law & Economics, 54(1), 135–159.
https://doi.org/10.1086/652421
Bjørnskov, C. (2012). Can bribes buy protection against international competition? Review of
World Economics, 148(4), 751–775. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-012-0128-z
Bjørnskov, C., Dreher, A., & Fischer, J. A. V. (2010). Formal institutions and subjective
well-being: Revisiting the cross-country evidence. European Journal of Political
Economy, 26(4), 419–430.
Bjørnskov, C., & Freytag, A. (2016). An offer you can’t refuse: Murdering journalists as an
enforcement mechanism of corrupt deals. Public Choice, 167(3–4), 221–243.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-016-0338-3
Bjorvatn, K., Farzanegan, M. R., & Schneider, F. (2012). Resource curse and power balance:
Evidence from oil-rich countries. World Development, 40(7), 1308–1316.
Bjorvatn, K., & Søreide, T. (2005). Corruption and Privatization. European Journal of Political
Economy, 21(4), 903–914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2005.02.001
Bjorvatn, K., & Søreide, T. (2014). Corruption and competition for resources. International Tax
and Public Finance, 21(6), 997–1011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-013-9292-x
Bjorvatn, K., Torsvik, G., & Tungodden, B. (2005). How middle-men can undermine
anti-corruption reforms (CMI Working Papers WP 2005). Chr. Michelsen Institute.
http://bora.cmi.no/dspace/handle/10202/93
Black, Barbara. (2012). The SEC and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Fighting Global
Corruption Is Not Part of the SEC’s Mission. Ohio State Law Journal, 73, 1093–1485.
Black, Bernard, Kraakman, R., & Tarassova, A. (2000). Russian Privatization and Corporate
Governance: What Went Wrong? Stanford Law Review, 52, 1731–1865.
Blackburn, K., Bose, N., & Emranul Haque, M. (2006). The incidence and persistence of
corruption in economic development. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,
30(12), 2447–2467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2005.07.007
Blackburn, K., Bose, N., & Haque, M. E. (2010). Endogenous corruption in economic
development. Journal of Economic Studies, 37(1), 4–25.
https://doi.org/10.1108/01443581011012234
Blackburn, K., Bose, N., & Haque, M. E. (2011). Public Expenditures, Bureaucratic Corruption

88 

 
and Economic Development. Manchester School, 79(3), 405–428.
Blackburn, K., & Forgues-Puccio, G. F. (2007). Distribution and development in a model of
misgovernance. European Economic Review, 51(6), 1534–1563.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2006.10.003
Blackburn, K., & Forgues-Puccio, G. F. (2009). Why is corruption less harmful in some
countries than in others? Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 72(3),
797–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2009.08.009
Blackburn, K., & Forgues-Puccio, G. F. (2010). Financial liberalization, bureaucratic corruption
and economic development. Journal of International Money and Finance, 29(7),
1321–1339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2010.05.002
Blackburn, K., Neanidis, K. C., & Haque, M. E. (2008). Corruption, seigniorage and growth:
Theory and evidence. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1173622
Blackburn, K., & Powell, J. (2011). Corruption, inflation and growth. Economics Letters, 113(3),
225–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.06.015
Blackburn, K., & Sarmah, R. (2008). Corruption, development and demography. Economics of
Governance, 9(4), 341–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-007-0045-0
Blagojević, S., & Damijan, Jožep. (2013). The impact of corruption and ownership on the
performance of firms in Central and Eastern Europe. Post-Communist Economies, 25(2),
133–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2013.787734
Blair, G., Littman, R., & Paluck, E. (2019). Motivating Community-Minded Behavior. Natural
History, 127(6), 12–15.
Blake, Charlesh., & Martin, Christopherg. (2006). The dynamics of political corruption:
Re-examining the influence of democracy. Democratization, 13(1), 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340500378191
Blanc, R., & Patten, D. (2019). Cultural Secrecy and Anti‐corruption Disclosure in Large
Multinational Companies. Australian Accounting Review, 29(2), 438–448.
https://doi.org/10.1111/auar.12231
Blanchard, O. (Olivier J. ), & Shleifer, A. (2000). Federalism with and without political
centralization: China versus Russia. IMF Staff Papers, 48(4), 171–179.
Blanco, L., PhD, MBA. (2016). The Impact of Judicial Reform on Crime Victimization and
Trust in Institutions in Mexico. Violence and Victims, 31(1), 27–50.
https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-14-00004
Blanco, L. R., Nugent, J. B., & O’Connor, K. J. (2015). Oil Curse and Institutional Changes:

89 

 
Which Institutions are most Vulnerable to the Curse and Under what Circumstances?
Contemporary Economic Policy, 33(2), 229–249. https://doi.org/10.1111/coep.12077
Bland, G. (2014). Measuring Subnational Government Corruption in the Developing World.
Public Integrity, 16(3), 265–284. https://doi.org/10.2753/PIN1099-9922160303
Blanes i Vidal, J., Draca, M., & Fons-Rosen, C. (2012). Revolving Door Lobbyists. American
Economic Review, 102(7), 3731–3748. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.7.3731
Blasius, J., & Graeff, P. (2009). Economic Freedom, Wealth and Corruption: Analyzing Their
Empirical Connection by Means of Correspondence Analysis. In P. Graeff & G. Mehlkop
(Eds.), Capitalism, Democracy, and the Prevention of War and Poverty (pp. 135–156).
Blavatskyy, P. (n.d.). Obesity of politicians and corruption in post-Soviet countries. Economics
of Transition and Institutional Change, n/a(n/a). https://doi.org/10.1111/ecot.12259
Blazejewski, K. S. (2008). The FATF and its Institutional Partners: Improving the Effectiveness
and Accountability of Transgovernmental Networks. Temple International &
Comparative Law Journal, 22, 1–523.
Blažys, E. (2020). Governance spending fixation as a tool for reform to improve institutions.
Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 33(1), 934–956.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1676282
Blechinger, V. (1999). Changes in the handling of corruption scandals in Japan since 1994.
Asia-Pacific Review, 6(2), 42–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/13439009908720016
Bleynat, I. (2018). The Business of Governing: Corruption and Informal Politics in Mexico
City’s Markets, 1946–1958. 50(2), 355–381.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X17000785
Bliss, C., & Tella, R. D. (1997). Does Competition Kill Corruption? Journal of Political
Economy, 105(5), 1001–1023. https://doi.org/10.1086/262102
Blockwood, J.-C. (2019). Addressing the “Cancer of Corruption” with Communication,
Collaboration and Capacity Development. International Journal of Government Auditing,
46(2), 4–6.
Blommaert, D. (2018). Fixing the Revolving Door: An International Perspective. Georgetown
Journal of Legal Ethics, 31(4), 515.
Blonigen, B. A. (2005). A Review of the Empirical Literature on FDI Determinants. Atlantic
Economic Journal, 33(4), 383–403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11293-005-2868-9
Bloom, B. (2014). Criminalizing Kleptocracy? The ICC as a Viable Tool in the Fight Against
Grand Corruption. American University International Law Review, 29(3), 627–671.

90 

 
Blount, J., & Markel, S. (2012). The end of the internal compliance world as we know it, or an
enhancement of the effectiveness of securities law enforcement? Bounty hunting under
the Dodd-Frank Act’s whistleblower provisions. Fordham Journal of Corporate &
Financial Law, 17(4), 1023–1062.
Blume, L., & Voigt, S. (2011). Does organizational design of supreme audit institutions matter?
A cross-country assessment. European Journal of Political Economy, 27(2), 215–229.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2010.07.001
Blumkin, T., & Gradstein, M. (2002). Transparency Gloves for Grabbing Hands? Politics and
(Mis)Governance. 3668.
Blundell-Wignall, A. (2016). The MNE Guidelines at 40: Implementation Still Matters.
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. The OECD Observer, 308,
1O,2O,3O,4O.
Blundo, G. (2007). Hidden Acts, Open Talks: How Anthropology Can ‘Observe’ and Describe
Corruption. In M. Nuijten & G. Anders (Eds.), Corruption and the secret of law: A legal
anthropological perspective. Ashgate.
Blundo, G., & Olivier de Sardan, J.-P. (Eds.). (2006a). Everyday corruption and the state:
Citizens and public officials in Africa. David Philip.
Blundo, G., & Olivier de Sardan, J.-P. (2006b). Why Should We Study Everyday Corruption and
How Should We Go About It? In J.-P. Olivier de Sardan & G. Blundo (Eds.), Everyday
corruption and the state: Citizens and public officials in Africa. David Philip.
Blyschak, P. (2014). Corporate liability for foreign corrupt practices under Canadian Law.
McGill Law Journal, 59(3), 655–679.
Boas, T. C., Hidalgo, F. D., & Melo, M. A. (2018). Norms versus Action: Why Voters Fail to
Sanction Malfeasance in Brazil. American Journal of Political Science.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12413
Bobkova, N., & Egbert, H. (2013). Corruption investigated in the lab: A survey of the
experimental literature. International Journal of Latest Trends in Finance and Economic
Sciences, 2(4), 337–349.
Bobonis, G. J., & Camara Fuertes, L. R. (2015). Challenging Corrupt Politicians? Audits,
Electoral Selection, and Accountability in Municipal Elections.
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=Challenging+Corrupt+Politicians%3F+Aud
its%2C+Electoral+Selection%2C+and+Accountability+in+Municipal+Elections&btnG=
&as_sdt=1%2C22&as_sdtp=#
Bobonis, G. J., Cámara Fuertes, L. R., & Schwabe, R. (2016). Monitoring Corruptible

91 

 
Politicians. American Economic Review, 106(8), 2371–2405.
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20130874
Bocarejo, D. (2018). Thinking with (Il)legality: The Ethics of Living with Bonanzas. Current
Anthropology, 59(S18), S48–S59. https://doi.org/10.1086/696160
Boda, Z., & Medve-Bálint, G. (2017). How perceptions and personal contact matter: The
individual-level determinants of trust in police in Hungary. Policing & Society, 27(7),
732–749. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2015.1053479
Bodenschatz, A., & Irlenbusch, B. (2018). Do two bribe less than one? – An experimental study
on the four-eyes-principle. Applied Economics Letters, 1–5.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2018.1456644
Bodislav, D.-A., Rotaru, C., & Georgescu, R. (2016). Globalization of the corruption
phenomenon – human capital gone wild. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 3,
163–176.
Bodruzic, D. (2016). Vice or coping mechanism? Bridging political science and anthropological
approaches to the study of corruption. Critique of Anthropology, 36(4), 363–379.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X16654552
Boehm, Frédéric. (2008). Risks and Challenges of Corruption in Developing Countries’
Infrastructures. Network Industries Quarterly, 10(2), 4–6.
Boehm, Frédéric. (2009). Anti-corruption in regulation-a safeguard for infrastructure reforms.
Competition & Reg. Network Indus., 10, 45.
Boehm, Frédéric. (2011). Is there an anti-corruption agenda in regulation? Insights from
Colombian and Zambian water regulation. In S. Rose-Ackerman (Ed.), International
handbook on the economics of corruption (p. 299).
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=QbZEbihNOfUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA299&
dq=Boehm,+Frederic.+2011.+%E2%80%9CIs+There+an+Anti-Corruption+Agenda+in+
Regulation%3F+Insights+from+Colombian+and+Zambian+Water+Regulation,%E2%80
%9D+in+Susan+Rose-Ackerman+%26+Tina+Soreide+eds.,+International+Handbook+o
n+the+Economics+of+Corruption+II+(Edward+Elgar+Publishi&ots=dGIjHReHVY&sig
=aQQthlgrOchZE6-6M5D5ir1WB7M
Boehm, Frédéric, & Olaya, J. (2006). Corruption in Public Contracting Auctions: The Role of
Transparency in Bidding Processes. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 77(4),
431–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8292.2006.00314.x
Boehm, Frederic, Olaya, J., & Polanco, J. (2005). Privatization and Corruption. In E. U. von
(Ernst U. Weizsäcker, O. R. Young, M. Finger, & Club of Rome (Eds.), Limits to
privatization: How to avoid too much of a good thing: A report to the Club of Rome.
92 

 
Earthscan.
Boerner, K., & Hainz, C. (2009). The political economy of corruption and the role of economic
opportunities 1. Economics of Transition, 17(2), 213–240.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.2009.00354.x
Boersma, M. (2012). Corruption: A violation of human rights and a crime under international
law? Intersentia.
Boersma, M., & Nelen, H. (Eds.). (2010). Corruption & Human Rights: Interdisciplinary
Perspectives. Intersentia.
Boettke, P., Chamlee-Wright, E., Gordon, P., Ikeda, S., Leeson, P. T., & Sobel, R. (2007). The
political, economic, and social aspects of Katrina.(Symposium)(Author abstract)(Report).
Southern Economic Journal, 74(2), 363.
Boffa, F., Piolatto, A., & Ponzetto, G. (2016). Political Centralization and Government
Accountability*. Quarterly Journal of Economics; Q.J.Econ., 131(1), 381–422.
https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv035
Bohara, A. K., Mitchell, N. J., & Mittendorff, C. F. (2004). Compound Democracy and the
Control of Corruption: A Cross‐Country Investigation. Policy Studies Journal, 32(4),
481–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2004.00077.x
Bohn, F. (2013). Grand corruption instead of commitment? Reconsidering time-inconsistency of
monetary policy. Journal of International Money and Finance, 32(C), 478–490.
Bohn, S. (2013). Justifying Corrupt Exchanges: Rational-Choice Corruptors. Zeitschrift Für
Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft, 7(1), 159–182.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-013-0166-5
Bojnec, S., & Ferto, I. (2017). Effects of Globalization and Corruption on the Outward FDI in
OECD Countries. Ekonomicky Casopis, 65(3), 201–219.
Bokor, T. (2018). Wood for the trees: Perception of corruption among Hungarian youth. Society
and Economy, 40(3), 377–387. https://doi.org/10.1556/204.2018.40.3.5
Bolcha, P., & Rovný, J. (2016). Luck or luxury? Possible corruption in the car registration
process in the Czech Republic. Journal of Public Policy, 36(4), 603–638.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X15000276
Boles, J. (2014). Examining the Lax Treatment of Commercial Bribery in the United States: A
Prescription for Reform. American Business Law Journal, 51(1), 119–174.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ablj.12020
Bolgorian, M. (2011). Corruption and stock market development: A quantitative approach.

93 

 
Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 390(23), 4514–4521.
Bologna, J. (2014). Is the Internet an effective mechanism for reducing corruption experience?
Evidence from a cross-section of countries. APPLIED ECONOMICS LETTERS, 21(10),
687–691. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2014.884692
Bologna, J. (2017). Corruption, Product Market Competition, And Institutional Quality:
Empirical Evidence From The Us States. Economic Inquiry, 55(1), 137–159.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12378
Bologna, Jamie. (2016). The Effect of Informal Employment and Corruption on Income Levels
in Brazil. Journal of Comparative Economics, 44(3), 657–695.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2015.12.001
Bologna, Jamie. (2017). Contagious corruption, informal employment, and income: Evidence
from Brazilian municipalities. The Annals of Regional Science, 58(1), 67–118.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-016-0786-1
Bologna, Jamie, & Ross, A. (2015). Corruption and entrepreneurship: Evidence from Brazilian
municipalities. Public Choice, 165(1), 59–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-015-0292-5
Bologna Pavlik, J. (2018). Corruption: The good, the bad, and the uncertain. Review of
Development Economics, 22(1), 311–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12343
Bologna Pavlik, J., & Ross, A. (2020). Resource Shocks, Corruption, and Local Business in
Africa. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3688541
Bolongaita, E. P. (2005). Controlling corruption in post-conflict countries (No. 26; Kroc
Institute Occasional Paper). Kroc Institute.
Bolongaita, E. P. (2010). An Exception to the Rule? Why Indonesia’s Anti-Corruption
Commission Succeeds Where Others Don’t – A Comparison with the Philippines
Ombudsman. Anti-Corruption Research Centre U4, Bergen (Norway).
Boly, A. (2011). On the incentive effects of monitoring: Evidence from the lab and the field.
Experimental Economics, 14(2), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-010-9265-1
Boly, A., & Gillanders, R. (2018). Anti-corruption policy making, discretionary power and
institutional quality: An experimental analysis. Journal of Economic Behavior and
Organization, 152, 314–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2018.05.007
Boly, A., Gillanders, R., & Miettinen, T. (2019). Deterrence, Contagion, and Legitimacy in
Anticorruption Policy Making: An Experimental Analysis. Journal of Legal Studies,
48(2), 275–305. https://doi.org/10.1086/703128
Bonaglia, F., Braga de Macedo, J., & Bussolo, M. (2001). How Globalisation Improves

94 

 
Governance. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc.
Bond, P. (2008). Persistent Court Corruption. Economic Journal, 118(531), 1333–1353.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02172.x
Bond, S. E. (2018). The Corrupting Sea: Law, Violence and Compulsory Professions in Late
Antiquity. In Anti-corruption in History: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford
University Press.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.001.0001/oso-978
0198809975-chapter-4
Bondarenko, O. S., Pakhomov, V. V., Saulyak, S. V., & Dumchikov, M. O. (2019). Relevant
issues of the criminal liability of the private doctors for corruption crimes. Wiadomosci
Lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960), 72(7), 1354–1358.
Bonell, M. J., & Meyer, O. (Eds.). (2015). The Impact of Corruption on International
Commercial Contracts (Vol. 11). Springer International Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19054-9
Bonga, W. G. (2014). An Empirical Investigation of the Nature of Corruption in Zimbabwe.
Bonilla-Chacin, M. E., Murrugarra, E., & Temourov, M. (2005). Health Care during Transition
and Health Systems Reform: Evidence from the Poorest CIS Countries. Social Policy &
Administration, 39(4), 381–408. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.2005.00446.x
Bonneau, J. (2011). Combating foreign bribery: Legislative reform in the United Kingdom and
prospects for increased global enforcement. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law,
49(2).
Bonnet, C., Dubois, P., Martimort, D., & Straub, S. (2012). Empirical Evidence on Satisfaction
with Privatization in Latin America. World Bank Economic Review, 26(1), 1–33.
https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhr037
Bonstead, C. (2014). Removing the Fcpa Facilitation Payments Exception: Enforcement Tools
for a Cleaner Business as Usual. Houston Journal of International Law, 36(2), 503–533.
Bonvin, B. (2008). Corruption: Between Perception and Victimization: Policy Implications for
National Authorities and the Development Community. In Challenging Common
Assumptions on Corruption and Democratisation: Key Recommendations and Guiding
Principles. Swiss Agency for International Development.
Booth, D., & Golooba-Mutebi, F. (2012). Developmental patrimonialism? The case of Rwanda.
African Affairs, 111(444), 379–403. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/ads026
Booth, J. A. (2009). The legitimacy puzzle in Latin America: Political support and democracy in
eight nations. Cambridge University Press.
95 

 
Boräng, F., Jagers, S., & Povitkina, M. (2016). Political determinants of electricity provision in
small island developing states. Energy Policy, 98, 725.
Borcan, O., Lindahl, M., & Mitrut, A. (2014). The Impact of an Unexpected Wage Cut on
Corruption: Evidence from a “Xeroxed” Exam. Journal of Public Economics,
120(Journal Article), 32–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.08.003
Borcan, O., Lindahl, M., Mitrut, A., Borcan, O., Lindahl, M., & Mitrut, A. (2017). Fighting
Corruption in Education: What Works and Who Benefits? American Economic Journal.
Economic Policy, 9(1), 180–209. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20150074
Border, K., & Sobel, J. (1987). Samurai accountant—A theory of auditing and plunder. Review
of Economic Studies, liv(180), 525–540.
Borges, M., Gans-Morse, J., Makarin, A., Nickow, A., Prasad, M., Watters, V.,
Mannah-Blankson, T., & Zhang, D. (2017). Combatting Corruption Among Civil
Servants.
https://www.iie.org:443/en/Research-and-Insights/Publications/DFG-NU-LitReviewPubli
cation
Borghesi, R. (2008). Widespread corruption in sports gambling: Fact or fiction? Southern
Economic Journal, 1063–1069.
Borisov, A., Goldman, E., & Gupta, N. (2016). The Corporate Value of (Corrupt) Lobbying. The
Review of Financial Studies, 29(4), 1039–1071. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhv048
Borisova, E. A. (2014). An Analysis of the Mechanisms of the Social Control of Corruption in
the Higher Education System. Russian Education & Society, 56(4), 27–39.
https://doi.org/10.2753/RES1060-9393560402
Borja, K. (2017). Corruption Indicators, Foreign Capital, And Economic Growth In Developing
Countries. The Journal of Developing Areas, 51(4), 95–107.
Borja, K. (2020). Remittances, Corruption, and Human Development in Latin America. Studies
in Comparative International Development, 55(3), 305–327.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-020-09299-1
Borlea, S. N., Achim, M. V., & Rus, I. D. (2019). Behavioural Determinants of Corruption. A
Cross-Country Survey. Studia Universitatis Vasile Goldiş, Arad - Seria Ştiinţe
Economice, 29(1), 21–39.
Borlini, L. S. (n.d.). Are Traditional Mechanisms of International Cooperation Effective in
Combating Corruption? Three Case Examples. Diritto Del Commercio Internazionale.
Retrieved September 8, 2020, from
https://www.academia.edu/22005267/Are_Traditional_Mechanisms_of_International_Co

96 

 
operation_Effective_in_Combating_Corruption_Three_Case_Examples
Borooah, V. K. (2016). Deconstructing Corruption: A Study of Cash for Favours in Rural India.
Journal of South Asian Development, 11(1), 1–37.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0973174115624773
Borošak, M., & Šumah, Š. (2019). The influence of demographic indicators on corruption
perception in Slovenia. Academicus : International Scientific Journal, MMXIX(20),
81–92. https://doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2019.20.06
Borsky, S., & Kalkschmied, K. (2019). Corruption in space: A closer look at the world’s
subnations. European Journal of Political Economy.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2019.05.004
Borz, G. (2019). Combating corruption in Europe: A stimulus–response approach. European
Political Science: EPS, 18(2), 217–233. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-018-0151-1
Borzel, T. A., & Hullen, V. (2014). State-Building and the European Union’s Fight against
Corruption in the Southern Caucasus: Why Legitimacy Matters. Governance, 27(4),
613–634. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12068
Börzel, T. A., & Hüllen, V. van. (2011). Good governance and bad neighbors? The limits of the
transformative power of Europe. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-371310
Börzel, T. A., & Langbein, J. (2019). Core–periphery disparities in Europe: Is there a link
between political and economic divergence? West European Politics, 1–24.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2018.1558534
Börzel, Tanjaa., & Pamuk, Y. (2012). Pathologies of Europeanisation: Fighting Corruption in the
Southern Caucasus. West European Politics, 35(1), 79–97.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2012.631315
Börzel, Tanjaa., Stahn, A., & Pamuk, Y. (2010). The European Union and the fight against
corruption in its near abroad: Can it make a difference? Global Crime, 11(2), 122–144.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17440571003669142
Boschini, A. D., Pettersson, J., & Roine, J. (2007). Resource Curse or Not: A Question of
Appropriability*. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 109(3), 593–617.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9442.2007.00509.x
Boschini, A., Pettersson, J., & Roine, J. (2013). The Resource Curse and its Potential Reversal.
World Development, 43, 19–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.007
Bosco, B. (2016). Old and new factors affecting corruption in Europe: Evidence from panel data.
Economic Analysis and Policy, 51(Journal Article), 66–85.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2016.06.002
97 

 
Bose, F. (2019). An Economic and Public Policy View of Demonetization in India. Society,
56(1), 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-018-00322-9
Bose, G. (2004). Bureaucratic delays and bribe-taking. Journal of Economic Behavior and
Organization, 54(3), 313–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2681(03)00088-X
Bose, G. (2010). Aspects of bureaucratic corruption (UNSW Australian School of Business
Research Paper).
Bose, G., & Gangopadhyay, S. (2009). Intermediation in corruption markets. Indian Growth and
Development Review, 2(1), 39–55. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538250910953453
Bose, N., Capasso, S., & Murshid, A. P. (2008). Threshold Effects of Corruption: Theory and
Evidence. World Development, 36(7), 1173–1191.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.06.022
Bose, P. (1995). Industrial Licensing, Bribery and Allocation Efficiency. Bulletin of Economic
Research, 47(1), 85–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1995.tb00603.x
Bose, P., & Echazu, L. (2007). Corruption with heterogeneous enforcement agents in the shadow
economy.(Author abstract). Journal of Institutional & Theoretical Economics, 163(2),
285.
Bostock, W. (2012). The Effects of Corruption on the Collective Mental State of Organisations.
GSTF Journal of Law and Social Sciences (JLSS), 1(2), 69–73.
Boswell, N. Z. (1996a). Combating Corruption: Are International Institutions Doing Their Job?
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), 90, 98–105.
Boswell, N. Z. (1996b). Combating Corruption: Focus on Latin America. 3, 179–487.
Boswell, N. Z. (1997). An emerging consensus on controlling corruption. Journal of
International Economic Law, 18(4), 1165–1176.
Boswell, N. Z. (1999). The law, expectation and reality in the marketplace: The problems of and
responses to corruption. Law and Policy in International Business, 30, 139–145.
Boța-Avram, C. (2013). Effects Of Governance On Corporate Ethics: A Cross-Country
Investigation. Romanian Economic Journal, 50, 3–26.
Boţa-Avram, C. (2013). Linking Governance to Efficacy of Corporate Boards: A Global
Perspective. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 99, 1073–1081.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.581
Bota-Avram, C. (2014). Good Governance and Doing Business: Evidence from a Cross-Country
Survey. Transylvanian Review Of Administrative Sciences, 41E, 27–45.

98 

 
Botello, N. A. (2000). “Everything in This Job Is Money”: Inside the Mexican police. World
Policy Journal, 17(3), 61–67.
Botero, J., Ponce, A., & Shleifer, A. (2013). Education, Complaints, and Accountability. Journal
of Law and Economics, 56(4), 959–996. https://doi.org/10.1086/674133
Botero, S., Cornejo, R. C., Gamboa, L., Pavao, N., & Nickerson, D. W. (2015). Says Who? An
Experiment on Allegations of Corruption and Credibility of Sources. 68(3), 493–504.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912915591607
Boubakri, N., Cosset, J.-C., & Saffar, W. (2012). The Impact of Political Connections on Firms’
Operating Performance and Financing Decisions. Journal of Financial Research, 35(3),
397–423. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6803.2012.01322.x
Boubakri, N., Cosset, J.-C., & Smaoui, H. (2009). Does Privatization Foster Changes in the
Quality of Legal Institutions? Journal of Financial Research, 32(2), 169–197.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6803.2009.01247.x
Boubakri, N., Guedhami, O., Mishra, D., & Saffar, W. (2012). Political connections and the cost
of equity capital. Journal of Corporate Finance, 18(3), 541–559.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2012.02.005
Bouchard, M., Kohler, J. C., Orbinski, J., & Howard, A. (2012). Corruption in the health care
sector: A barrier to access of orthopaedic care and medical devices in Uganda. BMC
International Health and Human Rights, 12, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-12-5
Boucher, A., Durch, W., Midyette, M., Rose, S., & Terry, J. (2007). Mapping and Fighting
Corruption in War-Torn States.
Boudreaux, C. J. (2014). Jumping off of the Great Gatsby curve: How institutions facilitate
entrepreneurship and intergenerational mobility. Journal of Institutional Economics,
10(02), 231–255. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137414000034
Boudreaux, C. J., Nikolaev, B. N., & Holcombe, R. G. (2017). Corruption and destructive
entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9927-x
Bouët, A., & Roy, D. (2012). Trade protection and tax evasion: Evidence from Kenya, Mauritius,
and Nigeria. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 21(2),
287–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2010.484503
Bougatef, K. (2015). The impact of corruption on the soundness of Islamic banks. Borsa Istanbul
Review, 15(4), 283–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2015.08.001
Bougatef, K. (2016). How corruption affects loan portfolio quality in emerging markets? Journal
of Financial Crime, 23(4), 769–785. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-04-2015-0021

99 

 
Boutros, A., & Funk, T. (2018). Re-Examining “Carbon Copy” Prosecutions: A Look Back and
Spring Forward. Defense Counsel Journal, 85(3), 1–10.
Boutros, A. S., & Funk, M. (2012). “Carbon copy” prosecutions: A growing anticorruption
phenomenon in a shrinking world. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 259–298.
Bovaird, T., & Loffler, E. (2003). Evaluating the Quality of Public Governance: Indicators,
Models and Methodologies. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 69(3),
313–328. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852303693002
Bovi, M., & Dell’Anno, R. (2010). The changing nature of the OECD shadow economy. Journal
of Evolutionary Economics, 20(1), 19–48.
Bowen, P. A., Edwards, P. J., & Cattell, K. (2012). Corruption in the South African construction
industry: A thematic analysis of verbatim comments from survey participants.
Construction Management and Economics, 30(10), 885–901.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2012.711909
Bowers, J. (Ed.). (2007). Whistleblowing: Law and practice. Oxford University Press.
Bowler, S., & Karp, J. (2004). Politicians, Scandals, and Trust in Government. Political
Behavior, 26(3), 271–287. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:POBE.0000043456.87303.3a
Bowles, R., & Garoupa, N. (1997). Casual police corruption and the economics of crime.
International Review of Law & Economics, 17(1), 75–87.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8188(96)00056-7
Bowling, C. (2019). Corruption and FTAs: Does an Implicit Cause of Action Exist for
Corruption Claims in ISDs? (foreign trade agreements, investor-state dispute settlement).
New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 51(3), 952.
Bowman, C. G. (1991). “We Don’t Want Anybody Anybody Sent”: The Death of Patronage
Hiring in Chicago. Northwestern University Law Review, 86(1), 12–47.
Bowornwathana, B. (2004). Thaksin’s model of government reform: Prime Ministerialisation
through “a country is my company” approach. Asian Journal of Political Science, 12(1),
135–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185370408434237
Bowser, D. (2001). Corruption, Trust, and the Danger to Democratisation in the Former Soviet
Union. In D. Lovell (Ed.), The Transition: Essays on Post-Communism. Ashgate.
Boyce, J. K., & Ndikumana, L. (2001). Is Africa a Net Creditor? New Estimates of Capital Flight
from Severely Indebted Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1970-96. Journal of
Development Studies, 38(2), 27–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380412331322261
Boyd, B. M. (2005). Governmental Corruption in China: Application of the Foreign Corrupt

100 

 
Practices Act. Santa Clara Journal of International Law, 3, 235-.
Boylan, R., & Long, C. (2003). Measuring public corruption in the American states: A survey of
State House reporters. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 3(4), 420–438.
Boylan, S. P. (1995). Organized Crime and Corruption in Russia: Implications for US and
International Law. Fordham Int’l LJ, 19, 1999.
Bracking, S. (2007). Political Development and Corruption: Why ‘Right Here, Right Now!’? In
S. Bracking (Ed.), Corruption and development: The anti-corruption campaigns (pp.
3–27). Palgrave Macmillan.
Bracking, S. (2015). Corruption and Development: The Mutable Edges of Morality in Modern
Markets. In Paul M Heywood (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Political Corruption.
Routledge.
Bracking, S. (2018). Corruption & State Capture: What Can Citizens Do? Daedalus, 147(3),
169–183. https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00509
Brada, J. C., Drabek, Z., & Perez, M. F. (2012). The Effect of Home-country and Host-country
Corruption on Foreign Direct Investment: Effect of Corruption on FDI. Review of
Development Economics, 16(4), 640–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12009
Brademas, J., & Heimann, F. (1998). Tackling international corruption: No longer taboo.
Foreign Affairs, 77(5), 17–22.
Bradley, C. (1988). Mail Fraud After McNally And Carpenter: The Essence Of Fraud. Journal of
Criminal Law & Criminology, 79(3), 573–622.
Braendle, U. C., Gasser, T., & Noll, J. (2005). Corporate Governance in China—Is Economic
Growth Potential Hindered by Guanxi? Business and Society Review, 110(4), 389–405.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0045-3609.2005.00022.x
Braguinsky, S., & Mityakov, S. (2015). Foreign corporations and the culture of transparency:
Evidence from Russian administrative data. Journal of Financial Economics;
J.Financ.Econ., 117(1), 139–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2013.02.016
Braguinsky, Serguey. (1996). Corruption and Schumpeterian Growth in Different Economic
Environments. Contemporary Economic Policy, 14(3), 14–25.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1996.tb00620.x
Braguinsky, Serguey, Mityakov, S., & Liscovich, A. (2014). Direct Estimation of Hidden
Earnings: Evidence from Russian Administrative Data. Journal of Law and Economics,
57(2), 281–319. https://doi.org/10.1086/675943
Braithwaite, J. (1982). Enforced Self-Regulation: A New Strategy for Corporate Crime Control.

101 

 
Michigan Law Review, 80(7), 1466–1507. https://doi.org/10.2307/1288556
Braithwaite, J. (2000). Global business regulation. Cambridge University Press.
Branco, M. C., & Delgado, C. (2012). Business, social responsibility, and corruption. Journal of
Public Affairs, 12(4), 357–365. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.1426
Branco, M. C., Delgado, C., & Turker, D. (2019). Liability of foreignness and anti-corruption
reporting in an emerging market: The case of Turkish listed companies. Journal of
Cleaner Production, 232, 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.367
Branco, M. C., & Matos, D. (2016). The fight against corruption in Portugal: Evidence from
sustainability reports. Journal of Financial Crime, 23(1), 132–142.
Branisa, B., & Ziegler, M. (2010). Reexamining the link between gender and corruption: The
role of social institutions. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc.
Branstetter, J. (2005). Darleen Druyun: An Evolving Case Study of Corruption, Power, and
Procurement. Public Contract Law Journal, 34(3), 443–468.
Braşoveanu, I. V. (2010). Underground Economy and Corruption: The Major Problems of the
Romanian Economy. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 11(11), 91–102.
Brass, D. J., Butterfield, K. D., & Skaggs, B. C. (1998). Relationships and Unethical Behavior: A
Social Network Perspective. The Academy of Management Review, 23(1), 14–31.
Bratsis, P. (2003). The Construction of Corruption, or Rules of Separation and Illusions of Purity
in Bourgeois Societies. Social Text, 21(4 77), 9–33.
https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-21-4_77-9
Bratsis, Peter. (2014). Political Corruption in the Age of Transnational Capitalism. Historical
Materialism, 22(1), 105–128. https://doi.org/10.1163/1569206X-12341334
Bratton, M. (2007a). Are you being served?: Popular satisfaction with health and education
services in africa (Afrobarometer).
Bratton, M. (2007b). The Democracy Barometers: Formal versus Informal Institutions in Africa.
Journal of Democracy, 18(3), 96–110.
Bratton, M. (2008). Vote buying and violence in Nigerian election campaigns. Electoral Studies,
27(4), 621–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2008.04.013
Bratu, R., & Kažoka, I. (2018). Metaphors of corruption in the news media coverage of seven
European countries. European Journal of Communication, 33(1), 57–72.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323117750695
Bratu, R., Sotiropoulos, D. A., & Stoyanova, M. (2017). Through the Lens of Social

102 

 
Constructionism: The Development of Innovative Anti-Corruption Policies and Practices
in Bulgaria, Greece and Romania, 2000–2015. The Slavonic and East European Review,
95(1), 117–150. https://doi.org/10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.95.1.0117
Braun, M., & Di Tella, R. (2004). Inflation, Inflation Variability, and Corruption. Economics &
Politics, 16(1), 77–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2004.00132.x
Brautigam, D. A., & Knack, S. (2004). Foreign Aid, Institutions, and Governance in
Sub-Saharan Africa. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 52(2), 255–285.
https://doi.org/10.1086/380592
Bray, J. (2005). The Use of Intermediaries and Other Alternatives to Bribery. In J. Lambsdorff,
M. Taube, & M. Schramm (Eds.), The new institutional economics of corruption.
Routledge.
Bray, J. (2006). Agents, Consultants and Joint-Venture Partners in International Business
Transactions. In B. Errath (Ed.), Business Against Corruption—Case Stories and
Examples (Vol. 1, pp. 108–118). United Nations Global Compact OFfice.
Bray-Watkins, S. (2019). Breaking the silence: Sexual coercion and abuse in post-conflict
education. Forced Migration Review, 60, 13–15.
Brazys, S. (2016). Aid and Governance: Negative Returns? European Journal Of Development
Research, 28(2), 294–313. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2014.77
Breedon, K., & Bryant, C. (2019). Counting the Votes: Electronic Voting Irregularities, Election
Integrity, and Public Corruption.(Barriers at the Ballot Box Symposium Issue). The
University of Memphis Law Review, 49(4), 1017.
Breen, M., & Gillanders, R. (2012). Corruption, Institutions and Regulation. Economics of
Governance, 13(3), 263–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-012-0111-0
Breen, M., & Gillanders, R. (2015). Political Trust, Corruption, and Ratings of the IMF and the
World Bank. International Interactions, 41(2), 337–364.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2014.948154
Breit, E., Lennerfors, T. T., & Olaison, L. (2016). Critiquing corruption: A turn to theory
(special issue editorial). Journal Article.
Breslin, T. P., & Samanta, S. K. (2008). Investment Flows, Economic Growth, and Corruption in
African Countries: An Analysis. Journal of African Business, 9(2), 287–307.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15228910802480032
Breusch, T. (2005). Estimating the Underground Economy, Using MIMIC Models. Working
Paper, National University of Australia, Canberra, Australia.
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/9310351.pdf
103 

 
Breusch, T. (2006). The Canadian Underground Economy: An Examination of Giles and Tedds
(SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 876661). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=876661
Brew, P., & Moberg, J. (2006). The Power of Joining Forces – the Case for Collective Action in
Fighting CorruptionAgents, Consultants and Joint-Venture Partners in International
Business Transactions. In B. Errath (Ed.), Business Against Corruption—Case Stories
and Examples (Vol. 1, pp. 128–133). United Nations Global Compact OFfice.
Brewer, G., Choi, Y., & Walker, R. (2007). Accountability, Corruption and Government
Effectiveness in Asia: An Exploration of World Bank Governance Indicators. 8(2),
200–225.
Brewster, R. (2014). The domestic and international enforcement of the OECD Anti-Bribery
Convention. (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (Symposium:
’The Economic Foundations of International Law’). Chicago Journal of International
Law, 15(1), 84–109.
Brewster, R., & Buell, S. (2017a). The Market For Global Anticorruption Enforcement. Law and
Contemporary Problems, 80(1), 193.
Brewster, R., & Buell, S. W. (2017b). The Market for Global Anticorruption Enforcement
(SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2947664). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2947664
Brianzoni, S., Coppier, R., & Michetti, E. (2015). Multiple equilibria in a discrete time growth
model with corruption in public procurement. Quality & Quantity; Qual.Quant., 49(6),
2387–2410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0119-3
Brianzoni, Serena, Campisi, G., & Russo, A. (2018). Corruption and economic growth with non
constant labor force growth. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical
Simulation, 58, 202–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2017.07.007
Brianzoni, Serena, Coppier, R., & Michetti, E. (2011). Complex Dynamics in a Growth Model
with Corruption in Public Procurement. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2011,
1–27. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/862396
Bridges, M. (1993). Release the gags: The Hatch Act and current legislative reform—Another
voice for reform. Capital University Law Review, 22(1), 237–278.
Brief, A. P., Buttram, R. T., & Dukerich, J. M. (2001). Collective Corruption in the Corporate
World: Toward a Process Model. In M. E. Turner (Ed.), Groups at work: Theory and
research (pp. 471–499). L. Erlbaum.
Brierley, S. (2013). Buying Votes or Buying Time? Gift Giving as an Extension of the Political

104 

 
Party Network in Ghana (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2253550). Social Science Research
Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2253550
Brierley, S. (2018). Combining Patronage and Merit in Public Sector Recruitment (SSRN
Scholarly Paper ID 3326874). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3326874
Brierley, S. (2020). Unprincipled Principals: Co‐opted Bureaucrats and Corruption in Ghana.
American Journal of Political Science, 64(2), 209–222.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12495
Briffault, R. M. (2001). Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC: the beginning of the end of
the Buckley era?(Freedom of Expressive Association). Minnesota Law Review, 85(6),
1729–1771.
Brinegar, A. (2003). Political reformers and anti-corruption preferences in Latin America
[Working Paper].
Brinegar, A. (2009a). Evaluating Citizen Attitudes about Corruption in Chile. In C. H. Blake &
S. D. Morris (Eds.), Corruption and democracy in Latin America (pp. 131–149).
University of Pittsburgh Press.
Brinegar, A. (2009b). Public Attitudes Toward Corruption. In C. H. Blake & S. D. Morris (Eds.),
Corruption and democracy in Latin America (pp. 94–110). University of Pittsburgh
Press.
Brinkerhoff, D. W. (2000). Assessing political will for anti‐corruption efforts: An analytic
framework. Public Administration and Development, 20(3), 239–252.
https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-162X(200008)20:3<239::AID-PAD138>3.0.CO
Brinkerhoff, D. W. (2010). Unpacking the concept of political will to confront corruption. U4
Brief, 1.
Brinkerhoff, D. W., & Goldsmith, A. A. (2005). Institutional dualism and international
development.(foreign assistance, type of governance, corruption and responsibility).
Administration & Society, 37(2), 199.
Brioschi, C. A. (2017). Corruption: A short history. Brookings Institution Press.
Brito-Bigott, O., Faría, H. J., Rodríguez, J. M., & Sánchez, A. (2008). Corruption and Complex
Business Rules. Journal of Private Enterprise, 24(1), 1–21.
Broadhurst, R., & Wang, P. (2014). After the Bo Xilai Trial: Does corruption threaten China’s
future? Survival, 56(3), 157–178.
Broadman, Harry, & Recanatini, F. (2001). Seeds of Corruption – Do Market Institutions

105 

 
Matter? MOST: Economic Policy in Transitional Economies, 11(4), 359–392.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015264312632
Broadman, Harryg., & Recanatini, F. (2002). Corruption and Policy: Back to the Roots. The
Journal of Policy Reform, 5(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/13841280212381
Brock, Gillian. (2018). How Should We Combat Corruption? Lessons from Theory and Practice.
Ethics & International Affairs, 32(1), 103–117.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679417000508
Brock, Gregory, & German-Soto, V. (2017). Regional industrial informality and efficiency in
Mexico, 1990–2013. Journal of Policy Modeling.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2017.07.002
Brockington, D. (2008). Corruption, Taxation and Natural Resource Management in Tanzania.
The Journal of Development Studies, 44(1), 103–126.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380701722332
Brody, R., Coulter, J., & Lin, S. (1999). The Effect of National Culture on Whistle-Blowing
Perceptions. Teaching Business Ethics, 3(4), 383–398.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009895700644
Brol, M. (2016). Institutional Determinants of Corruption. Ekonomia i Prawo, 15(1), 21.
https://doi.org/10.12775/EiP.2016.002
Brollo, F. (2012). Why Do Voters Punish Corrupt Politicians? Evidence from the Brazilian
Anti-corruption Program (Evidence from the Brazilian Anti-Corruption Program (May
30, 2012)).
Brollo, F., Nannicini, T., Perotti, R., & Tabellini, G. (2013). The Political Resource Curse.
American Economic Review, 103(5), 1759–1796. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.5.1759
Brollo, F., & Troiano, U. (2016). What happens when a woman wins an election? Evidence from
close races in Brazil. Journal of Development Economics, 122, 28–45.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.04.003
Broms, R., Dahlström, C., & Fazekas, M. (2019). Political Competition and Public Procurement
Outcomes. Comparative Political Studies, 0010414019830723.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414019830723
Broms, R., & Rothstein, B. (2019). Religion and Institutional Quality: Long-Term Effects of the
Financial Systems in Protestantism and Islam. Comparative Politics.
https://doi.org/10.5129/001041520X15714522654104
Bronitt, S., & D’Amico, A. (2018). Fighting Cartels and Corporate Corruption - Public Versus
Private Enforcement Models: A False Dichotomy? (Special Issue on Laura Guttuso’s
106 

 
Public-Private Competition Law Enforcement Model). University of Queensland Law
Journal, 37(1), 69.
Brooks, A. (2002). Does civil society stop the downward spiral of bad government or speed it
up? Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 31(1), 140–144.
Brooks, A. R. (2010). A Corporate Catch-22: How Deferred and Non-Prosecution Agreements
Impede the Full Development of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Journal of Law,
Economics & Policy, 7, 137–162.
Brophy, S. (2008). Mexico: Cartels, corruption and cocaine: A profile of the Gulf cartel. Global
Crime, 9(3), 248–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440570802254353
Brouthers, L. E., Gao, Y., & Mcnicol, J. P. (2008). Corruption and market attractiveness
influences on different types of FDI. Strategic Management Journal, 29(6), 673–680.
https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.669
Brown, A., & Bruerton, M. (2017). Sufficient, stable and secure? An exploratory comparative
analysis of integrity agency financial resourcing. Crime, Law and Social Change, 68(3),
341–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9711-5
Brown, A., & Heinrich, F. (2017). National Integrity Systems – An evolving approach to
anti-corruption policy evaluation. Crime, Law and Social Change, 68(3), 283–292.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9707-1
Brown, A. J. (2006). What are we Trying to Measure? Reviewing the Basics of Corruption
Definition. In C. J. G. (Charles J. G. ) Sampford (Ed.), Measuring corruption (pp.
57–79). Ashgate.
Brown, D. S., Touchton, M., & Whitford, A. (2011). Political Polarization as a Constraint on
Corruption: A Cross-national Comparison. World Development, 39(9), 1516–1529.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.02.006
Brown, E., & Cloke, J. (2004). Neoliberal Reform, Governance and Corruption in the South:
Assessing the International Anti‐Corruption Crusade. Antipode, 36(2), 272–294.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2004.00406.x
Brown, E., & Cloke, J. (2006). The critical business of corruption. Critical Perspectives on
International Business, 2(4), 275–298. https://doi.org/10.1108/17422040610706622
Brown, E., & Cloke, J. (2011). Critical perspectives on corruption: An overview. Critical
Perspectives on International Business, 7(2), 116–124.
http://dx.doi.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1108/17422041111128203
Brown, E., Cloke, J., & Rocha, J. L. (2007). Governance, Neoliberalism and Corruption in
Nicaragua. In S. Bracking (Ed.), Corruption and development: The anti-corruption
107 

 
campaigns (pp. 182–202). Palgrave Macmillan.
Brown, G. D. (1997). Should Federalism Shield Corruption? Mail Fraud, State Law and
Post-Lopez Analysis. Cornell Law Review, 82, 225–1532.
Brown, G. D. (1998a). Stealth statute—Corruption, the spending power, and the rise of 18
U.S.C. 666. Notre Dame Law Review, 73(2), 247–313.
Brown, G. D. (1998b). The gratuities offense and the RICO approach to independent counsel
jurisdiction. Georgetown Law Journal, 86(6), 2045–2075.
Brown, G. D. (1999). The ethics backlash and the Independent Counsel statute. Rutgers Law
Review, 51(2), 433–491.
Brown, G. D. (2000). Putting Watergate behind us: Salinas, Sun-Diamond, and two views of the
anticorruption model. Tulane Law Review, 74(3), 747–813.
Brown, G. D. (2003). New federalism’s unanswered question: Who should prosecute state and
local officials for political corruption? Washington and Lee Law Review, 60(2), 417–511.
Brown, G. D. (2005). Carte Blanche: Federal prosecution of state and local officials after Sabri.
Catholic University Law Review, 54(2), 403–443.
Brown, G. D. (2006). The gratuities debate and campaign reform: How strong is the link?(Public
Corruption Symposium). Wayne Law Review, 52(4), 1371–1413.
Brown, G. D. (2015). Applying Citizens United to ordinary corruption: With a note on
Blagojevich, McDonnell, and the criminalization of politics.(Abstract through II. The
Court’s Jurisprudence in the Two Contexts and the Thesis That They Rest on Similar
Premises B. The Supreme Court and Ordinary Corruption—Four Key Cases 3. The
Hobbs Act Extortion Decisions and the Crucial Distinction Between the Electoral and
Ordinary Corruption Contexts a. McCormick, p. 177-207). Notre Dame Law Review,
91(1), 177.
Brown, H. L. (n.d.). The Extraterritorial Reach of the US Government’s Campaign Against
International Bribery’(1999). Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, 407.
Brown, H. L. (1998). Parent-subsidiary liability under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Baylor
Law Review, 50(1), 1–63.
Brown, H. L. (2001). Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Under the 1998 Amendments to the Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act: Does the Government’s Reach Now Exceed Its Grasp? North
Carolina Journal of International Law & Commercial Regulation, 26, 239–360.
Brown, J. D., Earle, J. S., & Gehlbach, S. (2009). Helping Hand or Grabbing Hand? State
Bureaucracy and Privatization Effectiveness. American Political Science Review, 103(2),

108 

 
264–283. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055409090182
Brown, J., & Loosemore, M. (2015). Behavioural factors influencing corrupt action in the
Australian construction industry. Engineering, Construction and Architectural
Management, 22(4), 372–389.
Brown, K. (2018). The Anti-Corruption Struggle in Xi Jinping’s China: An Alternative Political
Narrative. Asian Affairs, 49(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2018.1416008
Brown, M. (2010). Limiting Corrupt Incentives in a Global REDD Regime. Ecology Law
Quarterly, 37(1), 237. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38HC41
Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The
Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 595–616.
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning
perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human
Decision Processes, 97(2), 117–134.
Brown, N., Smith, J., White, R., & Zutter, C. (2019). Political Corruption and Firm Value in the
U.S.: Do Rents and Monitoring Matter? Journal of Business Ethics, 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04181-0
Brown, R. A. (2006). Indonesian corporations, cronyism, and corruption. Modern Asian Studies,
40(04), 953–992.
Brown, S. F., & Shackman, J. (2007). Corruption and Related Socioeconomic Factors: A Time
Series Study. Kyklos, 60(3), 319–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2007.00374.x
Bruckner, T. (2011). Accountability in international aid: The case of Georgia.
Brueckner, J. K. (2000). Fiscal decentralization in developing countries: The effects of local
corruption and tax evasion. Annals of Economics and Finance, 1(1), 1–18.
Bruner, F.-H. (2006). European Union Initiatives in the Fight Against Corruption. In M.
Kreutner (Ed.), The corruption monster: Ethik, Politik und Korruption (pp. 31–44).
Czernin.
Brunetti, A. A. O., Kisunko, G., & Weder, B. S. (1997). Institutional obstacles to doing
business: Region-by-region results from a worldwide survey of the private sector (World
Bank Policy Research Working Paper) [1759].
Brunetti, A., Kisunko, G., & Weder, B. (1998). Credibility of rules and economic growth:
Evidence from a worldwide survey of the private sector. The World Bank Economic
Review, 12(3), 353–384.
Brunetti, A., & Weder, B. (2003). A free press is bad news for corruption. Journal of Public
109 

 
Economics, 87(7), 1801–1824. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00186-4
Brunk, K. H. (2010). Exploring origins of ethical company/brand perceptions—A consumer
perspective of corporate ethics. Journal of Business Research, 63(3), 255–262.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.03.011
Brunnschweiler, C. N. (2008). Cursing the Blessings? Natural Resource Abundance, Institutions,
and Economic Growth. World Development, 36(3), 399–419.
Brunnschweiler, C. N., & Bulte, E. H. (2008). The resource curse revisited and revised: A tale of
paradoxes and red herrings. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,
55(3), 248–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2007.08.004
Brusca, I., Manes Rossi, F., & Aversano, N. (2017). Accountability and Transparency to Fight
against Corruption: An International Comparative Analysis. Journal of Comparative
Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2017.1393951
Brusco, V., Nazareno, M., & Stokes, S. C. (2004). Vote buying in Argentina. Latin American
Research Review, 39(2), 66–88.
Bryant, C. E., & Javalgi, R. G. (2016). Global Economic Integration in Developing Countries:
The Role of Corruption and Human Capital Investment. Journal Of Business Ethics,
136(3), 437–450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2490-3
Bubandt, N. (2006). Sorcery, corruption, and the dangers of democracy in Indonesia. Journal of
the Royal Anthropological Institute, 12(2), 413–431.
Bubbico, A., Elkink, J., & Okolikj, M. (2017). Quality of government and regional competition:
A spatial analysis of subnational regions in the European Union. European Journal Of
Political Research, 56(4), 887–911. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12211
Buccirossi, P., & Spagnolo, G. (2006). Leniency policies and illegal transactions. Journal of
Public Economics, 90(6), 1281–1297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.09.008
Buchanan, B. (2005). Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility: Combating Money
Laundering in the Asia Pacific Region. In T. A. Fetherston & J. A. Batten (Eds.), Asia
Pacific Financial Markets in Comparative Perspective: Issues and Implications for the
21st Century (pp. 435–452).
Buchanan, B. G., Le, Q. V., & Rishi, M. (2012). Foreign direct investment and institutional
quality: Some empirical evidence. International Review of Financial Analysis, 21, 81–89.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2011.10.001
Büchner, S., Freytag, A., González, L., & Güth, W. (2008). Bribery and public procurement: An
experimental study. Public Choice, 137(1), 103–117.
110 

 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-008-9315-9
Bucholz, R. O. (2018). Venality at court: Some preliminary thoughts on the sale of household
office, 1660-1800. Historical Research, 91(251), 61–97.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.12213
Buckenmaier, J., Dimant, E., & Mittone, L. (2018). Effects of institutional history and leniency
on collusive corruption and tax evasion. Journal of Economic Behavior and
Organization. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2018.04.004
Buckenmaier, J., Dimant, E., Mittone, L., & others. (2016). Tax Evasion and Institutions. An
Experiment on The Role of Principal Witness Regulations [Working Paper]. Philosophy,
Politics and Economics, University of Pennsylvania.
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/ppe-repec/ppc/wpaper/0007.pdf
Budak, J. (2007). Corruption in Croatia: Perceptions rise, problems remain. Croatian Economic
Survey, 9, 35–68.
Budak, J., & Goel, R. K. (2004). Transition, governance and corruption. Economia
Internazionale/International Economics, 57(4), 395–406.
Budak, J., & Rajh, E. (2014). Corruption as an obstacle for doing business in the Western
Balkans: A business sector perspective. International Small Business Journal, 32(2),
140–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242613498882
Budak, J., & Vizek, M. (2015). The corruption mark-up: Is corruption cost incorporated in the
prices of goods and services in emerging and developed countries? Post - Communist
Economies, 27(2), 247.
Budhram, T. (2015). Intelligence-led policing: A proactive approach to combating corruption. SA
Crime Quarterly, 52, 49–55. https://doi.org/10.4314/sacq.v52i1.5
Budsaratragoon, P., & Jitmaneeroj, B. (2020). A critique on the Corruption Perceptions Index:
An interdisciplinary approach. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 70, 100768-.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2019.100768
Buehler, M. (2016). Do You Have “Connections” at the Courthouse? An Original Survey on
Informal Influence and Judicial Rulings in Morocco. Political Research Quarterly, 69(4),
760–772. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912916662358
Buehler, Michael. (2008). The rise of shari’a by-laws in Indonesian districts An indication for
changing patterns of power accumulation and political corruption. South East Asia
Research, 16(2), 255–285.
Buehler, Michael. (2011). Indonesia’s Law on Public Services: Changing state–society relations
or continuing politics as usual? Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 47(1), 65–86.
111 

 
Buehn, A., & Schneider, F. (2007). Shadow Economies and Corruption All Over the World:
Revised Estimates for 120 Countries. Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment
E-Journal, 1(2007–9), 1. https://doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2007-9
Buehn, A., & Schneider, F. (2012a). Corruption and the shadow economy: Like oil and vinegar,
like water and fire? International Tax and Public Finance, 19(1), 172–194.
Buehn, A., & Schneider, F. (2012b). Shadow economies around the world: Novel insights,
accepted knowledge, and new estimates. International Tax and Public Finance, 19(1),
139–171.
Bueno De Mesquita, B., & Smith, A. (2011). The dictator’s handbook: Why bad behavior is
almost always good politics. PublicAffairs.
Bujko, M., Fischer, C., Krieger, T., & Meierrieks, D. (2016). How Institutions Shape Land
Deals: The Role of Corruption. Homo Oeconomicus, 33(3), 205–217.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41412-016-0021-4
Bukh, A. (2016). Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Criminalizing the Second Oldest Profession.
Corporate Taxation, 43(3), 12–16.
Bukovansky, M. (2002). Corruption is bad: Normative dimensions of the anti-corruption
movement.
Bukovansky, M. (2006). The hollowness of anti-corruption discourse. Review of International
Political Economy, 13(2), 181–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290600625413
Bulanova, N. V., & Abramenko, A. A. (2019). Features of the Prosecutor’s Participation in
Countering Corruption and the Problem of Optimizing its Criminal Procedure: The
Experience of the Post-Soviet States. Astra Salvensis, V(12), 129–140.
Buligescu, B., & Peňa, H. E. (2020). Informal payments in Romanian health care system. A
sample selection correction. Sociologie Românească, 18(2).
https://doi.org/10.33788/sr.18.2.2
Bulkan, J. (2014). Forest Grabbing Through Forest Concession Practices: The Case of Guyana.
Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 33(4), 407–434.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2014.899502
Bull, M., & Heywood, P. (2019). Introduction: Towards a better understanding of corruption and
anti-corruption. European Political Science: EPS, 18(2), 185–188.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-018-0152-0
Bull, M. J., & Newell, J. L. (1997). New avenues in the study of political corruption. Crime, Law
and Social Change, 27(3–4), 169–183.

112 

 
Bulloch, H. C. M. (2017). Ambivalent moralities of cooperation and corruption: Local
explanations for (under)development on a Philippine island. The Australian Journal of
Anthropology, 28(1), 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/taja.12173
Bullough, O. (2018). The Dark Side Of Globalization. Journal of Democracy, 29(1), 25–38.
https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2018.0002
Bulovsky, A. (2019). Promoting Predictability in Business: Solutions for Overlapping Liability
in International Anti-Corruption Enforcement. Michigan Journal of International Law,
40(3), 549–578.
Bulte, E., Damania, R., & Lopez, R. (2007). On the gains of committing to inefficiency:
Corruption, deforestation and low land productivity in Latin America. Journal of
Environmental Economics and Management, 54(3), 277–295.
Bulte, E. H., Damania, R., & Deacon, R. T. (2005). Resource Intensity, Institutions, and
Development. World Development, 33(7), 1029–1044.
Bunn, M. (2009). Corruption and nuclear proliferation. In Corruption, Global Security, and
World Order (pp. 124–166). Brookings Institution Press.
Buntaine, M. T., & Daniels, B. (2020). Combining bottom-up monitoring and top-down
accountability: A field experiment on managing corruption in Uganda. Research &
Politics, 7(3), 205316802093435-. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168020934350
Buquet, D., & Piñeiro, R. (2014). Corruption and Governance Improvement in Uruguay.
Buquet, D., & Piñeiro, R. (2016a). The Quest for Good Governance: Uruguay’s Shift from
Clientelism. Journal of Democracy, 27(1), 139–151.
Buquet, D., & Piñeiro, R. (2016b). Uruguay’s Shift from Clientelism. Journal of Democracy,
27(1), 139–151.
Buraimo, B., Migali, G., & Simmons, R. (2016). An Analysis of Consumer Response to
Corruption: Italy’s Calciopoli Scandal. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics,
78(1), 22.
Burak, L. J., & Vian, T. (2007). Examining and Predicting Under-the-Table Payments for Health
Care in Albania: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior1. Journal of Applied
Social Psychology, 37(5), 1060–1076. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00199.x
Burduja, S. I., & Zaharia, R. M. (2019). Romanian Business Leaders’ Perceptions of
Business-to-Business Corruption: Leading More Responsible Businesses? Sustainability,
11(20), 5548. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205548
Burganov, R., Dolonina, E., & Burganova, Z. (2020). Problems of Modeling the Relationship of

113 

 
Family Related Groups and the State in Political Rent-Seeking Society. SHS Web of
Conferences, 76, 01039. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207601039
Burger, E. S., & Holland, M. (2008). Law as politics: The Russian procuracy and its
Investigative Committee. Colum. JE Eur. L., 2, 143.
Burger, E. S., & Holland, M. (2016). Private-Sector Incentives for Fighting International
Corruption. In S. Eicher (Ed.), Corruption in international business: The challenge of
cultural and legal diversity (pp. 163–174). CRC Press.
Burger, E. S., & Holland, M. S. (2006). Why the private sector is likely to lead the next stage in
the global fight against corruption. Fordham Int’l LJ, 30, 45.
Burgess, R., Hansen, M., Olken, B. A., Potapov, P., & Sieber, S. (2012). The Political Economy
of Deforestation in the Tropics. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 127(4), 1707–1754.
https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjs034
Burgeut, R., & Che, Y.-K. (2004). Competitive procurement with corruption.(microeconomic
analysis). RAND Journal of Economics, 35(1), 50.
Burguet, R. (2017). Procurement Design with Corruption. American Economic Journal.
Microeconomics, 9(2), 315–341. https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.20150105
Burke, T. F. (1997). The Concept of Corruption in Campaign Finance Law. Constitutional
Commentary, 14, 127.
Burkhalter, H. (2012). Sex Trafficking, Law Enforcement and Perpetrator Accountability.
Anti-Trafficking Review, 1. https://doi.org/10.14197/atr.201217
Burlando, A., & Motta, A. (2016). Legalize, tax, and deter: Optimal enforcement policies for
corruptible officials. Journal of Development Economics; J.Dev.Econ., 118(Journal
Article), 207–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.08.007
Burnham, T. A., Jeon, H. J., & Zeng, H. (2018). Illegal Corporate Bribery: The Pressure to
“Make Do” And Achieve Goals. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 26(3),
246–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/10696679.2018.1452616
Burton, R. A. (2005). Improving integrity in public procurement: The role of transparency and
accountability. In Fighting Corruption and Promoting Integrity in Public Procurement
(pp. 23–28).
Buscaglia, E. (1996). Corruption and judicial reform in Latin America. Policy Studies, 17(4),
273–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442879608423713
Buscaglia, E. (2001). An analysis of judicial corruption and its causes: An objective
governing-based approach. International Review of Law & Economics, 21(2), 233–249.

114 

 
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8188(01)00058-8
Buscaglia, E. (2011). On best and not so good practices for addressing high-level corruption
worldwide: An empirical assessment. In International handbook on the economics of
corruption (p. 453).
Buscaglia, E., Gonzalez Ruiz, S., & Ratliff, W. (2005). Undermining the Foundations of
Organized Crime and Public Sector Corruption. Essays in Public Policy, 114.
Buscema, M., Sacco, P., & Ferilli, G. (2016). Multidimensional Similarities at a Global Scale:
An Approach to Mapping Open Society Orientations. Social Indicators Research, 128(3),
1239–1258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1077-4
Buscema, P., Gitto, L., Russo, S., Marcellusi, A., Fiori, F., Maurelli, G., Massini, G., & Mennini,
F. (2017). The perception of corruption in health: AutoCM methods for an international
comparison. Quality & Quantity, 51(1), 459–477.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-016-0315-4
Busenitz, L. W., Gomez, C., & Spencer, J. W. (2000). Country Institutional Profiles: Unlocking
Entrepreneurial Phenomena. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 994–1003.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1556423
Bushey, A. J. (2015). Second Generation Rule of Law and Anti-Corruption Programming
Abroad: Comparing Existing U.S. Government and International Best Practices to Rachel
Kleinfeld’s Advancing the Rule of Law Abroad: Next Generation Reform. Houston
Journal of International Law, 37(1), 139–156.
Busse, L., Ishikawa, N., Mitra, M., Primmer, D., Surjadinata, K., & Yaveroglu, T. (1996). The
perception of corruption: A market discipline approach.
Busse, M., & Gröning, S. (2013). The Resource Curse Revisited: Governance and Natural
Resources. Public Choice, 154(1–2), 1–20.
Busse, M., & Hefeker, C. (2007). Political risk, institutions and foreign direct investment.
European Journal of Political Economy, 23(2), 397–415.
Busse, R., & Doganer, U. (2018). The role of compliance for organisational change. Journal of
Organizational Change Management, 31(2), 334–351.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-05-2017-0163
Bussell, J. (2010). Why get technical? Corruption and the politics of public service reform in the
Indian states. Comparative Political Studies, 43(10), 1230–1257.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414010369073
Bussell, J. (2011). Explaining Cross‐National Variation in Government Adoption of New
Technologies1. International Studies Quarterly, 55(1), 267–280.
115 

 
Bussell, J. (2012a). Corruption and reform in India: Public services in the digital age.
Cambridge University Press.
Bussell, J. (2012b). E-Governance and Corruption in the States: Can Technology Serve the Aam
Aadmi? Economic & Political Weekly, 47(25), 77–85.
Bussell, J. (2013). Explaining Corruption: Electoral Competition and Varieties of Rent-Seeking
in India. Working Paper.
Bussell, J. (2014). Varieties of Corruption: The Organization of Rent-Sharing in India.
Bussell, J. (2015). Typologies of Corruption: A Pragmatic Approach. In S. Rose-Ackerman & P.
Lagunes (Eds.), Greed, Corruption, and the Modern State (pp. 21–45). Edward Elgar
Publishing.
Bussen, T. J. (2015). Midnight in the garden of ne bis in idem: The new urgency for an
international enforcement mechanism. Cardozo Journal of International & Comparative
Law, 23(3), 485–517.
Bussmann, K., & Niemeczek, A. (2019). Compliance Through Company Culture and Values: An
International Study Based on the Example of Corruption Prevention. Journal of Business
Ethics, 157(3), 797–811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3681-5
Butkiewicz, J. L., & Yanikkaya, H. (2006). Institutional quality and economic growth:
Maintenance of the rule of law or democratic institutions, or both? Economic Modelling,
23(4), 648–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2006.03.004
Butkov, Aleksandr Vladimirovich. (2015). Foreign experience of increasing the level of
anti-corruptive legal conscience in citizens. Aktualʹnye Problemy Èkonomiki i Prava,
9(1), 225–232. https://doi.org/10.21202/1993-047X.09.2015.1.225-232
Butkov, Alexander V., & Ilyin, I. V. (2014). Problems of administrative legal provision of
observing the anti-corruption legislation by the state and municipal workers and other
persons defined by law. Aktualʹnye Problemy Èkonomiki i Prava, 8(2), 129–134.
https://doi.org/10.21202/1993-047X.08.2014.2.129-134
Butler, A. W., & Fauver, L. (2006). Institutional Environment and Sovereign Credit Ratings.
Financial Management, 35(3), 53–79.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-053X.2006.tb00147.x
Butler, A. W., Fauver, L., & Mortal, S. (2009). Corruption, Political Connections, and Municipal
Finance. The Review of Financial Studies, 22(7), 2873–2905.
Butt, S. (2009a). Indonesia’s Anti-Corruption Drive and the Constitutional Court. Comparative
Law Journal, 4(2), 186–204.

116 

 
Butt, S. (2009b). ‘Unlawfulness’ and corruption under Indonesian law. Bulletin of Indonesian
Economic Studies, 45(2), 179–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074910903040328
Butt, S. (2011). Anti-corruption reform in indonesia: An obituary? Bulletin of Indonesian
Economic Studies, 47(3), 381–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2011.619051
Butt, S., & Schütte, S. A. (2014). Assessing judicial performance in Indonesia: The court for
corruption crimes. Crime, Law and Social Change, 62(5), 603–619.
Buttle, J. W., Graham Davies, S., & Meliala, A. E. (2016). A cultural constraints theory of police
corruption: Understanding the persistence of police corruption in contemporary
Indonesia. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 49(3), 437–454.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865815573875
Button, M., Lewis, C., Shepherd, D., & Brooks, G. (2015). Fraud in overseas aid and the
challenge of measurement. Journal of Financial Crime, 22(2), 184.
Buzurukov, B., & Lee, B. W. (2015). Determinants of Immigrant Apprehensions: The Case of
U.S. Immigration. Economics, 9(39), 1–26.
Byington, J., & Mcgee, J. (2015). M&A Due Diligence: How to Uncover Corruption. The
Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance, 26(4), 51–56.
Byrne, E., Arnold, A.-K., & Nagano, F. (2010). Building public support for anti-corruption
efforts: Why anti-corruption agencies need to communicate and how (No. 54363; pp.
1–74). The World Bank.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/832251468332984868/Building-public-suppo
rt-for-anti-corruption-efforts-why-anti-corruption-agencies-need-to-communicate-and-ho
w
Byrne, E. F. (2014). Towards Enforceable Bans on Illicit Businesses: From Moral Relativism to
Human Rights. Journal of Business Ethics, 119(1), 119–130.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1619-0
Byun, C. C., & Hollander, E. J. (2015). Explaining the Intensity of the Arab Spring. Digest of
Middle East Studies, 24(1), 26–46.
Cabaravdic, A., Nilsson, M., Månsson, K., Bagley, M., & Klaesson, J. (2017). The Effect of
Corruption on Economic Growth.
http://hj.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1107921/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Cabelkova, I. (2001a). Entry Restrictions, Corruption and Extortion in the Context of Transition
(CERGE-EI Working Paper Series).
Cabelkova, I. (2001b). Perceptions of Corruption in Ukraine: Are They Correct? IDEAS Working
Paper Series from RePEc.
117 

 
Čábelková, I., & Hanousek, J. (2004). The power of negative thinking: Corruption, perception
and willingness to bribe in Ukraine. Applied Economics, 36(4), 383–397.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840410001674303
Caciagli, M. (2006). The long life of Clientelism in southern Italy. In Juichi Kawata (Ed.),
Comparing political corruption and clientelism (pp. 157–170). Ashgate.
Cadot, O. (1987). Corruption as a gamble. Journal of Public Economics, 33(2), 223–244.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(87)90075-2
Caeyers, B., & Dercon, S. (2012). Political connections and social networks in targeted transfer
programs: Evidence from rural Ethiopia. Economic Development and Cultural Change,
60(4), 639–675.
Cagé, J. (2009). Asymmetric Information, Rent Extraction and Aid Efficiency [PSE Working
Paper n2009-45].
Cai, H., Fang, H., & Xu, L. C. (2011). “Eat, Drink, Firms, Government: An Investigation of
Corruption from Entertainment and Travel Costs of Chinese Firms.” Journal of Law and
Economics, 54, 55–78.
Cai, H., & Treisman, D. (2004). State corroding federalism. Journal of Public Economics, 88(3),
819–843. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00220-7
Cai, H., & Treisman, D. (2005). Does Competition for Capital Discipline Governments?
Decentralization, Globalization, and Public Policy. American Economic Review, 95(3),
817–830. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828054201314
Caiden, G. (1988). Toward a general theory of official corruption. Asian Journal of Public
Administration, 10(1), 3–26.
Caiden, G., & Caiden, N. (1977). Administrative Corruption. Public Administration Review,
37(3), 301.
Caiden, G. E. (2004). A cautionary tale: Ten major flaws in combating corruption.(Transparency
and Developing Legal Frameworks to Combat Corruption in Latin America).
Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas, 10(2), 269–293.
Caillier, J. (2010). Citizen Trust, Political Corruption, and Voting Behavior: Connecting the
Dots. Politics & Policy, 38(5), 1015–1035.
Caillier, J. (2018). The Priming Effect of Corruption and Bureaucracy Bashing on Citizens’
Perceptions of an Agency’s Performance. Public Performance & Management Review,
41(2), 201–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2018.1431138
Cain, B. E. (2014). Is “dependence corruption” the solution to America’s campaign finance

118 

 
problems?(response to article by Lawrence Lessig in this issue, p. 1)(Brennan Center
Jorde Symposium on Constitutional Law). California Law Review, 102(1), 37–47.
Cain, D. M., Loewenstein, G., & Moore, D. A. (2005). The dirt on coming clean: Perverse
effects of disclosing conflicts of interest. The Journal of Legal Studies, 34(1), 1–25.
Çakır-Demirhan, D., & Demirhan, K. (2017). Political scandal, corruption, and legitimacy in the
age of social media. IGI Global.
Calderón, C., & Chong, A. (2006). Do Democracies Breed Rent‐seeking Behavior? The Journal
of Policy Reform, 9(4), 247–260.
Calderón, R., Álvarez-Arce, J. L., & Mayoral, S. (2009). Corporation as a Crucial Ally Against
Corruption. Journal of Business Ethics, 87(1), 319–332.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9796-y
Call, C., & Hallock, J. (2020). Too Much Success? The Legacy and Lessons of the International
Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3526865). Social
Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3526865
Callahan, W. A. (2005a). Social capital and corruption: Vote buying and the politics of reform in
Thailand. Perspectives on Politics, 3(03), 495–508.
Callahan, W. A. (2005b). The discourse of vote buying and political reform in Thailand. Pacific
Affairs, 78(1), 95–113.
Callen, M., Gulzar, S., Hasanain, A., Khan, Y., & Rezaee, A. (2015). Personalities and Public
Sector Performance: Evidence from a Health Experiment in Pakistan (Working Paper
No. 21180). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w21180
Callen, M. J., Gulzar, S., Hasanain, S. A., & Khan, M. Y. (2013). The political economy of
public employee absence: Experimental evidence from Pakistan.
Callen, M., & Long, J. D. (2015). Institutional Corruption and Election Fraud: Evidence from a
Field Experiment in Afghanistan. The American Economic Review, 105(1), 354–381.
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20120427
Calli, P. A., & Short, C. P. (2014). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act in a New Era. Florida Bar
Journal, 88(8), 51.
Callister, D. J. (1999). Corrupt and Illegal Activities in the Forest Sector. World Bank.
Calomiris, C. W., Fisman, R., & Wang, Y. (2010). Profiting from government stakes in a
command economy: Evidence from Chinese asset sales. Journal of Financial Economics,
96(3), 399–412.
Camacho, A., & Conover, E. (2011). Manipulation of Social Program Eligibility. American
119 

 
Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 3(2), 41–65. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.3.2.41
Camacho, L. (2006). Teaching ethics to employees of a state public utilities company in a
developing country: A case study. Ethics & Economics, 4(2).
Camaj, L. (2013). The Media’s Role in Fighting Corruption. The International Journal of
Press/Politics, 18(1), 21–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161212462741
Câmara, S., & Brasil, A. (2018). Influence of corruption on state-owned enterprise expenditures.
Revista de Administração Pública, 52(4), 695–711.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7612173631
Camerer, M. I. (2006). Measuring Public Integrity. Journal of Democracy, 17(1), 152–165.
Cameron, L., Chaudhuri, A., Erkal, N., & Gangadharan, L. (2009). Propensities to engage in and
punish corrupt behavior: Experimental evidence from Australia, India, Indonesia and
Singapore. Journal of Public Economics, 93(7), 843–851.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.03.004
Cammarosano, L. (1989). Application of the First Amendment to Political Patronage
Employment Decisions. Fordham L. Rev., 58, 101.
Camp, E., Dixit, A., & Stokes, S. (2014). Catalyst or Cause? Legislation and the Demise of
Machine Politics in Britain and the United States. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 39(4),
559–592. https://doi.org/10.1111/lsq.12058
Campante, F. R., Chor, D., & Do, Q. (2009). Instability and the Incentives for Corruption.
Economics & Politics, 21(1), 42–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2008.00335.x
Campante, F. R., & Do, Q.-A. (2014). Isolated capital cities, accountability, and corruption:
Evidence from US states.(Author abstract). American Economic Review, 104(8),
2456–2481.
Campante, F. R., & Ferreira, F. H. G. (2007). Inefficient lobbying, populism and oligarchy.
Journal of Public Economics, 91(5–6), 993–1021.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2006.12.006
Campbell, J. W. (2020). Buying the honor of thieves? Performance pay, political patronage, and
corruption. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 63.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2020.100439
Campbell, J.-L., & Göritz, A. (2014). Culture Corrupts! A Qualitative Study of Organizational
Culture in Corrupt Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 120(3), 291–311.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1665-7
Campbell, L. (2018). Corporate Liability and the Criminalisation of Failure. Law and Financial

120 

 
Markets Review, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/17521440.2018.1446694
Campbell, L. (2019). Trying corporations: Why not prosecute? Current Issues in Criminal
Justice, 31(2), 269–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2019.1613950
Campbell, N., & Saha, S. (2013). Corruption, democracy and Asia-Pacific countries. Journal of
the Asia Pacific Economy, 18(2), 290–303.
Campbell, S., Li, Y., Yu, J., & Zhang, Z. (2016). The Impact of Occupational Community on the
Quality of Internal Control. Journal of Business Ethics, 139(2), 271–285.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2624-2
Campbell, S. V. (2013). Perception is not reality: The FCPA, Brazil, and the mismeasurement of
corruption.(Foreign Corruption Practices Act). Minnesota Journal of International Law,
22(1), 247–281.
Campman, T. (2019). Addressing Match Fixing and Corruption in Collegiate Athletics in Light
of Ncaa V. Murphy. Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law, 36(3), 499.
Campos, J Edgardo, & Bhargava, V. (2007). Introduction: Tackling a social pandemic. In
J.Edgardo Campos & S. Pradhan (Eds.), The Many Faces of Corruption. Tracking
Vulnerabilities at the Sector Level. World Bank.
Campos, J Edgardo, & Recanatini, F. (2007). Conclusion: Where to Next. In J.Edgardo Campos
& S. Pradhan (Eds.), The Many Faces of Corruption. Tracking Vulnerabilities at the
Sector Level. World Bank.
Campos, J.Edgardo, Lien, D., & Pradhan, S. (1999). The Impact of Corruption on Investment:
Predictability Matters. World Development, 27(6), 1059–1067.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00040-6
Campos, Jose Edgardo, & Hellman, J. S. (2005). Governance gone local: Does decentralization
improve accountability? In R. White & P. Smoke (Eds.), East Asia decentralizes: Making
local government work (pp. 237–252). World Bank.
Campos, N. F., Estrin, S., & Proto, E. (2010). Corruption as a barrier to entry: Theory and
evidence.
Campos, Nauro, Dimova, R., & Saleh, A. (2016). Corruption and Economic Growth: An
Econometric Survey of the Evidence. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics,
172(3), 521–543. https://doi.org/10.1628/093245616X14616712130543
Campos, Nauro, & Giovannoni, F. (2007). Lobbying, corruption and political influence. Public
Choice, 131(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-006-9102-4
Campos, Nauro, & Giovannoni, F. (2017). Political institutions, lobbying and corruption.

121 

 
Journal of Institutional Economics, 13(4), 917–939.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137417000108
Campos, Nicolas, Engel, E., Fischer, R. D., & Galetovic, A. (2019). Renegotiations and
corruption in infrastructure: The Odebrecht case (No. 0230; “Marco Fanno” Working
Papers). Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche “Marco Fanno.”
https://ideas.repec.org/p/pad/wpaper/0230.html
Campos-Vazquez, R., & Mejia, L. (2016). Does Corruption Affect Cooperation? A Laboratory
Experiment. Latin American Economic Review, 25(1), 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40503-016-0035-0
Canache, D., & Allison, M. E. (2005). Perceptions of Political Corruption in Latin American
Democracies. Latin American Politics & Society, 47(3), 91–111.
Candau, F., & Dienesch, E. (2017). Pollution Haven and Corruption Paradise. Journal of
Environmental Economics and Management, 85, 171–192.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.05.005
Cañete-Straub, R., Miquel-Florensa, J., Straub, S., & Van der Straeten, K. (2020). Voting corrupt
politicians out of office? Evidence from a survey experiment in Paraguay. Journal of
Economic Behavior & Organization, 179, 223–239.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.08.046
Cantú, F. (2014). Identifying Irregularities in Mexican Local Elections. American Journal of
Political Science, 58(4), 936–951. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12097
Cantu, F., & Garcia-Ponce, O. (2015). Partisan losers’ effects: Perceptions of electoral integrity
in Mexico. Electoral Studies; Elect.Stud., 39(Journal Article), 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2015.03.004
Cantú, F., & Saiegh, S. M. (2011). Fraudulent Democracy? An Analysis of Argentinaʼs Using
Supervised Machine Learning. Political Analysis, 19(4), 409–433.
https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpr033
Cao, P., Qin, L., & Zhu, H. (2018). Local corruption and stock price crash risk: Evidence from
China. International Review of Economics and Finance.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2018.11.006
Cao, X., Wang, Y., & Zhou, S. (2018). Anti-corruption campaigns and corporate information
release in China. Journal Of Corporate Finance, 49, 186–203.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2018.01.008
Capasso, S., Goel, R., & Saunoris, J. (2019). Is it the gums, teeth or the bite? Effectiveness of
dimensions of enforcement in curbing corruption. Economics of Governance, 20(4),

122 

 
329–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-019-00228-0
Capelle-Blancard, G., Crifo, P., Diaye, M.-A., Scholtens, B., & Oueghlissi, R. (2019). Sovereign
bond yield spreads and sustainability: An empirical analysis of OECD countries. Journal
of Banking and Finance, 98, 156–169.
Capito, K., & Crites, M. (2018). “Tawdry Tales Of Ferraris, Rolexes, And Ball Gowns”: How
Mcdonnel v. U.S. Redefined “Official Acts” In Public Corruption Prosecution. Widener
Law Journal, 27(1), 153.
Caprio, G., Laeven, L., & Levine, R. (2007). Governance and bank valuation. Journal of
Financial Intermediation, 16(4), 584–617.
Caprio, L., Faccio, M., & McConnell, J. J. (2013). Sheltering Corporate Assets from Political
Extraction. The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 29(2), 332–354.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewr018
Carbonara, E. (2000). Corruption and Decentralisation (No. 342/83; Dipartimento Di Scienze
Economiche, Working Paper).
Carden, A., & Verdon, L. (2010). When is corruption a substitute for economic freedom? The
Law and Development Review, 3(1), 40–63.
Cardona, L. A., Ortiz, H., & Vazquez, D. (2018). Corruption and Human Rights: Possible
Relations. Human Rights Quarterly, 40(2), 317–341.
Cardona, L., Ortiz, H., & Vazquez, L. (2018). Violation of Human Rights in Mexico: An
Ill-considered Cost of Corruption. Politica Y Gobierno, 25(1), 153–184.
Cardoni, A., Kiseleva, E., & Lombardi, R. (2020). A sustainable governance model to prevent
corporate corruption: Integrating anticorruption practices, corporate strategy and business
processes. Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(3), 1173–1185.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2424
Carey, J. M., & Shugart, M. S. (1995). Incentives to cultivate a personal vote: A rank ordering of
electoral formulas. Electoral Studies, 14(4), 417–439.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-3794(94)00035-2
Carey, M. T. (2015). Regulating corporate bribery in international business: Anti-corruption in
the UK and Germany. International Criminal Justice Review (Sage Publications), 25(4),
405–406. https://doi.org/10.1177/1057567715585566
Cariolle, Joel. (2018). Corruption determinants in developing and transition economies: Insights
from a multi-level analysis. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc.
http://search.proquest.com/docview/2069698068/?pq-origsite=primo

123 

 
Cariolle, Joël, Chalendard, C., Geourjon, A.-M., & Laporte, B. (2019). Measuring and improving
the performance of customs valuation controls: An illustration with Gabon. World
Economy, 42(6), 1850–1872. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12759
Carl, N. (2017). Ethnicity and electoral fraud in Britain. Electoral Studies, 50, 128.
Carlberg, C. K. (2003). A Truly Level Playing Field for International Business: Improving the
OECD Convention on Combating Bribery Using Clear Standards. Boston College
International & Comparative Law Review, 26, 95–111.
Carlin, A., & Lokanan, M. E. (2018). Ritualisation and money laundering in the Swiss banking
sector. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 21(1), 89–103.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-04-2017-0013
Carlin, R. E., Love, G. J., & Martinez-Gallardo, C. (2015). Cushioning the Fall: Scandals,
Economic Conditions, and Executive Approval. Political Behavior, 37(1), 109–130.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-014-9267-3
Carlisle, J. (2014). “We Woke Up and Everything Had Gone to Qadhafi”: Corruption,
Rent-Seeking, and Struggle for Elite Status During Libyan Property Disputes (Article).
Middle East Law and Governance.
Carlson, E., & Seim, B. (2020). Honor among Chiefs: An Experiment on Monitoring and
Diversion Among Traditional Leaders in Malawi. The Journal of Development Studies,
56(8), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2019.1703955
Carlucci, F., Cirà, A., Immordino, G., Ioppolo, G., & Yigitcanlar, T. (2017). Regional
heterogeneity in Italy: Transport, devolution and corruption. Land Use Policy, 66, 28–33.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.04.020
Carmichael, F., Rossi, G., & Thomas, D. (2017). Production, Efficiency, and Corruption in
Italian Serie A Football. Journal of Sports Economics, 18(1), 34–57.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002514551802
Carnes, N., & Lupu, N. (2016). What Good Is a College Degree? Education and Leader Quality
Reconsidered. Journal Of Politics; J.Polit., 78(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1086/683027
Carothers, C. (undefined/ed). Taking Authoritarian Anti-Corruption Reform Seriously.
Perspectives on Politics, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592720001371
Carothers, T., Elshtain, J. B., Diamond, L. J., Ibrahim, A., & Bangura, Z. H. (2007). A
quarter-century of promoting democracy. Journal of Democracy, 18(4), 112–126.
Carpenter, S. (2015). Avoid an Investigation: Automate FCPA Compliance. Criminal Justice,
29(4), 37–38.

124 

 
Carr, I. (2006). The United Nations Convention on Corruption: Improving the Quality of Life of
Millions in the World? Manchester Journal of International Economic Law, 3(3), 3–44.
Carr, I. (2007). Corruption in Africa: Is the African Union Convention on combating corruption
the answer? Journal of Business Law, 111–136.
Carr, I. (2009). Corruption, the Southern African Development Community Anti-corruption
Protocol and the principal–agent–client model. International Journal of Law in Context,
5(2), 147–177. https://doi.org/10.1017/S174455230999005X
Carr, I. (2013). Development, business integrity and the UK Bribery Act 2010. In J. Horder & P.
Alldridge (Eds.), Modern Bribery Law (pp. 128–159). Cambridge University Press.
http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139088398A016
Carr, I., & Goldby, M. (2011). Recovering the proceeds of corruption: UNCAC and anti-money
laundering standards. Journal of Business Law, 2, 170–193.
Carr, I., & Jago, R. (2014). Petty Corruption, Development and Information Technology as an
Antidote. Round Table, 103(5), 465.
Carr, I., & Lewis, D. (2010). Combating corruption through employment law and whistleblower
protection. Industrial Law Journal, dwp027.
Carr, I. M., & Outhwaite, O. (2009). Corruption and Business Integrity: Law, Policies and
Company Practices. Manchester Journal of International Economic Law, 6(3), 16–64.
Carr, I., & Outhwaite, O. (2008). The OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Ten Years On.
Manchester Journal of International Economic Law, 5(1), 3–35.
Carr, I., & Outhwaite, O. (2011). The role of non-governmental organizations (NGOS) in
combating corruption: Theory and practice. Suffolk University Law Review, 44(3), 615.
Carr, P. (2017). Examining the Relationship Between Incidents of Police Corruption, Location of
Assignment, and Elite Unit Corruption (EUC) in the New York City Police Department
[ProQuest Dissertations Publishing]. http://search.proquest.com/docview/1901034770/
Carraro, V., Conzelmann, T., & Jongen, H. (2019). Fears of Peers? Explaining Peer and Public
Shaming in Global Governance. Cooperation And Conflict.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836718816729
Carrasco, D., Banerjee, R., Treviño, E., & Villalobos, C. (2020). Civic knowledge and open
classroom discussion: Explaining tolerance of corruption among 8th-grade students in
Latin America. Educational Psychology, 40(2), 186–206.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2019.1699907
Carrillo, J. D. (2000a). Corruption in Hierarchies. Annales d’Économie et de Statistique, 59,

125 

 
37–61.
Carrillo, J. D. (2000b). Graft, Bribes, and the Practice of Corruption. Journal of Economics &
Management Strategy, 9(2), 257–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.2000.00257.x
Carrington, P. (2010). Enforcing International Corrupt Practices Law. Michigan Journal of
International Law, 32(1), 129–164.
Carrington, P. D. (2007). Law and transnational corruption: The need for Lincoln’s law abroad.
Law and Contemporary Problems, 70(4), 109–138.
Carrington, P. D. (2010). International Movement to Deter Corruption: Should China Join, The.
US-China Law Review, 7, 1.
Carrington, P. D. (2012). Qui Tam: Is false claims law a model for international law. University
of Chicago Legal Forum, 27–40.
Carrington, P. D., Rose-Ackerman, S., & Carrington, P. D. (Eds.). (2013). Private Enforcement
of International Law. In Anti-corruption Policy: Can International Actors Play a
Constructive Role? (pp. 285–300). Carolina Academic Press.
Carson, L. (2014). Mapping Corruption and its Institutional Determinants in Brazil (IDEAS
Working Paper Series from RePEc).
Carson, L. D. (2014). Deterring Corruption: Beyond Rational Choice Theory [Working Paper].
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2520280; http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2520280
Carson, L. D., & Prado, M. M. (2016). Using Institutional Multiplicity To Address Corruption as
a Collective Action Problem: Lessons from the Brazilian Case. Quarterly Review of
Economics and Finance, 62, 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2016.07.009
Carter, B. L. (2018). Autocrats Versus Activists in Africa. Journal of Democracy, 29(1), 54–68.
https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2018.0004
Carter, C. R. (2000). Precursors of Unethical Behavior in Global Supplier Management. Journal
of Supply Chain Management, 36(4), 45–56.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-493X.2000.tb00069.x
Cartier–Bresson, J. (1997). Corruption networks, transaction security and illegal social exchange.
Political Studies, 45(3), 463–476.
Cartier-Bresson, J. (2000). Economics of corruption. Organisation for Economic Cooperation
and Development. The OECD Observer, 220, 25.
Caruana-Galizia, P. (2017). Corruption, Reform and the Euro. European Review, 25(3),
423–437. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798717000072

126 

 
Carvajal, R. (1999). Large-scale corruption: Definition, causes, and cures. Systemic Practice and
Action Research, 12(4), 335–353.
Carvalho, L. de L. (2019). The Role of Anti-Corruption Laws in the Fight Against Astroturfing:
A Pursuit of Transparency and Legitimacy.
Casadesús de Mingo, A., & Cerrillo-I-Martínez, A. (2018). Improving records management to
promote transparency and prevent corruption. International Journal of Information
Management, 38(1), 256–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.09.005
Caseley, J. (2004). Public sector reform and corruption: CARD facade in Andhra Pradesh.
Economic and Political Weekly, 1151–1156.
Caselli, F., & Cunningham, T. (2009). Leader Behaviour and the Natural Resource Curse.
Oxford Economic Papers, 61(4), 628–650.
Caselli, F., & Michaels, G. (2013). Do Oil Windfalls Improve Living Standards Evidence from
Brazil. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 5(1), 208–238.
https://doi.org/10.1257/app.5.1.208
Caselli, F., & Morelli, M. (2004). Bad politicians. Journal of Public Economics, 88(3), 759–782.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(03)00023-9
Caspary, G. (2012). Practical steps to help countries overcome the resource curse: The extractive
industries transparency initiative. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and
International Organizations, 18(2), 171–184.
Cassin, S. (2014). Best Offense Is a Good Defense: How the Adoption of An FCPA Compliance
Defense Could Decrease Foreign Bribery, The. Hous. J. Int’l L., 36, 19.
Casson, A., & Obidzinski, K. (2002). From new order to regional autonomy: Shifting dynamics
of “illegal” logging in Kalimantan, Indonesia. World Development, 30(12).
http://www.cifor.org/library/1171/from-new-order-to-regional-autonomy-shifting-dynami
cs-of-illegal-logging-in-kalimantan-indonesia-2/
Castellano, N. (2016). Suspensions, Debarments, and Sanctions: A Comparative Guide to United
States and World Bank Exclusion Mechanisms. Public Contract Law Journal, 45(3),
403–448.
Castillo, F. A., Feros, A., & Leiva, P. P. (2018). A Sick Body: Corruption and Anticorruption in
Early Modern Spain. In Anti-corruption in History: From Antiquity to the Modern Era.
Oxford University Press.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.001.0001/oso-978
0198809975-chapter-10
Castillo, M., Petrie, R., Torero, M., & Viceisza, A. (2014). Lost in the Mail: A Field Experiment
127 

 
on Crime. Economic Inquiry, 52(1), 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12046
Castro, C., & Nunes, P. (2013). Does corruption inhibit foreign direct investment? Política,
51(1). http://www.redalyc.org/resumen.oa?id=64528862003
Castro, F., Guccio, C., & Rizzo, I. (2014). An assessment of the waste effects of corruption on
infrastructure provision. International Tax and Public Finance, 21(4), 813–843.
Castro, M. F. (2011). To bribe or not bribe? An experimental analysis of corruption [Working
Paper].
Catterberg, G., & Moreno, A. (2006). The Individual Bases of Political Trust: Trends in New and
Established Democracies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 18(1),
31–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edh081
Caulkins, J., Feichtinger, G., Grass, D., Hartl, R., Kort, P., Novak, A., Seidl, A., & Wirl, F.
(2014). A Dynamic Analysis of Schelling’s Binary Corruption Model: A Competitive
Equilibrium Approach. Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 161(2),
608–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10957-013-0420-7
Caulkins, J. P., Feichtinger, G., Grass, D., Hartl, R. F., Kort, P. M., Novak, A. J., & Seidl, A.
(2013). Leading bureaucracies to the tipping point: An alternative model of multiple
stable equilibrium levels of corruption. European Journal of Operational Research,
225(3), 541–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2012.10.026
Cava, A., & Stewart, B. M. (2011). Quid Pro Quo Corruption is So Yesterday: Restoring Honest
Services Fraud after Skilling and Black. UC Davis Bus. LJ, 12, 1.
Cavalcanti, F., Daniele, G., & Galletta, S. (2018). Popularity shocks and political selection.
Journal of Public Economics, 165, 201–216.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.07.011
Cavalieri, M., Guccio, C., & Rizzo, I. (2017). On the role of environmental corruption in
healthcare infrastructures: An empirical assessment for Italy using DEA with truncated
regression approach. Health Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2017.02.011
Cavanagh, C. (2012). Unready for REDD+? Lessons from corruption in Ugandan conservation
areas. Policy Brief for U4 Anti-Corruption Center, Chr. Michelsen Institute. U, 4.
Cavico, F. J. (2015). J.P. Morgan Recruitment Practices in China and the Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act: Legal Networking or Illegal Bribery? Open Ethics and Law Journal,
1(Suppl 1: M5), 30–37. https://doi.org/10.2174/2352633501501010030
Cavico, F. J., & Mujtaba, B. G. (2010). Baksheesh or bribe: Payments to government officials
and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 2(1), 83.

128 

 
Cavill, S., & Sohail, M. (2007). Accountability Arrangements to Combat Corruption: Literature
Review. Water, Engineering and Development Centre, Londonborough University.
Cavoli, T., & Wilson, J. K. (2015). Corruption, central bank (in)dependence and optimal
monetary policy in a simple model. Journal of Policy Modeling, 37(3), 501–509.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.03.012
Celarier, M. (1997). Privatization: A case study in corruption. Journal of International Affairs,
531–543.
Celentani, M. (1999). Corruption and the Hadleyburg effect (Working paper / Departament
d’Economia i Empresa 382). Barcelona.
Celentani, M., Ganuza, J., & Peydró, J. (2004). Combating Corruption in International Business
Transactions. Economica, 71(283), 417–448.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-0427.2004.00378.x
Celentani, M., & Ganuza, J.-J. (2002a). Corruption and competition in procurement. European
Economic Review, 46(7), 1273–1303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00147-7
Celentani, M., & Ganuza, J.-J. (2002b). Organized vs. Competitive Corruption. Annals of
Operations Research, 109(1), 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016364505439
Celestine, N., Leighton, C., & Perryer, C. (2018). A Multifocal and Integrative View of the
Influencers of Ethical Attitudes Using Qualitative Configurational Analysis. Journal of
Business Ethics, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-4011-2
Celimene, F., Dufrenot, G., Mophou, G., & N’Guerekata, G. (2016). Tax evasion, tax corruption
and stochastic growth. Economic Modelling; Econ.Model., 52(Journal Article), 251–258.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.10.055
Cella, R., & Zanolla, E. (2018). Benford’s Law and transparency: An analysis of municipal
expenditure. Brazilian Business Review, 15(4), 331–347.
https://doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2018.15A2
Cepas, A., & Dobryninas, A. (2016). CRIMINALIZATION OF CORRUPTION:
PHILOSOPHICAL AND LEGAL FACETS. Problemos, 90, 20–30.
https://doi.org/10.15388/Problemos.2016.90.10132
Cepiku, D. (2004). Coping with Corruption in Albanian Public Administration Business.
International Public Management Review, 5(1), 99–137.
Ceresia, F., & Mendola, C. (2019). The Effects of Corruption in Entrepreneurial Ecosystems on
Entrepreneurial Intentions. Administrative Sciences, 9(4), 88.
https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci9040088

129 

 
Ceresola, R. (2019). The U.S. Government’s framing of corruption: A content analysis of public
integrity section reports, 1978–2013. Crime, Law and Social Change, 71(1), 47–65.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-018-9788-5
Cerqueti, R., & Coppier, R. (2016). Corruption, evasion and environmental policy: A game
theory approach. Ima Journal Of Management Mathematics; IMA J.Manag.Math., 27(2),
235–253. https://doi.org/10.1093/imaman/dpu019
Cerqueti, Roy, & Coppier, R. (2009). Tax revenues, fiscal corruption and “shame” costs.
Economic Modelling, 26(6), 1239–1244.
Cerqueti, Roy, & Coppier, R. (2011). Economic growth, corruption and tax evasion. Economic
Modelling, 28(1), 489–500.
Cerqueti, Roy, & Coppier, R. (2015). Corruptibility and tax evasion. European Journal of Law
and Economics, 39(2), 355–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-013-9406-z
Cerqueti, Roy, & Coppier, R. (2016). A game theoretical analysis of the impact of income
inequality and ethnic diversity on fiscal corruption. Annals of Operations Research,
243(1), 71–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-014-1567-9
Cerqueti, Roy, Coppier, R., & Piga, G. (2012). Corruption, growth and ethnic fractionalization:
A theoretical model. Journal of Economics, 106(2), 153–181.
Cesi, B., & Zoli, M. (2019). Corruption in environmental policy: The case of waste. Economia
Politica, 36(1), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40888-017-0087-x
Cetinkaya, N., Guclu, I., & Ozer, M. M. (2020). An examination of police cadets’ perceptions of
corruption. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 22(3), 221–231.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355720911944
Ceva, E. (2018). Political Corruption as A Relational Injustice. Social Philosophy and Policy,
35(2), 118–137. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265052519000013
Ceva, E., & Ferretti, M. P. (2017). Political corruption. Philosophy Compass, 12(12).
https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12461
Ceva, E., & Radoilska, L. (2018). Responsibility for Reason-Giving: The Case of Individual
Tainted Reasoning in Systemic Corruption. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10677-018-9950-2
Chabal, P., & Daloz, J.-P. (1999). Afrika works: Disorder as political instrument. Indiana
University Press.
Chadda, M. (2004). India: Between majesty and modernity. In The Struggle against Corruption:
A Comparative Study (pp. 109–143). Springer.

130 

 
Chaffee, E. C. (2012). The Role of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Other Transnational
Anti- Corruption Laws in Preventing or Lessening Future Financial Crises. Ohio State
Law Journal, 73, 1283–1485.
Chafuen, A., & Guzman, E. (n.d.). Economic Freedom and Corruption. In G. P. O’Driscoll, Jr.,
K. R. Holmes, & M. Kirkpatrick (Eds.), 2000 Index of Economic Freedom (pp. 51–63).
Heritage Foundation.
Chaikin, D. (2005). Policy and Legal Obstacles in Recovering Dictators’ Plunder. Bond Law
Review, 17(2), 27–46.
Chaikin, D. (2008). Commercial corruption and money laundering: A preliminary analysis.
Journal of Financial Crime, 15(3), 269–281.
Chaikin, D. (2011). Corrupt Practices Involving Offshore Financial Centers. In A. Graycar & R.
G. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of global research and practice in corruption. Edward Elgar
Publishing.
Chaikin, D., & Sharman, J. (2009). Corruption and money laundering: A symbiotic relationship.
Springer.
Chakraborty, S., & Dabla-Norris, E. (2011). The Quality of Public Investment. The B.E. Journal
of Macroeconomics, 11(1), 1.
Chakravorty, N. (2019). How Does Corruption Affect Economic Growth? An Econometric
Analysis. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, 16(4), 27–60.
Chakroff, A., Thomas, K. A., Haque, O. S., & Young, L. (2015). An Indecent Proposal: The
Dual Functions of Indirect Speech. Cognitive Science, 39(1), 199–211.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12145
Chalaby, J. K. (2004). Scandal and the rise of investigative reporting in France. American
Behavioral Scientist, 47(9), 1194–1207.
Chalmers, I., & Setiyono, B. (2012). The Struggle against Corruption during the Democratic
Transition: Theorising the Emergent Role of CSOs. Development and Society, 41(1),
77–102.
Chamberlain, K. (2003). Recovering the proceeds of corruption. Journal of Money Laundering
Control, 6(2), 157–165.
Chan, Albert, & Osei-Kyei, R. (2020). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Strategies for Extirpating
Corrupt Practices in Infrastructure Project Procurement. Journal of Infrastructure
Systems, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000531
Chan, APC, & Owusu, E. (2017). Corruption Forms in the Construction Industry: Literature

131 

 
Review. Journal Of Construction Engineering And Management, 143(8).
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001353
Chan, C. (2018). A market of distrust: Toward a cultural sociology of unofficial exchanges
between patients and doctors in China. Theory and Society, 1–36.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-018-09332-2
Chan, F., & Sun, B. (2018). The Centralisation of the Chinese Communist Party’s Campaign
against Corruption and Its Implications. China Report, 54(4), 403–420.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0009445518795992
Chan, H. S., & Gao, J. (2012). Preventing Corruption Through Performance Measurement: The
Case of China. In Ting Gong & S. K. Ma (Eds.), Preventing corruption in Asia:
Institutional design and policy capacity. Routledge.
Chan, J. C. (2005). Language, Culture, and Reform in Hong Kong. In Civil Society and
Corruption: Mobilizing for Reform (pp. 95–113). University Press of America.
Chan, K. (2000). Towards an integrated model of corruption: Opportunities and control in China:
Asia and the Pacific basin. International Journal of Public Administration, 23(4),
507–551.
Chan, K. S., Laffargue, J.-P., Azomahou, T. T., Boucekkine, R., Mohnen, P., & Verspagen, B.
(2016). A Dynamic Model Of Taxation, Corruption, And Public Investment In The
Dynastic Cycle: The Case Of Imperial China. Macroeconomic Dynamics, 20(8),
2123–2147. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1365100515000218
Chand, S. K., & Moene, K. O. (1999). Controlling fiscal corruption. World Development, 27(7),
1129–1140.
Chanda, P. (2004). The effectiveness of the World Bank’s anti-corruption efforts: Current legal
and structural obstacles and uncertainties. Denver Journal of International Law and
Policy, 32(2), 315.
Chander, P., & Wilde, L. (1992). Corruption in tax administration. Journal of Public Economics,
49(3), 333–349.
Chandler, D. (2002). Anti-corruption strategies and democratization in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Democratization, 9(2), 101–120.
Chandler, J. D., & Graham, J. L. (2010). Relationship-oriented cultures, corruption, and
international marketing success. Journal of Business Ethics, 92(2), 251–267.
Chaney, P. K., Faccio, M., & Parsley, D. (2011). The quality of accounting information in
politically connected firms. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 51(1–2), 58–76.

132 

 
Chang, C. P., & Hao, Y. (2017). Environmental performance, corruption and economic growth:
Global evidence using a new data set. Applied Economics, 49(5), 498–514.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2016.1200186
Chang, C. S., Chang, N. J., & Freese, B. T. (2001). Offering gifts or offering bribes? Code of
ethics in South Korea. Journal of Third World Studies, 18(1), 125.
Chang, E. C. C. (2005). Electoral Incentives for Political Corruption under Open-List
Proportional Representation. The Journal of Politics, 67(3), 716–730.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2005.00336.x
Chang, E. C. C. (2019). Corruption predictability and corruption voting in Asian democracies.
Public Choice, 184(3–4), 307–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-019-00760-x
Chang, E. C. C., & Chu, Y.-H. (2006). Corruption and Trust: Exceptionalism in Asian
Democracies? The Journal of Politics, 68(2), 259–271.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00404.x
Chang, E. C. C., & Golden, M. A. (2007). Electoral Systems, District Magnitude and Corruption.
British Journal of Political Science, 37(1), 115–137.
Chang, E., & Golden, M. A. (2010). Sources of Corruption in Authoritarian Regimes. Social
Science Quarterly, 91(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00678.x
Chang, E., Golden, M., & Hill, S. (2010). Legislative Malfeasance and Political Accountability.
World Politics, 62(2), 177–II.
Chang, E., & Huang, S.-H. (2016). Corruption Experience, Corruption Tolerance, and
Institutional Trust in East Asian Democracies. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, 12(1), 27.
Chang, Eric CC. (2013). A Comparative Analysis of How Corruption Erodes Institutional Trust.
Taiwan Journal of Democracy, 9(1), 73–92.
Chang, Eric CC, & Kerr, N. N. (2009). Do Voters Have Different Attitudes Toward Corruption?:
The Sources and Implications of Popular Perceptions and Tolerance of Political
Corruption [Working Paper]. Institute for Democracy in South Africa.
Chang, Eric Cc, & Kerr, N. N. (2017). An Insider-Outsider Theory of Popular Tolerance for
Corrupt Politicians. Governance, 30(1), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12193
Chang, J., & Lai, C. (2002). Is the efficiency wage efficient? The social norm and organizational
corruption. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 104(1), 27–47.
Chang, J.-J., Lai, C. C., & Yang, C. C. (2000). Casual Police Corruption and the Economics of
Crime: Further Results. International Review of Law & Economics, 20, 35–52.
Chang, J.-J., Lu, H., & Tsai, H. (2015). Corruption, growth, and increasing returns to
133 

 
production specialization. 11(3), 329.
Chang, K., & Park, J. (n.d.). A heterogeneous rally effect for a corrupt president: Partisanship,
regional sentiment, and anxiety against a corruption scandal. Democratization,
ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2020.1791825
Chang, S. (2015). The effects of trade liberalization on environmental degradation. Quality and
Quantity, 49(1), 235–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-013-9984-4
Chang, S.-C. (2015). Threshold effect of foreign direct investment on environmental
degradation. Portuguese Economic Journal, 14(1–3), 75–102.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10258-015-0112-3
Chang, T.-T. (2011). A macroeconomic model on the quality of government and economic
performance. Economic Inquiry : Journal of the Western Economic Association
International, 49(1), 174–184.
Chang, Y.-C., Kao, M.-S., Kuo, A., & Chiu, C.-F. (2012). How cultural distance influences entry
mode choice: The contingent role of host country’s governance quality. Journal of
Business Research, 65(8), 1160–1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.07.033
Changwony, F. K., & Paterson, A. S. (2019). Accounting practice, fiscal decentralization and
corruption. The British Accounting Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2019.04.003
Chanley, V. A., Rudolph, T. J., & Rahn, W. M. (2000). The origins and consequences of public
trust in government: A time series analysis. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64(3), 239–256.
Chanley, V., Sullivan, J. L., Gonzales, M. H., & Kovera, M. B. (1994). Lust and Avarice in
Politics Damage Control by Four Politicians Accused of Wrongdoing (or, Politics as
Usual). American Politics Quarterly, 22(3), 297–333.
Chantziaras, A., Dedoulis, E., Grougiou, V., & Leventis, S. (2020). The impact of religiosity and
corruption on CSR reporting: The case of U.S. banks. Journal of Business Research, 109,
362–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.12.025
Chapman, D. W., & Lindner, S. (2016). Degrees of Integrity: The Threat of Corruption in Higher
Education. Studies in Higher Education, 41(2), 247–268.
Charap, J., & Harm, C. (2000). Institutionalized Corruption and the Kleptocratic State. In C.
Menard (Ed.), Institutions, Contracts, and Organizations: Perspectives from New
Institutional Economics. Edward Elgar.
Charles, G.-U. E. (2014). Corruption temptation. California Law Review, 102(1), 25–36.
Charlton, R. (1990). Exploring the byways of African political corruption—Botswana and
deviant case analysis. Corruption and Reform, 5(1), 1–27.

134 

 
Charoensukmongkol, P. (2016). The interconnections between bribery, political network,
government supports, and their consequences on export performance of small and
medium enterprises in Thailand. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 14(2),
259–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-016-0164-1
Charoensukmongkol, P., & Moqbel, M. (2014). Does Investment in ICT Curb or Create More
Corruption? A Cross-Country Analysis. Public Organization Review, 14(1), 51–63.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-012-0205-8
Charoensukmongkol, P., & Sexton, S. (2011). The Effect of Corruption on Exports and Imports
in Latin America and the Caribbean. Latin American Business Review, 12(2), 83–98.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10978526.2011.592800
Charron, N., Dijkstra, L., & Lapuente, V. (2014). Regional Governance Matters: Quality of
Government within European Union Member States. Regional Studies, 48(1), 68–90.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.770141
Charron, Nicholas. (2009a). Government Quality and Vertical Power-Sharing in Fractionalized
States. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 39(4), 585–605.
https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjp015
Charron, Nicholas. (2009b). The Impact of Socio-Political Integration and Press Freedom on
Corruption. Journal of Development Studies, 45(9), 1472–1493.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380902890243
Charron, Nicholas. (2010). The correlates of corruption in India: Analysis and evidence from the
states. Asian Journal of Political Science, 18(2), 177–194.
Charron, Nicholas. (2011a). Exploring the impact of foreign aid on corruption: Has the
“anti-corruption movement” been effective? The Developing Economies : The Journal of
the Institute of Developing Economies, Tokyo, Japan, 49(1), 66–88.
Charron, Nicholas. (2011b). Party systems, electoral systems and constraints on corruption.
Electoral Studies, 30(4), 595–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2011.05.003
Charron, Nicholas. (2013). How Much Are Corruption Perceptions Explained by Actual
Experience with Corruption.
Charron, Nicholas. (2016a). Do corruption measures have a perception problem? Assessing the
relationship between experiences and perceptions of corruption among citizens and
experts. European Political Science Review, 8(1), 147–171.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773914000447
Charron, Nicholas. (2016b). Explaining the allocation of regional Structural Funds: The
conditional effect of governance and self-rule. European Union Politics, 17(4), 638–659.

135 

 
https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116516658135
Charron, Nicholas, Dahlström, C., Fazekas, M., & Lapuente, V. (2017). Careers, connections and
corruption risks: Investigating the Impact of Bureaucratic Meritocracy on Public
Procurement Processes. Journal Of Politics, 79(1), 89–104.
https://doi.org/10.1086/687209
Charron, Nicholas, Dahlström, C., & Lapuente, V. (2016). Measuring Meritocracy in the Public
Sector in Europe: A New National and Sub-National Indicator. European Journal on
Criminal Policy and Research, 22(3), 499–523.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-016-9307-0
Charron, Nicholas, Dijkstra, L., & Lapuente, V. (2015). Mapping the Regional Divide in Europe:
A Measure for Assessing Quality of Government in 206 European Regions. Social
Indicators Research, 122(2), 315–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0702-y
Charron, Nicholas, & Lapuente, V. (2010). Does democracy produce quality of government?
European Journal of Political Research, 49(4), 443–470.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.01906.x
Charron, Nicholas, & Lapuente, V. (2011). Which dictators produce quality of government?
Studies in Comparative International Development, 46(4), 397–423.
Charron, Nicholas, Lapuente, V., & Annoni, P. (2019). Measuring Quality of Government in EU
Regions across Space and Time. Papers In Regional Science.
https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12437
Charron, Nicholas, Lapuente, V., & Rothstein, B. (2010). Measuing the Quality of Government
and Subnational Variaton. Report for the European Commission Directorate-General
Regional Policy Directorate Policy Development. Brussells: European Union.
Charron, Nicholas, Lapuente, V., & Rothstein, B. (Eds.). (2013). Quality of government and
corruption from a European perspective: A comparative study on the quality of
government in EU regions. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Charron, Nicholas, & Rothstein, B. (2016). Does education lead to higher generalized trust? The
importance of quality of government. International Journal of Educational Development,
50(Journal Article), 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.05.009
Charumilind, C., Kali, R., & Wiwattanakantang, Y. (2006). Connected lending: Thailand before
the financial crisis. The Journal of Business, 79(1), 181–218.
Chassang, S. (2014). Corruption, Intimidation, and Whistle-blowing: A Theory of Inference from
Unverifiable Reports (NBER Working Paper Series, p. 20315).
Chassang, S., & Ortner, J. (2018). Making Corruption Harder: Asymmetric Information,
136 

 
Collusion, and Crime. Journal of Political Economy, 126(5), 2108–2133.
https://doi.org/10.1086/699188
Chatterjee, I., & Ray, R. (2012). Does the evidence on corruption depend on how it is measured?
Results from a cross-country study on microdata sets. Applied Economics, 44(25),
3215–3227. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.570724
Chatterjee, Shinjini. (2015). Dangerous liaisons: Criminalization of “relationship hires” under
the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 163(6), 1771.
Chatterjee, Sris, Gu, X., Hasan, I., & Lu, H. (2019). Ownership structure and the cost of debt:
Evidence from the Chinese corporate bond market. BOFIT Discussion Papers, 2019(18),
4–32.
Chat-uthai, M., & McLean, G. N. (2003). Combating Corruption in Thailand: A Call to an End
of the “White Buffet.” In J. Kidd & F.-J. Richter, Fighting Corruption in Asia (pp.
317–348). WORLD SCIENTIFIC.
http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789812795397_0013
Chauchard, S., Klašnja, M., & Harish, S. (2019). Getting Rich Too Fast? Voters’ Reactions to
Politicians’ Wealth Accumulation. The Journal of Politics, 81(4), 1197–1209.
https://doi.org/10.1086/704222
Chauchard, S., Klasnja, M., & Harish, S. P. (2016). Private Gains, Public Office: A Vignette
Experiment in India [Working Paper].
Chaudhuri, A. (2012). Gender and corruption: A survey of the experimental evidence. New
Advances in Experimental Research on Corruption (Research in Experimental
Economicss, Volume 15). Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 13–49.
Chaudhuri, S., & Dastidar, K. G. (2014). Corruption, Efficiency Wage and Union Leadership.
Pacific Economic Review, 19(5), 559–576. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0106.12083
Chaudhury, N., Hammer, J., Kremer, M., Muralidharan, K., & Rogers, F. H. (2006). Missing in
Action: Teacher and Health Worker Absence in Developing Countries. Journal of
Economic Perspectives, 20(1), 91–116. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533006776526058
Chaves, I., Fergusson, L., & Robinson, J. A. (2015). He Who Counts Elects: Economic Elites,
Political Elites, and Electoral Fraud. Economics & Politics, 27(1), 124–159.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ecpo.12052
Chavis, L. (2012). Social networks and bribery: The case of entrepreneurs in Eastern Europe.
Journal of Comparative Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2012.11.002
Chayes, S. (2015). Thieves of state: Why corruption threatens global security. WW Norton &
Company.
137 

 
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dlMCBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT6&d
q=Chayes,+Sarah.+2015.+Thieves+of+State:+Why+Corruption+Threatens+Global+Secu
rity&ots=prsWrYaVJn&sig=AlaTJIbly9D3R-dSVOOuo8RIfl8
Chayinska, M., & Minescu, A. (2018). “They’ve conspired against us”: Understanding the role
of social identification and conspiracy beliefs in justification of ingroup collective
behavior. European Journal Of Social Psychology, 48(7), 990–998.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2511
Che, Y.-K. (1995). Revolving doors and the optimal tolerance for agency collusion. The Rand
Journal of Economics, 26(3), 378–397.
Cheloukhine, S., & King, J. (2007). Corruption networks as a sphere of investment activities in
modern Russia. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 40(1), 107–122.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2006.12.005
Chemin, M. (2012). Welfare Effects of Criminal Politicians: A Discontinuity-Based Approach.
Journal of Law and Economics, 55(3), 667–690.
Chen, C., Cullen, J. B., & Parboteeah, K. P. (2015). Are Manager-controlled Firms More Likely
to Bribe than Shareholder-controlled Firms: A Cross-cultural Analysis. Management and
Organization Review, 11(02), 343–365.
Chen, C. J., Ding, Y., & Kim, C. (2010). High-level politically connected firms, corruption, and
analyst forecast accuracy around the world. Journal of International Business Studies,
41(9), 1505–1524. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2010.27
Chen, Dan. (2017). Local Distrust and Regime Support. Political Research Quarterly, 70(2),
314–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912917691360
Chen, Dh, Guan, Y., Zhang, T., & Zhao, G. (2017). Political connection of financial
intermediaries: Evidence from China’s IPO market. Journal Of Banking & Finance, 76,
15–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2016.11.023
Chen, Fang. (2017a). Gender and Corruption. Modern China, 43(1), 66–94.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0097700416647327
Chen, Fang. (2017b). Gender and Corruption: The Cultural Script, Narratives, and Contentions
in Contemporary China. Modern China, 43(1), 66–94.
Chen, Feng. (2000). Subsistence crises, managerial corruption and labour protests in China. The
China Journal, 44, 41–63.
Chen, H., Feng, Q., Zhu, D. D., Han, S., & Long, R. (2016). Impact of rent-seeking on
productivity in Chinese coal mine safety supervision: A simulation study. Energy Policy;
Energy Policy, 93(Journal Article), 315–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.02.054
138 

 
Chen, Hailin, Schneider, F., & Sun, Q. (2019). Measuring the size of the shadow economy in 30
provinces of China over 1995–2016: The MIMIC approach. Pacific Economic Review
(Oxford, England), 25(3), 427–453. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0106.12313
Chen, Heyin, Hao, Y., Li, J., & Song, X. (2018). The impact of environmental regulation,
shadow economy, and corruption on environmental quality: Theory and empirical
evidence from China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 195, 200–214.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.206
Chen, H.-K., Liao, Y.-C., Lin, C.-Y., & Yen, J.-F. (2018). The effect of the political connections
of government bank CEOs on bank performance during the financial crisis. Journal of
Financial Stability, 36, 130–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2018.02.010
Chen, J., Zhan, W., Tong, Z., & Kumar, V. (2020). The effect of inward FDI on outward FDI
over time in China: A contingent and dynamic perspective. International Business
Review, 101734-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2020.101734
Chen, K. (2004). Fiscal centralization and the form of corruption in China. European Journal of
Political Economy, 20(4), 1001–1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2003.12.003
Chen, K., Hillman, A. L., & Gu, Q. (2002). From the helping hand to the grabbing hand: Fiscal
federalism and corruption in China. In J. Wong & D. Lu (Eds.), China’s Economy into
the New Century:Structural Issues and Problems (pp. 193–215). Singapore University
Press and World Scientific.
Chen, K., & Liu, Q. (2015). Economic Development and Corruption in China in the Shadow of
Rent Seeking. In A. L. Hillman & R. D. Congleton (Eds.), Companion to the Political
Economy of Rent Seeking (pp. 395–409). Elgar.
Chen, M., Jeon, B. N., Wang, R., & Wu, J. (2015). Corruption and bank risk-taking: Evidence
from emerging economies. Emerging Markets Review, 24(Journal Article), 122–148.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2015.05.009
Chen, N. (2011). Securities Laws, Control of Corruption, and Corporate Liquidity: International
Evidence. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 19(1), 3–24.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2010.00823.x
Chen, T., & Kung, J. K.-S. (2016). Do Land Revenue Windfalls Create a Political Resource
Curse? Evidence from China. Journal of Development Economics, 123, 86–106.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.08.005
Chen, W., & Kinkyo, T. (2016). Financial Development and Income Inequality: Long-Run
Relationship and Short-Run Heterogeneity. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 52(3),
733–742. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2016.1116281

139 

 
Chen, Yanjing, Yaşar, M., & Rejesus, R. M. (2008). Factors influencing the incidence of bribery
payouts by firms: A cross-country analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 77(2), 231–244.
Chen, Yunling, Liu, M., & Su, J. (2013). Greasing the wheels of bank lending: Evidence from
private firms in China. Journal of Banking & Finance, 37(7), 2533–2545.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.02.002
Chen, Yunsen, Xie, Y., You, H., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Does crackdown on corruption reduce
stock price crash risk? Evidence from China. Journal of Corporate Finance.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2018.05.005
Chen, Yunsen, Zheng, D., Li, P., & Wang, W. (2018). Anti-Corruption and Corporate Tax
Burden: Evidence from China. International Review of Finance, 20(3), 781–788.
https://doi.org/10.1111/irfi.12226
Chene, M., Clench, B., & Fagan, C. (2010). Corruption and Gender in Service Delivery: The
Unequal Impacts.
Cheng, C. S., & Zaum, D. (2008). Introduction–key themes in peacebuilding and corruption.
International Peacekeeping, 15(3), 301–309.
Cheng, C., & Zaum, D. (2012). Corruption and post-conflict peacebuilding: Selling the peace?
(Vol. 29). Routledge.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=L8GoAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&d
q=Cheng,+Christine+%26+Dominik+Zaum.+2012.+Corruption+and+Post-Conflict+Peac
ebuilding:+Selling+the+Peace%3F+&ots=JUkCE15V6p&sig=j3wWS-4rl4t_VOWK69fr
YkIPuQ0
Cheng, J. (2009). Police corruption control in Hong Kong and New York City: A dilemma of
checks and balances in combating corruption. BYU Journal of Public Law, 23(2),
185–220.
Cheng, L. (2018). Estimating the value of political connections in China: Evidence from sudden
deaths of politically connected independent directors. Journal of Comparative
Economics, 46(2), 495–514.
Cheng, W. (2004). An Empirical Study of Corruption within China’s State-owned Enterprises.
China Review, 55–80.
Cherecheş, R. M., Ungureanu, M. I., Sandu, P., & Rus, I. A. (2013). Defining informal payments
in healthcare: A systematic review. Health Policy, 110(2), 105–114.
Cheremisin, A., & Mykhailenko, G. M. (2019). Corruption and Bribery in Towns of the South of
Ukraine During the Period of 1785-1870. Public Policy and Administration, 18(4).
https://doaj.org/article/04ccff2376a44a7db4dc056576168d4e

140 

 
Cherif, M., & Dreger, C. (2016). Institutional Determinants of Financial Development in MENA
countries: Financial Development in MENA Countries. Review of Development
Economics, 20(3), 670–680. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12192
Chetwynd, E., Chetwynd, F., & Spector, B. (2003). Corruption and poverty: A review of recent
literature (Vol. 600).
Cheung, A., & Hernández-Julián, R. (2006). Gender and corruption: A panel data analysis.
Cheung, H. Y., & Chan, A. W. (2008). Corruption across countries: Impacts from education and
cultural dimensions. The Social Science Journal, 45(2), 223–239.
Cheung, R. (2018). Deferred Prosecution Agreements: Cooperation And Confession. The
Cambridge Law Journal, 77(1), 12–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008197318000156
Cheung, S. N. S. (1996). A Simplistic General Equilibrium Theory of Corruption. Contemporary
Economic Policy, 14(3), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1996.tb00618.x
Cheung, Y. L., Rau, P. R., & Stouraitis, A. (2012). How Much Do Firms Pay as Bribes and What
Benefits Do They Get? Evidence from Corruption Cases Worldwide (NBER Working
Paper No. 17981).
Chever, L., & Moore, J. (2013). Discretion and Efficiency in Public Procurement: Evidence from
France.
http://chaire-eppp.org/discretion-and-efficiency-in-public-procurement-evidence-from-fra
nce/?lang=en
Chiappinelli, O. (2020). Political corruption in the execution of public contracts. Journal of
Economic Behavior & Organization, 179, 116–140.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.08.044
Chimezule, O. (2015). Strengthening Institutions in the Fight Against Corruption and Financial
Crimes in Nigeria.
Chiodelli, F. (2018). The illicit side of urban development: Corruption and organised crime in
the field of urban planning. Urban Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018768498
Chiou, W.-J. P., Lee, A. C., & Lee, C.-F. (2010). Stock return, risk, and legal environment
around the world. International Review of Economics & Finance, 19(1), 95–105.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2009.05.001
Chiru, M., & Gherghina, S. (2012). When voter loyalty fails: Party performance and corruption
in Bulgaria and Romania. European Political Science Review, 4(1), 29–49.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773911000063
Chiti, E. (2014). Mismanagement by European Agencies: Concerns, Institutional Responses, and

141 

 
Lessons. In J.-B. Auby, E. Breen, & T. Perroud (Eds.), Corruption and conflicts of
interest: A comparative law approach (pp. 253–271). Edward Elgar Pub. Ltd.
Chiu, Y.-C., Smith, K. C., Morlock, L., & Wissow, L. (2007). Gifts, bribes and solicitions: Print
media and the social construction of informal payments to doctors in Taiwan. Social
Science & Medicine, 64(3), 521–530.
Chiweshe, M. (2017). Analysis of Land-related Corruption in Zimbabwe. Africa Insight, 46(4),
112.
Cho, S.-Y. (2015). Modeling for Determinants of Human Trafficking: An Empirical Analysis.
Social Inclusion, 3(1), 2–21. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v3i1.125
Cho, S.-Y., Dreher, A., & Neumayer, E. (2014). Determinants of Anti-Trafficking Policies:
Evidence from a New Index. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 116(2), 429–454.
https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12055
Cho, W. K. T., & Gaines, B. J. (2007). Breaking the (Benford) law: Statistical fraud detection in
campaign finance. The American Statistician, 61(3), 218–223.
Cho, W., & Kirwin, M. F. (2007). A Vicious Circle of Corruption and Mistrust in Institutions in
Sub-Saharan Africa: A Micro-Level Analysis. (Working Paper No. 71, Afrobarometer,
Cape Town.).
Cho, Y. H., & Choi, B.-D. (2004). E-Government to Combat Corruption: The Case of Seoul
Metropolitan Government. International Journal of Public Administration, 27(10),
719–735. https://doi.org/10.1081/PAD-200029114
Choe, C., & Raschky, P. A. (2016). Media, institutions, and government action: Prevention vs.
Palliation in the time of cholera. European Journal Of Political Economy;
Eur.J.Polit.Econ., 41(Journal Article), 75–93.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.11.001
Choe, Chongwoo, Dzhumashev, R., Islam, A., & Khan, Z. H. (2011). Corruption and Network in
Education: Evidence from the Household Survey Data in Bangladesh (No. 08–11;
Monash Economics Working Papers). Monash University, Department of Economics.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/mos/moswps/2011-08.html
Choe, Chongwoo, Dzhumashev, R., Islam, A., & Khan, Z. H. (2013). The effect of informal
networks on corruption in education: Evidence from the household survey data in
Bangladesh. The Journal of Development Studies, 49(2), 238–250.
Choguya, N. (2018). Corruption in Health Service Delivery: The Case of Maternal Health in
Rural Zimbabwe. Review of Human Factor Studies, 24(1), 81–104.
Choi, D., & Young, J. (2020). The Role of Political Collusion in Corporate Performance in the
142 

 
Korean Market. Sustainability, 12(5), 2031. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052031
Choi, E., & Woo, J. (2010). Political corruption, economic performance, and electoral outcomes:
A cross-national analysis. Contemporary Politics, 16(3), 249–262.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2010.501636
Choi, E., & Woo, J. (2012). Political corruption, economy, and citizens’ evaluation of democracy
in South Korea. Contemporary Politics, 18(4), 451–466.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2012.702977
Choi, J. (2007). Governance Structure and Administrative Corruption in Japan: An
Organizational Network Approach. Public Administration Review, 67(5), 930–942.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00779.x
Choi, J. P., & Thum, M. (2003). The dynamics of corruption with the ratchet effect. Journal of
Public Economics, 87(3), 427–443.
Choi, J. P., & Thum, M. (2004). The economics of repeated extortion. Rand Journal of
Economics, 203–223.
Choi, J. P., & Thum, M. (2005). Corruption and the Shadow Economy. International Economic
Review, 46(3), 817–836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2005.00347.x
Choi, J.-W. (2009). Institutional structures and effectiveness of anticorruption agencies: A
comparative analysis of South Korea and Hong Kong. Asian Journal of Political Science,
17(2), 195–214.
Choi, S. J., & Davis, K. (2014). Foreign Affairs and Enforcement of the Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act. Journal Of Empirical Legal Studies, 11(3), 409–445.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jels.12045
Chomiak, L., & Salman, L. (2016). Refusing to Forgive: Tunisia’s Maneesh M’sameh
Campaign. Middle East Report, 46(4), 28–32.
Chomski, C. (2012). Campbell’s Soup: Due Process Concerns in Applying the Federal
anti-Bribery Statute to Noncitizen Government Contractors Overseas. U. Chi. Legal F.,
429.
Chong, A., & Calderon, C. (2000). Institutional quality and income distribution. Economic
Development and Cultural Change, 48(4), 761–786.
Chong, A., & Calderón, C. (2000). Institutional quality and poverty measures in a cross-section
of countries. Economics of Governance, 1(2), 123–135.
Chong, A., De La O, A., L., Karlan, D., & Wantchekon, L. (2015). Does Corruption Information
Inspire the Fight or Quash the Hope? A Field Experiment in Mexico on Voter Turnout,

143 

 
Choice, and Party Identification. Journal of Politics, 77(1), 55–71.
https://doi.org/10.1086/678766
Chong, A., & Gradstein, M. (2007). Inequality and institutions. The Review of Economics and
Statistics, 89(3), 454–465.
Chong, A., & Gradstein, M. (2008). What determines foreign aid? The donors’ perspective.
Journal of Development Economics, 87(1), 1–13.
Chong, E., Klien, M., & Saussier, S. (2015). The Quality of Governance and the Use of
Negotiated Procurement Procedures: Evidence from the European Union (No. 2015-3)
[Working Paper].
Choromides, C. (2018). The Impact of the Institutional Framework Quality on The Ownership
Strategy. Evidence from EU Foreign Direct Investments in South and Central Eastern
Europe. Journal of Urban and Regional Analysis, 10(1), 25–60.
Chou, W. (2014). Restoring Integrity in American Businesses: A Broad Interpretation of the
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Wayne L.Rev., 60(Journal Article), 283–307.
Choudhury, S. (2015). Governmental decentralization and corruption revisited: Accounting for
potential endogeneity. Economics Letters, 136(Journal Article), 218.
Choudhury, S. (2019). WTO membership and corruption. European Journal of Political
Economy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2019.07.004
Chow, D. (2012a). China under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Wisconsin Law Review,
2012(2), 573–607.
Chow, D. (2012b). The Interplay Between China’s Anti-Bribery Laws and the Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act. Ohio State Law Journal, 73, 1015–1485.
Chow, D. C. K. (2014a). Three major risks under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act for U.S.
multinational companies doing business in China. Fordham International Law Journal,
37(4), 1183–1191.
Chow, D. C. K. (2014b). Why China’s crackdown on commercial bribery threatens U.S.
multinational companies doing business in China. Arizona Journal of International and
Comparative Law, 31(3), 511–545.
Chow, D. C. K. (2017). Cultural barriers to effective enforcement of the Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act in China. The University of Toledo Law Review, 48(3), 560.
Chowdhury, Aheli. (2019). Anti-Corruption Movement: A Story of the Making of the Aam
Admi Party and the Interplay of Political Representation in India. Politics and
Governance, 7(3), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i3.2155

144 

 
Chowdhury, Anup, & Shil, N. C. (2019). Influence of New Public Management Philosophy on
Risk Management, Fraud and Corruption Control and Internal Audit: Evidence from an
Australian Public Sector Organization. Journal of Accounting and Management
Information Systems, 18(4), 486–508. https://doi.org/10.24818/jamis.2019.04002
Chowdhury, F., Audretsch, D. B., & Belitski, M. (2019). Institutions and Entrepreneurship
Quality. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(1), 51–81.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718780431
Chowdhury, F., Audretsch, D., & Belitski, M. (2015). Does corruption matter for international
entrepreneurship? International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(4),
959–980. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-015-0372-5
Chowdhury, F. L. (2006). Corrupt bureaucracy and privatization of tax enforcement in
Bangladesh. Dhaka : Pathak Shamabesh. http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/22969400
Chowdhury, F., Terjesen, S., & Audretsch, D. (2015). Varieties of entrepreneurship: Institutional
drivers across entrepreneurial activity and country. European Journal of Law and
Economics, 40(1), 121–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-014-9464-x
Chowdhury, S. K. (2012). The effect of democracy and press freedom on corruption: An
empirical test. Economics Letters 85(1): 93-101.
Choy, J. P. (2020). Kompromat: A theory of blackmail as a system of governance. Journal of
Development Economics, 102535-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102535
Christensen, H., Maffett, M. G., & Rauter, T. (2020). Reversing the Resource Curse: Foreign
Corruption Regulation and Economic Development. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3714027
Christensen, J. (2011). The looting continues: Tax havens and corruption. Critical Perspectives
on International Business, 7(2), 177–196.
http://dx.doi.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1108/17422041111128249
Christensen, J. (2012). The hidden trillions: Secrecy, corruption, and the offshore interface.
Crime, Law and Social Change, 57(3), 325–343.
Christensen, M. J. (2017). Crafting and Promoting International Crimes: A Controversy among
Professionals of Core-Crimes and Anti-Corruption. 30(2), 501–521.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156517000036
Christensen, R., & Schultz, T. J. (2014). Identifying Election Fraud Using Orphan and Low
Propensity Voters. American Politics Research, 42(2), 311–337.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X13498411
Christensen, Z., Homer, D., & Nielson, D. L. (2011). Dodging adverse selection: How donor
type and governance condition aid’s effects on school enrollment. World Development,
145 

 
39(11), 2044–2053.
Christensen, Z., Nielsen, R., Nielsen, D., & Tierney, M. (2011). Transparency Squared: The
Effects of Aid Transparency on Recipients’ Corruption Levels [Working Paper].
Christöfl, A., Leopold-Wildburger, U., & Rasmußen, A. (2017). An experimental study on
bribes, detection probability and principal witness policy. Journal of Business
Economics, 87(8), 1067–1081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-017-0846-8
Chrysostom, M. (2019). Do Tanzanian Procuring Entities comply with Tender Advertisement
and Disclosure? A Survey. Advances in Management, 12(2), 16–22.
Chu, C. (1990). A model of income tax evasion with venal tax officials: The case of Taiwan.
Public Finance= Finances Publiques, 45(3), 392–408.
Chua, Y. T. (1999). Robbed: An investigation of corruption in philippine education. Philippine
Center for Investigative Journalism.
Chuchiak, J. F. (2020). Corruption and careerism in New Spain: Don Alonso de Peralta y Robles,
Creole inquisitor, 1594-1610. Colonial Latin American Review, 29(3), 376–397.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10609164.2020.1798651
Chui, C. (2001). Tackling Corruption: School Education and Public Awareness. In Progress in
the fight against corruption in Asia and the Pacific: Papers presented at the joint
ABD-OECD Conference on Combatting Corruption in the Asia-Pacific Region, Seoul,
Korea, 11-13 December 2000. Asian Development Bank.
Chyzhevska, L. V., Koretska, Y. I., & Palamarchuk, A. S. (2019). Transparency of financial
statements prepared under IFRS as an instrument of anti-corruption activity in Ukraine.
Problemi Teorìï Ta Metodologìï Buhgaltersʹkogo Oblìku, Kontrolû ì Analìzu, 1(42),
110–115. https://doi.org/10.26642/pbo-2019-1(42)-110-115
Cialdini, R. B. (1996). Social influence and the triple tumor structure of organizational
dishonesty. In D. M. Messick & A. E. Tenbrunsel (Eds.), Codes of conduct: Behavioral
research into business ethics (pp. 44–58). Russell Sage.
Ciccone, D. K., Vian, T., Maurer, L., & Bradley, E. H. (2014). Linking governance mechanisms
to health outcomes: A review of the literature in low- and middle-income countries.
Social Science & Medicine (1982), 117, 86–95.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.07.010
Cieślik, A., & Goczek, Ł. (2018a). Control of corruption, international investment, and economic
growth – Evidence from panel data. World Development, 103, 323–335.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.10.028
Cieslik, A., & Goczek, L. (2018). Corruption, Privatisation and Economic Growth in
146 

 
Post-communist Countries. Europe - Asia Studies, 70(8), 1303–1325.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2018.1511771
Cieślik, A., & Goczek, Ł. (2018b). Initial Conditions and Privatisation as Causes of
Post-Communist Corruption. Post-Communist Economies, 30(1), 36–55.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2017.1361693
Cimpoeru, V. M. (2015). Budget Transparency—Supporting Factor In The Causal Relationship
Between Global Competitiveness And Control Of Corruption. Ecoforum, 4.
https://doaj.org/article/c93a3303b8a9400fbe93f66af1c17617
Cingano, F., & Pinotti, P. (2013). Politicians at work: The private returns and social costs of
political connections. Journal of the European Economic Association, 11(2), 433–465.
Cintra, R. F., Cassol, A., Ribeiro, I., & de Carvalho, A. O. (2018). Corruption and emerging
markets: Systematic review of the most cited. Research in International Business and
Finance, 45, 607–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.07.177
Ciocchini, F., Durbin, E., & Ng, D. T. (2003). Does corruption increase emerging market bond
spreads? Journal of Economics and Business, 55(5), 503–528.
Cisar, O. (2003). Strategies for using information technologies for curbing public-sector
corruption: The case of the Czech Republic (CR). Open Society Institute.
Cisneros, E., Hargrave, J., & Kis-Katos, K. (2013). Unintended consequences of anti-corruption
strategies: Public fiscal audits and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Unpublished
Working Paper.
Ciziceno, M., & Travaglino, G. (2019). Perceived Corruption and Individuals’ Life Satisfaction:
The Mediating Role of Institutional Trust. Social Indicators Research, 141(2), 685–701.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-1850-2
Claessens, S., Feijen, E., & Laeven, L. (2008). Political connections and preferential access to
finance: The role of campaign contributions. Journal of Financial Economics, 88(3),
554–580.
Clague, C. (2003). The International Campaign Against Corruption: An Institutionalist
Perspective. In J. C. Heckelman & D. Coates (Eds.), Collective choice essays in honor of
Mancur Olson ; with 21 tables (pp. 187–217). Berlin: Springer-Verl.
Clammer, J. (2012). Corruption, Development, Chaos and Social Disorganisation: Sociological
Reflections on Corruption and Its Social Basis. In M. Barcham, B. Hindess, & P.
Larmour (Eds.), Corruption: Expanding the Focus (pp. 113–132). Canberra: ANU Press.
http://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=459875
Clare Cohen, J. (2002). Improving transparency in pharmaceutical systems: Strengthening
147 

 
critical decision points against corruption. Latin American and Carribean Bank.
Clark, D. (1987). A community relations approach to corruption: The case of Hong Kong.
Corruption and Reform, 2(3), 235–257.
Clark, K. (2012). Do We Have Enough Ethics in Government Yet?: An Answer from Fiduciary
Theory. University of Illinois Law Review, 1996(57).
Clark, R., Coviello, D., Gauthier, J.-F., & Shneyerov, A. (2018). Bid Rigging and Entry
Deterrence in Public Procurement: Evidence from an Investigation into Collusion and
Corruption in Quebec. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, 34(3), 301–363.
Clarke, G., Friesenbichler, K., & Wong, M. (2015). Do Indirect Questions Reduce Lying about
Corruption? Evidence from a Quasi-Field Experiment. Comparative Economic Studies,
57(1), 103–135. https://doi.org/10.1057/ces.2014.43
Clarke, G., Li, Y., & Xu, L. C. (2016). Business environment, economic agglomeration and job
creation around the world. Applied Economics, 48(33), 3088–3103.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2015.1136392
Clarke, G. R. (2011a). How petty is petty corruption? Evidence from firm surveys in Africa.
World Development, 39(7), 1122–1132.
Clarke, G. R. (2011b). The Effect of Corruption on Competition for Government Contracts.
Journal of US-China Public Administration, 8(10), 1101–1110.
Clarke, G. R. (2012). What Do Managers Mean When They Say’Firms Like Theirs’ Pay Bribes?
International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(10), 161.
Clarke, G. R. G. (2019). Is corruption a greater burden for registered MSEs? Evidence from
Zambia. Review of Development Economics, 23(4), 1604–1623.
https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12624
Clarke, G. R. G., & Xu, L. C. (2004). Privatization, competition, and corruption: How
characteristics of bribe takers and payers affect bribes to utilities. Journal of Public
Economics, 88(9), 2067–2097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2003.07.002
Claros, A. (2015). Removing impediments to sustainable economic development: The case of
corruption. Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy, 6(1).
https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793993315500027
Clausen, B., Kraay, A., & Murrell, P. (2011). Does respondent reticence affect the results of
corruption surveys? : Evidence from the World Bank enterprise survey for Nigeria. In
Sarah Rose-Ackerman & T. Soreide (Eds.), International Handbook on the Economics of
Corruption (Vol. 2, pp. 428-). Elgar.

148 

 
Clausen, B., Kraay, A., & Nyiri, Z. (2011). Corruption and Confidence in Public Institutions.
World Bank Economic Review, 25(2), 212–249. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhr018
Clausen, M. (2012). Corruption and democracy in Brazil. Brasiliana-Journal for Brazilian
Studies, 1(1), 107–120.
Cleveland, D. C. (2007). Once Again, It Is Time to Speak More Clearly about Section 1346 and
the Intangible Rights of Honest Services Doctrine in Mail and Wire Fraud. Northern
Kentucky Law Review, 34, 117.
Cleveland, M., Favo, C. M., Frecka, T. J., & Owens, C. L. (2009). Trends in the international
fight against bribery and corruption. Journal of Business Ethics, 90(2), 199–244.
Clist, P., Isopi, A., & Morrissey, O. (2012). Selectivity on aid modality: Determinants of budget
support from multilateral donors. The Review of International Organizations, 7(3),
267–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-011-9137-2
Closser, S. (2019). The Corruption Game: Health Systems, International Agencies, and the State
in South Asia. Medical Anthropology Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12549
Clutterbuck, R. (1995). Peru: Cocaine, Terrorism and Corruption. International Relations, 12(5),
77–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/004711789501200506
Co, E. E. A. (2007). Challenges to the Philippine culture of corruption. In S. Bracking (Ed.),
Corruption and development: The anti-corruption campaigns (pp. 121–137). Palgrave
Macmillan.
Coates, D., Naidenova, I., & Parshakov, P. (2019). Determinants of governmental support of
Russian companies: Lessons on industrial policy, rent-seeking and corruption.
Constitutional Political Economy, 30(4), 438–466.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10602-019-09289-z
Coates, J. C., IV. (2015). Corporate speech & the First Amendment: History, data, and
implications.(Continuation of II. Empirical Evidence on the Corporate Takeover of the
First Amendment through III. The Relationship between the takeover to the New
Corruption, with footnotes, p. 249-275)(Symposium: Money, Politics, Corporations and
the Constitution). Constitutional Commentary, 30(2), 249.
Cobb, M. D., & Taylor, A. (2015). An Absence of Malice: The Limited Utility of Campaigning
Against Party Corruption. American Politics Research; Am.Polit.Res., 43(6), 923–951.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X15570470
Cochrane, C. (2018). Boundary making in anti-corruption policy: Behaviour, responses and
institutions. Australian Journal of Political Science, 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2018.1509942

149 

 
Cockcroft, A., Andersson, N., Paredes-Solís, S., Caldwell, D., Mitchell, S., Milne, D., Merhi, S.,
Roche, M., Konceviciute, E., & Ledogar, R. J. (2008). An inter-country comparison of
unofficial payments: Results of a health sector social audit in the Baltic States. BMC
Health Services Research, 8, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-8-15
Cockcroft, L. (2010). Global Corruption: An Untamed Hydra. World Policy Journal, 27(1),
21–28. https://doi.org/10.1162/wopj.2010.27.1.21
Cockcroft, L. (2013). Global corruption: Money, power and ethics in the modern world. IB
Tauris.
Coco, G., & Lagravinese, R. (2014). Cronyism and education performance. Economic
Modelling, 38(Journal, Electronic), 443–450.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.01.027
Coetzee, J. (2015). The impact of corruption on development: A comparative developmental
perspective. Nawa: Journal of Language and Communication, 9(1), 89.
Coffee Jr., J. C. (1997). Modern Mail Fraud: The Restoration of the Public/Private Distinction.
Am. Crim. L. Rev., 35, 427.
Cohen, D. V. (1993). Creating and maintaining ethical work climates: Anomie in the workplace
and implications for managing change. Business Ethics Quarterly, 343–358.
Cohen, J. M. (2010). Narrow, Don’t Abolish, FCPA Facilitating Payments Exception. ALM,
244(5).
Cohen, J. M., Holland, M. P., & Wolf, A. P. (2008). Under the FCPA, Who Is a Foreign Official
Anyway? The Business Lawyer, 63(4), 1243–1274.
Cohen, J. R., Pant, L. W., & Sharp, D. J. (1996). A methodological note on cross-cultural
accounting ethics research. The International Journal of Accounting, 31(1), 55–66.
Cohen, M. J. (2018). Protesting via the Null Ballot: An Assessment of the Decision to Cast an
Invalid Vote in Latin America. Political Behavior, 40(2), 395–414.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-017-9405-9
Cohen, P., & Marriott, A. L. (2010). International Corruption. Sweet & Maxwell.
Cohn, A., & Marechal, M. A. (2018). Laboratory Measure of Cheating Predicts School
Misconduct. Economic Journal, 128(615), 2743–2754.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12572
Cohn, Alain, Maréchal, M. A., Tannenbaum, D., & Zünd, C. L. (2019). Civic honesty around the
globe. Science, eaau8712. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau8712
Cokgezen, M. (2004). Corruption in Kyrgyzstan: The facts, causes and consequences. Central
150 

 
Asian Survey, 23(1), 79–94.
Colares, J. F. (2006). The evolving domestic and international law against foreign corruption:
Some new and old dilemmas facing the international lawyer. Washington University
Global Studies Law Review, 5(1), 1–30.
Colazingari, S., & Rose-Ackerman, S. (1998). Corruption in a paternalistic democracy: Lessons
from Italy for Latin America. Political Science Quarterly, 113, 447–470.
Colbran, N. (2009). Courage Under Fire: The First Five Years of the Indonesian Judicial
Commission. Australian Journal of Asian Law, 11(2), 273–301.
Coldham, S. (1995). Legal responses to state corruption in Commonwealth Africa. Journal of
African Law, 39(02), 115–126.
Cole, M. A. (2007). Corruption, income and the environment: An empirical analysis. Ecological
Economics, 62(3), 637–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.08.003
Cole, M. A., Elliott, R. J. R., & Fredriksson, P. G. (2006). Endogenous Pollution Havens: Does
FDI Influence Environmental Regulations?*. Scandinavian Journal of Economics,
108(1), 157–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9442.2006.00439.x
Cole, M. A., Elliott, R. J. R., & Zhang, J. (2009). Corruption, Governance and FDI Location in
China: A Province-Level Analysis. The Journal of Development Studies, 45(9),
1494–1512. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380902890276
Cole, S., & Tran, A. (2011). Evidence from the firm: A new approach to understanding
corruption. In Susan Rose-Ackerman & T. Soreide (Eds.), International Handbook on the
Economics of Corruption (Vol. 2, pp. 408-). Elgar.
Cole, W. M. (2015). Institutionalizing a global anti-corruption regime: Perverse effects on
country outcomes, 1984-2012. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 56(1),
53–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715215578885
Coleman, S. (2017). Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. American Criminal Law Review, 54(4),
1381–1442.
Coleman, Stephen. (2004). When police should say “no!” to gratuities. Criminal Justice Ethics,
23(1), 33–44.
Collier, M. (2002). Explaining corruption: An institutional choice approach. Crime, Law and
Social Change, 38(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019802614530
Collier, M. W. (2013). Political corruption in the Caribbean Basin: Constructing a theory to
combat corruption. Routledge.
Collier, P. (2000). How to reduce corruption. African Development Review, 12(2), 191–205.
151 

 
Collier, P. (2006a). African Growth: Why a “Big Push”? Journal of African Economies, 15(2),
188–211.
Collier, P. (2006b). Is aid oil? An analysis of whether Africa can absorb more aid. World
Development, 34(9), 1482–1497.
Collier, P., & Dollar, D. (2004). Development Effectiveness: What have we learnt? The
Economic Journal, 114(496), F244–F271.
Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (2004). Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford Economic Papers,
56(4), 563–595.
Collier, P., & Vicente, P. C. (2012). Violence, bribery, and fraud: The political economy of
elections in Sub-Saharan Africa. Public Choice, 153(1–2), 117–147.
Collignon, P., Athukorala, P., Senanayake, S., & Khan, F. (2015). Antimicrobial Resistance: The
Major Contribution of Poor Governance and Corruption to This Growing Problem. PLoS
One, 10(3), n/a. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116746
Collin, M. (2020). Illicit Financial Flows: Concepts, Measurement, and Evidence. World Bank
Research Observer, 35(1), 44–86. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkz007
Collins, J., McMullen, J., & Reutzel, C. (2016). Distributive justice, corruption, and
entrepreneurial behavior. Small Business Economics, 47(4), 981–1006.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9751-8
Collins, J., Uhlenbruck, K., & Rodriguez, P. (2009). Why Firms Engage in Corruption: A Top
Management Perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 87(1), 89–108.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9872-3
Colombatto, E. (2003). Why is corruption tolerated? The Review of Austrian Economics, 16(4),
363–379.
Colombo, G. (2006). Investigating and Prosecuting Large-scale Corruption. Journal of
International Criminal Justice, 4(3), 510–521. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mql030
Colón, R., & Bladuell, H. G. (2014). Auditors and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Lessons
from Latin America. Accounting in Latin America (Research in Accounting in Emerging
Economies, Volume 14) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 14(Journal Article),
105–133.
Colonnelli, E., & Prem, M. (2017). Corruption and Firms (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2931602).
Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2931602
Comaroff, J., & Comaroff, J. (2004). Policing culture, cultural policing: Law and social order in
postcolonial South Africa. Law & Social Inquiry, 29(3), 513–545.

152 

 
Compte, O. (2005). Corruption and competition in procurement auctions. The Rand Journal of
Economics, 36(1), 1–15.
Condrea, E. (2013). Corruption as a major supporter of underground economy in Romania.
Actual Problems of Economics, 6, 273–282.
Connelly, B. S., & Ones, D. S. (2008). The Personality of Corruption: A National-Level
Analysis. Cross-Cultural Research, 42(4), 353–385.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397108321904
Connolly, M. (2007). Measuring the effect of corruption on sovereign bond ratings. Journal of
Economic Policy Reform, 10(4), 309–323.
Conover, K. (2014). Rethinking anti-corruption reforms: The view from ancient Athens.(The
Rule of Law in Ancient Athens). Buffalo Law Review, 62(1), 69–117.
Conroy, P., & Hunter, G. (2011). Economic Analysis of Damages under the Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act.
Conry, C. A. (2010). Complying with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act in the Global Healthcare
Industry. Journal of Health & Life Sciences Law, 3, 1–15.
Contreras-Hermosilla, A. (2002). Law compliance in the forestry sector: An overview. World
Bank.
Conway, P., & Wu, X. (2004). Corruption and Unemployment.
Coogan, J., Lin Forder, E., Madir, J., Seiler, N., & Wee, C. (2015). Combatting fraud and
corruption in international development. Journal of Financial Crime, 22(2), 228.
Cook, T. E., & Gronke, P. (2005). The skeptical American: Revisiting the meanings of trust in
government and confidence in institutions. Journal of Politics, 67(3), 784–803.
Cooksey, B. (1998). Corruption in aid? How much is acceptable? Governance, 1, 13–18.
Cooksey, B. (2010). Trends in Corruption during the Mkapa Era—Who Wants to Know? In K.
Havnevik & A. C. Isinika (Eds.), Tanzania in Transition: From Nyerere to Mkapa (pp.
179–206). Mkuki na Nyota Publishers.
Cooksey, B. (2012). Aid, governance and corruption control: A critical assessment. Crime, Law
and Social Change, 58(5), 521–531.
Cooksey, B. (2002). Can aid agencies really help combat corruption? 2, 45–56.
Cooksey, B., Fundikila, W., & Mikongoti, P. (2018). A review of the performance of Tanzania’s
Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau, 2007-16.
Cooley, A., Heathershaw, J., & Sharman, J. C. (2018). Laundering Cash, White Washing
153 

 
Reputations. Journal of Democracy, 29(1), 39–53. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2018.0003
Cooley, A., & Sharman, J. C. (2015). Blurring the line between licit and illicit: Transnational
corruption networks in Central Asia and beyond. Central Asian Survey, 34(1), 11–28.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2015.1010799
Cooley, A., & Sharman, J. C. (2017). Transnational Corruption and the Globalized Individual.
Perspectives on Politics, 15(3), 732–753. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592717000937
Cooper, J. J. (2015). How Robust is Institutionalized Extortion? A Field Experiment with Truck
Drivers in West Africa.
Cooray, A., & Schneider, F. (2016). Does corruption promote emigration? An empirical
examination. Journal Of Population Economics; J.Popul.Econ., 29(1), 293–310.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-015-0563-y
Cooray, Arusha, & Dzhumashev, R. (2018). The effect of corruption on labour market outcomes.
Economic Modelling. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2018.05.015
Cooray, Arusha, Dzhumashev, R., & Schneider, F. (2017). How Does Corruption Affect Public
Debt? An Empirical Analysis. World Development, 90, 115–127.
Copelovitch, M., Gandrud, C., & Hallerberg, M. (2015). Financial regulatory transparency:
New data and implications for EU policy (No. 11353; Policy Contributions). Bruegel.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/bre/polcon/11353.html
Coppier, R. (2006). Corruption, tax revenue and growth: A non linear relationship? (p. 243)
[Working Paper].
http://economiaediritto.unimc.it/departments/ded/it/ricerca/pubblicazioni/quaderni/QDief
272005.pdf
Coppier, R., Costantini, M., & Piga, G. (2009). Do" clean hands" ensure healthy growth?:
Theory and practice in the battle against corruption [Working Paper]. Inst. für Höhere
Studien (IHS).
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gustavo_Piga/publication/46459811_Do_Clean_Ha
nds_Ensure_Healthy_Growth_Theory_and_Practice_in_the_Battle_Against_Corruption/l
inks/02e7e5211d3cac9687000000.pdf
Coppier, R., Costantini, M., & Piga, G. (2013). The Role of Monitoring of Corruption in a
Simple Endogenous Growth Model. Economic Inquiry, 51(4), 1972–1985.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12007
Coppier, R., & Michetti, E. (2006). Corruption vs production. A non-linear relationship.
Economic Modelling, 23(4), 622–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2006.03.003
Corbacho, A., Gingerich, D. W., Oliveros, V., & Ruiz-Vega, M. (2016). Corruption as a
154 

 
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Costa Rica. American
Journal of Political Science, 60(4), 1077–1092. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12244
Corbett, J., & Shiu, R. N. (2014). Leadership Succession and the High Drama of Political
Conduct: Corruption Stories from Samoa*. Pacific Affairs, 87(4), 743–763.
Cordero, G., & Blais, A. (2017). Is a corrupt government totally unacceptable? West European
Politics, 40(4), 645–662. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2017.1280746
Cordis, A. S. (2014). Corruption and the Composition of Public Spending in the United States.
Public Finance Review, 42(6), 745.
Cordis, A. S., & Milyo, J. (2016). Measuring Public Corruption in the United States: Evidence
From Administrative Records of Federal Prosecutions. Public Integrity, 18(2), 127–148.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2015.1111748
Cordis, Adriana. (2009). Judicial checks on corruption in the United States. Economics of
Governance, 10(4), 375–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-009-0065-z
Cordis, Adriana, & Milyo, J. (2013). Do state campaign finance reforms reduce public
corruption? (George Mason University, Mercatus Center, Working Paper 13-09).
http://web.missouri.edu/milyoj/files/Cordis_Milyo_CFR_and%20Corruption.pdf
Cordis, Adriana, & Milyo, J. (2015). Don’t Blame the Weather: Federal Natural Disaster Aid
and Public Corruption [Working Paper]. Mercatus Center.
http://web.missouri.edu/milyoj/files/Cordis_DisasterAidCorruption_v1.pdf
Cordis, As, & Warren, P. (2014). Sunshine as disinfectant: The effect of state Freedom of
Information Act laws on public corruption. Journal Of Public Economics; J.Public
Econ., 115(Journal Article), 18–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.03.010
Cornelius, W. A. (2000). Mobilized voting in the 2000 elections: The changing efficacy of vote
buying and coercion in Mexican electoral politics. In J. I. Dominguez & C. Lawson
(Eds.), Mexico’s pivotal democratic elections: Candidates, voters, and the presidential
campaign of (pp. 47–65). Stanford University Press.
Cornell, A., & Sundell, A. (2019). Money Matters: The Role of Public Sector Wages in
Corruption Prevention. Public Administration. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12634
Coronel, S. (2010). Corruption and the watchdog role of the news media. In P. Norris (Ed.),
Public Sentinel: News Media and Governance Reform. World Bank.
Coronel, S. S. (1998). Pork and other Perks: Corruption and Governance in the Philippines |
Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism.
http://pcij.org/books/pork-and-other-perks-corruption-and-governance-in-the-philippines/

155 

 
Corporate anti-corruption disclosure. (2017). Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal,
30(8), 1746–1770. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-02-2015-1965
Corr, C. F., & Lawler, J. (1999). Damned If You Do, Damned If You Don’t—The OECD
Convention and the Globalization of Anti-Bribery Measures. Vand. J. Transnat’l L., 32,
1249.
Corrado, G. (2020). Institutional quality and access to financial services: Evidence from
European transition economies. Journal of Economic Studies (Bradford), 47(6),
1363–1376. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-03-2019-0131
Corrado, G., & Rossetti, F. (2018). Public corruption: A study across regions in Italy. Journal of
Policy Modeling. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2018.01.001
Corral-Cumbreras, M., & Powell, T.-E. (2019). The effect of consumption of corruption-related
news on political cynicism. Communication & Society (Formerly Comunicación y
Sociedad), 32(4), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.32.4.47-62
Correa, E. A., Jetter, M., & Agudelo, A. M. (2016). Corruption: Transcending Borders. Kyklos,
69(2), 183–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12108
Correani, L. (2005). Preferences, Development and Corruption Trap. Economia Politica, 22(2),
177–200.
Corrigan, C. C. (2014). Breaking the resource curse: Transparency in the natural resource sector
and the extractive industries transparency initiative. Resources Policy, 40, 17–30.
Corruption Watch. (2016). Out of Court, Out of Mind: Do Deferred Prosecution Agreements and
Corporate Settlements Fail To Deter Overseas Corruption.
http://www.cw-uk.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Corruption-Watch-Out-of-Court-Out-
of-Mind.pdf
Corstange, D. (2012). Vote trafficking in Lebanon. International Journal of Middle East Studies,
44(03), 483–505.
Cosenz, F., & Noto, G. (2014). A Dynamic Simulation Approach to Frame Drivers and
Implications of Corruption Practices on Firm Performance. European Management
Review, 11(3–4), 239.
Costa, A. M. (2006). The Global Challenge of Corruption: Fighting Crime and Building
Integrity. In M. Kreutner (Ed.), The Corruption Monster: Ethik, Politik und Korruption
(pp. 61–68). Czernin Verlag.
Costa, J. (2017). Networks and illicit associations in corrupt exchanges: Representing a
gelatinous system in Italy. Global Crime, 18(4), 353–374.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2017.1332594
156 

 
Costa, L. D. A., & Mainardes, E. W. (2016). The role of corruption and risk aversion in
entrepreneurial intentions. Applied Economics Letters, 23(4), 290–293.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2015.1071462
Costa, S. (2013). Do Freedom of Information Laws Decrease Corruption? The Journal of Law,
Economics, & Organization, 29(6), 1317–1343. https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ews016
Costas-Pérez, E., Solé-Ollé, A., & Sorribas-Navarro, P. (2012). Corruption scandals, voter
information, and accountability. European Journal of Political Economy, 28(4), 469–484.
Cotton, R. D., Stevenson, W., & Bartunek, J. (2017). A Way Forward: Cascading Ethical and
Change Leadership, Values Enactment, and Group-Level Effects on Commitment in
Corruption Recovery. Journal Of Applied Behavioral Science, 53(1), 89–116.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886316682591
Coupet, E. (2003). Investment and corruption: A look at causality. Journal of the Academy of
Business and Economics., 1(2).
Coupet, E. (2009). Corruption: An Analysis of Its Effects on Output, Investments and Economic
Growth. VDM Publishing.
Coupet Jr, E. (2011). Corruption, investment and economic growth: Theory and international
evidence. Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER), 1(1).
Couto, F. F., & Carrieri, A. de P. (2020). The other side of compliance systems and codes of
ethics: A Foucauldian perspective on rule-based ethics and corruption control. Innovar :
Revista de Ciencias Administrativas y Sociales, 30(78).
https://doi.org/10.15446/innovar.v30n78.90299
Couttenier, M., & Toubal, F. (2017). Corruption for sales. Journal Of Comparative Economics,
45(1), 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2016.11.008
Coviello, D., & Gagliarducci, S. (2010). Building Political Collusion: Evidence from
Procurement Auctions. 4939.
Coviello, D., & Mariniello, M. (2014). Publicity requirements in public procurement: Evidence
from a regression discontinuity design. Journal of Public Economics, 109, 76–100.
Covington, J. P., Newkirk, T. C., & Tillipman, J. (2005). FCPA Enforcement in a
Sarbanes-Oxley World. Corporate Counselor, 20(3).
Cowley, E., & Smith, S. (2014). Motivation and mission in the public sector: Evidence from the
World Values Survey. Theory and Decision, 76(2), 241–263.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11238-013-9371-6
Cox, G. W., & Kousser, J. M. (1981). Turnout and rural corruption: New York as a test case.

157 

 
American Journal of Political Science, 646–663.
Coxson, S. L. (2009). Assessment of Armenian local government corruption potential. Public
Administration and Development, 29(3), 193–203.
Crabb, J. (2017). Distressed M&A could ease Brazilian corruption. International Financial Law
Review.
Crabb, J. (2018). Mexico to launch own Lava Jato-style investigation. International Financial
Law Review.
Crabtree, J. (2014). Funding Local Government: Use (and Abuse) of Peru’s Canon System.
Bulletin of Latin American Research, 33(4), 452–467. https://doi.org/10.1111/blar.12174
Cragg, A. (1998). Business, globalization, and the logic and ethics of corruption. International
Journal, 53(4), 643–660.
Cragg, W., & Woof, W. (2002). The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: A Study of Its
Effectiveness. Business and Society Review, 107(1), 98–144.
https://doi.org/10.1111/0045-3609.00129
Craigwell, R., & Wright, A. (2011). Foreign direct investment and corruption in developing
economies: Evidence from linear and non-linear panel Granger causality tests. Economics
Bulletin, 31(3), 2272–2283.
Crawford, B. (2015). The Freezing Assets of Corrupt Officials Act: A Critical Analysis. The
Canadian Business Law Journal, 56(3), 407.
Crawford, G., & Botchwey, G. (2017). Conflict, collusion and corruption in small-scale gold
mining: Chinese miners and the state in Ghana. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics,
55(4), 444–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2017.1283479
Cremades, B. M., & Cairns, D. J. A. (2003). Corruption, international public policy and the
duties of arbitrators. Dispute Resolution Journal, 58(4), 76.
Cremer, G. (2010). Corruption & development aid: Confronting the challenges.
Crider, K., & Milyo, J. (2013). Do State Ethics Commissions Reduce Political Corruption: An
Exploratory Investigation. UC Irvine L. Rev., 3, 717.
Crisan, E. L., Crisan-Mitra, C., & Dragos, C. (2018). The Impact on Migration Intentions of
Perceived Corruption at the Organizational and Country Level in Romania. Eastern
European Economics, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/00128775.2018.1533410
Crisp, B. F., Olivella, S., Potter, J. D., & Mishler, W. (2014). Elections as instruments for
punishing bad representatives and selecting good ones. Electoral Studies, 34, 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2013.08.017
158 

 
Crites, D. M. (2012). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act at thirty-five: A practitioner’s guide.
Ohio State Law Journal, 73(5), 1049–1068.
Crivellaro, A. (2013). The Courses of Action Available to International Arbitrators to Address
Issues of Bribery and Corruption. Transnational Dispute Management (TDM), 10(3).
Crivelli, E., & Gupta, S. (2016). Does conditionality in IMF-supported programs promote
revenue reform? International Tax and Public Finance, 23(3), 550–579.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-015-9379-7
Croes, P. R., & Vermeulen, W. J. V. (2019). Quantification of corruption in preventative
cost-based S-LCA: A contribution to the Oiconomy project. International Journal of Life
Cycle Assessment, 24(1), 142–3349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-018-1507-z
Croes, P., & Vermeulen, W. (2018). Quantification of corruption in preventative cost-based
S-LCA: A contribution to the Oiconomy project. The International Journal of Life Cycle
Assessment, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-018-1507-z
Crook, R., & Manor, J. (2000). Democratic decentralization. (No. 11; World Bank Operations
Evaluation Department Working Paper).
Crotty, J. (1997). Practical measures to promote integrity in customs administrations.
Cruz, C. (2014). Social Networks and Electoral Strategies in the Philippines.
Cruz, C., & Keefer, P. (2013). The organization of political parties and the politics of
bureaucratic reform.
Cruz, J. M. (2015). Police Misconduct and Political Legitimacy in Central America. Journal of
Latin American Studies, 47(2), 251–283. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X15000085
Cuadrado-Ballesteros, B., & Peña-Miguel, N. (2020). Corruption Perception following
Privatization Reforms: The Moderating Role of Governance. Revista de Contabilidad:
Spanish Accounting Review, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.6018/rcsar.361041
Cudmore, E., & Whalley, J. (2003). Border Delays and Trade Liberalization (Working Paper
No. 9485). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w9485
Cuervo-Cazurra, A. (2014). Transparency and Corruption. In J. Forssbæck & L. Oxelheim
(Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Economic and Institutional Transparency. Oxford
University Press.
http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199917693.001.0001/oxfordhb
-9780199917693
Cuervo-Cazurra, A. (2016). Corruption in international business. Journal Of World Business;
J.World Bus., 51(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2015.08.015

159 

 
Cuervo-Cazurra, Alvaro. (2006). Who cares about corruption? Journal of International Business
Studies, 37(6), 807. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400223
Cuervo-Cazurra, Alvaro. (2008a). Better the Devil You Don’t Know: Types of Corruption and
FDI in Transition Economies. Journal of International Management, 14(1), 12–17.
Cuervo-Cazurra, Alvaro. (2008b). The effectiveness of laws against bribery abroad. Journal of
International Business Studies, 39(4), 634. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400372
Cuervo-Cazurra, Alvaro, Ciravegna, L., Melgarejo, M., & Lopez, L. (2018). Home country
uncertainty and the internationalization-performance relationship: Building an
uncertainty management capability. Journal of World Business, 53(2), 209–221.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2017.11.002
Cuervo-Cazurra, Alvaro, & Genc, M. (2008). Transforming disadvantages into advantages:
Developing-country MNEs in the least developed countries. Journal of International
Business Studies, 39(6), 957–979. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400390
Çule, M., & Fulton, M. (2005). Some implications of the unofficial economy–bureaucratic
corruption relationship in transition countries. Economics Letters, 89(2), 207–211.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2005.05.027
Çule, M., & Fulton, M. (2009). Business culture and tax evasion: Why corruption and the
unofficial economy can persist. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 72(3),
811–822.
Cull, R., & Xu, L. C. (2005). Institutions, ownership, and finance: The determinants of profit
reinvestment among Chinese firms. Journal of Financial Economics, 77(1), 117–146.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2004.05.010
Cullen, J. B., Parboteeah, K. P., & Hoegl, M. (2004). Cross-National Differences in Managers’
Willingness to Justify Ethically Suspect Behaviors: A Test of Institutional Anomie
Theory. The Academy of Management Journal, 47(3), 411–421.
Cummins, M., & Gillanders, R. (2020). Greasing the Turbines? Corruption and access to
electricity in Africa. Energy Policy, 137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111188
Curini, L. (2015a). An Italian Leitmotiv? Corruption and Competence in the Debates of the
Italian Chamber of Deputies (1946–2014). South European Society & Politics, 20(4),
509–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2015.1108585
Curini, L. (2015b). The Conditional Ideological Inducement to Campaign on Character Valence
Issues in Multiparty Systems: The Case of Corruption. Comparative Political Studies,
48(2), 168.
Curini, L., & Martelli, P. (2015). A case of valence competition in elections. 21(5), 686–698.
160 

 
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068813491540
Czap, H. J., & Nur-tegin, K. D. (2012). Government Positions for Sale-A Model of Grand
Corruption. Business and Politics, 14(2).
Da Silva, M. O. (2020). Ethical Standards, Transparency, and Corruption in Brazilian Courts.
New York University Journal of International Law & Politics, 52(3), 777-.
Dabla-Norris, E. (2000). A game-theoretic analysis of corruption in bureaucracies (No. 00/106).
International Monetary Fund.
Dabla-Norris, E., Brumby, J., Kyobe, A., Mills, Z., & Papageorgiou, C. (2012). Investing in
public investment: An index of public investment efficiency. Journal of Economic
Growth, 17(3), 235–266.
Dabla‐Norris, E., & Freeman, S. (2004). Enforcement of property rights and underdevelopment.
Review of Development Economics, 8(3), 391–405.
Dabla-Norris, E., Gradstein, M., & Inchauste, G. (2008). What causes firms to hide output? The
determinants of informality. Journal of Development Economics, 85(1), 1–27.
Dabla-Norris, E., & Wade, P. (2001). Rent Seeking and Endogenous Income Inequality.
Dabla-Norris, M. E., & Paul, E. (2006). What transparency can do when incentives fail: An
analysis of rent capture. International Monetary Fund.
Dada Ojo, M. O. (2014). The Nigeria police and the search for integrity in the midst of diverse
challenges: An effective police management approach. International Journal of Police
Science & Management, 16(2), 87–100.
Dadalauri, N. (2007). Political corruption in Georgia. In S. Bracking (Ed.), Corruption and
Development:The Anti-Corruption Campaigns (pp. 155–166). Springer.
Dadasov, R. (2016). EU Aid and the Quality of Governance (No. 47; Working Papers/European
Research Centre for Anti-Corruption and State Building).
http://www.againstcorruption.eu/reports/eu-aid-and-quality-of-governance/
Dadasov, R., Hefeker, C., & Lorz, O. (2017). Natural Resource Extraction, Corruption, and
Expropriation. Review of World Economics, 153(4), 809–832.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-017-0288-y
Dadhich, S. (2016). Old dog, new tricks: Fighting corruption in the African natural resources
space with the Money Laundering Control Act. American Journal of Criminal Law,
44(1), 71–116.
D’Agostino, G., Dunne, J. P., & Pieroni, L. (2012). Corruption, military spending and growth.
Defence and Peace Economics, 23(6), 591–604.
161 

 
D’Agostino, G., Dunne, J. P., & Pieroni, L. (2016). Corruption and growth in Africa. European
Journal of Political Economy, 43(Journal Article), 71–88.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2016.03.002
D’Agostino, Giorgio, Dunne, J., & Pieroni, L. (2016). Government Spending, Corruption and
Economic Growth. World Development, 84(Journal Article), 190.
Dahlberg, S., & Holmberg, S. (2014). Democracy and Bureaucracy: How their Quality Matters
for Popular Satisfaction. West European Politics, 37(3), 515–537.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2013.830468
Dahlberg, S., Linde, J., & Holmberg, S. (2013). Dissatisfied democrats: A matter of
representation or performance?
Dahlberg, S., & Solevid, M. (2016). Does Corruption Suppress Voter Turnout. Journal of
Elections, Public Opinion & Parties, 26(4), 489–510.
Dahlström, C. (2015). Bureaucracy and corruption. In P. Heywood (Ed.), Routledge Handbook
of Political Corruption (pp. 110–120). Routledge.
Dahlström, C., & Lapuente, V. (2017). Organizing Leviathan: Politicians, bureaucrats and the
making of good government. Cambridge University Press.
Dahlström, C., Lapuente, V., & Teorell, J. (2012). The Merit of Meritocratization. Political
Research Quarterly, 65(3), 656–668. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912911408109
Dahlström, C., Lindvall, J., & Rothstein, B. (2013). Corruption, bureaucratic failure and social
policy priorities. Political Studies, 61(3), 523–542.
Dai, M., Sidiropoulos, M., & Spyromitros, E. (2015). Fiscal Policy, Institutional Quality and
Central Bank Transparency. The Manchester School, 83(5), 523.
Dakolias, M., & Thachuk, K. (2000). Attacking corruption in the judiciary: A critical process in
judicial reform. Wisconsin International Law Journal, 18(2), 353–406.
Dal Bo, E. (2007). Bribing voters. American Journal of Political Science, 51(4), 789–803.
Dal Bo, E., Dal Bo, P., & Di Tella, R. (2006). “Plata o Plomo?”: Bribe and Punishment in a
Theory of Political Influence. American Political Science Review, 100(1), 41–53.
Dal Bó, E., & Di Tella, R. (2003). Capture by threat. Journal of Political Economy, 111(5),
1123–1154.
Dal Bó, E., & Rossi, M. A. (2007). Corruption and inefficiency: Theory and evidence from
electric utilities. Journal of Public Economics, 91(5), 939–962.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2006.11.005

162 

 
Dalgaard, C.-J., & Olsson, O. (2008). Windfall Gains, Political Economy and Economic
Development. Journal of African Economies, 17(suppl 1), 72–109.
Dalgic, E., & Long, N. V. (2006). Corrupt local governments as resource farmers: The helping
hand and the grabbing hand. European Journal of Political Economy, 22(1), 115–138.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2005.07.001
D’Alterio, E. (2014). Global Integrity: National Administrations versus Global Regimes. In J.-B.
Auby, E. Breen, & T. Perroud (Eds.), Corruption and Conflicts of Interest: A
Comparative Law Approach (pp. 198–214). Elgar.
Dalton, M. M. (2006). Efficiency v. Morality: The Codification of Cultural Norms in the Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act. NYU Journal of Law & Business, 2, 583–639.
Daly, C. C., & Fariello Jr, F. A. (2012). Transforming through Transparency: Opening up the
World Bank’s Sanctions Regime. World Bank Legal Review, 4, 101-.
Damania, R. (2002). Environmental controls with corrupt bureaucrats. Environment and
Development Economics, 7(03), 407–427.
Damania, R., & Bulte, E. (2008). Resources for Sale: Corruption, Democracy and the Natural
Resource Curse. The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 8(1).
Damania, R., Fredriksson, P. G., & List, J. A. (2003). Trade liberalization, corruption, and
environmental policy formation: Theory and evidence. Journal of Environmental
Economics and Management, 46(3), 490–512.
Damania, R., Fredriksson, P., & Mani, M. (2004). The Persistence of Corruption and Regulatory
Compliance Failures: Theory and Evidence. Public Choice, 121(3), 363–390.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-004-1684-0
Damgaard, M. (2018). Cascading corruption news: Explaining the bias of media attention to
Brazil’s political scandals. Opinião Pública, 24(1), 114–143.
Dammert, L. (2017). The Peruvian Perfect Storm: State Fragility, Corruption and Organized
Crime. In H. S. Kassab & J. D. Rosen (Eds.), Fragile States in the Americas. Lexington
Books.
Damon, F.-Y. (2003). Corruption in Mainland China Today: Data and Law in a Dubious Battle.
In J. Kidd & F.-J. Richter, Fighting Corruption in Asia (pp. 175–201). WORLD
SCIENTIFIC. http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789812795397_0007
Dandago, K. I., & Arugu, L. O. (2014). Corruption in Educating Accounting and Finance
Students as Root to Financial Crimes in Africa. International Journal of Academic
Research in Progressive Education and Development, 3(1), 138–149.

163 

 
Dandurand, G. (2019). When Biopolitics Turn Digital: Transparency, Corruption, and Erasures
from the Infrastructure of Rationing in Delhi. PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology
Review, 42(2), 268–282. https://doi.org/10.1111/plar.12305
Dane, E., & Sonenshein, S. (2015). On the role of experience in ethical decision making at work:
An ethical expertise perspective. Organizational Psychology Review, 5(1), 74–96.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386614543733
Dang, D. A. (2013). How Foreign Direct Investment Promote Institutional Quality: Evidence
from Vietnam. Journal of Comparative Economics, 41(4), 1054–1072.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2013.05.010
Dang, L., & Yang, R. (2016). Anti-corruption, marketisation and firm behaviours: Evidence
from firm innovation in China. Economic and Political Studies, 4(1), 39–61.
https://doi.org/10.1080/20954816.2016.1152093
Dang, Q. V. (2016). The Impact of Corruption on Provincial Development Performance in
Vietnam. Crime, Law and Social Change, 65(4–5), 325–350.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-016-9608-8
Daniel, T., & Maton, J. (2013). Is the UNCAC an effective deterrent to grand corruption? In J.
Horder & P. Alldridge (Eds.), Modern Bribery Law (pp. 293–327). Cambridge University
Press. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139088398A023
Daniele, G., Galletta, S., & Geys, B. (2020). Abandon ship? Party brands and politicians’
responses to a political scandal. Journal of Public Economics, 184.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104172
Daniels, B., Buntaine, M., & Bangerter, T. (2020). Testing Transparency. Northwestern
University Law Review, 114(5), 1263–1333.
Danil, E., & Kurniawan, I. (2017). Optimizing Confiscation of Assets in Accelerating the
Eradication of Corruption. Hasanuddin Law Review, 3(1), 67–76.
https://doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v3i1.717
Danilov, A. P., Dikayev, S. U., & Kabanov, P. A. (2014). Preventive impact on corruption in the
Republic of Kazakhstan: Review of the commentary to the law of the Republic of
Kazakhstan «on combating corruption». Aktualʹnye Problemy Èkonomiki i Prava, 8(2),
227–237. https://doi.org/10.21202/1993-047X.08.2014.2.227-237
Danopoulos, C. P.--(Constantine P. (2014). The Cultural Roots of Corruption in Greece.
Mediterranean Quarterly, 25(2), 105–130.
Daoud, A. (2015). Quality of Governance, Corruption and Absolute Child Poverty in India.
Journal of South Asian Development, 10(2), 148–167.

164 

 
D’Aoust, O., & Sterck, O. (2016). Who Benefits from Customary Justice? Rent-seeking, Bribery
and Criminality in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of African Economies, 25(3), 439–467.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejw001
Darabare, S. J. (2014). Electoral Corrupt Practice and Electoral Offences: An Analysis. Journal
of Legal Analysis and Research, 1(3), 69.
Darby, J., Desbordes, R., & Wooton, I. (2010). Does public governance always matter? How
experience of poor institutional quality influences FDI to the South.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1738168
D’Arcy, M., & Cornell, A. (2016). Devolution and Corruption in Kenya: Everyone’s Turn To
Eat? African Affairs, 115(459), 246.
Darden, K. (2008). The Integrity of Corrupt States: Graft as an Informal State Institution. Politics
and Society, 36(1), 35–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329207312183
Darley, J. M. (1992). Social Organization for the Production of Evil. Psychological Inquiry, 3(2),
199.
Darley, J. M. (1996). How Organizations Socialize Individuals into Evildoing. In David M.
Messick & A. E. Tenbrunsel (Eds.), Codes of conduct: Behavioral research into business
ethics (pp. 13–43). Russell Sage.
Darley, J. M. (2005). The cognitive and social psychology of contagious organizational
corruption.(Corporate Misbehavior by Elite Decision-Makers Symposium: Perspectives
from Law and Social Psychology). Brooklyn Law Review, 70(4), 1165–1176.
Darley, W. K. (2012). Increasing Sub-Saharan Africa’s share of foreign direct investment: Public
policy challenges, strategies, and implications. Journal of African Business, 13(1), 62–69.
Darmer, R. E., Klehm, H., & Roseman, J. S. (2018). Ten Board Questions On Anticorruption
Compliance. Corporate Board, 39(231), 20.
Darr, A. (2003). Gifting practices and interorganizational relations: Constructing obligation
networks in the electronics sector. Sociological Forum, 18(1), 31–51.
Darrough, M. (2010). The FCPA and the OECD Convention: Some Lessons from the U.S.
Experience. Journal of Business Ethics, 93(2), 255–276.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0219-5
Darrough, M. N. (1999). Privatization and Corruption: Patronage vs. Spoils. International Public
Management Journal, 2(2), 273–298.
Das, A., & Parry, M. M. B. (2011). Greasing or Sanding? GMM Estimation of the
Corruption-Investment Relationship. International Journal of Economics and Research,

165 

 
02(02), 95–108.
Das, J., & Dirienzo, C. (2009). The nonlinear impact of globalization on corruption. The
International Journal of Business and Finance Research : IJBFR, 3(2), 33–46.
Das, J., & Dirienzo, C. (2010). Tourism Competitiveness and Corruption: A Cross-Country
Analysis. Tourism Economics, 16(3), 477–492.
https://doi.org/10.5367/000000010792278392
Das, J., & DiRienzo, C. E. (2012). Spatial Decay of Corruption in Africa and The Middle East.
Economic Papers: A Journal of Applied Economics and Policy, 31(4), 508–514.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-3441.12008
Das, K. C., & Mahalik, M. K. (2020). International subsidiary performance of Indian
multinationals in the extractive sector: The role of institutional quality, corruption and
investment regime. Resources Policy, 67.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101664
Das, S., & Pohit, S. (2006). Quantifying Transport, Regulatory and Other Costs of Indian
Overland Exports to Bangladesh. World Economy, 29(9), 1227–1242.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2006.00810.x
Das, V. (2015). Corruption and the possibility of life. Contributions To Indian Sociology;
Contrib.India.Sociol., 49(3), 322–343. https://doi.org/10.1177/0069966715593824
Das, Vasudev. (2018a). Judicial corruption: The case of Nigeria. Journal of Financial Crime,
25(4), 926–939. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-02-2017-0011
Das, Vasudev. (2018b). Kleptocracy in Nigeria. Journal of Financial Crime, 25(1), 57–69.
Dasgupta, S. (2019). The Power of Corruption. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and
the Middle East, 39(3), 558–562. https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201X-7885524
Dash, D. P., Behera, S. R., Rao, D. T., Sethi, N., & Loganathan, N. (2020). Governance,
urbanization, and pollution: A cross-country analysis of global south region. Cogent
Economics & Finance, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2020.1742023
Daskalopoulou, I. (2016). Rent seeking or corruption? An analysis of income satisfaction and
perceptions of institutions in Greece. The Social Science Journal, 53(4), 477–485.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2016.08.003
Dass, N., Nanda, V., & Xiao, S. C. (2016). Public Corruption in the United States: Implications
for Local Firms. The Review of Corporate Finance Studies, 5(1), 102–138.
https://doi.org/10.1093/rcfs/cfv016
Dass, N., Nanda, V., & Xiao, S. C. (2020). Geographic Clustering of Corruption in the United

166 

 
States. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04513-5
Dastidar, K. G., & Mukherjee, D. (2014). Corruption in delegated public procurement auctions.
European Journal of Political Economy, 35(Journal Article), 122–127.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2014.05.003
Daswani, G. (2020). On Cynicism: Activist and Artistic Responses to Corruption in Ghana.
Cultural Anthropology, 35(1), 104–133. https://doi.org/10.14506/ca35.1.09
Datt, D. (2016). Inter-governmental political relations in a federation and illegal mining of
natural resources. Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, 18(4), 557–576.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10018-015-0123-4
Datu, T. T., & Nawawi, H. J. (2014). Implementation of Good Governance and Bureaucratic
Reform in Indonesia. International Journal of Academic Research, 6(3), 5–9.
https://doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2014/6-3/B.1
Daude, C., & Stein, E. (2007). The Quality of Institutions and Foreign Direct Investment.
Economics & Politics, 19(3), 317–344. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2007.00318.x
David, K. E. (2012). Why does the United States regulate foreign bribery: Moralism,
self-interest, or altruism? New York University Annual Survey of American Law, 67(3),
497–511.
Dávid-Barrett, E. (2015). Nolan’s Legacy: Regulating Parliamentary Conduct in Democratising
Europe. Parliamentary Affairs, 68(3), 514.
Dávid-Barrett, E. (2019). Business unusual: Collective action against bribery in international
business. Crime, Law and Social Change, 71(2), 151–170.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9715-1
Dávid-Barrett, E., & Fazekas, M. (2016). Corrupt Contracting: Partisan Favouritism in Public
Procurement [Working Paper].
http://www.againstcorruption.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/WP-49-Corrupt-Contractin
g.pdf
Dávid-Barrett, E., & Fazekas, M. (2019). Grand corruption and government change: An analysis
of partisan favoritism in public procurement. European Journal on Criminal Policy and
Research, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-019-09416-4
Dávid-Barrett, E., & Fazekas, M. (2020). Anti-corruption in aid-funded procurement: Is
corruption reduced or merely displaced? World Development, 132.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105000
Dávid-Barrett, E., Fazekas, M., Hellmann, O., Márk, L., & McCorley, C. (2018). Controlling
Corruption in Development Aid: New Evidence from Contract-Level Data (SSRN
167 

 
Scholarly Paper ID 3103395). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3103395
David-Barrett, E., Heywood, P. M., & Theodorakis, N. (2015). Towards a European Strategy To
Reduce Corruption by Enhancing the Use of Open Data (Research Centre on Security
and Crime – IT).
http://www.againstcorruption.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/21X21_BROCHURE_TA
COD_EN.pdf
David-Barrett, E., Murray, A., Polvi, J., & Burge, R. (2020). Evaluating anti-corruption agencies:
Learning from the Caribbean. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 12(1), 74–88.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2020.1745869
Dávid-Barrett, E., & Okamura, K. (2013). The Transparency Paradox: Why Corrupt Countries
Join the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. APSA 2013 Annual Meeting
Paper.
David-Barrett, E., & Okamura, K. (2016). Norm Diffusion and Reputation: The Rise of the
Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. Governance, 29(2), 227–246.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12163
Davidovic, D., Harring, N., & Jagers, S. C. (2020). The contingent effects of environmental
concern and ideology: Institutional context and people’s willingness to pay
environmental taxes. Environmental Politics, 29(4), 674–696.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2019.1606882
Davids, C., & Schubert, G. (2011). The global architecture of foreign bribery control: Applying
the OECD Bribery Convention. In A. Graycar & R. G. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of global
research and practice in corruption (p. 319). Edward Elgar.
Davidson, J. S. (2007). Politics-as-usual on trial: Regional anti-corruption campaigns in
Indonesia. The Pacific Review, 20(1), 75–99.
Davidson, S. (1999). Okeahalam and Bah on corruption: A comment. South African Journal of
Economics, 67(1), 72–77.
Davies, M. (2000). Ethics in Government and the Issue of Conflicts of Interest. In Y. El-Ayouty,
K. J. Ford, & M. Davies (Eds.), Government ethics and law enforcement: Toward global
guidelines (pp. 97–122). Praeger Publishers.
Davies, S., Stone, L., & Buttle, J. (2016). Covering cops: Critical reporting of Indonesian police
corruption. Pacific Journalism Review, 22(2), 185–201.
Davis, C. L., Ai Camp, R., & Coleman, K. M. (2004). The influence of party systems on
citizens’ perceptions of corruption and electoral response in Latin America.(Author

168 

 
Abstract). Comparative Political Studies, 37(6), 677.
Davis, D. E. (2006). Undermining the Rule of Law: Democratization and the Dark Side of Police
Reform in Mexico. Latin American Politics & Society, 48(1), 55–86.
Davis, F. T. (2016). International double jeopardy: U.S. prosecutions and the developing law in
Europe. American University International Law Review, 31(1), 57–101.
Davis, James, & Ruhe, J. (2003). Perceptions of Country Corruption: Antecedents and
Outcomes. Journal of Business Ethics, 43(4), 275–288.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023038901080
Davis, Jennifer. (2004). Corruption in Public Service Delivery: Experience from South Asia’s
Water and Sanitation Sector. World Development, 32(1), 53–71.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.07.003
Davis, K. E. (2002). Self-interest and altruism in the deterrence of transnational bribery.
American Law and Economics Review : The Journal of the American Law and
Economics Association, 4(2), 314–340.
Davis, K. E. (2009). Civil remedies for corruption in government contracting: Zero tolerance
versus proportional liability (NYU School of Law, Public Law Research Paper).
Davis, K. E. (2010). Does the globalization of anti-corruption law help developing countries? In
J. Faundez & C. Tan (Eds.), International Economic Law, Globalization and Developing
Countries (pp. 283–306).
Davis, K. E. (2012a). The Prospects for Anti-corruption Law: Optimists versus Skeptics. Hague
Journal on the Rule of Law, 4(2), 319–336.
Davis, K. E. (2012b). Why Does the United States Regulate Foreign Bribery: Moralism,
Self-Interest, or Altruism? NYU Annual Survey of American Law, 67(3), 12–51.
Davis, K. E. (2015). Regulation of Foreign Bribery: The FCPA Enforcement Model. In Susan
Rose-Ackerman & P. Lagunes (Eds.), Greed, corruption, and the modern state: Essays in
political economy (pp. 297–316). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Davis, K. E. (2016). Multijurisdictional Enforcement Games. In The Research Handbook on
Corporate Crime and Financial Misdealing, Jennifer Arlen ed., Forthcoming (pp.
16–19).
Davis, K. E. (2018a). Contracts Procured Through Bribery of Public Officials: Zero Tolerance
Versus Proportional Liability. New York University Journal of International Law and
Politics, 50(4), 1319.
Davis, K. E. (2018b). Corruption as a Violation of International Human Rights: A Reply to Anne

169 

 
Peters. European Journal of International Law, 29(4), 1289–1296.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chy074
Davis, K. E. (2019). The Limits of Evidence-Based Regulation: The Case of Anti-Bribery Law
(SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3490807). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3490807
Davis, K. E. (2020). What counts as a good settlement? Negotiated Settlements in Bribery Cases.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788970402/9781788970402.00020.xml
Davis, K. E., Jorge, G., & Machado, M. R. (2015). Transnational anticorruption law in action:
Cases from Argentina and Brazil.(institutional complementarity theory case studies). Law
and Social Inquiry, 40(3), 664.
Davis, K. E., Rose-Ackerman, S., & Carrington, P. D. (2013). Does the Globalization of
Anti-Corruption Law Help Developing Countries? In Anti-corruption policy: Can
international actors play a constructive role? (pp. 169–178). Carolina Academic Press.
Davis, L., & White, K. R. (2019). Is justice blind? Evidence from federal corruption convictions.
Public Choice. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-019-00756-7
Davis, P. J. (2016). “To return the funds at all”: Global anticorruption, forfeiture, and legal
frameworks for asset return. The University of Memphis Law Review, 47(1), 291–357.
Dawid, H., & Feichtinger, G. (1996). On the persistence of corruption. Journal of Economics,
64(2), 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01250114
Dawisha, K. (2014). Putin’s Kleptocracy.
http://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Putins-Kleptocracy/Karen-Dawisha/978147679
5201
Dawson, H. J. (2014). Patronage from below: Political unrest in an informal settlement in South
Africa. African Affairs, 113(453), 518–539.
de Alencar, C. H. R., & Gico Jr, I. T. (2011). When crime pays: Measuring judicial performance
against corruption in Brazil. Law & Business Review of the Americas, 17(3), 415–434.
de Almeida, M. A., & Zagaris, B. (2015). Political Capture in the Petrobus Corruption Scandal:
The Sad Tale of an Oil Giant. Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 39(2), 87–99.
De Angelis, I., de Blasio, G., & Rizzica, L. (2020). Lost in Corruption. Evidence from EU
Funding to Southern Italy. Italian Economic Journal, 6(2), 355–377.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40797-020-00123-2
De Beco, G. (2011). Monitoring corruption from a human rights perspective. The International
Journal of Human Rights, 15(7), 1107–1124.

170 

 
de Brito, M., & Costa de Souza, G. (2018). Meanings in research on corruption. Revista de
Administração Pública, 52(4), 712–730. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7612175197
De Chiara, A., & Livio, L. (2017). The threat of corruption and the optimal supervisory task.
Journal Of Economic Behavior & Organization, 133, 172–186.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2016.11.006
De Figueiredo, M. F., Hidalgo, F. D., & Kasahara, Y. (2011). When do voters punish corrupt
politicians? Experimental evidence from Brazil [Unpublished manuscript, University of
California Berkeley].
De Francesco, F., & Trein, P. (2020). How Does Corruption Affect the Adoption of Lobby
Registers? A Comparative Analysis. Politics and Governance, 8(2), 116–127.
https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i2.2708
De George, R. T. (1997). Sullivan-Type Principles for US Multinationals in Emerging
Economies. U. Pa. J. Int’l Econ. L., 18, 1193.
De Graaf, G, Huberts, L., & Nelen, J. (2008). Is the Glass Half Full or Half Empty? Perceptions
of the Scale and Nature of Corruption in The Netherlands 1. Perspectives on European
Politics and Society, 9(1), 84–94.
De Graaf, Gjalt. (2007). Causes of corruption: Towards a contextual theory of corruption. Public
Administration Quarterly, 39–86.
De Graaf, Gjalt, & Huberts, L. W. (2008). Portraying the nature of corruption using an
explorative case study design. Public Administration Review, 68(4), 640–653.
De Graaf, Gjalt, Maravić, P. von, & Wagenaar, F. (2010). The good cause. Theoretical
perspectives on corruption. Budrich Publishing.
De Groot, H. L., Linders, G., Rietveld, P., & Subramanian, U. (2004). The institutional
determinants of bilateral trade patterns. Kyklos, 57(1), 103–123.
De Jaegere, S. (2012). Principles for Anti-Corruption Agencies: A Game Changer. Jindal
Journal of Public Policy, 1(1), 90–102.
de Jager, N., & Steenekamp, C. L. (2016). The changing political culture of the African National
Congress. Democratization, 23(5), 919–939.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2015.1041382
de Jong, E., & Bogmans, C. (2011). Does corruption discourage international trade? European
Journal of Political Economy, 27(2), 385–398.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2010.11.005
De Jong, G., Tu, P. A., & Van Ees, H. (2012). Which Entrepreneurs Bribe and What Do They

171 

 
Get From It? Exploratory Evidence From Vietnam. Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice, 36(2), 323–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00400.x
de Jong, G., Tu, P. A., & van Ees, H. (2015). The Impact of Personal Relationships on Bribery
Incidence in Transition Economies. European Management Review, 12(1), 7.
de Koker, L. (2011). Applying Anti-Money Laundering Laws to Fight CorruptionThe global
architecture of foreign bribery control: Applying the OECD Bribery Convention. In A.
Graycar & R. G. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of global research and practice in corruption.
Edward Elgar.
de Koker, L., & Harwood, K. (2015). Supplier integrity due diligence in public procurement:
Limiting the criminal risk to Australia. Sydney Law Review, The, 37(2), 217–241.
De la Croix, D., & Delavallade, C. (2009). Growth, public investment and corruption with failing
institutions. Economics of Governance, 10(3), 187–219.
De la Croix, D., & Delavallade, C. (2011). Democracy, rule of law, corruption incentives, and
growth. Journal of Public Economic Theory, 13(2), 155–187.
De La Croix, D., & Delavallade, C. (2014). Why corrupt governments may receive more foreign
aid. Oxford Economic Papers, 66(1), 51–66. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpt004
De La Torre, M. J. (2016). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Imposing an American definition
of corruption on global markets. Cornell International Law Journal, 49(2), 495.
de Lancer Julnes, P., & Villoria, M. (2014). Understanding and addressing citizens’ perceptions
of corruption: The case of Spain. International Review of Public Administration, 19(1),
23–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/12294659.2014.887295
De, M. B., & Kim, C. (2016). Social Movements against Corruption and Sexual Violence in
India Urban Middle Class Approaches. Asian Journal Of Social Science; Asian
J.Soc.Sci., 44(1–2), 7–33. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04401002
De Maria, B. (2008). Neo-colonialism through measurement: A critique of the corruption
perception index. Critical Perspectives on International Business, 4(2/3), 184–202.
De Maria, W. (2005). Whistleblower protection: Is Africa ready? Public Administration &
Development, 25(3), 217.
De Maria, W. (2007). Does African" corruption" exist? African Journal of Business Ethics, 2(1),
1–9.
De Maria, W. (2008a). Cross Cultural Trespass Assessing African Anti-corruption Capacity.
International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 8(3), 317–341.
De Maria, W. (2008b). Measurements and markets: Deconstructing the corruption perception
172 

 
index. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 21(7), 777–797.
https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550810904569
De Maria, W., & Prasad, A. (2008). The new war on African “corruption”: Just another
neo-colonial adventure? In Against the Grain: Advances in Postcolonial Organization
Studies. Liber & Copenhagen Business School Press.
De Mello, L. E., & Barenstein, M. (2001). Fiscal Decentralization and Governance: A
Cross-Country Analysis. IMF Working Paper IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc,
01/71.
De Mello, L. R. (2004). Can fiscal decentralization strengthen social capital? Public Finance
Review, 32(1), 4–35.
De Mendonça, H. F., & Baca, A. C. (2017). Relevance of corruption on the effect of public
health expenditure and taxation on economic growth. Applied Economics Letters, 1–6.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2017.1374533
De Michele, R. (2003). Follow-up Mechanism of the Inter-American Convention against
Corruption: A Preliminary Assessment: Is the Glass Half Empty, The. Southwestern
Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas, 10, 295.
De Michele, R. (2013). How Can International Financial Institutions Support Countries’ Efforts
to Prevent Corruption under International Treaties and Agreements? In Susan
Rose-Ackerman & P. D. Carrington (Eds.), Anti-corruption policy: Can international
actors play a constructive role? (pp. 179–200). Carolina Academic Press.
de Michele, R., Prats Cabrera, J. O., & Losada Revol, I. (2018). Effects of Corruption in PPP
Contracts: Consequences of a Zero-Tolerance Approach (IDB-DP-625). Inter-American
Development Bank. https://doi.org/10.18235/0001355
De Ree, J., Muralidharan, K., Pradhan, M., & Rogers, H. (2015). Double for nothing?
Experimental evidence on the impact of an unconditional teacher salary increase on
student performance in Indonesia. National Bureau of Economic Research.
De Rosa, D., Gooroochurn, N., & Görg, H. (2015). Corruption and productivity: Firm-level
evidence. Jahrbücher Für Nationalökonomie Und Statistik, 235(2), 115–138.
De Simone, F., & Taxell, N. (2014). Donors and “Zero Tolerance for Corruption”: From
Principle to Practice. U4 Brief.
De Simone, F., & Zagaris, B. (n.d.). Impact of foreign bribery legislation on developing
countries and the role of donor agencies (2014:6; U4 Issue).
http://www.u4.no/publications/impact-of-foreign-bribery-legislation-on-developing-count
ries-and-the-role-of-donor-agencies/

173 

 
de Sousa, Luis. (2002). Hard Responses to Corruption: Penal Standards and the Repression of
Corruption. Crime, Law & Social Change, 38, 267–294.
de Sousa, Luís. (2008). ‘I Don’t Bribe, I Just Pull Strings’: Assessing the Fluidity of Social
Representations of Corruption in Portuguese Society. Perspectives on European Politics
and Society, 9(1), 8–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15705850701825402
de Sousa, Luis. (2011). Anti-Corruption Agencies: Between Empowerment and Irrelevance.
Crime, Law & Social Change, 53, 5–22.
de Sousa, Luis. (2012). Above the Law, Below Ethics’: Some Findings on Portuguese Attitudes
Towads Corruption. In Dirk Tanzler, Konstadinos Maras & Angelos Giannakopoulos
(Ed.), The Social Construction of Corruption in Europe (pp. 245–264).
de Sousa, Luis, Larmour, P., & Hindess, B. (Eds.). (2009). Governments, NGOs and
Anti-Corruption: The New Integrity Warriors. Routledge.
de Sousa, Luis, & Marcelo Moriconi. (2013). Why Voters Do Not Throw the Rascals Out? – A
Conceptual Framework for Analysing Electoral Punishment of Corruption. Crime, Law &
Social Change, 60(5), 471–502.
de Speville, B. (2016). The Struggle Against Corruption: Progress at a Snail’s Pace. Why?
Asia-Pacific Review, 23(1), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/13439006.2016.1195963
de Speville, Bertrand. (2010). Overcoming Corruption: The Essentials. BPR Publishers.
de Speville, Betrand. (2010). Anticorruption Commissions: The ‘Hong Kong Model’ Revisited.
Asia-Pacific Review, 17(1), 47–71.
de Vaal, A., & Ebben, W. (2011). Institutions and the Relation between Corruption and
Economic Growth. Review of Development Economics, 15(1), 108–123.
de Viteri Vázquez, A. S., & Bjørnskov, C. (2020). Constitutional power concentration and
corruption: Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean. Constitutional Political
Economy, 31(4), 509-. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10602-020-09317-3
De Vries, C. E., & Solaz, H. (2017). The Electoral Consequences of Corruption. Annual Review
of Political Science, 20, 391–408.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-052715-111917
De Vries, M., & Sobis, I. (2016). Increasing transparency is not always the panacea. The
International Journal of Public Sector Management, 29(3), 255–270.
de Vries, P. (2007). The Orchestration of Corruption and Excess Enjoyment in Westen Mexico.
In M. Nuijten & G. Anders (Eds.), Corruption and the secret of law: A legal
anthropological perspective. Ashgate.

174 

 
De Vrieze, F., & Glusac, L. (2020a). Parliament’s relationship to anti-corruption agencies:
Evidence from Lithuania, Ukraine and Serbia. Westminster Foundation for Democracy.
https://www.wfd.org/2020/07/10/report-parliaments-relationship-to-anti-corruption-agenc
ies-evidence-from-lithuania-ukraine-and-serbia/
De Vrieze, F., & Glusac, L. (2020b). Will the Ukrainian parliament and anti-corruption agency
step up to the task of combating corruption? Westminster Foundation for Democracy.
https://www.wfd.org/2020/08/05/will-the-ukrainian-parliament-and-anti-corruption-agen
cy-step-up-to-the-task-of-combating-corruption/
de Waal, A. (2014). When kleptocracy becomes insolvent: Brute causes of the civil war in South
Sudan. African Affairs, 113(452), 347–369.
Deagro, M. (2016). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and self-disclosure in the health and life
sciences industry: Is honesty the best policy? Georgetown Journal of Law & Public
Policy, 14(1), 309.
Dearden, S. J. H. (2000). Corruption and economic development [Other].
http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/1870/
Deases, A. J. (2005). Developing countries: Increasing transparency and other methods of
eliminating corruption in the public procurement process. Public Contract Law Journal,
34(3), 553–572.
DeBacker, J., Heim, B. T., & Tran, A. (2015). Importing corruption culture from overseas:
Evidence from corporate tax evasion in the United States. Journal of Financial
Economics, 117(1), 122–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2012.11.009
Debiel, T., & Gawrich, A. (2013). (Dys-)Functionalities of corruption: Comparative perspectives
and methodological pluralism. Zeitschrift Für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft, 7,
1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-013-0173-6
Debnath, K. B., & Mourshed, M. (2018). Corruption Significantly Increases the Capital Cost of
Power Plants in Developing Contexts. Frontiers in Energy Research, 6.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2018.00008
Debnath, R., & Shankar, R. (2014). Does Good Governance Enhance Happiness: A Cross Nation
Study. Social Indicators Research, 116(1), 235–253.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0275-1
Debski, J., & Jetter, M. (2015). Gender and Corruption: A Reassessment (No. 9447; IZA
Discussion Papers). Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
https://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp9447.html
Debski, J., Jetter, M., Mösle, S., & Stadelmann, D. (2018). Gender and corruption: The neglected

175 

 
role of culture. European Journal of Political Economy.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.05.002
Decelles, K. A., Derue, D. S., Margolis, J. D., & Ceranic, T. L. (2012). Does Power Corrupt or
Enable? When and Why Power Facilitates Self-Interested Behavior. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 97(3), 681–689. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026811
Dechenaux, E., & Samuel, A. (2014). Announced vs. Surprise inspections with tipping-off.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, 34(Journal Article), 167–183.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2014.01.001
Dechenaux, Emmanuel, & Samuel, A. (2012). Pre-emptive Corruption, Hold-up and Repeated
Interactions. Economica, 79(314), 258–283.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0335.2011.00898.x
Deckard, N., & Pieri, Z. (2017). The Implications of Endemic Corruption for State Legitimacy in
Developing Nations: An Empirical Exploration of the Nigerian Case. International
Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 30(4), 369–384.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-016-9242-6
Deckert, J., Myagkov, M., & Ordeshook, P. C. (2011). Benfordʼs Law and the Detection of
Election Fraud. Political Analysis, 19(3), 245–268. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpr014
Deflem, M. (1995). Corruption, law, and justice: A conceptual clarification. Journal of Criminal
Justice, 23(3), 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2352(95)00018-L
Dehn, J., R. Reinikka & J. Svensson. (2007). Unique Problems with FCPA Compliance in the
People’s Republic of China. Business Law Today, 16(5), 14–18.
Dehn, J., Reinikka, R., & Svensson, J. (2003). Survey Tools for Assessing Performance in
Service Delivery. In F. Bourguignon & L. A. P. da Silva (Eds.), The impact of economic
policies on poverty and income distribution: Evaluation techniques and tools. A
copublication of the World Bank and Oxford University Press, New York.
Deininger, K., & Mpuga, P. (2005). Does Greater Accountability Improve the Quality of Public
Service Delivery? Evidence from Uganda. World Development, 33(1), 171–191.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.09.002
Dejardin, M., & Laurent, H. (2014). Greasing the wheels of entrepreneurship? A complement
according to entrepreneurial motives [IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc].
Dekel, E., Jackson, M. o, & Wolinsky, A. (2008). Vote Buying: General Elections. Journal of
Political Economy, 116(2), 351–380. https://doi.org/10.1086/587624
Del Monte, A., & Papagni, E. (2001). Public expenditure, corruption, and economic growth: The
case of Italy. European Journal of Political Economy, 17(1), 1–16.
176 

 
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(00)00025-2
Del Monte, A., & Papagni, E. (2007). The determinants of corruption in Italy: Regional panel
data analysis. European Journal of Political Economy, 23(2), 379–396.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2006.03.004
dela Rama, M. (2012). Corporate Governance and Corruption: Ethical Dilemmas of Asian
Business Groups. Journal of Business Ethics, 109(4), 501–519.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1142-0
Delaney, P. X. (2007). Transnational Corruption: Regulation Across Borders. Virginia Journal of
International Law, 47, 413-.
Delavallade, C. (2006). Corruption and distribution of public spending in developing countries.
Journal of Economics and Finance, 30(2), 222–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02761488
Delavallade, C. (2012). What Drives Corruption? Evidence from North African Firms. Journal
of African Economies, 21(4), 499–547.
DeLeon, P. (1989). Public Policy Implications of Systemic Political Corruption. Corruption &
Reform, 4(3), 193–215.
Delgado, M., & McCloud, N. (2017). Foreign direct investment and the domestic capital stock:
The good–bad role of higher institutional quality. Empirical Economics, 53(4),
1587–1637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-016-1173-6
Delgado, M. S., Mccloud, N., & Kumbhakar, S. C. (2014). A generalized empirical model of
corruption, foreign direct investment, and growth. Journal of Macroeconomics,
42(Journal Article), 298–325.
Della Porta, D. (1996). Actors in Corruption: Business Politicians in Italy. International Social
Science Journal, 48(3), 349–349.
Della Porta, D. (2000). Social Capital, Beliefs in Government, and Political Corruption. In S. J.
Pharr & R. D. Putnam (Eds.), Disaffected democracies: What’s troubling the trilateral
countries? (pp. 202–228). Princeton University Press.
Della Porta, D. (2001). A judges’ revolution? Political corruption and the judiciary in Italy.
European Journal of Political Research, 39(1), 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007134509892
Della Porta, D. (2004). Political parties and corruption: Ten hypotheses on five vicious circles.
Crime, Law and Social Change, 42(1), 35–60.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CRIS.0000041036.85056.c6
Della Porta, D., & Vannucci, A. (1997a). The `perverse effects’ of political corruption. Political

177 

 
Studies, xlv(3), 516–538.
Della Porta, D., & Vannucci, A. (1997b). The resources of corruption: Some reflections from the
Italian Case. Crime, Law and Social Change, 27(3), 231–254.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008215600420
Della Porta, D., & Vannucci, A. (2006). A Typology of Corrupt Networks. In Junʼichi Kawata
(Ed.), Comparing political corruption and clientelism (pp. 23–44). Ashgate.
Della Porta, D., & Vannucci, A. (2007). Corruption and anti-corruption: The political defeat of
‘Clean Hands’ in Italy. West European Politics, 30(4), 830–853.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380701500322
Della Porta, D., & Vannucci, A. (2011). The hidden order of corruption: An institutional
approach. Ashgate Pub.
Della Porta, D., & Vannucci, A. (2012a). Corrupt exchanges: Actors, resources, and
mechanisms of political corruption. Aldine de Gruyter.
Della Porta, D., & Vannucci, A. (2012b). When Anti-Corruption Policy Fails: The Italian Case
Eighteen Years After the Mani Pulite Investigations. In D. Tänzler, K. Maras, & A.
Giannakopoulos (Eds.), The social construction of corruption in Europe (pp. 133–164).
Ashgate Pub.
Dell’Anno, R. (2019). Corruption around the world: An analysis by partial least
squares—structural equation modeling. Public Choice, 184(3–4), 327–350.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-019-00758-5
Dell’Anno, R., & Schneider, F. G. (2006). Estimating the underground economy by using
MIMIC models: A response to T. Breusch´s critique (No. 2006–07; Economics Working
Papers). Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/jku/econwp/2006_07.html
Dell’Anno, R., & Teobaldelli, D. (2015). Keeping both corruption and the shadow economy in
check: The role of decentralization. International Tax and Public Finance, 22(1), 1–40.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-013-9298-4
Dellepiane-Avellaneda, S. (2010). Review Article: Good Governance, Institutions and Economic
Development: Beyond the Conventional Wisdom. British Journal of Political Science,
40(1), 195–224.
Delzangles, H. (2014). Regulatory Authorities and Conflicts of Interest. In J.-B. Auby, E. Breen,
& T. Perroud (Eds.), Corruption and conflicts of interest: A comparative law approach
(pp. 15–29). Edward Elgar PubLtd.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:ELGAR01620140507

178 

 
Demarco, M. (2016). PRIVATE ACTORS AND PUBLIC CORRUPTION: WHY COURTS
SHOULD ADOPT A BROAD INTERPRETATION OF THE HOBBS ACT. Michigan
Law Review, 115(3), 413–438.
Demarco, Megan. (2016). Private actors and public corruption: Why courts should adopt a broad
interpretation of the Hobbs Act. Michigan Law Review, 115(3), 413.
Demas, R. R. (2008). All Hands on Deck: Collaborative Global Strategies in the Battle Against
Corruption and Human Trafficking in Africa. University of St. Thomas Law Journal, 6,
204–658.
Demas, R. R. (2011). Moment of truth: Development in sub-Saharan Africa and critical
alterations needed in application of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other
anti-corruption initiatives. American University International Law Review, 26(2),
315–369.
Demas, R. R. (2014). Biting the hands that feed: Corporate charity and the U.S. Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act. American University International Law Review, 29(2), 335–368.
Demetriades, P., & Vassileva, R. (2020). Money Laundering and Central Bank Governance in
The European Union. Journal of International Economic Law, 23(2), 509–533.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgaa011
Demidov, B. (2005). Corruption in Russia, 2000–2003: The Role of the Federal Okrugs and
Presidential Envoys. In The Dynamics of Russian Politics–Putin’s Reform of
Federal-Regional Relations (Vol. 2). Rowman & Littlefield.
Deming, S. H. (1999). Foreign Corrupt Practices. International Law, 507-.
Deming, S. H. (2006). The potent and broad-ranging implications of the accounting and
record-keeping provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.(The Changing Face of
White-Collar Crime). Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 96(2), 465.
Deming, S. H. (2014). Canada’s Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act and secret
commissions offense. American University International Law Review, 29(2), 369–398.
Demir, F., & Hu, C. (2016). Institutional Differences and the Direction of Bilateral Foreign
Direct Investment Flows: Are South-South Flows any Different than the Rest? World
Economy, 39(12), 2000–2024. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12356
Demirbag, M., Glaister, K. W., & Tatoglu, E. (2007). Institutional and transaction cost
influences on MNEs’ ownership strategies of their affiliates: Evidence from an emerging
market. Journal of World Business, 42(4), 418–434.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2007.06.004
Demirbag, M., McGuinness, M., & Altay, H. (2010). Perceptions of Institutional Environment
179 

 
and Entry Mode: FDI from an Emerging Country. MIR: Management International
Review, 50(2), 207–240.
Demirbag, M., Tatoglu, E., & Glaister, K. W. (2010). Institutional and Transaction Cost
Influences on Partnership Structure of Foreign Affiliates. Management International
Review, 50(6), 709–745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-010-0055-y
Dempster, G., & Isaacs, J. (2017). Entrepreneurship, corruption and economic freedom. Journal
of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 6(2), 181–192.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-08-2016-0030
den Nieuwenboer, N. A., & Kaptein, M. (2008). Spiraling Down into Corruption: A Dynamic
Analysis of the Social Identity Processes that Cause Corruption in Organizations to
Grow. Journal of Business Ethics, 83(2), 133–146.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9617-8
Deng, F. (2017). Anti-corruption in Chinese urban planning: The case of adjusting FAR. Cities,
70, 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.06.022
Deng, J. (2018). The National Supervision Commission: A New Anti-corruption Model in China.
International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 52, 58–73.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.09.005
Deng, X. M., Wang, Y. H., Zhang, Q. Q., Huang, J. X., & Cui, J. J. (2014). Analysis of fraud risk
in public construction projects in China. PUBLIC MONEY & MANAGEMENT, 34(1),
51–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2014.865939
Deniozos, N., Vlados, C., & Chatzinikolaou, D. (2019). Corruption as Form of Economic Crime
and Government Effectiveness (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3466321). Social Science
Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3466321
Denisova-Schmidt, E., & Huber, M. (2014). Regional differences in perceived corruption among
Ukrainian firms. Eurasian Geography And Economics, 55(1), 10–36.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2014.915757
Denisova-Schmidt, Elena. (2020). Introduction: Corruption in Higher Education: Global
Challenges and Responses. In Corruption in Higher Education (pp. 1–12). Brill Sense.
https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004433885/BP000001.xml
Denisova-Schmidt, Elena, Huber, M., & Leontyeva, E. (2016). On the development of students’
attitudes towards corruption and cheating in Russian universities. European Journal of
Higher Education, Journal Article, 1–16.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21568235.2016.1154477
Denisova-Schmidt, Elena, Huber, M., & Prytula, Y. (2015). An experimental evaluation of an

180 

 
anti-corruption intervention among Ukrainian university students. Eurasian Geography
and Economics, 56(6), 713–734. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2016.1155467
Denisova-Schmidt, Elena, Huber, M., & Prytula, Y. (2019). The effects of anti-corruption videos
on attitudes toward corruption in a Ukrainian online survey. Eurasian Geography and
Economics, 60(3), 304–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2019.1667844
Denisova-Schmidt, Elena, & Prytula, Y. (2018). Business corruption in Ukraine: A way to get
things done? Business Horizons. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2018.06.004
Denisova-Schmidt, Elena, & Prytula, Y. (2020). Endemic Corruption in Higher Education:
Lessons from Ukraine. In Corruption in Higher Education (pp. 20–24). Brill Sense.
https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004433885/BP000004.xml
Denisova-Schmidt, Elena, Prytula, Y., & Rumyantseva, N. L. (2018). Beg, borrow, or steal:
Determinants of student academic misconduct in Ukrainian higher education. Policy
Reviews in Higher Education, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2018.1518726
Denolf, B. (2008). The Impact of Corruption on Foreign Direct Investment. The Journal of
World Investment &amp; Trade, 9(3), vii–273.
https://doi.org/10.1163/221190008X00016
Department for International Development. (2015). Why corruption matters: Understanding
causes, effects and how to address them.
Depken, C. A., LaFountain, C., & Butters, R. (2006). Corruption and Creditworthiness:
Evidence from Sovereign Credit Ratings (Working Paper No. 0601). University of Texas
at Arlington, Department of Economics. https://ideas.repec.org/p/txa/wpaper/0601.html
Depken, C., & Hadžikadić, M. (2017). Corruption in Transition Economies: Cause or Effect?
Zagreb International Review of Economics & Business, 20(1), 113–123.
https://doi.org/10.1515/zireb-2017-0011
Depken, C., & Lafountain, C. (2006). Fiscal consequences of public corruption: Empirical
evidence from state bond ratings. Public Choice, 126(1), 75–85.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-006-4315-0
Derashid, C., Ibrahim, I., & Bidin, Z. (2019). Public governance quality and tax compliance
behavior in developing countries. International Journal of Social Economics, 46(3),
338–351. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-11-2016-0338
Desai, M., Gompers, P., & Lerner, J. (2003). Institutions, capital constraints and entrepreneurial
firm dynamics: Evidence from Europe (NBER Working Paper 10165). National Bureau
of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w10165
Desai, R. M., & Olofsgård, A. (2011). The Costs of Political Influence: Firm-Level Evidence
181 

 
From Developing Countries. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 6(2), 137–178.
https://doi.org/10.1561/100.00010094
Desai, S., & Acs, Z. J. (2007). A theory of destructive entrepreneurship [Working Paper].
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=1029648
Desierto, D. (2018). Formal models of the political resource curse. Economics of Governance,
19(3), 225–259.
Desierto, D. (2019a). Grand Corruption by Public Officials: Measuring Theft and Bribery
(SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3294012). Social Science Research Network.
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3294012
Desierto, D. (2019b). Public Goods, Corruption, and the Political Resource Curse (SSRN
Scholarly Paper ID 3293461). Social Science Research Network.
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3293461
Desierto, D. (2020). Corruption for Competence (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3598278). Social
Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3598278
Desierto, D. A., & Nye, J. V. C. (2017). Prohibition versus Taxation in Corrupt Environments.
Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE), 173(2), 239–252.
Desposato, S. (2012). Corruption and Electoral Rules [Working Paper].
Detragiache, E., Tressel, T., & Gupta, P. (2008). Foreign Banks in Poor Countries: Theory and
Evidence. The Journal of Finance, 63(5), 2123–2160.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2008.01392.x
Devadoss, S., & Luckstead, J. (2015). Can a corrupt ruling party win a re-election through vote
buying? Applied Economics, Journal Article, 1–6.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2015.1073839
Devarajan, S., Khemani, S., & Walton, M. (2014). Can Civil Society Overcome Government
Failure in Africa? WORLD BANK RESEARCH OBSERVER, 29(1), 20–47.
https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkt008
Devarajan, Shantayanan, & Khemani, S. (2018). If Politics is the Problem, How Can External
Actors be Part of the Solution? In Institutions, Governance and the Control of Corruption
(pp. 209–251). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65684-7_8
Devine, V. (n.d.). NGOs and corruption in post-war reconstruction: The case of Bosnia’s
refugee return (U4 Practice Insight 2011). Retrieved August 3, 2016, from
http://www.u4.no/publications/ngos-and-corruption-in-post-war-reconstruction-the-case-
of-bosnia-s-refugee-return/

182 

 
Dewan, T., & Myatt, D. P. (2007). Scandal, Protection, and Recovery in the Cabinet. American
Political Science Review, 101(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055407070025
Dewi, S. (2014). Balancing privacy rights and legal enforcement: Indonesian practices. Int.J.of
Liability and Scientific Enquiry, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLSE.2012.051961
Dey, H. K. (1989). The genesis and spread of economic corruption: A microtheoretic
interpretation. World Development, 17(4), 503–511.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(89)90258-1
Dhaliwal, I., & Hanna, R. (2014). Deal with the Devil: The Successes and Limitations of
Bureaucratic Reform in India (Working Paper No. 20482). National Bureau of Economic
Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w20482
Dhami, S., & Al‐nowaihi, A. (2007). Corruption and the Provision of Public Output in a
Hierarchical Asymmetric Information Relationship. Journal of Public Economic Theory,
9(4), 727–755. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9779.2007.00328.x
Dheer, R. (2017). Cross-national differences in entrepreneurial activity: Role of culture and
institutional factors. Small Business Economics, 48(4), 813–842.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9816-8
Dheera-aumpon, S. (2013). Connected lending and concentrated control. Journal of Financial
Stability, 9(4), 475–486.
Dheera-aumpon, S. (2015). Can shareholder rights protection reduce corruption in lending?
Int.J.of Monetary Economics and Finance, 8(2).
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMEF.2015.070781
Dhillon, A., Nicolo, A., & Xu, F. (2017). Corruption, intrinsic motivation, and the love of praise.
Journal of Public Economic Theory, 19(6), 1077–1098.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12278
Di Donato, L. (2018). Behavioural research and corruption: A new promise for governments?
European Law Journal, 24(6), 510–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12218
Di Falco, S., Magdalou, B., Masclet, D., Villeval, M. C., & Willinger, M. (2020). Can shorter
transfer chains and transparency reduce embezzlement? Review of Behavioral
Economics.
Di Falco, S., Magdalou, B., Masclet, D., Villeval, M.-C., & Milinger, M. (2015). Embezzlement:
Does transparency of information matter? An Experiment in Tanzania [IDEAS Working
Paper Series from RePEc].
Di Guardo, M. C., Marrocu, E., & Paci, R. (2016). The effect of local corruption on ownership
strategy in cross-border mergers and acquisitions. Journal of Business Research, 69(10),
183 

 
4225–4241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.03.002
Di John, J. (2011). Is there really a resource curse? A critical survey of theory and
evidence.(Report). Global Governance, 17(2), 167.
Di Mascio, F., Maggetti, M., & Natalini, A. (2018). Exploring the Dynamics of Delegation Over
Time: Insights from Italian Anti‐Corruption Agencies (2003–2016). Policy Studies
Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12253
Di Puppo, L. (2010). Anti-corruption interventions in Georgia. Global Crime, 11(2), 220–236.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17440571003669233
Di Puppo, L. (2014). The construction of success in anti-corruption activity in Georgia. East
European Politics, 30(1), 105–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2013.846260
Di Tella, R., & Macculloch, R. (2009). Why Doesn’t Capitalism Flow to Poor Countries?
Brookings Papers On Economic Activity, 1, 285–332.
Di Tella, Rafael, Donna, J., & Macculloch, R. (2008). Crime and beliefs: Evidence from Latin
America. Economics Letters, 99(3), 566–569.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2007.10.002
Di Tella, Rafael, & Franceschelli, I. (2011). Government Advertising and Media Coverage of
Corruption Scandals. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 3(4), 119–151.
https://doi.org/10.1257/app.3.4.119
Di Tella, Rafael, & MacCulloch, R. (2006). Corruption and the Demand for Regulating
Capitalists. In Susan Rose-Ackerman & T. Søreide (Eds.), International handbook on the
economics of corruption (pp. 352–380). Edward Elgar-c2011.
Di Tella, Rafael, Perez-Truglia, R., Babino, A., & Sigman, M. (2015). Conveniently Upset:
Avoiding Altruism by Distorting Beliefs about Others’ Altruism. American Economic
Review, 105(11), 3416–3442. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.105.11.3416
Di Tella, Rafael, & Savedoff, W. D. (2001). Shining Light in Dark Corners. In Diagnosis
corruption: Fraud in Latin America’s public hospitals. Inter-American Development
Bank.
Di Tella, Rafael, & Schargrodsky, E. (2003). The Role of Wages and Auditing during a
Crackdown on Corruption in the City of Buenos Aires. Journal of Law and Economics,
46(1), 269–292. https://doi.org/10.1086/345578
Di Tella, Rafael, & Weinschelbaum, F. (2007). Choosing Agents and Monitoring Consumption:
A Note on Wealth as a Corruption-Controlling Device. NBER Working Paper Series,
13163. https://doi.org/10.3386/w13163

184 

 
Diaby, A., & Sylwester, K. (2014). Bureaucratic competition and public corruption: Evidence
from transition countries. European Journal of Political Economy, 35(Journal Article),
75–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2014.04.002
Diaby, A., & Sylwester, K. (2015). Corruption and Market Competition: Evidence from
Post-Communist Countries. World Development, 66(Generic), 487–499.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.09.003
Diamantis, M. E., & Laufer, W. (2019). Prosecution and Punishment of Corporate Criminality.
15, 453–472. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101317-031212
Diana Carla Benea. (2018). The Image of the National Agency of Integrity in the Mechanism of
Cooperation and Verification Reports, from 2007 to 2015. Sfera Politicii, 193, 67–75.
Diao, Y. (2015). Ethical Analysis of Corruption. Canadian Social Science, 11(5), 146–149.
https://doi.org/10.3968/7031
Diaz-Cayeros, A., Magaloni, B., & Romero, V. (2015). Caught in the Crossfire: The Geography
of Extortion and Police Corruption in Mexico. In Susan Rose-Ackerman, P. Lagunes, &
Edward Elgar Publishing (Eds.), Greed, corruption, and the modern state: Essays in
political economy (pp. 252-275.). Edward Elgar PubLimited.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:978178471470320151028
DiBiagio, T. M. (2000). Politics and the criminal process: Federal public corruption prosecutions
of popular public officials under the honest services component of the Mail and Wire
Fraud Statutes. Dickinson Law Review, 105(1), 57–92.
Dick, H. (2002). Corruption and good governance: The new frontier of social engineering. In
Corruption in Asia: Rethinking the Governance Paradigm (p. 72). Federation Press.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=P0sz_EvRLu8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA71&dq
=%E2%80%9CCorruption+and+Good+Governance:+The+New+Frontier+of+Social+En
gineering%E2%80%9D,+in+T.+Lindsey+%26+H.+Dick,+eds.+Corrutpion+in+Asia:+Re
thinking+the+Governance+Paradigm+&ots=nxJnNZaoFY&sig=364OJr-iofKY43TC2toa
z2_AYNo
Dick, H., & Butt, S. (2013). Is Indonesia as Corrupt as Most People Believe and Is It Getting
Worse? Melbourne Law School, CILIS Policy Paper.
Dicke, R. A., Hendrickson, R. C., & Kutz, S. (2014). NATO’s Mafia Ally: The Strategic
Consequences of Bulgarian Corruption. Comparative Strategy, 33(3), 287–298.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2014.926760
Dickel, P., & Graeff, P. (2018). Entrepreneurs’ propensity for corruption: A vignette-based
factorial survey. Journal of Business Research, 89, 77–86.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.03.036
185 

 
Dickerson, C. M. (1999). Political corruption: Free-flowing opportunism. Connecticut Journal of
International Law, 14(2), 393–405.
Dietrich, S. (2011). The Politics of Public Health Aid: Why Corrupt Governments Have
Incentives to Implement Aid Effectively. World Development, 39(1), 55–63.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.06.011
Dietrich, S. (2013). Bypass or Engage? Explaining Donor Delivery Tactics in Foreign Aid
Allocation. International Studies Quarterly, 57(4), 698–712.
https://doi.org/10.1111/isqu.12041
Dietz, S., Neumayer, E., & De Soysa, I. (2007). Corruption, the Resource Curse and Genuine
Saving. Environment and Development Economics, 12(1), 33–53.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X06003378
diGenova, J. E. (1998). The Independent Counsel Act: A good time to end a bad
idea.(Symposium: The Independent Counsel Act: From Watergate to Whitewater and
Beyond). Georgetown Law Journal, 86(6), 2299–2305.
Dijkstra, G. (2018). Aid and good governance: Examining aggregate unintended effects of aid.
Evaluation and Program Planning, 68, 225–232.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2017.09.004
Dille, B. (2016). Thieves of State: Why Corruption Threatens Global Security. By Sarah Chayes.
New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2015. Journal of Strategic Security, 9(2),
129–132. https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.9.2.1531
Dillman, B. (2007). Introduction: Shining Light on the Shadows: The Political Economy of Illicit
Transactions in the Mediterranean (Article). Mediterranean Politics.
Dillon, A., MORTON, R. B., & TYRAN, J.-R. (2015). Corruption in Committees: An
Experimental Study of Information Aggregation through Voting.(Report). 17(4), 553.
Dillon, A., & Oak, M. (2015). Legalization of Bribe Giving when Bribe Type Is Endogenous.
17(4), 580.
Dimakou, O. (2015). Bureaucratic corruption and the dynamic interaction between monetary and
fiscal policy. European Journal of Political Economy, 40(Journal Article), 57.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.07.004
Dimant, E., & Hehenkamp, B. (2014). More Money More Problems? On the Impact of Wage
Increases on Individual Corruptibility Under Uncertainty. Paderborn: MIMEO.
Dimant, E., Krieger, T., & Redlin, M. (2015). A Crook is a Crook ... But is He Still a Crook
Abroad? On the Effect of Immigration on Destination-Country Corruption. German
Economic Review; Ger.Econ.Rev., 16(4), 464–489. https://doi.org/10.1111/geer.12064
186 

 
Dimant, Eugen. (2014a). The Antecedents and Effects of Corruption – A Reassessment of
Current (Empirical) Findings (MPRA Working Paper No. 60947).
Dimant, Eugen. (2014b). The Nature of Corruption—An Interdisciplinary Perspective [IDEAS
Working Paper Series from RePEc].
Dimant, Eugen, Krieger, T., & Meierrieks, D. (2013). The effect of corruption on migration,
1985–2000. Applied Economics Letters, 20(13), 1270–1274.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2013.806776
Dimant, Eugen, & Tosato, G. (2017). Causes and Effects of Corruption: What has Past Decade’s
Empirical Research Taught Us? A Survey. Journal of Economic Surveys.
http://data.datacite.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4784.0888
Dimaria, C.-H., & Le Van, C. (2002). Optimal Growth, Debt, Corruption, and R&D.
Macroeconomic Dynamics, 6(05). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1365100501010082
Dimitrov, M. (2015). Internal Government Assessments of the Quality of Governance in China.
Studies in Comparative International Development, 50(1), 50–72.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-014-9170-2
Dimitrova-Grajzl, V., Grajzl, P., & Guse, A. J. (2012). Trust, perceptions of corruption, and
demand for regulation: Evidence from post-socialist countries. Journal of
Socio-Economics, 41(3), 292–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2012.01.005
Dimock, M. A., & Jacobson, G. C. (1995). Checks and Choices: The House Bank Scandal’s
Impact on Voters in 1992. The Journal of Politics, 57(4), 1143–1159.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2960406
Dimova, G. (2019). The 2017 Anticorruption Protests in Romania: Causes, Mechanisms, and
Consequences. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, 15(1), 131–157.
Dinanti, D., & Tarina, D. D. Y. (2019). The Punishment of Perpetrators of Corruption with the
Approach of the Local Wisdom (Businesses Looking For an Alternative Model of
Criminal in Indonesia). International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious
Understanding, 6(7), 32–44.
Dinc, I. S. (2005). Politicians and banks: Political influences on government-owned banks in
emerging markets. Journal of Financial Economics, 77(2), 453–479.
Dincer, O. (2020). If you’re corrupt, you’d better be free. Journal of Economic Studies
(Bradford), 47(6), 1307–1325. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-04-2019-0153
Dincer, O. C. (2008). Ethnic and religious diversity and corruption. Economics Letters, 99(1),
98–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2007.06.003

187 

 
Dincer, O. C., & Fredriksson, P. G. (2018). Corruption and environmental regulatory policy in
the United States: Does trust matter? Resource and Energy Economics, 54, 212–225.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2018.10.001
Dincer, O. C., & Gunalp, B. (2012). Corruption and Income Inequality in the United States.
Contemporary Economic Policy, 30(2), 283–292.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2011.00262.x
Dincer, O. C., & Johnston, M. (n.d.). Corruption Issues in State and Local Politics: Is Political
Culture a Deep Determinant? Edmond J. Safra Working Papers, No. 48. Unpublished
Material. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2491226; http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2491226
Dincer, O. C., & Johnston, M. (2015). Measuring Illegal and Legal Corruption in American
States: Some Results from the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics Corruption in America
Survey. Safra Center for Ethics Corruption in America Survey (March 16, 2015).
Edmond J. Safra Working Papers, 58.
http://papers.ssrn.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2579300
Dincer, O., Ellis, C., & Waddell, G. (2010). Corruption, decentralization and yardstick
competition. Economics of Governance, 11(3), 269–294.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-009-0067-x
Dincer, O., & Johnston, M. (2020). Legal corruption? Public Choice, 184(3–4), 219–233.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-020-00832-3
Dincer, O., & Teoman, O. (2019). Does corruption kill? Evidence from half a century infant
mortality data. Social Science & Medicine, 232, 332–339.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.017
Ding, S., Qu, B., & Wu, Z. (2016). Family Control, Socioemotional Wealth, and Governance
Environment: The Case of Bribes. Journal of Business Ethics, 136(3), 639–654.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2538-z
Dininio, P. (2005). The Risks of Recorruption. In Bertram I. Spector (Ed.), Fighting corruption
in developing countries: Strategies and analysis (pp. 233–250). Kumarian Press.
Dininio, P., & Orttung, R. W. (2005). Explaining Patterns of Corruption in the Russian Regions.
World Politics, 57(4), 500–529.
Diokno, B. E. (2012). Fiscal decentralization after 20 years: What have we learned? Where do
we go from here? The Philippine Review of Economics : A Joint Publication of the
University of the Philippines, School of Economics and the Philippine Economic Society,
49(1), 9–26.
Dion, M. (2010a). Corruption and ethical relativism: What is at stake? Journal of Financial

188 

 
Crime, 17(2), 240–250. https://doi.org/10.1108/13590791011033926
Dion, M. (2010b). What is corruption corrupting? A philosophical viewpoint. Journal of Money
Laundering Control, 13(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1108/13685201011010209
Dion, M. (2011). Corruption, fraud and cybercrime as dehumanizing phenomena. International
Journal of Social Economics, 38(5), 466–476.
https://doi.org/10.1108/03068291111123156
Dion, M. (2013). Uncertainties and presumptions about corruption. Social Responsibility
Journal, 9(3), 412–426. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-04-2012-0045
Dion, M. (2016). Bribery and the Grey Areas of Morality. In M. Dion, D. Weisstub, & J.-L.
Richet (Eds.), Financial Crimes: Psychological, Technological, and Ethical Issues (pp.
249–265). Springer International Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32419-7_12
Dion, M. (2017). Philosophical connections between the classical and the modern notion of
corruption. Journal of Financial Crime, 24(1), 82–100.
DiPietro, W. R., & Flint, M. S. (2012). Political corruption, economic incentive, educational
resource input, and the quality of human capital: A panel analysis over twenty-five years
for the fifty US states. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(5), 25–36.
Dirienzo, C. (2018). Compliance with anti-human trafficking policies: The mediating effect of
corruption. Crime, Law and Social Change, 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-018-9780-0
DiRienzo, C., & Das, J. (2015). Innovation and role of corruption and diversity: A cross-country
study. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 15(1), 51–72.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595814554790
Dirienzo, C. E., Das, J., Cort, K. T., & Burbridge, J. (2007). Corruption and the role of
information. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(2), 320.
https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400262
Disch, A., Vigeland, E., & Sundet, G. (n.d.). Anti-Corruption Approaches: A Literature Review.
NoradDev, Sutdy 2/2208. Retrieved August 3, 2016, from
http://norad.no/en/toolspublications/publications/2009/anti-corruption-approaches-a-litera
ture-review/
Dissou, Y., & Yakautsava, T. (2012). Corruption, Growth, and Taxation. Theoretical Economics
Letters, 02(01), 62–66. https://doi.org/10.4236/tel.2012.21011
Ditton, J. (1977). Perks, pilferage, and the fiddle: The historical structure of invisible wages.
Theory and Society, 4(1), 39–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00209744
189 

 
Diviák, T., Dijkstra, J., & Snijders, T. (2018). Structure, multiplexity, and centrality in a
corruption network: The Czech Rath affair. Trends in Organized Crime, 1–24.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-018-9334-y
Divjak, B., & Pugh, M. (2008). The Political Economy of Corruption in Bosnia and
Herzegovina. International Peacekeeping, 15(3), 373–386.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13533310802058927
Dix, S., Hussmann, K., & Walton, G. (2012). Risks of corruption to state legitimacy and stability
in fragile situations. U4 Issue Paper, 2012(3).
http://www.u4.no/publications/risks-of-corruption-to-state-legitimacy-and-stability-in-fra
gile-situations/
Dix, S., & Pok, E. (2009). Combating Corruption in Traditional Societies. In R. I. Rotberg, M.
Bunn, American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Committee on International Security
Studies, John F. Kennedy School of Government. Program on Intrastate Conflict, &
World Peace Foundation (Eds.), Corruption, global security, and world order (pp.
239-259.). World Peace Foundation.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.PMUSE_batch:PMUSE342320151124
Dixit, A. (2018). Anti-corruption Institutions: Some History and Theory. In Institutions,
Governance and the Control of Corruption (pp. 15–49). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65684-7_2
Dixit, A. K. (2015). How Business Community Institutions Can Help Fight Corruption. The
World Bank Economic Review, 29(suppl1), S25–S47.
https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhv016
Dixit, A. K. (2016). Corruption: Supply-Side and Demand-Side Solutions. In S. M. Dev & P. G.
Babu (Eds.), Development in India: Micro and Macro Perspectives (pp. 57-68.). Springer
India, New Delhi.
Dizon-Ross, R., Dupas, P., & Robinson, J. (2015). Governance and the Effectiveness of Public
Health Subsidies (p. 21324) [NBER Working Paper Series].
Djankov, S., La Porta, R. L., López De Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2002). The regulation of
entry. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(1), 1–37.
Djankov, S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2010). Disclosure by Politicians.
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2(2), 179–209.
https://doi.org/10.1257/app.2.2.179
Djankov, S., Mcliesh, C., Nenova, T., & Shleifer, A. (2003). Who Owns the Media? The Journal
of Law and Economics, 46(2), 341–382. https://doi.org/10.1086/377116

190 

 
Djankov, S., Montalvo, J., & Reynal-Querol, M. (2008). The curse of aid. Journal of Economic
Growth, 13(3), 169–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-008-9032-8
Djankov, S., Nikolova, E., & Zilinsky, J. (2016). The happiness gap in Eastern Europe. Journal
of Comparative Economics, 44(1), 108–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2015.10.006
Djawadi, B., & Fahr, R. (2013). The Impact of Risk Perception and Risk Attitudes on Corrupt
Behavior: Evidence from a Petty Corruption Experiment. IDEAS Working Paper Series
from RePEc.
Do, Q.-A., & Serfaty-de Medeiros, K. (2008). Corruption, Delays, and the Pattern of Trade
[Working Paper].
http://www.mysmu.edu/faculty/quocanhdo/default_files/Papers/Do%20Serfaty-de-Medei
ros%202008%20corruption%20trade.pdf
Dobie, L. (2018). Uphill battle against corruption. Public Finance, 10, 39–39.
Dobos, N. (2017). Networking, Corruption, and Subversion. Journal Of Business Ethics, 144(3),
467–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2853-4
Dobovsek, Bojan. (2006). Corruption, Informal Networks and Integrity Plans. In M. Kreutner
(Ed.), The corruption monster: Ethik, Politik und Korruption (pp. 69-78.). Czernin.
Dobratz, B., & Whitfield, S. (1992). Does scandal influence voters’ party preference? The case
of Greece during the Papandreou era. European Sociological Review, 8(2), 167.
Dobrowolski, Z. (2017). Combating corruption and other organizational pathologies. Peter
Lang.
Dobrowolski, Z., & Sułkowski, Ł. (2019). Implementing a Sustainable Model for Anti-Money
Laundering in the United Nations Development Goals. Sustainability (Basel,
Switzerland), 12(1), 244-. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010244
Dobson, C., & Andres, A. (2011). Is Corruption Really Bad for Inequality? Evidence from Latin
America. Journal of Development Studies, 47(7), 959–976.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2010.509784
Dobson, S., & Ramlogan-Dobson, C. (2010). Is there a trade-off between income inequality and
corruption? Evidence from Latin America. Economics Letters, 107(2), 102–104.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2009.12.038
Dobson, S., & Ramlogan-Dobson, C. (2012a). Inequality, corruption and the informal sector.
Economics Letters, 115(1), 104–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.11.034
Dobson, S., & Ramlogan-Dobson, C. (2012b). Why is Corruption Less Harmful to Income
Inequality in Latin America? World Development, 40(8), 1534–1545.

191 

 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.04.015
Doğan, M. K., & Evrenk, H. (n.d.). Ignorance or trade-off? Testing three explanations for the
re-election of corrupt politicians using data from an embedded survey in Turkey. Turkish
Studies, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1–26.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2020.1815534
Dogmus, Ö. C., & Nielsen, J. Ø. (2020). The on-paper hydropower boom: A case study of
corruption in the hydropower sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ecological Economics,
172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106630
Doh, J. P., Rodriguez, P., Uhlenbruck, K., Collins, J., & Eden, L. (2003). Coping with corruption
in foreign markets. Academy of Management Executive, 17(3), 114–127.
Doig, A. (n.d.). Dealing with corruption: The next steps. Crime, Law and Social Change,
29(2–3), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008390808395
Doig, A. (1995). Good government and sustainable anti‐corruption strategies: A role for
independent anti‐corruption agencies? Public Administration and Development, 15(2),
151–165. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230150206
Doig, A. (1999a). Corruption and Its Control in the Developmental Context: An Analysis and
Selective Review of the Literature. Third World Quarterly, 20(3), 657–676.
Doig, A. (1999b). In the state we trust? Democratisation, corruption and development.
Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 37(3), 13–36.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14662049908447795
Doig, A. (2006a). Dirty Hands and the Donors: Dealing with Corruption in a Post‐Mugabe
Zimbabwe. Political Quarterly, 77(1), 71–78.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923X.2006.00732.x
Doig, A. (2006b). Not as Easy as it Sounds? Delivering the National Integrity System Approach
in Practice: The Case Study of the National Anticorruption Programme in Lithuania.
Public Administration Quarterly, 30(3/4), 273–313.
Doig, A. (2011). Numbers, words and KYC: Knowing Your Country and Knowing Your
Corruption. Critical Perspectives on International Business, 7(2), 142–158.
http://dx.doi.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1108/17422041111128221
Doig, A. (2014). Roadworks Ahead? Addressing Fraud, Corruption and Conflict of Interest in
English Local Government. Local Government Studies, Journal Article, 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2013.859140
Doig, A., & Levi, M. (2020). Editorial: The dynamics of the fight against fraud and
bribery—reflections on core issues in this PMM theme. Public Management Review,
192 

 
40(5), 343–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2020.1752547
Doig, A., & Marquette, H. (2005). Corruption and democratisation: The litmus test of
international donor agency intentions? Futures, 37(2), 199–213.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2004.03.026
Doig, A., & Mcivor, S. (2003). The National Integrity System: Assessing corruption and reform.
Public Administration and Development, 23(4), 317–332. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.287
Doig, A., Mcivor, S., & Theobald, R. (2006). Numbers, nuances and moving targets: Converging
the use of corruption indicators or descriptors in assessing state development.
International Review of Administrative Sciences, 72(2), 239–252.
Doig, A., & Norris, D. (2012). Improving anti-corruption agencies as organisations. Journal of
Financial Crime, 19(3), 255–273. https://doi.org/10.1108/13590791211243101
Doig, A., & Riley, S. (1998). Corruption and Anti-Corruption Strategies: Issues and Case Studies
from Developing Countries. In Corruption and integrity improvement initiatives in
developing countries. New York, NY: UNDP, Management Development and
Governance Div, Bureau for Development Policy.
Doig, A., & Theobald, R. (2000). Corruption and democratisation. Frank Cass.
Doig, A., & Tisne, M. (2009). A candidate for relegation? Corruption, governance approaches
and the (re)construction of post‐war states. Public Administration and Development,
29(5), 374–386. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.543
Doig, A., Watt, D., & Williams, R. (2006). Hands‐on or hands‐off? Anti‐corruption agencies in
action, donor expectations, and a good enough reality. Public Administration and
Development, 26(2), 163–172. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.398
Doig, A., Watt, D., & Williams, R. (2007). Why do developing country anti‐corruption
commissions fail to deal with corruption? Understanding the three dilemmas of
organisational development, performance expectation, and donor and government cycles.
Public Administration and Development, 27(3), 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.452
Dolan, K., Mckeown, B., & Carlson, J. (1988). Popular conceptions of political
corruption—Implications for the empirical study of political ethics. Corruption and
Reform, 3(1), 3–24.
Dollar, D., Fisman, R., & Gatti, R. (2001). Are women really the “fairer” sex? Corruption and
women in government. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 46(4),
423–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2681(01)00169-X
Domadenik, P., Prasnikar, J., & Svejnar, J. (2016). Political Connectedness, Corporate
Governance, and Firm Performance. Journal Of Business Ethics, 139(2), 411–428.
193 

 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2675-4
Dombrovsky, V. (2011). Do Political Connections Matter? Firm-Level Evidence from Latvia
(SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 1168702). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1168702
Domfeh, K. A., & Bawole, J. N. (2011). Muting the whistleblower through retaliation in selected
African countries. Journal of Public Affairs, 11(4), 334–343.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.382
Domokos, L. (2015). Strengthening integrity against corruption: The Integrity Project of the
State Audit Office of Hungary. International Journal of Government Auditing, 42(3),
22–26.
Domonkos, S. (2016). Who Wants a Progressive Income Tax? East European Politics &
Societies and Cultures, 30(2), 423–448. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325415602055
Donadelli, M., Fasan, M., & Magnanelli, B. (2014). The Agency Problem, Financial
Performance and Corruption: Country, Industry and Firm Level Perspectives. European
Management Review, 11(3–4), 259.
Donais, T. (2003). The political economy of stalemate: Organised crime, corruption and
economic deformation in post-Dayton Bosnia. Conflict, Security & Development, 3(3),
359–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/1467880032000151635
Donald, D. C. (2013). Countering corrupting conflicts of interest: The example of Hong Kong. In
J. Horder & P. Alldridge (Eds.), Modern Bribery Law (pp. 66–94). Cambridge University
Press. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139088398A013
Donaldson, T., & Dunfee, T. W. (1999). Ties that bind: A social contracts approach to business
ethics. Harvard Business Press.
https://books-google-com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/books?hl=en&lr=&id=c71Ti8RuT1
0C&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Donaldson,+T.+%26+T.W.+Dunfee.+1999.+Ties+that+Bind:
+A+Social+Contracts+Approach+to+Business+Ethics+(Boston,+MA:+Harvard+Busines
s+School+Press).&ots=5t6gMYI_s5&sig=Z11HUSyW3rWnnPz-bOj7FuaLUk4
Donchev, D., & Ujhelyi, G. (2014). What Do Corruption Indices Measure? Economics &
Politics, 26(2), 309.
Dong, Baomin, Zhang, Y., & Song, H. (2019). Corruption as a natural resource curse: Evidence
from the Chinese coal mining. China Economic Review, 57, 101314.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2019.101314
Dong, Bin, Dulleck, U., & Torgler, B. (2012). Conditional corruption. Journal of Economic
Psychology, 33(3), 609–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.12.001

194 

 
Dong, Bin, & Torgler, B. (2009a). Corruption and political interest: Empirical evidence at the
micro level. Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics, 21(3), 295–325.
Dong, Bin, & Torgler, B. (2009b). Corruption, Social Norms and Political Interest. Empirical
Economics Letters, 8(1), 72-77.
Dong, Bin, & Torgler, B. (2010). The Consequences of Corruption: Evidence from China
[IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc].
Dong, Bin, & Torgler, B. (2011). Democracy, Property Rights, Income Equality, and Corruption
(SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 1756816). Social Science Research Network.
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1756816
Dong, Bin, & Torgler, B. (2012). Corruption and social interaction: Evidence from China.
Journal of Policy Modeling, 34(6), 932–947.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2012.04.005
Dong, Bin, & Torgler, B. (2013). Causes of corruption: Evidence from China. China Economic
Review, 26, 152–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2012.09.005
Dong, Q., & Barcena-Ruiz, J. (2014). Corruption and decisions on opening up markets.
Economic Modelling, 36(Journal Article), 23.
Donohue, K. (2015). Combatting Fraud, Waste and Abuse: A More Proactive Approach Is the
Answer. The Journal of Government Financial Management, 64(1), 54–55.
Donovan, T., & Karp, J. (2017). Electoral rules, corruption, inequality and evaluations of
democracy. European Journal Of Political Research, 56(3), 469–486.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12188
D’Onza, G., Brotini, F., & Zarone, V. (2017). Disclosure on Measures to Prevent Corruption
Risks: A Study of Italian Local Governments. International Journal of Public
Administration, 40(7), 612–624. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2016.1143000
Dormaels, A. (2010). Corruption as a Judgment Label. In New Emprical Data, Theories and
Analyses on Safety, Societal Problems and Citizens’ Perceptions (Vol. 3, pp. 221–238).
Dormaels, Arne. (2015). Perceptions of corruption in Flanders: Surveying citizens and police. A
study on the influence of occupational differential association on perceptions of
corruption. Policing & Society, 25(6), 596.
Dormaels, Arne, & Easton, M. (2012). Applying “differential association theory” to understand
perceptions of corruption. In Social analysis of security: Financial, economic and
ecological crime; crime,(in) security and (dis) trust; public and private policing (pp.
103–112). https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/3066541

195 

 
Dormaels, Arne, & Walle, G. V. (2011). Preventing corruption: Lessons learned from
anti-corruption training for Belgian customs and excise officers. World Customs Journal,
35.
Doroftei, I. (2016). Measuring Government Favouritism Objectively: The Case of Romanian
Public Construction Sector. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 22(3),
399–413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-016-9319-9
Dorotinsky, W. & S. Pradhan. (2007). Exploring Corruption in Public Financial Management. In
J. Edgardo Campos, S. Pradhan, & World Bank (Eds.), The many faces of corruption:
Tracking vulnerabilities at the sector level. World Bank.
Dorsey, J. M. (2018). Gulf autocrats and sports corruption: A marriage made in heaven. Sport in
Society, 21(5), 762–772. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2018.1401356
Dort, T., Méon, P.-G., & Sekkat, K. (2014). Does Investment Spur Growth Everywhere? Not
Where Institutions Are Weak. Kyklos, 67(4), 482–505.
https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12064
dos Santos, L. A., & da Costa, P. M. T. (2014). The contribution of lobby regulation initiatives in
addressing political corruption in Latin America. Journal of Public Affairs, 14(3–4), 379.
Doty, James R. (2007). Toward a Reg FCPA: A Modest Proposal for Change in Administering
the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Business Lawyer, 62, 1233–1256.
Douhan, R., & Henrekson, M. (2010). Entrepreneurship and second-best institutions: Going
beyond Baumol’s typology. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 20(4), 629–643.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-010-0174-4
Douoguih, K. C. (2005). Does Mineral Resource Dependence Foster Corruption? [Working
Paper].
Dowd, R. J. (1990). Civil RICO Misread: The Judicial Repeal of the 1988 Amendments to the
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Fordham International Law Journal, 14(4), 946.
Drábek, Z. (2001). The impact of transparency on foreign direct investment (Staff working paper
ERAD 99-02). Genève: WTO, Economic Research and Analysis Div.
Drackle, Dorle. (2005). Where the Jeeps Come From: Narratives of Corruption in the Alentejo
(Southern Portugal). In D. Haller & C. Shore (Eds.), Corruption: Anthropological
perspectives. Pluto.
Dragu, T., & Przeworski, A. (2019). Preventive Repression: Two Types of Moral Hazard. The
American Political Science Review, 113(1), 77–87.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055418000552

196 

 
Drápalová, E., & Vampa, D. (2018). The Decline of Traditional Partisanship in Spanish
Municipalities: Corruption, Inequality and Territorial Mobilisation. Representation,
54(4), 349–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2018.1539029
Draženović, I., Kunovac, M., & Pripužić, D. (2018). Dynamics and determinants of emigration:
The case of Croatia and the experience of new EU member states. Public Sector
Economics, 42(4), 415–447. https://doi.org/10.3326.pse.42.4.3
Dreher, A., Meon, P. G., & Schneider, F. (2014). The devil is in the shadow. Do institutions
affect income and productivity or only official income and official productivity? Public
Choice, 158(1–2), 121–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-012-9954-8
Dreher, Axel, & Gassebner, M. (2013). Greasing the wheels? The impact of regulations and
corruption on firm entry. Public Choice, 155(3), 413–432.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-011-9871-2
Dreher, Axel, & Herzfeld, T. (2005). The Economic Costs of Corruption: A Survey and New
Evidence (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 734184). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=734184
Dreher, Axel, Kotsogiannis, C., & Mccorriston, S. (2007). Corruption around the world:
Evidence from a structural model. Journal of Comparative Economics, 35(3), 443–466.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2007.07.001
Dreher, Axel, Kotsogiannis, C., & McCorriston, S. (2009). How do institutions affect corruption
and the shadow economy? International Tax and Public Finance, 16(6), 773–796.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-008-9089-5
Dreher, Axel, & Schneider, F. (2010). Corruption and the shadow economy: An empirical
analysis. Public Choice, 144(1), 215–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-009-9513-0
Dreher, Axel, & Siemers, L. (2005). The Intriguing Nexus between Corruption and Capital
Account Restrictions. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc.
Dreisbach, T. (2017). Swimming Against the Tide: Implementing Ghana’s Anticorruption
Action Plan, 2014–2016. Swimming Against the Tide: Implementing Ghana’s
Anticorruption Action Plan, 2014–2016.
/publications/swimming-against-tide-implementing-ghanas-anticorruption-action-plan-20
142016
Drenski, A., Hallren, R., & Lee, J. N. (2019). Tariff evasion in global trade data. The Journal of
International Trade & Economic Development, 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2019.1602667
Drezner, D. W., & Hite-Rubin, N. (2014). Does Military Power Attract (Corrupt) Foreign

197 

 
Investment? An Empirical Investigation. [Working Paper].
Dridi, M. (2013). Corruption and economic growth: The transmission channels. Journal of
Business Studies Quarterly, 4(4), 121–152.
Driessen, M. (2019). Laughing about Corruption in Ethiopian‐Chinese Encounters. American
Anthropologist, 121(4), 911–922. https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.13320
Driffield, N. L., Mickiewicz, T., Pal, S., & Temouri, Y. (2010). Bridging the Gap? Corruption,
Knowledge and Foreign Ownership (No. 10–01; CEDI Discussion Paper Series). Centre
for Economic Development and Institutions(CEDI), Brunel University.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/edb/cedidp/10-01.html
Driffield, N., Mickiewicz, T., & Temouri, Y. (2014). Institutions and Equity Structure of Foreign
Affiliates. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 22(3), 216–229.
https://doi.org/10.1111/corg.12054
Drori, G. S., Jang, Y. S., & Meyer, J. W. (2006). Sources of Rationalized Governance:
Cross-National Longitudinal Analyses, 1985–2002. Administrative Science Quarterly,
51(2), 205–229. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.51.2.205
Drugov, M. (2010). Competition in bureaucracy and corruption. Journal of Development
Economics, 92(2), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.02.004
Drugov, M., Hamman, J., & Serra, D. (2014). Intermediaries in corruption: An experiment.
Experimental Economics, 17(1), 78–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-013-9358-8
Drury, A. C., Krieckhaus, J., & Lusztig, M. (2006). Corruption, Democracy, and Economic
Growth. International Political Science Review / Revue Internationale de Science
Politique, 27(2), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512106061423
Drybread, K. (2018). When corruption is not a crime: “innocent” white politicians and the
racialisation of criminality in Brazil. Culture, Theory and Critique, 59(4), 332–353.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14735784.2018.1527706
Dryden, C. E. (2016). Note: Exploring the promise and potential of a WTO anti-corruption
treaty. Law and Contemporary Problems, 79(4), 249.
D’Souza, A. (2011). The OECD Anti-Bribery Convention: Changing the currents of trade.
Journal of Development Economics, 97(1), 73–87.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.01.002
D’Souza, A., & Kaufmann, D. (2013). Who bribes in public contracting and why: Worldwide
evidence from firms. Economics of Governance, 14(4), 333–367.
Du, J. (2008). Corruption and Corporate Finance Patterns: An International Perspective. Pacific

198 

 
Economic Review, 13(2), 183–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0106.2008.00396.x
Du, J., Lu, Y., & Tao, Z. (2015). Government expropriation and Chinese-style firm
diversification. Journal of Comparative Economics, 43(1), 155–169.
Duanmu, J.-L. (2011). The effect of corruption distance and market orientation on the ownership
choice of MNEs: Evidence from China. Journal of International Management, 17(2),
162–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2011.01.003
Duasa, J. (2008). Tendency of corruption and its determinants among public servants: A case
study on Malaysia. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc.
Dubois, Pascale Helene. (2012). Domestic and international administrative tools to combat fraud
& corruption: A comparison of US suspension and debarment with the World Bank’s
sanctions system. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 195–235.
Dubois, Pascale Hélène. (2013). Sanctions at the World Bank and the Inter-American
Development Bank: Addressing Corruption and Fraud in Development Assistance. In A.
Del Debbio (Ed.), Temas de Anticorrupção & Compliance (pp. 45-).
Dubois, Pascale Helene, Ezzeddin, P., & Swan, C. D. (2016). Suspension and Debarment on the
International Stage: Experiences in the World Bank’s Sanctions System. Public
Procurement Law Review, 25, 61-.
Dubois, Pascale Hélène, & Nowlan, A. E. (2010). Global Administrative Law and the
Legitimacy of Sanctions Regimes in International Law. Yale Journal of International
Law Online, 36, 15-.
Dubois, Pascale Hélène, Peters, K. M., & Berzero, R. (2020). Settlements within the World Bank
Group Sanctions System. Negotiated Settlements in Bribery Cases.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788970402/9781788970402.00013.xml
Dubrovskiy, V. (2006). Towards Effective Anti-Corruption Strategies in Ukraine: Removing the
Cornerstone Without Toppling the Building (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 1438040). Social
Science Research Network. http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1438040
Duckett, J. (2001). Bureaucrats in Business, Chinese-Style: The Lessons of Market Reform and
State Entrepreneurialism in the People’s Republic of China. World Development, 29(1),
23–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00083-8
Dudaș, L., & Mihiț, L. (2019). What Shapes Elections and Corruption in Emerging and
Developing Countries ? Ovidius University Annals: Economic Sciences Series, XIX(1),
195–201.
Dudas, S., & Tsolakidis, N. (2013). Host-State Counterclaims: A Remedy for Fraud or
Corruption in Investment-Treaty Arbitration? Transnational Dispute Management, 10(3).
199 

 
Dudley, L., & Montmarquette, C. (1987). Bureaucratic corruption as a constraint on voter choice.
Public Choice, 55(1), 127–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00156814
Duerrenberger, N., & Warning, S. (2018). Corruption and education in developing countries: The
role of public vs. private funding of higher education. International Journal of
Educational Development, 62, 217–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2018.05.002
Duflo, E., Dupas, P., & Kremer, M. (2011). Peer effects, teacher incentives, and the impact of
tracking: Evidence from a randomized evaluation in Kenya. American Economic Review,
101(5), 1739–1774.
Duflo, E., Greenstone, M., Pande, R., & Ryan, N. (2013). Truth-telling by third-party auditors
and the response of polluting firms: Experimental evidence from India. Quarterly Journal
of Economics, 128(4), 1499.
Duflo, E., Hanna, R., & Ryan, S. P. (2012). Incentives Work: Getting Teachers to Come to
School. American Economic Review, 102(4), 1241–1278.
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.4.1241
Duflo, E., & Topalova, P. (2004). Unappreciated service: Performance, perceptions, and women
leaders in india (Framed Field Experiments No. 00233). The Field Experiments Website.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/feb/framed/00233.html
Dufwenberg, M., & Spagnolo, G. (2015). Legalizing Bribe Giving. Economic Inquiry, 53(2),
836–853. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12162
Dugard, J. (2013). Corruption: Is there a Need for a New Convention. In Susan Rose-Ackerman
& P. D. Carrington (Eds.), Anti-corruption policy: Can international actors play a
constructive role? (pp. 159–168). Carolina Academic Press, 2013.
Dugast, A., Judais, N., Nganyi, F., & Zhang, H. (2020). Tackling corruption in global health. The
Lancet (British Edition), 396(10245), 161–162.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30307-X
Duggan, M., & Levitt, S. D. (2002). Winning Isnt Everything: Corruption in Sumo Wrestling.
American Economic Review, 92(5), 1594–1605.
https://doi.org/10.1257/000282802762024665
Duh, R.-R., Ye, C., & Yu, L.-H. (2018). Corruption and audit market concentration: An
international investigation. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2018.1540942
Duh, R.-R., Ye, C., & Yu, L.-H. (2020). Corruption and auditor choice: A cross-country
investigation. Review of Accounting and Finance, 19(2), 175–197.
https://doi.org/10.1108/RAF-12-2018-0273

200 

 
Duhamel, L. (2004). The last campaign against corruption in Soviet Moscow. Europe-Asia
Studies, 56(2), 187–212.
Duizend, J., & McCann, G. K. (1998). Do Collegiate Business Students Show a Propensity to
Engage in Illegal Business Practices? Journal of Business Ethics, 17(3), 229–238.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017945925104
Dumas, L. J., Wedel, J. R., & Callman, G. (2010). Confronting Corruption, Building
Accountability: Lessons from the World of International Development Advising. New
York, US: Palgrave Macmillan.
Duncan, C. J. (2000). Comments on the 1998 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Amendments:
Moral Empiricism or Moral Imperialism. Asian Pacific Law & Policy Journal, 1, i.
Duncan, N. (2006). The Non-Perception Based Measurement of Corruption: A Review of Issues
and Methods from a Policy Perspective. In C. J. G. Sampford (Ed.), Measuring
corruption (pp. 131-162.). Ashgate.
Dunfee, T. W., & Hess, D. (2001). Getting from Salbu to the “tipping point”: The role of
corporate action with a portfolio of anti-corruption strategies. Northwestern Journal of
International Law & Business, 21(2), 471–490.
Dunning, T. (2004). Conditioning the Effects of Aid: Cold War Politics, Donor Credibility, and
Democracy in Africa. International Organization, 58(2), 409–423.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818304582073
Durand, S. (2018). Corruption and Anticorruption in France between the 1670s and the 1780s:
The Example of the Provincial Administration of Languedoc. In Anti-corruption in
History: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford University Press.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.001.0001/oso-978
0198809975-chapter-11
Durham, J. B. J. B. (2004). Absorptive capacity and the effects of foreign direct investment and
equity foreign portfolio investment on economic growth. European Economic Review,
48(2), 285–306.
Dusek, L., Ortmann, A., & Lízal, L. (2005). Understanding corruption and corruptibility through
experiments. Prague Economic Papers, xiv(2), 147–162.
Dusha, E. (2011). Persistent Inequality, Corruption, and Factor Productivity [Working Paper].
http://individual.utoronto.ca/dusha/files/jmp.pdf
Dusha, E. (2015). Intermediated Corruption. International Economic Review, 56(3), 997.
Dussuyer, I., Mumford, S., & Sullivan, G. (2011). Reporting Corrupt Practices in the Public
Interest: Innovative Approaches to Whistleblowing. In A. Graycar, R. G. Smith, A.
201 

 
Graycar, & R. G. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of global research and practice in corruption.
Edward Elgar.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:ELGAR05220150821
Dutt, P. (2009). Trade protection and bureaucratic corruption: An empirical investigation.
Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d’économique, 42(1), 155–183.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5982.2008.01503.x
Dutt, P., & Traca, D. (2010). Corruption and Bilateral Trade Flows: Extortion or Evasion? The
Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(4), 843–860.
https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00034
Dutta, B., & Gupta, P. (2012). How Do Indian Voters Respond to Candidates with Criminal
Charges: Evidence from the 2009 Lok Sabha Elections [MPRA Paper].
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/38417/
Dutta, I., & Mishra, A. (2003). Corruption and Competition in the Presence of Inequality and
Market Imperfections. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc.
Dutta, N., & Sobel, R. (2016). Does corruption ever help entrepreneurship? Small Business
Economics; Small Bus.Econ.Group, 47(1), 179–199.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9728-7
Dutta, Nabamita, Kar, S., & Roy, S. (2013). Corruption and persistent informality: An empirical
investigation for India. International Review of Economics and Finance, 27, 357.
Dutta, Nabamita, Kar, S., & Saha, S. (2017). Human capital and FDI: How does corruption
affect the relationship? Economic Analysis and Policy, 56, 126–134.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2017.08.007
Dutta, Nabamita, & Roy, S. (2016). The Interactive Impact of Press Freedom and Media Reach
on Corruption. Economic Modelling, 58(Journal Article), 227–236.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.05.008
Duțulescu, S., & Nișulescu-Ashrafzadeh, I. (2017). Corruption In The Public And Private Sector
From Romania: A Comparative Study. Junior Scientific Researcher, 3(1), 30–39.
Duvanova, D. (2007). Bureaucratic Corruption and Collective Action: Business Associations in
the Postcommunist Transition. Comparative Politics, 39(4), 441–461.
https://doi.org/10.2307/20434054
Duvanova, D. (2012). Bureaucratic Discretion and the Regulatory Burden: Business
Environments under Alternative Regulatory Regimes. British Journal of Political
Science, 42(3), 573–596. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123411000457
Duvanova, D. (2014). Economic Regulations, Red Tape, and Bureaucratic Corruption in
202 

 
Post-Communist Economies. World Development, 59, 298–312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.01.028
Dvořáková, V. (2019). Regime Change as a Trigger of Corruption: Experience from
Post-communist Countries. Politologická Revue, 25(2), 101–126.
Dwivedi, O. P., Mishra, D. S., & Mishra, M. (2009). Combating Corruption in India: Challenges
and Approaches. In Ting Gong & S. K. Ma (Eds.), Preventing corruption in Asia:
Institutional design and policy capacity. Routledge.
Dwyer, L., Golden, K., & Lehman, S. (2014). Public Corruption. The American Criminal Law
Review, 51(4), 1549.
Dyck, A., Morse, A., & Zingales, L. (2010). Who Blows the Whistle on Corporate Fraud?
Journal of Finance, 65(6), 2213–2253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2010.01614.x
Dye, K. (n.d.). Corruption and Fraud Detection by Supreme Audit Institutions. In Anwar Shah
(Ed.), Performance Accountability and Combating Corruption. World Bank. Retrieved
August 2, 2016, from
http://www.u4.no/recommended-reading/corruption-and-fraud-detection-by-supreme-aud
it-institutions/
Dye, K. M., & Stapenhurst, R. (1998). Pillars of Integrity: The Importance of Supreme Audit
Institutions in Curbing Corruption. World Bank.
http://www.u4.no/recommended-reading/pillars-of-integrity-the-importance-of-supreme-
audit-institutions-in-curbing-corruption/
Dyussenov, M. (2019). The Role of ICT in Addressing Corruption Across Political Regimes.
Otoritas: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 9(1), 42–55. https://doi.org/10.26618/ojip.v9i1.1508
Dza, M., Gapp, R., & Fisher, R. (2015). Taking the professionalism out of the profession: A
study of procurement and Africa. Int.J.of Procurement Management, 8(3).
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPM.2015.069152
Dzamtovska-Zdravkovska, S., Denkova, J., & Majhosev, A. (2014). Transparecy v. Corruption:
The Case of Republic of Macedonia. Bulgarian Journal of Science and Education Policy,
8(2), 295–310.
Dzhumashev, R. (2016). The Role of Income Uncertainty in the Corruption-Growth Nexus. B E
Journal Of Economic Analysis & Policy; B E J.Econ.Anal.Policy, 16(2), 1169–1201.
https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2015-0056
Dzhumashev, Ratbek. (2007). Corruption, Uncertainty And Growth (No. 15–07; Monash
Economics Working Papers). Monash University, Department of Economics.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/mos/moswps/2007-15.html

203 

 
Dzhumashev, Ratbek. (2008a). Corruption and Regulatory Burden (No. 2081; MPRA Paper).
University Library of Munich, Germany. https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/2081.html
Dzhumashev, Ratbek. (2008b). Corruption and Disposable Risk (No. 11772; MPRA Paper).
University Library of Munich, Germany. https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/11772.html
Dzhumashev, Ratbek. (2009). Is there a direct effect of corruption on growth? (No. 18489;
MPRA Paper). University Library of Munich, Germany.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/18489.html
Dzhumashev, Ratbek. (2014a). Corruption and growth: The role of governance, public spending,
and economic development. Economic Modelling, 37(Journal Article), 202.
Dzhumashev, Ratbek. (2014b). The two-way relationship between government spending and
corruption and its effects on economic growth. Contemporary Economic Policy : A
Journal of Western Economic Association International, 32(2), 403–419.
Džunić, M., & Golubović, N. (2018). Perceived Corruption in Business Environment: Exploring
the Underlying Causes. E+M Ekonomie a Management, 21(4), 48–64.
https://doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2018-4-004
Ear, S. (2007). Does Aid Dependence Worsen Governance? International Public Management
Journal, 10(3), 259–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967490701515580
Ear, S. (2016). Combating corruption in Cambodia. Asian Education and Development Studies,
5(2), 159–174.
Earle, B. (1996). The United States’ Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the OECD anti-bribery
recommendation: When moral suasion won’t work, try the money argument.
(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). Dickinson Journal of
International Law, 14(2), 207–242.
Earle, B. (2000). Bribery and corruption in Eastern Europe, the Baltic States, and the
Commonwealth of Independent States: What is to be done? Cornell International Law
Journal, 33(3), 483.
Earle, B., & Cava, A. (2008). Are anti-corruption efforts paying off? International and national
measures in the Asia-Pacific region and their impact on India and multinational
corporations. The University of Hawaii Law Review, 31(1), 59–86.
Earle, B., & Cava, A. (2014). The penumbra of the United States’ Foreign Corrupt Practices Act:
Brazil’s Clean Companies Act and implications for the pharmaceutical industry.
Richmond Journal of Global Law and Business, 13(3), 439–468.
Easterly, W., & Pfutze, T. (2008). Where Does the Money Go? Best and Worst Practices in
Foreign Aid. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(2), 29–52.
204 

 
https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.22.2.29
Easterly, W., Ritzen, J., & Woolcock, M. (2006). Social Cohesion, Institutions, and Growth.
Economics & Politics, 18(2), 103–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2006.00165.x
Eaton, J. S. (2020). Combatting Academic Corruption: Quality Assurance and Accreditation
Moving Forward. In Corruption in Higher Education (pp. 167–171). Brill Sense.
https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004433885/BP000031.xml
Ebegbulem, J. C. (2020). The Impacts of Political Corruption on Democratic Consolidation and
the Electoral Process in Nigeria. Academicus : International Scientific Journal, 2020(21),
38–45. https://doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2020.21.03
Ebekozien, A. (2020). Corrupt acts in the Nigerian construction industry: Is the ruling party
fighting corruption? Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 38(3), 348–365.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2020.1758304
Eboe-Osuji, Chile. (2005). A Desired Subject of International Criminal Law that Is in Dire Need
of Prosecution by Universal Jurisdication. In E. A. Ankumah, E. K. Kwakwa, & Africa
Legal Aid (Eds.), African perspectives on international criminal justice (pp. 132-). Africa
Legal Aid.
Echazu, L. (2008). Corruption, centralization, and the shadow economy. Southern Economic
Journal, 75(2), 524–537.
Echazu, L. (2010). Corruption and the Balance of Gender Power. Review of Law & Economics,
6(1), 59–74. https://doi.org/10.2202/1555-5879.1397
Echazu, L., & Garoupa, N. (2010). Corruption and the Distortion of Law Enforcement Effort.
American Law and Economics Review, 12(1), 162–180.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/ahp020
Ecker, A., Glinitzer, K., & Meyer, T. M. (2016). Corruption performance voting and the electoral
context. European Political Science Review, 8(3), 333–354.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773915000053
Eddleston, K. A., Banalieva, E. R., & Verbeke, A. (2020). The Bribery Paradox in Transition
Economies and the Enactment of ‘New Normal’ Business Environments. Journal of
Management Studies, 57(3), 597–625. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12551
Edison, H. J., Levine, R., Ricci, L., & Sløk, T. (2002). International financial integration and
economic growth. Journal of International Money and Finance, 21(6), 749–776.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5606(02)00021-9
Edling, H. (2005). Preventing corruption in public finance management: A practical guide.

205 

 
Efendic, A., Pugh, G., & Adnett, N. (2011). Institutions and economic performance: A
meta-regression analysis. European Journal of Political Economy, 27(3), 586–599.
Efobi, U. (2015). Politicians’ Attributes and Institutional Quality in Africa: A Focus on
Corruption. Journal of Economic Issues, 49(3), 787–813.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2015.1072393
Efobi, U., Asongu, S., & Beecroft, I. (2018). Aid, Terrorism, and Foreign Direct Investment:
Empirical Insight Conditioned on Corruption Control (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID
3284414). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3284414
Egbendewe, A. Y., & Oloufade, D. K. (2020). Good institutions and banking sector
competitiveness: A semi-parametric evidence. Finance Research Letters, 36, 101342-.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2019.101342
Egger, P., & Winner, H. (2005). Evidence on corruption as an incentive for foreign direct
investment. European Journal of Political Economy, 21(4), 932–952.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2005.01.002
Egger, P., & Winner, H. (2006). How Corruption Influences Foreign Direct Investment: A Panel
Data Study. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 54(2), 459–486.
https://doi.org/10.1086/497010
Eggers, A. (2014). Partisanship and Electoral Accountability: Evidence from the UK Expenses
Scandal. Quarterly Journal Of Political Science, 9(4), 441–472.
https://doi.org/10.1561/100.00013140
Eggers, A. C., & Hainmueller, J. (2009). MPs for Sale? Returns to Office in Postwar British
Politics. American Political Science Review, 103(4), 513–533.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055409990190
Eggers, A. C., & Hainmueller, J. (2013). Capitol Losses: The Mediocre Performance of
Congressional Stock Portfolios. The Journal of Politics, 75(2), 535–551.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381613000194
Eggers, A. C., Vivyan, N., & Wagner, M. (2018). Corruption, Accountability, and Gender: Do
Female Politicians Face Higher Standards in Public Life? The Journal of Politics, 80(1),
321–326. https://doi.org/10.1086/694649
Eggers, A., & Spirling, A. (2014). Guarding the Guardians: Legislative Self-Policing and
Electoral Corruption in Victorian Britain. Quarterly Journal Of Political Science, 9(3),
337–370. https://doi.org/10.1561/100.00013098
Egharevba, E., & Atkinson, J. (2016). The role of corruption and unethical behaviour in
precluding the placement of industry sponsored clinical trials in sub-Saharan Africa:

206 

 
Stakeholder views. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications, 3(Journal Article),
102–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2016.04.009
Egorov, G., Guriev, S., & Sonin, K. (2009). Why Resource-poor Dictators Allow Freer Media: A
Theory and Evidence from Panel Data. American Political Science Review, 103(4),
645–668. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055409990219
Egunjobi, T. A. (2013). An Econometric Analysis of the Impact of Corruption on Economic
Growth in Nigeria. E3 Journal of Business Management and Economics, 4(3), 54–65.
Ehrlich, I., & Lui, F. (1999). Bureaucratic corruption and endogenous economic growth. 107(6,
Part 2 Suppl. S), S270–S293.
Ehsan, M. (2006). When Implementation Fails: The Case of Anti-Corruption Commission
(ACC) and Corruption Control in Bangladesh’. Asian Affairs, 28(3), 40–63.
Eicher, S. (2009). The Good and Evil Faces of Foreign Investment. In S. Eicher (Ed.),
Corruption in International Business: The Challenge of Cultural and Legal Diversity.
Corporate Social Responsibility Series. (pp. 47–60). Gower Publishing.
Eicher, S. (2016a). Government for Hire. In Corruption in International Business: The
Challenge of Cultural and Legal Diversity. Corporate Social Responsibility Series. (pp.
15-30.). Gower Publishing.
Eicher, S. (2016b). Risk Management – Playing By the Rules. In Corruption in International
Business: The Challenge of Cultural and Legal Diversity. Corporate Social
Responsibility Series. (pp. 113-128.). Gower Publishing.
Eicher, S. (2016c). What Corruption Is and Why it Matters. In Corruption in International
Business: The Challenge of Cultural and Legal Diversity. Corporate Social
Responsibility Series. (pp. 1-14.). Gower Publishing.
Eicher, S. (2016d). When Shareholders Lose (or Win) through Corruption. In Corruption in
International Business: The Challenge of Cultural and Legal Diversity. Corporate Social
Responsibility Series. (pp. 31-46.). Gower Publishing.
Eicher, T., García-Peñalosa, C., & Ypersele, T. (2009). Education, corruption, and the
distribution of income. Journal of Economic Growth, 14(3), 205–231.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-009-9043-0
Eigen, P. (1996). Combatting Corruption Around the World. Journal of Democracy, 7(1),
158–168. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1996.0005
Eigen, P. (1998). The Role of Civil Society. In Corruption and integrity improvement initiatives
in developing countries (pp. 83–89). New York, NY: UNDP, Management Development
and Governance Div, Bureau for Development Policy.
207 

 
Eigen, P. (2002). Measuring and combating corruption. The Journal of Policy Reform, 5(4),
187–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/1384128032000096805
Eigen, P. (2007). Fighting corruption in a global economy: Transparency initiatives in the oil and
gas industry. Houston Journal of International Law, 29(2), 327.
Eigen, P. (2009). A Coalition To Combat Corruption: TI, EITI, and Civil Society. In R. I.
Rotberg, M. Bunn, American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Committee on International
Security Studies, John F. Kennedy School of Government. Program on Intrastate
Conflict, & World Peace Foundation (Eds.), Corruption, global security, and world order
(pp. 416-429.). World Peace Foundation.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.PMUSE_batch:PMUSE342320151124
Eilat, Y., & Zinnes, C. (2002). The Shadow Economy in Transition Countries: Friend or Foe? A
Policy Perspective. World Development, 30(7), 1233–1254.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00036-0
Einhorn, A. (2007). The evolution and endpoint of responsibility: The FCPA, SOX,
socialist-oriented governments, gratuitous promisies, and a novel CSR code. The Denver
Journal of International Law and Policy, 35(3), 509–546.
Eisler, J. (2011). The Unspoken Institutional Battle Over Anticorruption: Citizens United,
Honest Services, and the Legislative-Judicial Divide. First Amendment Law Review, 9,
363–749.
Eizenstat, S.E. (1998). Promoting the Rule of Law and Anti-Corruption in a Globalized
Economy. Economic Perspectives, 12(1), 4–7.
Eke, S. J., & Tonwe, D. (2016). Address Causes not Symptoms: Engaging the Festering Culture
of Impunity from the Dimension of Fragility in Nigeria. African Studies; Afr.Stud., 75(1),
133–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2015.1129135
El Ghoul, S., Guedhami, O., Kwok, C., & Zheng, X. (2016). Collectivism and Corruption in
Commercial Loan Production: How to Break the Curse? Journal Of Business Ethics,
139(2), 225–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2551-2
El Said, H., & McDonald, F. (2002). Institutional reform and entry mode by foreign firms: The
case of Jordan. https://bradscholars.brad.ac.uk/handle/10454/2591
El Shazly, Y. (2017). Corruption, revolution and settlement: An Egyptian story for resolving
investment disputes. International Review of Law, 2017(7).
https://doi.org/10.5339/irl.2017.ADR.7
Elaad, G., Krumer, A., & Kantor, J. (2018). Corruption and Sensitive Soccer Games:
Cross-Country Evidence. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, 34(3), 364–394.

208 

 
Elbahnasawy, N. G. (2014). E-Government, Internet Adoption, and Corruption: An Empirical
Investigation. World Development, 57(Journal Article), 114–126.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.12.005
Elbahnasawy, Nasr G., & Revier, C. F. (2012). The Determinants of Corruption:
Cross‐Country‐Panel‐Data Analysis. Developing Economies, 50(4), 311–333.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.2012.00177.x
Eldomiaty, T., Hammam, R., & El Bakry, R. (2020). Institutional determinants of financial
inclusion: Evidence from world economies. International Journal of Development Issues,
19(2), 217–228. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDI-08-2019-0147
Eldridge, P. T. (2013). Without bounds: Navigating corporate compliance through enforcement
of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Arkansas Law Review, 66(3), 733–773.
Elgin, C., & Uras, B. R. (2013). Public debt, sovereign default risk and shadow economy.
Journal of Financial Stability, 9(4), 628–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2012.09.002
Eliason, R. D. (2009). Surgery with a Meat Axe: Using Honest Services Fraud to Prosecute
Federal Corruption. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-), 99(4),
929–986.
Elliott, K. A. (1997a). Corruption and the global economy. Institute for International Economics.
Elliott, K. A. (1997b). Corruption as an International Policy Problem: Overview and
Recommendations. In Corruption and the global economy (p. . 175-233). Institute for
International Economics.
Elliott, K. A. (1998). The problem of corruption: A tale of two countries.(Kenya, Uganda)(A
Review of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act on Its Twentieth Anniversary: Its
Appliction, Defense and International Aftermath). Northwestern Journal of International
Law & Business, 18(2), 524–534.
Ellis, C., & Fender, J. (2006). Corruption and Transparency in a Growth Model. International
Tax and Public Finance, 13(2), 115–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-006-1664-z
Ellis, J., Smith, J., & White, R. (2019). Corruption and Corporate Innovation. Journal of
Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022109019000735
Ellis, S. D. K. (2006). The roots of African corruption. 105(691).
Eme, O. I., Izuchukwu Samuel, I., & Emmanuel Chidubem, E. (2017). African Anti-Corruption
Agencies: Challenges and Prospects. Management Studies and Economic Systems, 3(4),
225–243.
Emerson, P. M. (2002). Corruption and industrial dualism in less developed countries. The

209 

 
Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 11(1), 63–76.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09638190110093163
Emerson, P. M. (2006). Corruption, competition and democracy. Journal of Development
Economics, 81(1), 193–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.04.005
Emmanuel Olusegun, S. (2016). Romania’s Corruption Barometer: Putting the Public Sector on
a Scale. Romanian Economic Journal, 60, 213–236.
Emran, M. S., Islam, A., & Shilpi, F. (2013). Admission is free only if your dad is rich!
Distributional effects of corruption in schools in developing countries (No. 6671; Policy
Research Working Paper Series). The World Bank.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/wbk/wbrwps/6671.html
Emran, M. S., Islam, A., & Shilpi, F. (2020). Distributional Effects of Corruption When
Enforcement is Biased: Theory and Evidence from Bribery in Schools in Bangladesh.
Economica (London), 87(348), 985–1015. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12337
Enderwick, P. (2005). What’s Bad About Crony Capitalism? Asian Business & Management,
4(2), 117–132. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.abm.9200126
Engel, C., Goerg, S., & Yu, G. (2012). Symmetric vs. Asymmetric Punishment Regimes for
Bribery. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc.
Engel, E., Ferreira Rubio, D., Kaufmann, D., Lara Yaffar, A., Londoño Saldarriaga, J., Noveck,
B. S., Pieth, M., & Rose-Ackerman, S. (2018). Report of the Expert Advisory Group on
Anti-Corruption, Transparency, and Integrity in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Inter-American Development Bank. https://doi.org/10.18235/00001419
Engelbert, A. (2014). The Role of Anti-Corruption Agencies in the Investigation and Prosecution
of Procurement Related Corruption Cases. In IEE Working Papers (No. 209; IEE
Working Papers). Ruhr University Bochum, Institute of Development Research and
Development Policy (IEE). https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/ieewps/209.html
Engelbert, A., & Kubbe, I. (2018). Introduction. Crime, Law and Social Change, 70(3), 293–298.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9738-7
Engelmann, F. (2020). The Internationalization of the Brazilian Public Prosecutor’s Office:
Anti-Corruption and Corporate Investments in the 2000s.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3635037
Engels, J. I. (2018). Corruption and Anticorruption in the Era of Modernity and Beyond. In
Anti-corruption in History: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford University Press.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.001.0001/oso-978
0198809975-chapter-12

210 

 
Engle, E. (2010). I get by with a little help from my friends? Understanding the U.K.
Anti-Bribery Statute, by reference to the OECD Convention and the Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act.(Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development). International
Lawyer, 44(4), 1173.
Englebert, P. (2000). Solving the Mystery of the AFRICA Dummy. World Development, 28(10),
1821–1835. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00052-8
Engler, S. (2016). Corruption and Electoral Support for New Political Parties in Central and
Eastern Europe. West European Politics; West Eur.Polit., 39(2), 278–304.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2015.1084127
Engler, Sarah. (2020). “Fighting corruption” or “fighting the corrupt elite”? Politicizing
corruption within and beyond the populist divide. Democratization, 27(4), 643–661.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2020.1713106
English, A. (2017). Corruption in the Canadian military? Destroying trust in the chain of
command. Canadian Foreign Policy, 23(1), 32–46.
https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2016.1250654
Engoron, I. (2018). A NOVEL APPROACH TO DEFINING “WHISTLEBLOWER” IN
DODD-FRANK. Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law, 23(1), 257–299.
Engstrom, D. F. (2018). Bounty regimes. Research Handbook on Corporate Crime and
Financial Misdealing.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781783474462/9781783474462.00023.xml
Engvall, J. (2014). Why are public offices sold in Kyrgyzstan? POST-SOVIET AFFAIRS, 30(1),
67–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2013.818785
Engvall, Johan. (2012). Against the Grain: How Georgia Fought Corruption and What It Means.
Washington, DC& Stockholm: Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies
Program. http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:609285/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Eniayejuni, A., & Evcan, N. S. (2015). Nigeria: Corruption arising from bad leadership.
European Scientific Journal, 11(13), 62.
Enikolopov, R., Petrova, M., & Sonin, K. (2018). Social Media and Corruption. American
Economic Journal. Applied Economics, 10(1), 150–174.
https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20160089
Enikolopov, R., & Zhuravskaya, E. (2007). Decentralization and political institutions. Journal of
Public Economics, 91(11), 2261–2290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.02.006
Enrici, A., & Hubacek, K. (2019). A Crisis of Confidence: Stakeholder Experiences of REDD+
in Indonesia. Human Ecology, 47(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-019-0045-z
211 

 
Ensor, T. (2004). Informal payments for health care in transition economies. Social Science &
Medicine, 58(2), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00007-8
Enste, D., & Heldman, C. (2017). Causes and consequences of corruption: An overview of
empirical results (No. 2/2017; IW-Reports). Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft (IW) /
German Economic Institute. https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/iwkrep/22017.html
Epperly, B., & Lee, T. (2015). Corruption and NGO Sustainability: A Panel Study of
Post-communist States. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit
Organizations, 26(1), 171–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-013-9404-3
Epremian, L., & Brun, C. (2018). Bringers of light: Performing resource revenue transparency in
Liberia. Geoforum, 97, 198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.09.004
Epstein, G., & Gang, I. (2019). Inequality, good governance, and endemic corruption.
International Tax and Public Finance, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-019-09542-z
Erakovich, R., & Kolthoff, E. (2016). Analysis of Ethical Leadership and Integrity Development
in Local Government: The United States, The Netherlands, Montenegro, and Serbia.
International Journal of Public Administration, 39(11), 872–882.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2015.1053612
Erard, B., & Feinstein, J. S. (1994). Honesty and Evasion in the Tax Compliance Game. The
RAND Journal of Economics, 25(1), 1–19.
Eren, T., & Jimenez, A. (2015). Institutional quality similarity, corruption distance and inward
FDI in Turkey*. Journal for East European Management Studies, 20(1), 88–101.
Erie, M. (2019). Anticorruption as Transnational Law: The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, PRC
Law, and Party Rules in China. American Journal of Comparative Law, 67(2), 233.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/avz018
Eriksen, B., & Soreide, T. (2016). Zero-Tolerance to Corruption? Norway’s Role in
Petroleum-Related Corruption Internationally (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2887908).
Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2887908
Erinsyah, R. A., Danil, E., & Yoserwan, Y. (2019). Reform of Criminal Law through Restorative
Justice in Returning State Losses from Corporation as the Perpetrator of Corruption.
International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 6(6), 497–508.
https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i6.1252
Erlingsson, G. Ó. (2016). Measuring Corruption: Whose Perceptions Should We Rely On?
Stjornmal Og Stjornsysla / The Icelandic Review of Politics & Administration, 12(2),
215–235. https://doi.org/10.13177/irpa.a.2016.12.2.2
Erlingsson, G. Ó., & Wittberg, E. (2018). They Talk the Talk – But Do They Walk the Walk?
212 

 
Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration, 22(4), 3-20–20.
Erlingsson, Gissur, Linde, J., & Öhrvall, R. (2016). Distrust in Utopia? Public Perceptions of
Corruption and Political Support in Iceland before and after the Financial Crisis of 2008.
Government and Opposition, 51(4), 553–579. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2014.46
Erlingsson, Gissuro, Bergh, A., & Sjölin, M. (2008). Public Corruption in Swedish
Municipalities – Trouble Looming on the Horizon? Local Government Studies, 34(5),
595–608. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930802413780
Ernst, J. (2011). The Dodd-Frank whistleblower provision: Throwing fuel on the fire for Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act compliance. Arizona State Law Journal, 43(4), 1313–1343.
Ertimi, B. E., & Saeh, M. A. (2013). The Impact of Corruption on Some Aspects of the
Economy. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 5(8).
https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v5n8p1
Erum, N., & Hussain, S. (2019). Corruption, natural resources and economic growth: Evidence
from OIC countries. Resources Policy, 63, 101429.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101429
Erwin, P. (2011). Corporate Codes of Conduct: The Effects of Code Content and Quality on
Ethical Performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 99(4), 535–548.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0667-y
Eryanto, G., & Eryanto, D. (2019). Eradicating Corruption: Measuring and Monitoring SDG
Progress. International Journal of Government Auditing, 46(2), 31–32.
Esarey, J., & Chirillo, G. (2013). “Fairer Sex” or Purity Myth? Corruption, Gender, and
Institutional Context. Politics & Gender, 9(4), 361–389.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X13000378
Escaleras, M., Anbarci, N., & Register, C. (2007). Public Sector Corruption and Major
Earthquakes: A Potentially Deadly Interaction. Public Choice, 132(1), 209–230.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-007-9148-y
Escaleras, M., Calcagno, P. T., & Shughart, W. F. (2012). Corruption and voter participation:
Evidence from the US states. Public Finance Review, 1091142112446846.
Escaleras, M., Lin, S., & Register, C. (2010). Freedom of information acts and public sector
corruption. Public Choice, 145(3), 435–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-009-9574-0
Escaleras, M., & Register, C. (2016). Public Sector Corruption and Natural Hazards. Public
Finance Review, 44(6), 746–768. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142115613155
Escobari, D. (2012). Imperfect Detection of Tax Evasion in a Corrupt Tax Administration.

213 

 
Public Organization Review, 12(4), 317–330.
Escobar-Lemmon, M., & Ross, A. D. (2014). Does Decentralization Improve Perceptions of
Accountability? Attitudinal Evidence from Colombia. American Journal of Political
Science, 58(1), 175–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12043
Escresa, L., & Picci, L. (2015). A new cross-national measure of corruption. IDEAS Working
Paper Series from RePEc.
Escresa, L., & Picci, L. (2016). Trends in Corruptions Around the World. European Journal on
Criminal Policy and Research, 22(3), 543–564.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-016-9317-y
Escresa, L., & Picci, L. (2020). The determinants of cross-border corruption. Public Choice,
184(3–4), 351–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-019-00764-7
Escribano, G. (2017). Pathways Toward a Global Standard for Transparency in the Governance
of Energy Resources. Global Governance, 23(2), 265–283.
Escriba-Perez, J., & Murgui-Garcia, M. (2017). Do market regulations reduce investment?
Evidence from European regions. Regional Studies, 51(9), 1336–1347.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2016.1182147
Eskeland, G. S. (1999). Corruption under Moral Hazard (World Bank Research Working Paper
2204). The World Bank. http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-2204
Esoimeme, E. E. (2020). Institutionalising the war against corruption: New approaches to assets
tracing and recovery. Journal of Financial Crime, 27(1), 217–230.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-12-2018-0125
Espinosa-Ramrez, R. (2015). Corruption, trade and institutional reforms. International Journal
of Trade and Global Markets, 8(2), 127.
Estache, A., Goicoechea, A., & Trujillo, L. (2009). Utilities reforms and corruption in
developing countries. Utilities Policy, 17(2), 191–202.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2008.07.002
Estache, A., & Kouassi, E. (2002). Sector Organization, Governance, and the Inefficiency of
African Water Utilities (Working Paper No. 2890; World Bank Policy Research). The
World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-2890
Estache, A., & Rossi, M. A. (2008). Regulatory agencies: Impact on firm performance and
social welfare (No. WPS4509; World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, pp. 1–28).
The World Bank.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/485821468315324364/Regulatory-agencies-i
mpact-on-firm-performance-and-social-welfare
214 

 
Estache, A., & Trujillo, L. (2009). Corruption and infrastructure services: An overview. Utilities
Policy, 17(2), 153–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2008.09.002
Estache, A., & Wren-Lewis, L. (2006). Anti-Corruption Policy in Theories of Sector Regulation.
In Susan Rose-Ackerman & T. Søreide (Eds.), International handbook on the economics
of corruption (pp. 269–298). Edward Elgar-c2011.
Estrada, R., & Arturo, M. (2020). Can COVID-19 Generate a Massive Corruption in Developing
Countries and Least Developed Countries? https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3597367
Estrin, S., Korosteleva, J., & Mickiewicz, T. (2013). Which institutions encourage
entrepreneurial growth aspirations? Journal of Business Venturing, 28(4), 564–580.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.05.001
Etzioni, A. (1988). Capital corruption: The new attack on American democracy. Transaction
Books.
Euben, J. P. (1989). Corruption. In T. Ball, J. Farr, & R. L. Hanson (Eds.), Political innovation
and conceptual change (pp. 220-246.). Cambridge University Press.
European Commission. (2010). Examining the links between organised crime and corruption.
Center for the Study of Democracy.
Evans, T., Zu Ermgassen, P., Amano, T., & Peh, K. S. ‐H. (2018). Does governance play a role
in the distribution of invasive alien species? Ecology and Evolution, 8(4), 1984–1994.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3744
Evenett, S. J., & Hoekman, B. (2004). Government Procurement: Market Access, Transparency,
and Multilateral Trade Rules (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3195). The
World Bank. http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-3195
Everett, J., Neu, D., & Rahaman, A. (2006). The Global Fight against Corruption: A Foucaultian,
Virtues-Ethics Framing. Journal of Business Ethics, 65(1), 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-8715-8
Everett, J., Neu, D., & Rahaman, A. S. (2007). Accounting and the global fight against
corruption. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 32(6), 513–542.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2006.07.002
Everhart, S. S., Vazquez, J. M.-, & Mcnab, R. M. (2009). Corruption, governance, investment
and growth in emerging markets. Applied Economics, 41(13), 1579–1594.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840701439363
Evrenk, H. (2011). Why a clean politician supports dirty politics: A game-theoretical explanation
for the persistence of political corruption. Journal of Economic Behavior and
Organization, 80(3), 498–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.05.004
215 

 
Evrensel, A. (2009). Differences in bank regulations: The role of governance and corruption.
Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 12(2), 91–110.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870902872870
Evrensel, A. (2010). Institutional and economic determinants of corruption: A cross-section
analysis. Applied Economics Letters, 17(6), 551–554.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850802297814
Evrensel, A. Y. (2010). Corruption, growth, and growth volatility. International Review of
Economics and Finance, 19(3), 501–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2009.08.002
Ewers, R., & Smith, R. (2007). Choice of Index Determines the Relationship between Corruption
and Environmental Sustainability. Ecology and Society, 12(1), r2.
https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-01950-1201r02
Ewins, P., Harvey, P., Savage, K., & Jacobs, A. (2006). Mapping the risks of corruption in
humanitarian action. Overseas Development Institute.
https://www.odi.org/publications/607-mapping-risks-corruption-humanitarian-action
Ewoh, A. I. E., Matei, A., & Matei, L. (2013). Corruption, public integrity, and globalization in
South-Eastern European states. A comparative analysis. Theoretical and Applied
Economics, 1(578)(1(578)), 7–34.
Ezebilo, E. E., Odhuno, F., & Kavan, P. (2019). The Perceived Impact of Public Sector
Corruption on Economic Performance of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in a
Developing Country. Economies, 7(3), 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies7030089
Ezeibe, C. C., Ilo, C., Ezeibe, E. N., Oguonu, C. N., Nwankwo, N. A., Ajaero, C. K., & Osadebe,
N. (n.d.). Political distrust and the spread of COVID-19 in Nigeria. Global Public Health,
ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1828987
Faber, G., & Gerritse, M. (2011). Foreign determinants of local institutions: Spatial dependence
and openness. European Journal of Political Economy.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2011.09.005
Fabre, G. (2017). Xi Jinping’s Challenge: What Is Behind China’s Anti-Corruption Campaign?
Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics, 5(2), 7–28.
https://doi.org/10.22381/JSME5220171
Fabrizi, S., & Lippert, S. (2017). Corruption and the public display of wealth. Journal of Public
Economic Theory, 19(4), 827–840. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12247
Faccio, M. (2006). Politically connected firms. American Economic Review, 96(1), 369–386.
Faccio, M. (2010). Differences between Politically Connected and Nonconnected Firms: A
Cross-Country Analysis. Financial Management, 39(3), 905–927.
216 

 
Faccio, M., Masulis, R. W., & Mcconnell, J. J. (2006). Political Connections and Corporate
Bailouts. Journal of Finance, 61(6), 2597–2635.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2006.01000.x
Faccio, M., & Parsley, D. C. (2009). Sudden Deaths: Taking Stock of Geographic Ties. Journal
of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 44(3), 683–718.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022109009990068
Fackler, T., & Lin, T.-M. (1995). Political Corruption and Presidential Elections, 1929-1992. The
Journal of Politics, 57(4), 971–993. https://doi.org/10.2307/2960398
Factor, R., & Kang, M. (2015). Corruption and population health outcomes: An analysis of data
from 133 countries using structural equation modeling. International Journal of Public
Health, 60(6), 633–641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-015-0687-6
Fadahunsi, A., & Rosa, P. (2002). Entrepreneurship and Illegality. Journal of Business
Venturing, 17(5), 397–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(01)00073-8
Fadairo, O., & Ladele, A. (2014). Attitudes and Perception of Corrupt Practices among Public
Officials in the Agricultural Sector in Southwestern Nigeria. Developing Country Studies,
4(8), 1–8.
Fafchamps, M., & Labonne, J. (2017). Do Politicians’ Relatives Get Better Jobs? Evidence from
Municipal Elections. The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 33(2), 268–300.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewx001
Fagbadebo, O. (2019). Interrogating the Constitutional Requisites for Legislative Oversight in
the Promotion of Accountability and Good Governance in South Africa and Nigeria.
Insight on Africa, 11(1), 38–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0975087818814912
Faguet, J.-P. (2014). Decentralization and Governance. World Development, 53, 2–13.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.002
Fain, E., & Sharafutdinova, D. (2017). Multiple Modernities: Features of Bureaucratic Hierarchy
and Corruption in Clannish Societies. Social Sciences, 48(2), 101.
Fakir, A. M. S., Ahmad, A. U., Hosain, K. M. M., Hossain, M. R., & Gani, R. S. (2017). The
comparative effect of corruption and Piketty’s second fundamental law of capitalism on
inequality. Economic Analysis and Policy, 55, 90–105.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2017.04.006
Falaschetti, D., & Miller, G. (2001). Constraining Leviathan: Moral Hazard and Credible
Commitment in Constitutional Design. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 13(4), 389–411.
Falisse, J.-B., & Leszczynska, N. (2015). Professional Identity, Bribery and Public Service
Delivery: Evidence from a Lab-in-the-Field Experiment in Burundi (ECARES 2015-07;
217 

 
Working Papers ECARES). ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/eca/wpaper/2013-196725.html
Falkingham, J. (2004). Poverty, out-of-pocket payments and access to health care: Evidence
from Tajikistan. Social Science & Medicine, 58(2), 247–258.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00008-X
Falkingham, J., Akkazieva, B., & Baschieri, A. (2010). Trends in out-of-pocket payments for
health care in Kyrgyzstan, 2001–2007. Health Policy and Planning, 25(5), 427–436.
https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czq011
Faller, J. K. (2015). The system matters: Corruption and vote choice in Uganda. Commonwealth
& Comparative Politics, 53(4), 428–456.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2015.1094891
Fallon, F., & Cooper, B. J. (2015). Corporate Culture and Greed—The Case of the Australian
Wheat Board. Australian Accounting Review, 25(1), 71.
Fan, C., Lin, C., & Treisman, D. (2009). Political decentralization and corruption: Evidence
from around the world. 93(1–2), 14–34.
Fan, C. Simon. (2006). Kleptocracy and corruption. Journal of Comparative Economics, 34(1),
57–74.
Fan, Chengze Simon, & Grossman, H. I. (2001). Incentives and corruption in chinese economic
reform. The Journal of Policy Reform, 4(3), 195–206.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13841280108523419
Fan, J. P. H., Guan, F., Li, Z., & Yang, Y. G. (2014). Relationship Networks and Earnings
Informativeness: Evidence from Corruption Cases. Journal of Business Finance &
Accounting, 41(7–8), 831–866. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12078
Fan, J. P. H., Rui, O. M., & Zhao, M. (2008). Public governance and corporate finance: Evidence
from corruption cases. Journal of Comparative Economics, 36(3), 343–364.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2008.05.001
Fan, J. P. H., Wong, T. J., & Zhang, T. (2014). Politically Connected CEOs, Corporate
Governance, and the Post-IPO Performance of China’s Partially Privatized Firms.
Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 26(3), 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/jacf.12084
Fan, J. P., Morck, R., Yeung, B. Y., & Xu, L. C. (2007). Does’ Good Government’Draw Foreign
Capital? Explaining China’s Exceptional Foreign Direct Investment Inflow (World Bank
Policy Research Working Paper No. 4206).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=980824
Fan, J. P., Titman, S., & Twite, G. (2012). An international comparison of capital structure and
218 

 
debt maturity choices. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 47(01), 23–56.
Fan, L., Ying, Z., Yuan, Y., Zhang, X., & Xu, B. (2019). How Do Intermediaries Affect the
Effectiveness of the Four-Eyes-Principle? An Experimental Investigation. The B.E.
Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2019-0059
Fandl, K. (2019). An Evaluation of the Impact of Anti-corruption Provisions within Multilateral
Institution Loan Agreements (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3442300). Social Science
Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3442300
Fanea-Ivanovici, M., Muşetescu, R.-C., Pană, M.-C., & Cristina Voicu. (2019). Fighting
Corruption and Enhancing Tax Compliance through Digitization: Achieving Sustainable
Development in Romania. Sustainability, 11(5), 1480.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051480
Fang, H., Gu, Q., & Zhou, L.-A. (2019). The gradients of power: Evidence from the Chinese
housing market. Journal of Public Economics, 176, 32–52.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.05.004
Fang, Q. (2017a). Xi Jinping’s Anticorruption Campaign from a Historical Perspective. Modern
China Studies; Norfolk, 24(2), 112–138.
Fang, Q. (2017b). Xi Jinping’s Anticorruption Campaign from Historical Perspective. Modern
China Studies, 24(2), 112–138.
Fang, Y., Perc, M., & Xu, H. (2020). The Singaporean model in public goods dilemmas with
benevolent leaders and bribery. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 110345-.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110345
Fang, Z., & Jin, X. (2019). Chinese Alcohol Culture and Corporate Rent-seeking Behavior.
Journal of Applied Finance and Banking, 9(5), 27–57.
Fanjul, J. A. (2008). Corporate corruption in Latin America: Acceptance, bribery, compliance,
denial, economics, and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Penn State International Law
Review, 26(3), 735–763.
Fantaye, D. (2004). Fighting corruption and embezzlement in Third World countries. Journal of
Criminal Law, 68(2), 170–176.
Fărcășanu, D. (2010). Population perception on corruption, informal payments and introduction
of co-payments in the public health system in Romania. Management in Health, 14(1),
8–13. https://doi.org/10.5233/mih.v14i1.97
Färdigh, M. A. (2013a). Free, Accessible Media and Quality of Government. Qog Working
Paper Series, Gothenburg: The Quality Of Government Institute, 2013:16 S. 32.

219 

 
Färdigh, M. A. (2013b). What’s the Use of A Free Media? The Role of Media in Curbing
Corruption and Promoting Quality of Government.
http://www.academia.edu/7476971/What_s_the_Use_of_A_Free_Media_The_Role_of_
Media_in_Curbing_Corruption_and_Promoting_Quality_of_Government
Färdigh, M. A., Anderson, E.-L., & Oscarsson, H. (2011). Reexamining the Relationship
Between Press Freedom and Corruption [Working Paper].
http://www.gu.se/english/research/publication/?publicationId=148624
Faria, M. P., Carvalho, F., & Reis, N. R. (2018). The Impact of Corruption Distance on
Ownership Strategies of Spanish and Portuguese MNEs. Revista Ibero-Americana de
Estratégia, 17(1), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.5585/ijsm.v17i1.2603
Farías, M. E., & Almeida, M. A. de. (2014). Does Saying ‘Yes’ to Capital Inflows Necessarily
Mean Good Business? The Effect of Antimoney Laundering Regulations in the Latin
American and the Caribbean Economies. Economics & Politics, 26(1), 96–127.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ecpo.12028
Farida, Moe, & Ahmadi-Esfahani, F. Z. (2007). Modelling Corruption in a Cobb-Douglas
Production Function Framework (2007 Conference (51st), February 13-16, 2007,
Queenstown, New Zealand No. 10400). Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics
Society. https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/agsaare07/10400.htm
Farida, Moe, & Ahmadi-Esfahani, F. Z. (2008). Corruption and economic growth in Lebanon
(2008 Conference (52nd), February 5-8, 2008, Canberra, Australia No. 6043). Australian
Agricultural and Resource Economics Society.
http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/agsaare08/6043.htm
Farida, Mohamad, & Ahmadi-Esfahani, F. Z. (2006). Corruption and economic development: A
critical review of literature (2006 Conference (50th), February 8-10, 2006, Sydney,
Australia No. 139727). Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society.
https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/agsaare06/139727.htm
Fariello, F. A., & Daly, C. C. (2013). Coordinating the fight against corruption among MDBS:
The past, present, and future of sanctions. The George Washington International Law
Review, 45(2), 253–269.
Farla, K. (2014). Determinants of firms’ investment behaviour: A multilevel approach. Applied
Economics, 46(34), 4231–4241. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2014.955167
Farooq, A., Shahbaz, M., Arouri, M., & Teulon, F. (2013). Does corruption impede economic
growth in Pakistan? Economic Modelling, 35, 622–633.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.08.019
Farooq, O. (2018). Does external auditing combat corruption? Evidence from private firms.
220 

 
Managerial Auditing Journal, 33(3), 267–287.
https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-08-2017-1634
Faruq, Ha. (2017). Corruption, product complexity and African exporters. Applied Economics,
49(6), 534–546. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2016.1203058
Faruq, Hasan. (2013). Corruption, bureaucracy and firm productivity in Africa. Review of
Development Economics, 17(1), 117–129.
Farzanegan, M. (2019). Cognitive ability and corruption: Rule of law (still) matters. Empirical
Economics, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-019-01687-4
Farzanegan, M. R., & Witthuhn, S. (2017). Corruption and political stability: Does the youth
bulge matter? European Journal of Political Economy, 49, 47–70.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2016.12.007
Fasano, D. T. (2012). United States v. Aguilar: District Court attempts clarification of the
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act by further defining “foreign official.” Tulane Journal of
International and Comparative Law, 20(2), 489–504.
Fath, S., & Kay, A. (2018). “If hierarchical, then corrupt”: Exploring people’s tendency to
associate hierarchy with corruption in organizations. Organizational Behavior And
Human Decision Processes, 149, 145–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.10.004
Fatić, A. (2004). Anti‐corruption and anti‐organized crime policy in Serbia: Regional
implications. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 4(2), 315–324.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1468385042000247592
Fatima, S. T., & Khan, M. Y. (n.d.). Rent-Seeking and Firm Performance: Do Institutional and
Firm-Specific Characteristics Matter? International Journal of the Economics of
Business, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1–30.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13571516.2020.1812998
Faughman, Brian M. & Mitchell A. Seligson. (2015). Corruption in Latin America: A View from
the AmericasBarometer. In P. Heywood (Ed.), Routledge handbook of political
corruption (pp. 212-224.). Routledge.
Faughnan, B. M., Hiskey, J. T., & Revey, S. D. (2014). Subnational electoral contexts and
corruption in Mexico/Contextos electorales subnacionales y corrupcion en Mexico.
Journal of Politics in Latin America, 6(1), 45.
Faulend, M., & Sosic, V. (1999). Is Unofficial Economy a Source of Corruption? IDEAS
Working Paper Series from RePEc.
Faulkner, N., Martin, A., & Peyton, K. (2015). Priming political trust: Evidence from an
experiment. Australian Journal of Political Science, 50(1), 164–173.
221 

 
https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2014.979759
Fay, C. (1995). Political sleaze in France: Forms and issues.(Sleaze: Politics, Private Interests
and Public Reaction). Parliamentary Affairs, 48(4), 663.
Fayissa, B., & Nsiah, C. (2013). The impact of governance on economic growth in Africa.
Journal of Developing Areas, 47(1), 91–108.
Fazekas, Mihály. (2017). Red tape, bribery and government favouritism: Evidence from Europe.
Crime, Law and Social Change, 68(4), 403–429.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9694-2
Fazekas, Mihaly, Chvalkovska, J., Skuhrovec, J., Toth, I. J., & King, Laurence Peter. (2013). Are
EU funds a corruption risk? The impact of EU funds on grand corruption in Central and
Eastern Europe (CRCB Working Paper 2013:03).
http://www.againstcorruption.eu/reports/are-eu-funds-a-corruption-risk-the-impact-of-eu-
funds-on-grand-corruption-in-central-and-eastern-europe/
Fazekas, Mihály, & Cingolani, L. (2017). Breaking the Cycle? How (Not) to Use Political
Finance Regulations to Counter Public Procurement Corruption. The Slavonic and East
European Review, 95(1), 76–116. https://doi.org/10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.95.1.0076
Fazekas, Mihaly, Cingolani, L., & Toth, B. (2016). Conceptualizing Objective Corruption
Proxies in Government Contracting: Actors, Transactions, and Vehicles in Rent
Extraction. Working Paper.
Fazekas, Mihaly, Cingolani, L., & Tóth, B. (2016). A Comprehensive Review of Objective
Corruption Proxies in Public Procurement: Risky Actors, Transactions, and Vehicles of
Rent Extraction (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2891017). Social Science Research Network.
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2891017
Fazekas, Mihály, & Kocsis, G. (2017). Uncovering High-Level Corruption: Cross-National
Objective Corruption Risk Indicators Using Public Procurement Data. British Journal of
Political Science, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123417000461
Fazekas, Mihály, & Tóth, B. (2018). The extent and cost of corruption in transport infrastructure.
New evidence from Europe. Transportation Research Part A, 113, 35–54.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.03.021
Fazekas, Mihaly, & Tóth, I. J. (2014). From Corruption to State Capture: A New Analytical
Framework with Empirical Applications from Hungary (November 28, 2014).
Corruption Research Center Budapest Working Papers No. CRCB-WP/2014:01, Journal
Article. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2531701
Fazekas, Mihaly, Toth, I. J., & King, L. P. (2013). Anatomy of grand corruption: A composite

222 

 
corruption risk index based on objective data (CRCB Working Paper 2013:02).
http://www.againstcorruption.eu/publications/anatomy-of-grand-corruption-a-composite-
corruption-risk-index-based-on-objective-data/
Fazekas, Mihály, Tóth, I., & King, L. (2016). An Objective Corruption Risk Index Using Public
Procurement Data. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 22(3), 369–397.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-016-9308-z
Fedran, J., Dobovsek, B., & Azman, B. (2015). Assessing the Preventive Anti- Corruption
Efforts in Slovenia. Varstvoslovje, 17(1), 82–82.
Fedran, J., Dobovšek, B., Ažman, B., & Bren, M. (2018). Integrity Plan: A Useful Measure for
Curbing Corruption at National and Local Level. Lex Localis, 16(1), 167–191.
https://doi.org/10.4335/16.1.167-191(2018)
Feichtinger, G., Dawid, H., Novak, A., & Wirl, F. (1997). Indeterminancy of open-loop Nash
equilibria: The ruling class versus the tabloid press. In H. G. Natke & Y. Ben-Haim
(Eds.), Uncertainty: Models and Measures. Akademie Verlag.
http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/5131/
Feichtinger, Gustav. (2000). On the Economics of Corruption and Illicit Drugs. Applications of
Mathematics and Statistics in Economy, 6, 21–26.
Feichtinger, Gustav, & Wirl, F. (1994). On the stability and potential cyclicity of corruption in
governments subject to popularity constraints. Mathematical Social Sciences, 28(2),
113–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4896(94)00750-0
Feige, E. L. (2016). Reflections on the Meaning and Measurement of Unobserved Economies:
What do we really know about the “Shadow Economy”? Journal of Tax Administration,
2(1). http://JoTA.website/article/view/69
Fein, E. (2016). Cognition, Cultural Practices, and the Working of Political Institutions: An
Adult Developmental Perspective on Corruption in Russian History. Behavioral
Development Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1037/bdb0000034
Fein, E., & Weibler, J. (2014a). Cognitive basis for corruption and attitudes towards corruption
in organizations viewed from a structuralist adult developmental meta-perspective.
Behavioral Development Bulletin, 19(3), 78–94.
Fein, E., & Weibler, J. (2014b). Review and shortcomings of literature on corruption in
organizations in offering a multi-faceted and integrative understanding of the
phenomenon. Behavioral Development Bulletin, 19(3), 67–77.
Feinberg, G. (2009). The epidemic of petit corruption in contemporary Cambodia: Causes,
consequences and solutions. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 11(4), 277–296.

223 

 
http://dx.doi.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1057/cpcs.2009.9
Feitosa, F. (2020). Theoretically, yes, but also empirically? How the corruption-turnout link is
marginally explained by civic duty to vote. Electoral Studies, 66.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102162
Feka, E., & Abdullai, J. (2019). Ethics in the Public Administration of Mitrovica Municipality.
Revista de Stiinte Politice, 63, 12–21.
Feldman, D. L., & Alibašić, H. (2019). The Remarkable 2018 “Velvet Revolution”: Armenia’s
Experiment Against Government Corruption. Public Integrity, 1–13.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2019.1581042
Feldman, I. (2018). Care and Suspicion: Corruption as Definition in Humanitarian Relations.
Current Anthropology, 59(S18), S160–S170. https://doi.org/10.1086/695695
Feliciano, F. P. (2012). Random Reflections on the Bar, Corruption and the Practice of Law.
Philippine Law Journal, 86, 225–242.
Fell, D. (2005). Political and media liberalization and political corruption in Taiwan. China
Quarterly, 184, 875–893.
Felson, M. (2011). Corruption in the Broad Sweep of History. In A. Graycar, R. G. Smith, A.
Graycar, & R. G. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of global research and practice in corruption.
Edward Elgar.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:ELGAR05220150821
Fendo, J. (2000). Attacking the Tools of Corruption: The Foreign Money Laundering Deterrence
and Anticorruption Act of 1999. Fordham International Law Journal, 23, 1540–1576.
Fenner, G., & Wehrle, F. (2001). The Internet Culture in the Fight Against Corruption. In K.
ADB-OECD Conference on Combatting Corruption in the Asia-Pacific Region : Seoul
(Ed.), Progress in the fight against corruption in Asia and the Pacific: Papers presented
at the joint ABD-OECD Conference on Combatting Corruption in the Asia-Pacific
Region, Seoul, Korea, 11-13 December 2000. Asian Development Bank.
Ferguson, T., Chen, J., & Jorgensen, P. (2017). Fifty Shades of Green: High Finance, Political
Money, and the US Congress. Roosevelt Institute.
http://rooseveltwec.wpengine.com/publications/fifty-shades-of-green-high-finance-politic
al-money-and-the-us-congress/
Fergusson, L., Molina, C., & Riaño, J. F. (2018). I Sell My Vote, and So What? Incidence,
Social Bias, and Correlates of Clientelism in Colombia. Economía, 19(1), 181–218.
https://doi.org/10.1353/eco.2018.0011
Fernández Muñoz, S., & Collado Cueto, L. (2017). What has happened in Spain? The real estate
224 

 
bubble, corruption and housing development: A view from the local level. Geoforum, 85,
206–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.08.002
Fernández-Vázquez, P., Barberá, P., & Rivero, G. (2016). Rooting Out Corruption or Rooting for
Corruption? The Heterogeneous Electoral Consequences of Scandals. Political Science
Research and Methods, 4(02), 379–397. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2015.8
Ferrali, R. (2020). Partners in crime? Corruption as a criminal network. Games and Economic
Behavior, 124, 319–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2020.08.013
Ferrara, A., & Nisticò, R. (2019). Does Institutional Quality Matter for Multidimensional
Well-Being Inequalities? Insights from Italy. Social Indicators Research, 1–43.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02123-x
Ferrari, L., & Salustri, F. (2020). The relationship between corruption and chronic diseases:
Evidence from Europeans aged 50 years and older. International Journal of Public
Health, 65(3), 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-020-01347-w
Ferraro, P. (2005). Corruption and conservation: The need for empirical analyses. A response to
Smith &amp; Walpole. Oryx, 39(3), 257–259.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060530500075X
Ferraz, C., & Finan, F. (2008a). Exposing Corrupt Politicians: The Effects of Brazil’s Publicly
Released Audits on Electoral Outcomes. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(2),
703–745.
Ferraz, C., & Finan, F. (2008b). Motivating Politicians: The Impacts of Monetary Incentives on
Quality and Performance. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc.
Ferraz, C., & Finan, F. (2011). Electoral accountability and corruption: Evidence from the audits
of local governments. American Economic Review, 101(4), 1274–1311.
Ferraz, C., & Finan, F. (2018). Fighting Political Corruption: Evidence from Brazil. In
Institutions, Governance and the Control of Corruption (pp. 253–284). Palgrave
Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65684-7_9
Ferraz, C., Finan, F., & Moreira, D. (2012). Corrupting Learning: Evidence from Missing
Federal Education Funds in Brazil. NBER Working Paper Series, 18150.
https://doi.org/10.3386/w18150
Ferreira, E. V. (2016). The Genesis and Impact of Anti-corruption Policies in Portugal: A
Preliminary Assessment of Corruption Risk Management Plans. Varstvoslovje, 18(2),
160.
Ferreira, I. W., & Bayat, M. S. (2005). Curbing corruption in the Republic of South Africa:
Learn how new measures put in place since the 1996 Constitution, such as the drafting of
225 

 
codes of conduct, whistle-blowing, and training initiatives, are making public officials
more aware of the need for ethical conduct in their public dealings. The Public Manager,
34(2), 15.
Ferreira, M., Carreira, H., Li, D., & Serra, F. (2016). The Moderating Effect of Home Country
Corruption on the Host Country’s Ability to Attract FDI. Brazilian Business Review,
13(4), 94–117. https://doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2016.13.4.5
Ferreira, R. (2018). Power and Corruption in the Early Modern Portuguese World. Ethnohistory,
65(1), 175. https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-4260811
Ferreira, S. (2004). Deforestation, Property Rights, and International Trade. Land Economics,
80(2), 174–193. https://doi.org/10.2307/3654737
Ferrer, S. (2019). Responsibility attribution for corruption scandals. Local Government Studies,
1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2019.1583560
Ferreras, L. (2013). Corruption and Foreign Education. Journal of Politics & Society, 24,
160–189.
Ferretti, M. P. (2018). A Taxonomy of Institutional Corruption. Social Philosophy and Policy,
35(2), 242–263. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265052519000086
Ferreyra, G. (2017). Judicial Corruption in the Mexican Federal Judiciary. Human Organization,
76(2), 141–149.
Ferreyra-Orozco, G. (2010). Understanding Corruption in a State Supreme Court in Central
Mexico: An Ethnographic Approach. Human Organization, 69(3), 242–251.
Ferri, G. (2004). More analysts, better ratings: Do rating agencies invest enough in less
developed countries? Journal of Applied Economics, 7(1), 77.
Ferry, L. L., Hafner-Burton, E. M., & Schneider, C. J. (2020). Catch me if you care: International
development organizations and national corruption. Review of International
Organizations. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-019-09371-z
Ferry, L., Zakaria, Z., Zakaria, Z., & Slack, R. (2017). Framing public governance in Malaysia:
Rhetorical appeals through accrual accounting. Accounting Forum.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2017.07.002
Ferwerda, J. (2009). The Economics of Crime and Money Laundering: Does Anti-Money
Laundering Policy Reduce Crime? Review of Law & Economics, 5(2), 903–929.
https://doi.org/10.2202/1555-5879.1421
Ferwerda, J., Deleanu, I., & Unger, B. (2016). Corruption in Public Procurement: Finding the
Right Indicators. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research.

226 

 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-016-9312-3
Ferwerda, J., Kattenberg, M., Chang, H.-H., Unger, B., Groot, L., & Bikker, J. A. (2013).
Gravity models of trade-based money laundering. Applied Economics, 45(22),
3170–3182. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2012.699190
Ficici, A., Caron, M. I., & Richter, C. L. (2012). The influence of corruption on corporate
governance standards: Shared characteristics of rapidly developing economies. Emerging
Markets Journal : Emaj, 2(1), 21–37.
Fieger, P., & Rice, B. S. (2018). Whistle-blowing in the Australian Public Service. Personnel
Review, 47(3), 613–629. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-07-2017-0203
Field Jr., A., Sosa, L. A., & Wu, X. (2006). Effects of Endogenous Bribes on Foreign Direct
Investment [Working Paper].
Fields, S. (2017). Statutory Tools For Enhancing Multinational Corporation Compliance With
Anti-Bribery Laws: Recommended Changes To Australia’s Foreign Bribery Offense. The
George Washington International Law Review, 49(2), 441–469.
Figueiredo, A. T. D. (2017). Corruption and human rights: Beyond the link.
Figueiredo, F. O. V. de. (2016). Building up a convenient accountability: How the
‘anti-corruption’ law in Brazil was put into force. Brasiliana: Journal for Brazilian
Studies, 4(2), 550–578.
Figueroa, J. R. (2012). Justice system institutions and corruption control: Evidence from Latin
America. The Justice System Journal, 33(2), 195–213.
Filipiak, B., & Dylewski, M. (2017). Similarities and differences in the phenomenon of integrity
in OECD countries. Aestimatio, 15, 100–123. https://doi.org/10.5605/IEB.15.6
Finan, F., Ferraz, C., & Avis, E. (2018). Do Government Audits Reduce Corruption? Estimating
the Impacts of Exposing Corrupt Politicians. Journal of Political Economy, 126(5),
1912–1964. https://doi.org/10.1086/699209
Finan, F., & Schechter, L. (2012). Vote-Buying and Reciprocity. Econometrica, 80(2), 863–881.
https://doi.org/10.3386/w17411
Findley, M. G., Jensen, N. M., Malesky, E. J., Pepinsky, T. B., Hidalgo, F. D., Canello, J., &
Lima-de-Oliveira, R. (2016). Can Politicians Police Themselves? Natural Experimental
Evidence From Brazil’s Audit Courts. Comparative Political Studies, 49(13), 1739–1773.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414015626436
Findley, M. G., Nielson, D. L., & Sharman, J. (2015). Causes of Noncompliance with
International Law: A Field Experiment on Anonymous Incorporation. American Journal

227 

 
of Political Science, 59(1), 146–161. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12141
Findley, M., Nielson, D., & Sharman, J. (2015). Global shell games: Experiments in
transnational relations, crime, and terrorism. Choice Reviews Online, 53(04),
53–1959–53–1959. https://doi.org/10.5860/CHOICE.187204
Findley, M., Nielson, D., & Sharman, J. C. (2013). Using Field Experiments in International
Relations: A Randomized Study of Anonymous Incorporation1. International
Organization, 67(4), 657–693. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818313000271
Finn, D. (1995). Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Management
Employee-Organisation Whistleblowing Model. Research on Accounting Ethics, 1,
291–313.
Finnie, B. W., Gibson, L. K., & McNabb, D. E. (2006). Economic development: Corruption,
complexity, wealth, and a triad of strains. Humanomics, 22(4), 185–204.
https://doi.org/10.1108/08288660610710728
Fiodendji, K., & Evlo, K. (2015). Do Institutions Quality Affect FDI Inflows in Sub-Saharan
African Countries? Journal of Applied Finance and Banking, 5(1), 111–135.
Fiorino, N., Galli, E., & Goel, R. K. (2019). Dimensions of civic activism and their effectiveness
in exposing corruption: Evidence from Italy. Applied Economics, 51(7), 663–675.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1506086
Fiorino, N., Galli, E., & Padovano, F. (2015). How long does it take for government
decentralization to affect corruption? Economics of Governance, 16(3), 273–305.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-015-0156-y
Fiorino, N., Galli, E., & Petrarca, I. (2012). Corruption and Growth: Evidence from the Italian
regions. European Journal of Government and Economics, 1(2), 126–144.
Fiorino, Nadia, Emma Galli & Fabio Padovano. (2013). Do Fiscal Decentralization and
Government Fragmentation Affect Corruption in Different Ways? Evidence from a Panel
Data Analysis. In S. Lago Peñas & J. Martinez-Vazquez (Eds.), The challenge of local
government sizes: Theoretical perspectives, international experience and policy reform
(pp. 121–147). Edward Elgar.
Firestone, T., & Contini, K. (2018). The Global Magnitsky Act. Criminal Law Forum, 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10609-018-9353-z
Firger, D. (2010). Transparency And The Natural Resource Curse: Examining The New
Extraterritorial Information Forcing Rules In The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act Of
2010. Georgetown Journal of International Law, 41(4), 1043–1095.
Fišar, M., Krčál, O., Staněk, R., & Špalek, J. (n.d.). Committed to Reciprocate on a Bribe or
228 

 
Blow the Whistle: The Effects of Periodical Staff-Rotation in Public Administration.
Public Performance & Management Review, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2020.1812410
Fišar, M., Kubák, M., Špalek, J., & Tremewan, J. (2016). Gender differences in beliefs and
actions in a framed corruption experiment. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental
Economics, 63(Journal Article), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2016.05.004
Fischer, R., Ferreira, M., Milfont, T., & Pilati, R. (2014). Culture of Corruption? The Effects of
Priming Corruption Images in a High Corruption Context. Journal of Cross - Cultural
Psychology, 45(10), 1594.
Fisher, A. S., Yatter, D. K., Greenburg, D. N., Baker III, W. R., Dozier, B. A., & Greenberg, R.
J. (2019). CFTC enters the market for anti-corruption enforcement. Journal of Investment
Compliance, 20(3), 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOIC-06-2019-0038
Fisher, E. (2010). Transparency and Administrative Law: A Critical Evaluation. Current Legal
Problems, 63(1), 272–314. https://doi.org/10.1093/clp/63.1.272
Fisman, D., Fisman, R. J., Galef, J., Khurana, R., & Wang, Y. (2012). Estimating the Value of
Connections to Vice-President Cheney. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy,
13(3). https://doi.org/10.1515/1935-1682.3272
Fisman, R. (2001). Estimating the Value of Political Connections. American Economic Review,
91(4), 1095–1102. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.4.1095
Fisman, R. (2010). Economic gangsters: Corruption, violence, and the poverty of nations.
Princeton, NJ; Princeton University Press.
Fisman, R. (2015). Political Connections and Commerce – A Global Perspective. In Susan
Rose-Ackerman & P. Lagunes (Eds.), Greed, corruption, and the modern state: Essays in
political economy (pp. 71–91). Edward Elgar PubLimited.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:978178471470320151028
Fisman, R., & Gatti, R. (2002a). Decentralization and corruption: Evidence across countries.
Journal of Public Economics, 83(3), 325–345.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(00)00158-4
Fisman, R., & Gatti, R. (2002b). Decentralization and Corruption: Evidence from U.S. Federal
Transfer Programs. Public Choice, 113(1), 25–35.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020311511787
Fisman, R., & Gatti, R. (2006). Bargaining for Bribes: The Role of Institutions. In Susan
Rose-Ackerman & T. Søreide (Eds.), International handbook on the economics of
corruption (pp. 127–139). Edward Elgar-c2011.

229 

 
Fisman, R., & Golden, M. (2017a). How to fight corruption. Science, 356(6340), 803–804.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan0815
Fisman, R., & Golden, M. A. (2017b). Corruption: What everyone needs to know. Oxford
University Press.
Fisman, R., & Miguel, E. (2007). Corruption, Norms, and Legal Enforcement: Evidence from
Diplomatic Parking Tickets. Journal of Political Economy, 115(6), 1020–1048.
https://doi.org/10.1086/527495
Fisman, R., Schulz, F., & Vig, V. (2014). The Private Returns to Public Office. Journal of
Political Economy, 122(4), 806–862.
Fisman, R., & Svensson, J. (2007). Are corruption and taxation really harmful to growth? Firm
level evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 83(1), 63–75.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.09.009
Fisman, R., & Wang, Y. (2015a). Corruption in Chinese Privatizations. Journal of Law
Economics & Organization, 31(1), 1.
Fisman, R., & Wang, Y. (2015b). The Mortality Cost of Political Connections. Review of
Economic Studies, 82(4), 1346.
Fisman, R., & Wei, S.-J. (2004). Tax Rates and Tax Evasion: Evidence from “Missing Imports”
in China. Journal of Political Economy, 112(2), 471–496. https://doi.org/10.1086/381476
Fisman, R., & Wei, S.-J. (2009). The Smuggling of Art, and the Art of Smuggling: Uncovering
the Illicit Trade in Cultural Property and Antiques. American Economic Journal: Applied
Economics, 1(3), 82–96. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.1.3.82
Fitriyaningrum, J., & Arifin, R. (2019). The Regulatory Model for Eradication Corruption in
Infrastructure Funding. Varia Justicia, 15(1), 36–42.
https://doi.org/10.31603/variajusticia.v15i1.2421
Fitzsimons, V. G. (2007). Economic Models of Corruption. In S. Bracking (Ed.), Corruption and
development: The anti-corruption campaigns (pp. 46-74.). Palgrave Macmillan.
Fitzsimons, V. G. (2009). A troubled relationship: Corruption and reform of the public sector in
development. Journal of Management Development, 28(6), 513–521.
https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710910959675
Fitzsimons, V. G., & Kana, R. (2004). Corruption and Competition in Transition. Economicka
Review, 11.
Fjelde, H. (2009). Buying Peace? Oil Wealth, Corruption and Civil War, 1985—99. Journal of
Peace Research, 46(2), 199–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343308100715

230 

 
Fjelde, H., & Hegre, H. (2014). Political Corruption and Institutional Stability. Studies in
Comparative International Development, 49(3), 267–299.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-014-9155-1
Fjeldstad, O. (2001). Taxation, coercion and donors: Local government tax enforcement in
Tanzania. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 39(2), 289–306.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X01003627
Fjeldstad, O. (2003). Fighting fiscal corruption: Lessons from the Tanzania Revenue Authority.
Public Administration and Development, 23(2), 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.278
Fjeldstad, O.-H. (2005). Revenue administration and corruption (U4 Issue Paper No. 2). Chr.
Michelsen Institute.
Fjeldstad, O.-H. (2006). Corruption in Tax Administration: Lessons from Institutional Reforms
in Uganda. In Susan Rose-Ackerman & T. Søreide (Eds.), International handbook on the
economics of corruption (pp. 484–511). Edward Elgar-c2011.
Fjeldstad, O.-H. (2009). The pursuit of integrity in customs: Experiences from sub-Saharan
Africa (CMI Working Paper WP 2009: 8).
Fjeldstad, O.-H., & Isaksen, J. (2008). Anti-corruption Reforms: Challenges, Effects and Limits
of World Bank Support (World Bank IEG Working Paper no. 7).
http://www.cmi.no/publications/3134-anti-corruption-reforms-challenges
Fjeldstad, O.-H., Kolstad, I., & Nygaard, K. (2006). Bribes, taxes and regulations: Business
constraints for micro enterprises in Tanzania (CMI Working Paper WP 2006: 2). Chr.
Michelsen Institute.
Fjeldstad, O.-H., & Tungodden, B. (2003a). Fiscal Corruption: A Vice or a Virtue. World
Development, 31(8), 1459–1467. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(03)00103-7
Fjeldstad, O.-H., & Tungodden, B. (2003b). “Fiscal Corruption: A Vice or a Virtue”––A Reply.
World Development, 31(8), 1473–1475. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(03)00103-7
Flanagan, T. (2017). Corruption and First Nations in Canada. Canadian Foreign Policy, 23(1),
15–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2016.1229685
Flatters, F., & Macleod, W. (1995). Administrative corruption and taxation. International Tax
and Public Finance, 2(3), 397–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00872774
Flavin, P., & Ledet, R. (2013). Religion and Government Corruption in the American States.
Public Integrity, 15(4), 329–344. https://doi.org/10.2753/PIN1099-9922150401
Flavin, P., & Montgomery, F. (2019). Freedom of the press and perceptions about government
corruption. International Political Science Review, 41(4), 019251211985846–566.

231 

 
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512119858469
Fleischacker, S. (2018). “Dismembering the Human Character”: Adam Ferguson’s Conception
of Corruption. Social Philosophy and Policy, 35(2), 54–72.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265052519000128
Fleischer, D. (1996). Political corruption in Brazil. Crime, Law and Social Change, 25(4),
297–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00572512
Fleischman, F. (2016). Understanding India’s Forest Bureaucracy: A Review. Regional
Environmental Change, 16, 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0844-8
Fletcher, C., & Herrmann, D. (2012). The internationalisation of corruption. Ashgate.
http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/155334015
Flores, E. (2017). Two Countries and One Headless Body: An Analysis of Border Corruption.
Harvard International Review, 38(2), 10–12.
Flyvbjerg, B., & Molloy, E. (2006). Delusion, Deception and Corruption in Major Infrastructure
Projects: Causes, Consequences and Cures. In Susan Rose-Ackerman & T. Søreide
(Eds.), International handbook on the economics of corruption (pp. 81–107). Edward
Elgar-c2011.
Fochmann, M., Jahnke, B., & Wagener, A. (2019). Does the reliability of institutions affect
public good contributions? Evidence from a laboratory experiment. Scottish Journal of
Political Economy, 66(3), 434–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12197
Foellmi, R., & Oechslin, M. (2007). Who gains from non-collusive corruption? Journal of
Development Economics, 82(1), 95–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.10.002
Fogel, K. (2006). Oligarchic family control, social economic outcomes, and the quality of
government. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(5), 603.
https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400213
Foley, V., & Haynes, C. (2009). The FCPA and its Impact in Latin America. Currents:
International Trade Law Journal, 17, 27–80.
Folke, O., Hirano, S., & Snyder, J. M. (2011). Patronage and Elections in U.S. States. American
Political Science Review, 105(3), 567–585. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055411000256
Follert, F., Richau, L., Emrich, E., & Pierdzioch, C. (2020). Collective Decision-making: FIFA
from the Perspective of Public Choice. The Economists’ Voice, 17(1).
https://doi.org/10.1515/ev-2019-0031
Follett, G. (2015). Facilitating payments: Facilitating poverty? Alternative Law Journal, 40(2),
123–126.

232 

 
Folliot-Lalliot, Laurence. (2014). Introduction to the World Bank’s Policies in the Fight Against
Corruption and Conflicts of Interest in Public Contacts. In J.-B. Auby, E. Breen, & T.
Perroud (Eds.), Corruption and conflicts of interest: A comparative law approach (pp.
236–252). Edward Elgar PubLtd.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:ELGAR01620140507
Folorunso, B. A. (2007). Determinants and effects of corruption on investment, general price
level and sustainable economic growth in Nigeria. African Economic and Business
Review, 5(2), 10–25.
Foltz, J. D., & Bromley, D. W. (2010). Highway Robbery: The Economics of Petty Corruption in
West African Trucking. ResearchGate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228851849_Highway_Robbery_The_Economic
s_of_Petty_Corruption_in_West_African_Trucking
Foltz, J. D., & Opoku-Agyemang, K. A. (2015). Do higher salaries lower petty corruption? A
policy experiment on West Africa’s highways.
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08986e5274a27b2000111/89108_IGC_
Foltz-Opoku-Agyemang-2016-Working-paper.pdf
Fombad, C. M. (1999). Curbing corruption in Africa: Some lessons from Botswana’s experience.
International Social Science Journal, 51(160), 241–254.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2451.00193
Fontana, A., & Pereira, P. G. (2012). Using money laundering investigations to fight corruption
in developing countries: Domestic obstacles and strategies to overcome them.
http://www.u4.no/publications/using-money-laundering-investigations-to-fight-corruptio
n-in-developing-countries-domestic-obstacles-and-strategies-to-overcome-them/
Ford, C., & Hess, D. (2009). Can corporate monitorships improve corporate compliance? The
Journal of Corporation Law, 34(3), 679.
Ford, C., & Hess, D. (2011). Corporate Monitorships and New Governance Regulation: In
Theory, in Practice, and in Context. Law & Policy, 33(4), 509–541.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2011.00347.x
Ford, R., & Richardson, W. (1994). Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical
literature. Journal of Business Ethics, 13(3), 205–221.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02074820
Foresta, A. (2020). The rise of populist parties in the aftermath of a massive corruption scandal.
Public Choice, 184(3–4), 289–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-020-00826-1
Forrest, D., & Maennig, W. (2015). The Threat to Sports Goverance from Betting-Related
Corruption: Causes and Solution. In P. Heywood (Ed.), Routledge handbook of political
233 

 
corruption (pp. 328–346). Routledge.
Forson, J. A. (2016). A “recursive framework” of corruption and development. World Journal of
Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 12(4), 282–298.
Forson, J. A., Buracom, P., Chen, G., & Baah‐Ennumh, T. Y. (2017). Genuine Wealth Per Capita
as a Measure of Sustainability and the Negative Impact of Corruption on Sustainable
Growth in Sub‐Sahara Africa. South African Journal of Economics, 85(2), 178–195.
https://doi.org/10.1111/saje.12152
Forson, J., Baah-Ennumh, T., Buracom, P., Chen, G., & Peng, Z. (2016). CAUSES OF
CORRUPTION: EVIDENCE FROM SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA. South African Journal
Of Economic And Management Sciences, 19(4), 562–578.
https://doi.org/10.17159/2222-3436/2016/v19n4a7
Fort, T. L., & Noone, J. J. (2000). Gifts, bribes, and exchange: Relationships in non-market
economies and lessons for pax e-commercia. Cornell International Law Journal, 33(3),
515.
Forteza, A. (2015). Political Selection with Cynical Voters. Journal of Institutional and
Theoretical Economics (JITE), 171(4), 735–750.
Fortin-Rittberger, J. (2014). The role of infrastructural and coercive state capacity in explaining
different types of electoral fraud. Democratization, 21(1), 95–117.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2012.724064
Fortunato, P., & Panizza, U. (2015). Democracy, education and the quality of government.
Journal of Economic Growth, 20(4), 333–363.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-015-9120-5
Fosgaard, T. R., Hansen, L. G., & Piovesan, M. (2013). Separating Will from Grace: An
experiment on conformity and awareness in cheating. Journal of Economic Behavior and
Organization, 93, 279–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2013.03.027
Foster, J. E., Horowitz, A. W., & Méndez, F. (2012). An Axiomatic Approach to the
Measurement of Corruption: Theory and Applications. World Bank Economic Review,
26(2), 217–235. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhs008
Fosu, A., Bates, R., & Hoeffler, A. (2006). Institutions, Governance and Economic Development
in Africa: An Overview. Journal of African Economies, 15(1), 1–9.
Fourie, D. (2018). Ethics in municipal supply chain management in South Africa. Local
Economy : LE, 33(7), 726–739. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269094218809598
Fox, J. (1994). The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico.
World Politics, 46(2), 151–184. https://doi.org/10.2307/2950671
234 

 
Fox, J. (2007). The uncertain relationship between transparency and accountability. Development
in Practice, 17(4–5), 663–671. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520701469955
Fox, W. (2009). Adjudicating bribery and corruption issues in international commercial
arbitration. Journal of Energy and Natural Resources Law, 27(3), 487–502.
Frahm, O. (2018). Corruption in sub-Saharan Africa’s established and simulated democracies:
The cases of Ghana, Nigeria and South Sudan. Crime, Law and Social Change, 70(2),
257–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9730-2
Francken, N., Minten, B., & Swinnen, J. F. M. (2009). Media, Monitoring, and Capture of Public
Funds: Evidence from Madagascar. World Development, 37(1), 242–255.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.01.005
Frank, B., Lambsdorff, J. G., & Boehm, F. (2010). Gender and Corruption: Lessons from
Laboratory Corruption Experiments. European Journal of Development Research, 23(1),
59. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2010.47
Frank, B., & Schulze, G. G. (2000). Does economics make citizens corrupt? Journal of
Economic Behavior and Organization, 43(1), 101–113.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2681(00)00111-6
Franke, A., Gawrich, A., & Alakbarov, G. (2009). Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan as Post-Soviet
Rentier States: Resource Incomes and Autocracy as a Double ‘Curse’in Post-Soviet
Regimes. Europe-Asia Studies, 61(1), 109–140.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09668130802532977
Frankel, J. A. (2012). The Natural Resource Curse: A Survey of Diagnoses and Some
Prescriptions. ResearchGate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254407482_The_Natural_Resource_Curse_A_
Survey_of_Diagnoses_and_Some_Prescriptions
Franklin, Aaron. (2010). Targeted Tariff Preferences to Reduce Corruption in Developing States.
Georgetown Journal of International Law, 41(4), 1011–1041.
Franklin, Alan. (2015). Foreign Corruption: Differentiating Illegal Acts from Legal Acts (SSRN
Scholarly Paper ID 2759972). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2759972
Franklin, Alan. (2018a). Corruption and Contracts with States or State Owned Enterprises:
Effects on Enforcement of the Contract in Arbitration Decisions (SSRN Scholarly Paper
ID 3162467). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3162467
Franklin, Alan. (2018b). Problems that Companies Have Faced Regarding Corruption and

235 

 
Human Rights Issues: Why There is Little Information on How They Were Dealt With
(SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3165822). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3165822
Franklin, Alan. (2019). Capitalism and Free Enterprise: The Solution For Corruption In
Developing Countries: Jobs are Lives (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3372641). Social
Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3372641
Franses, P., & Groot, B. (2016). Corruption and inequality of wealth amongst the very rich.
Quality & Quantity; International Journal of Methodology, 50(3), 1245–1252.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-015-0202-4
Fraser, S. A. (2012). Placing the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act on the tracks in the race for
amnesty. Texas Law Review, 90(4), 1009–1040.
Fraundorfer, M. (2017). The Open Government Partnership: Mere Smokescreen or New
Paradigm? Globalizations, 14(4), 611–626.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2016.1236463
Frechette, G. (2006). Panel Data Analysis of the Time-Varying Determinants of Corruption
[CIRANO Working Paper]. CIRANO.
http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/circirwor/2006s-28.htm
Freckleton, M. (2020). The unexplained wealth order: A boost for Trinidad and Tobago’s fight
against money laundering? Journal of Money Laundering Control, 23(2), 509–513.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-09-2019-0077
Freckleton, M., Wright, A., & Craigwell, R. (2012). Economic growth, foreign direct investment
and corruption in developed and developing countries. Journal of Economic Studies,
39(6), 639–652. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443581211274593
Frederickson, H., & Frederickson, D. G. (1995). Public Perceptions of Ethics in Government.
Annals Of The American Academy Of Political And Social Science, 537, 163–172.
Frederiksen, M., Larsen, C. A., & Lolle, H. L. (2016). Education and Trust: Exploring the
Association Across Social Relationships and Nations. Acta Sociologica, 59(4), 293–308.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699316658936
Fredriksson, A. (2014). Bureaucracy intermediaries, corruption and red tape. Journal of
Development Economics; J.Dev.Econ., 108(Journal Article), 256–273.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.02.005
Fredriksson, P. G., List, J. A., & Millimet, D. L. (2003). Bureaucratic corruption, environmental
policy and inbound US FDI: Theory and evidence. Journal of Public Economics, 87(7),
1407–1430. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00016-6

236 

 
Fredriksson, P. G., & Svensson, J. (2003). Political instability, corruption and policy formation:
The case of environmental policy. Journal of Public Economics, 87(7), 1383–1405.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00036-1
Fredriksson, P. G., Vollebergh, H. R. J., & Dijkgraaf, E. (2004). Corruption and energy
efficiency in OECD countries: Theory and evidence. Journal of Environmental
Economics and Management, 47(2), 207–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2003.08.001
Fredriksson, P., & Millimet, D. (2007). Legislative Organization and Pollution Taxation. Public
Choice, 131(1), 217–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-006-9114-0
Fredriksson, P., & Neumayer, E. (2016). Corruption and Climate Change Policies: Do the Bad
Old Days Matter? Environmental and Resource Economics; The Official Journal of the
European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 63(2), 451–469.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-014-9869-6
Fredriksson, P., Neumayer, E., & Ujhelyi, G. (2007). Kyoto Protocol cooperation: Does
government corruption facilitate environmental lobbying? Public Choice, 133(1),
231–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-007-9187-4
Fredriksson, P., & Vollebergh, H. (2009). Corruption, federalism, and policy formation
in the OECD: The case of energy policy. Public Choice, 140(1), 205–221.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-009-9419-x
Frei, C., & Muethel, M. (2017). Antecedents and Consequences of MNE Bribery: A Multilevel
Review. Journal of Management Inquiry, 26(4), 418–432.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492617704305
Freille, S., Haque, M. E., & Kneller, R. (2007a). A contribution to the empirics of press freedom
and corruption. European Journal of Political Economy, 23(4), 838–862.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2007.03.002
Freille, S., Haque, M. E., & Kneller, R. A. (2007b). Federalism, decentralisation and corruption
(MPRA Paper No. 27535). University Library of Munich, Germany.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/27535.html
Freund, C., Hallward-Driemeier, M., & Rijkers, B. (2014). Deals and delays: Firm-level
evidence on corruption and policy implementation times (No. WPS6949; pp. 1–43). The
World Bank.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/06/19736799/deals-delays-firm-level-ev
idence-corruption-policy-implementation-times
Frey, B., & Hannelore, W.-H. (1984). The hidden economy as an “unobserved” variable.
European Economic Review, 26(1–2), 33–53.

237 

 
Frey, B., & Torgler, B. (2007). Tax morale and conditional cooperation. Journal of Comparative
Economics, 35(1), 136–159.
Freytag, A., & Pehnelt, G. (2009). Debt Relief and Governance Quality in Developing Countries.
World Development, 37(1), 62–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.01.004
Fried, B. J., Lagunes, P., & Venkataramani, A. (2010). Corruption and Inequality at the
Crossroad: A Multimethod Study of Bribery and Discrimination in Latin America. Latin
American Research Review, 45(1), 76–97.
Friedman, E., Johnson, S., Kaufmann, D., & Zoido-Lobaton, P. (2000). Dodging the grabbing
hand: The determinants of unofficial activity in 69 countries. Journal of Public
Economics, 76(3), 459–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00093-6
Friedman, W. (2018). Corruption and averting AIDS deaths. World Development, 110, 13–25.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.05.015
Friedrich, C. J. (1966). Political Pathology. The Political Quarterly, 37(1), 70–85.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923X.1966.tb00184.x
Friedrich, C. J. (1989). Corruption Concepts in Historical Perspective. In A. J. Heidenheimer, M.
Johnston, V. Levine, & V. T. Le Vine (Eds.), Political corruption: A handbook (pp.
15–24). Transaction Books.
Fries, S., Lysenko, T., & Polanec, S. (2003). The 2002 business environment and enterprise
performance survey: Results from a survey of 6,100 firms (EBRD Working Paper 84).
Friesenbichler, K. S., Selenko, E., & Clarke, G. (2018). Perceptions of Corruption: An Empirical
Study Controlling for Survey Bias. Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics, 30(1), 55–77.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0260107917723787
Frischmann, E. (2010). Decentralization and Corruption: A Cross-Country Analysis (1 edition).
GRIN Verlag.
Fritz, V. (2007). Democratisation and corruption in Mongolia. Public Administration and
Development, 27(3), 191–203. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.450
Fritzen, S. (2005). Beyond “Political Will”: How Institutional Context Shapes the
Implementation of Anti-Corruption Policies. Policy and Society, 24(3), 79–96.
Fritzen, S. A., & Basu, S. (2011). From Information to Indicators: Monitoring Progress in the
Fight Against Corruption in Multi-Project, Multi-Stakeholder Organizations. In A.
Graycar, R. G. Smith, A. Graycar, & R. G. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of global research
and practice in corruption. Edward Elgar.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:ELGAR05220150821

238 

 
Fritzen, S. A., & Dobel, J. P. (2018). Transforming Corrupt Systems: What Have We Learned?
Public Integrity, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2018.1461172
Fritzen, S. A., Serritzlew, S., & Svendsen, G. T. (2014). Corruption, Trust and their Public
Sector Consequences: Introduction to the Special Edition. Journal of Comparative Policy
Analysis: Research and Practice, 16(2), 117–120.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2014.896124
Froomkin, S. M. (2004). Money Laundering, Corruption, and the Proceeds of Crime—An
International Reality Check. Asper Review of International Business & Trade Law, 4,
155–489.
Frost, J., & Tischer, S. (2014). Unmasking Collective Corruption: The Dynamics of Corrupt
Routines. European Management Review, 11(3–4), 191.
Frye, T. (2002). Capture or Exchange? Business Lobbying in Russia. Europe-Asia Studies, 54(7),
1017–1036. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966813022000017113
Frye, T., Reuter, O. J., & Szakonyi, D. (2014). Political Machines at Work Voter Mobilization
and Electoral Subversion in the Workplace. World Politics, 66(2), 195–228.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S004388711400001X
Frye, T., & Zhuravskaya, E. (2000). Rackets, Regulation, and the Rule of Law. Journal of Law,
Economics, and Organization, 16(2), 478–502.
Fu, H. (2015). Wielding the Sword: President Xi’s New Anti-Corruption Campaign. In Susan
Rose-Ackerman, P. Lagunes, & Edward Elgar Publishing (Eds.), Greed, corruption, and
the modern state: Essays in political economy (pp. 134–159). Edward Elgar PubLimited.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:978178471470320151028
Fu, T. (2020). The dilemma of government intervention in a firm’s financing: Evidence from
China. International Review of Financial Analysis, 71, 101525-.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2020.101525
Fu, T., & Jian, Z. (2020). A developmental state: How to allocate electricity efficiently in a
developing country. Energy Policy, 138, 111231–9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111231
Fuentes, A. (2016). How Free Trade Agreements Can Improve Anti-Corruption Enforcement: A
Case Study of the United States and Colombia. Public Contract Law Journal, 45(3),
479–497.
Fuhr, D. M. (2013). Of Thieves and Repressors: The Interplay Between Corruption and Human
Rights Violations. Elon Law Review, 5(2), 271–299.
Fujiwara, T., & Wantchekon, L. (2013). Can Informed Public Deliberation Overcome
239 

 
Clientelism Experimental Evidence from Benin. American Economic Journal: Applied
Economics, 5(4), 241–255. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.5.4.241
Fukumi, A., & Nishijima, S. (2010). Institutional quality and foreign direct investment in Latin
America and the Caribbean. Applied Economics, 42(14), 1857.
Fukuyama, F. (2013). What Is Governance? Governance, 26(3), 347–368.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12035
Fukuyama, F. (2016). Governance: What Do We Know, and How Do We Know It? Annual
Review of Political Science, 19(1), 89–105.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-042214-044240
Fukuyama, F. (2018). Corruption as a Political Phenomenon. In Institutions, Governance and the
Control of Corruption (pp. 51–73). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65684-7_3
Fulton, M. E., & Giannakas, K. (2020). Corruption in agricultural processing firms: A
comparison of cooperatives and investor‐owned firms. Canadian Journal of Agricultural
Economics, 68(4), 445–460. https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12254
Funaki, Y., & Glencorse, B. (2014). Anti-corruption or accountability? International efforts in
post-conflict Liberia. Third World Quarterly, 35(5), 836–854.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2014.921433
Funcke, A. (2015). Mathematical models of social norms and petty corruption [Working Paper].
http://mdh.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:705712/FULLTEXT04.pdf
Funcke, A., Eriksson, K., & Strimling, P. (2014). Biased Perception May Trump Rational
Intention: Most People Think They Are Less Corrupt Than Average (SSRN Scholarly
Paper ID 2638526). Social Science Research Network.
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2638526
Funderburk, C. (2012). Political corruption in comparative perspective: Sources, status and
prospects. Ashgate.
Fungáčová, Z., Kochanova, A., & Weill, L. (2015). Does Money Buy Credit? Firm-Level
Evidence on Bribery and Bank Debt. World Development, 68, 308–322.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.12.009
Funk, C. (1996). The impact of scandal on candidate evaluations: An experimental test of the
role of candidate traits. Political Behavior, 18(1), 1–24.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01498658
Fursova, V., & Simons, G. (2014). Social Problems of Modern Russian Higher Education: The
Example of Corruption. International Education Studies, 7(10), 25–31.
240 

 
Furstenberg, S. (2018). State responses to reputational concerns: The case of the Extractive
Industries Transparency Initiative in Kazakhstan. Central Asian Survey, 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2018.1428789
Gaal, P., & McKee, M. (2004). Informal payment for health care and the theory of “INXIT.” The
International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 19(2), 163–178.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.751
Gaballand, G., & Marteau, J. F. (2014). Rents Extraction in the Sub-Saharan Africa Port Secto.
In Tina Søreide & A. Williams (Eds.), Corruption, grabbing and development: Real
world challenges. Edward Elgar, 2014.
Gabriel, C. (2018). Malaysia’s Missing Billions. Journal of Democracy, 29(1), 69–75.
https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2018.0005
Gabriel, Y. (2012). Organizations in a State of Darkness: Towards a Theory of Organizational
Miasma. Organization Studies, 33(9), 1137–1152.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840612448154
Gachter, S., & Schulz, J. (2016). Intrinsic honesty and the prevalence of rule violations across
societies. Nature; Nature, 531(7595), 496-+. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17160
Gadjanova, E. (2017). Electoral clientelism as status affirmation in Africa: Evidence from
Ghana. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 55(4), 593–621.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X17000416
Gadowska, K. (2010). National and international anti-corruption efforts: The case of Poland.
Global Crime, 11(2), 178–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440571003669191
Gaivoronskaya, Y., & Filonenko, T. (2014). Issues of Applying Anti- Corruption Legislation in
Criminal Investigation and Court Trial in the Russian Federation. Asian Social Science,
10(21), 236–241.
Gaivoronskaya, Y., & Filonenko, T. (2015). Corruption in Russia: Cause and Effect Relations.
Asian Social Science, 11(13), 206–211.
Galang, R. M. N. (2012). Victim or Victimizer: Firm Responses to Government Corruption.
Journal of Management Studies, 49(2), 429–462.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00989.x
Galang, R. M. N., Lavado, R., & Domingo, G. (2013). Why Do Asian Firms Say that their
Governments are Corrupt: Assessing the Impact of Firm-Level Characteristics on
Corruption Perceptions. Asian Institute of Management: Working Paper Series.
https://works.bepress.com/robertogalang/23/
Galasi, P., & Kertesi, G. (1987). The Spread of Bribery in a Centrally Planned Economy. Acta
241 

 
Oeconomica, 38(3), 371.
Galeotti, G., & Merlo, A. (1994). Political Collusion and Corruption in a Representative
Democracy. Public Finance-Finances Publiques, 49, 232–243.
Galinato, S. P. (2010). The Effects of Corruption Control and Political Stability on the
Environmental Kuznets Curve of Deforestation-Induced Carbon Dioxide Emissions.
School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University.
Gallego, J. (2015). Self-enforcing clientelism. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 27(3), 401–427.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629814533840
Gallego, J., Maldonado, S., & Trujillo, L. (2018). Blessing a Curse? Institutional Reform and
Resource Booms in Colombia. In Working Papers (No. 122; Working Papers). Peruvian
Economic Association. https://ideas.repec.org/p/apc/wpaper/122.html
Gallego, J., Rivero, G., & Martínez, J. (2020). Preventing rather than punishing: An early
warning model of malfeasance in public procurement. International Journal of
Forecasting. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2020.06.006
Gallego-Alvarez, I., & Fernandez-Gomez, M. (2016). Governance, Environmental And
Economic Factors: An international analysis. Environmental Policy and Governance,
26(1), 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1695
Galletta, S. (2017). Law enforcement, municipal budgets and spillover effects: Evidence from a
quasi-experiment in Italy. Journal of Urban Economics, 101, 90–105.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2017.06.005
Gallina, N. (2013). Anti-corruption revisited: The case of the Czech Republic and
Slovakia.(Report). Zeitschrift Fur Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft, 7(1), 183.
Galtung, F. (1998). Criteria for sustainable corruption control. European Journal of Development
Research, 10(1), 105–128.
Galtung, F. (2006). Measuring the Immeasurable: Boundaries and Functions of (Macro)
Corruption Indices. In C. J. G. Sampford (Ed.), Measuring corruption (pp. 101-130.).
Ashgate.
Galtung, F., & Tisné, M. (2009). A new approach to postwar reconstruction. Journal of
Democracy, 20(4), 93–107.
Gamba, A., Immordino, G., & Piccolo, S. (2018). Corruption, organized crime and the bright
side of subversion of law. Journal of Public Economics, 159, 79–88.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.02.003
Gambetta, D. (2002). Corruption: An Analytical Map. In S. Kotkin & A. Sajó (Eds.), Political

242 

 
corruption in transition: A skeptic’s handbook. Central European University Press.
Gambetta, D. (2018). Why is Italy Disproportionally Corrupt?: A Conjecture. In Institutions,
Governance and the Control of Corruption (pp. 133–164). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65684-7_6
Gambetta, Diego. (2006). Two Types of Corruption and the Self-Fulfilling Nature of the Beliefs
About Corruption. In M. Kreutner (Ed.), The corruption monster: Ethik, Politik und
Korruption (pp. 137–144). Czernin.
Gamboa-Cavazos, M., Garza-Cantu, V., & Salinas, C. E. (2007). The Organization of
Corruption: Political Horizons and Special Interests (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 754325).
Social Science Research Network. http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=754325
Gamso, J. (2018). Environmental policy impacts of trade with China and the moderating effect
of governance. Environmental Policy And Governance, 28(6), 395–405.
https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1807
Ganda, F. (2020). The influence of corruption on environmental sustainability in the developing
economies of Southern Africa. Heliyon, 6(7), e04387-.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04387
Gangl, K., Kirchler, E., Lorenz, C., & Torgler, B. (2015). Wealthy Tax Non-Filers in a
Developing Nation: The Roles of Taxpayer Knowledge, Perceived Corruption and
Service Orientation in Pakistan (No. 2015–08; CREMA Working Paper Series). Center
for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts (CREMA).
https://ideas.repec.org/p/cra/wpaper/2015-08.html
Gani, A. (2007). Governance and foreign direct investment links: Evidence from panel data
estimations. Applied Economics Letters, 14(10), 753–756.
Gani, A. (2017). The Empirical Determinants of Corruption in Developing Countries.
Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 16(4), 392–409.
https://doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341441
Gani, A., & Clemes, M. D. (2015). Natural Resource Exports and Corruption. International
Advances in Economic Research, 21(2), 239–240.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294-015-9515-2
Gani, A., & Duncan, R. (2007). Measuring Good Governance Using Time Series Data: Fiji
Islands. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 12(3), 367–385.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860701405979
Ganie-Rochman, M., & Achwan, R. (2016). Corruption in Indonesia’s Emerging Democracy.
Journal of Developing Societies, 32(2), 159–177.

243 

 
https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X15625246
Gans-Morse, J., Mazzuca, S., & Nichter, S. (2014). Varieties of Clientelism: Machine Politics
during Elections. American Journal of Political Science, 58(2), 415–432.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12058
Gans-Morse, Jordan. (2017). Property rights in Post-Soviet Russia: Violence, corruption, and the
demand for law. Cambridge University Press.
Gans-Morse, Jordan, Borges, M., Makarin, A., Mannah-Blankson, T., Nickow, A., & Zhang, D.
(2018). Reducing bureaucratic corruption: Interdisciplinary perspectives on what works.
World Development, 105, 171–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.12.015
Gantz, D. A. (1997a). Globalizing sanctions against foreign bribery: The emergence of a new
international legal consensus. Nw. J. Int’l L. & Bus., 18, 457.
Gantz, D. A. (1997b). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Professional and ethical challenges for
lawyers. Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law, 14(1), 97–116.
Ganuza, J.-J., & Hauk, E. (2004). Economic integration and corruption. International Journal of
Industrial Organization, 22(10), 1463–1484.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2004.09.004
Gao, L., & Stanyer, J. (2014). Hunting corrupt officials online: The human flesh search engine
and the search for justice in China. Information, Communication & Society, 17(7),
814–829. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.836553
Gao, Q., Ying, Q., & Luo, D. (2015). Hidden Income and Occupational Background: Evidence
from Guangzhou. Journal of Contemporary China, 24(94), 721–741.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2014.978156
Gao, Y. (2011). Government Intervention, Perceived Benefit, and Bribery of Firms in
Transitional China. Journal of Business Ethics, 104(2), 175–184.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0896-8
Garcia Fortuny, J. (2014). The Effects of Corruption and Seigniorage on Growth and Inflation
[Working Paper]. https://ideas.repec.org/p/urv/wpaper/2072-246961.html
Garcia-Murillo, M. (2009). The effect of internet access on government corruption. Electronic
Government, An International Journal, 7(1), 22–40.
Garcia-Quesada, M., Jimenez, F., & Villoria, M. (2015). Can’t control/won’t control:
Opportunities and deterrents for local urban corruption in Lanzarote. Crime Law and
Social Change, 63(1–2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-014-9549-z
Garcia-Quesada, M., Jiménez-Sánchez, F., & Villoria, M. (2013). Building Local Integrity

244 

 
Systems in Southern Europe: The case of urban local corruption in Spain. International
Review of Administrative Sciences, 79(4), 618–637.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852313501125
García-Rodríguez, J. L., García-Rodríguez, F. J., Castilla-Gutiérrez, C., & Major, S. A. (2015).
Oil, Power, and Poverty in Angola. African Studies Review, 58(1), 159–176.
https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2015.8
Garcia-Sanchez, I., Cuadrado-Ballesteros, B., & Frias-Aceituno, J. (2016). Does media freedom
improve government effectiveness? A comparative cross-country analysis. European
Journal Of Law And Economics, 42(3), 515–537.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-014-9462-z
Garcia-Sanchez, I. M., Rodriguez-Dominguez, L., & Gallego-Alvarez, I. (2011). Effectiveness of
Ethics Codes in the Public Sphere: Are They Useful in Controlling Corruption?
International Journal of Public Administration, 34(3), 190–195.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2010.532184
Gardiner, J. (1992). Defining corruption. Corruption and Reform, 7(2), 111–111.
Gardiner, S., Parry, J., & Robinson, S. (2017). Integrity and the corruption debate in sport:
Where is the integrity? European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(1), 6–23.
https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2016.1259246
Garimella, S. R. (2014). Normative structure for criminalising corruption—The South Asian
experience. Int. J. of Human Rights and Constitutional Studies, 2(1).
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJHRCS.2014.060454
Garlick, C. (2019). Putting Federal Suspension & Debarment Officials in The Driver’s Seat:
Empowering S&D Programs to Efficiently Save Taxpayer Dollars. Public Contract Law
Journal, 48(2), 315–336.
Garmaev, Y., Stepanenko, D., & Fengling, C. (2015). Prevention of Corruption Crimes in China
and Russia: Problems and Ways of Solution. Asian Social Science, 11(18), 261–266.
Garmaev, Y., Stepanenko, D., & Stepanenko, R. (2015). Judgments of the European Court of
Human Rights as a Source of Recommendations on Fight against Corruption: Prospects
for Interdisciplinary Research. Asian Social Science, 11(9), 266–272.
Garmaise, M. J., & Liu, J. (2005). Corruption, Firm Governance, and the Cost of Capital (SSRN
Scholarly Paper ID 644017). Social Science Research Network.
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=644017
Garment, S. (1996). Scandal: The Culture of Mistrust in American Politics. The Southern
Communication Journal, 61(4), 364–365.

245 

 
Garoupa, N. (1999a). Dishonesty and Libel Law: The Economics of the “Chilling” Effect.
Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE) / Zeitschrift Für Die Gesamte
Staatswissenschaft, 155(2), 284–300.
Garoupa, N. (1999b). The economics of political dishonesty and defamation. International
Review of Law & Economics, 19(2), 167–180.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8188(99)00003-4
Garoupa, N., & Jellal, M. (2007). Further notes on information, corruption, and optimal law
enforcement. European Journal of Law and Economics, 23(1), 59–69.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-007-9002-1
Garoupa, N., & Klerman, D. (2004). Corruption and the optimal use of nonmonetary sanctions.
International Review of Law & Economics, 24(2), 219–225.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2004.08.006
Garoupa, N., & Klerman, D. M. (2010). Corruption and Private Law Enforcement: Theory and
History. Review of Law & Economics, 6(1), 75–96.
https://doi.org/10.2202/1555-5879.1394
Garrett, B. (2007). Structural Reform Prosecution. Virginia Law Review, 93(4), 853–957.
Garrett, B. (2011). Globalized Corporate Prosecutions. Virginia Law Review, 97(8), 1775.
Garrett, B. L. (2018). Individual and corporate criminals. Research Handbook on Corporate
Crime and Financial Misdealing.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781783474462/9781783474462.00009.xml
Garrett, B. L. (2020). The path of FCPA settlements. Negotiated Settlements in Bribery Cases.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788970402/9781788970402.00010.xml
Garrett, N., Lazzaro, S. C., Ariely, D., & Sharot, T. (2016). The brain adapts to dishonesty.
Nature Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4426
Garside, S. M. (2016). Corruption and money laundering: International asset recovery from
politically exposed persons in the UK, Nigeria, Russia and China [Norwegian University
of Life Sciences, Ås]. http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2443256
Gastanaga, V. M., Nugent, J. B., & Pashamova, B. (1998). Host country reforms and FDI
inflows: How much difference do they make? World Development, 26(7), 1299–1314.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00049-7
Gathii, J. T. (1999a). Corruption and donor reforms: Expanding the promises and possibilities of
the rule of law as an anti-corruption strategy in Kenya. Connecticut Journal of
International Law, 14(2), 407–453.

246 

 
Gathii, J. T. (1999b). Good Governance as a Counter Insurgency Agenda to Oppositional and
Transformative Social Projects in International Law. Buffalo Human Rights Law Review,
5, 107–295.
Gathii, J. T. (2009). Defining the Relationship between Corruption and Human Rights.
University Of Pennsylvania Journal Of International Law, 31(1), 125–202.
Gatta, G. L. (2017). The Prosecution of Public Corruption in the United States: Political and
Judicial Strategies - And, in the Background, an Expression of the Legality Principle
Crisis (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3242851). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3242851
Gatti, R. (1999). Corruption and trade tariffs, or a case for uniform tariffs (No. WPS2216; pp.
1–22). The World Bank.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/1999/11/439725/corruption-trade-tariffs-or-ca
se-uniform-tariffs
Gatti, R. (2004). Explaining corruption: Are open countries less corrupt? Journal of
International Development, 16(6), 851–861. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1115
Gatti, R., Paternostro, S., & Rigolini, J. (2003). Individual Attitudes toward Corruption: Do
Social Effects Matter? (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 636542). Social Science Research
Network. http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=636542
Gauthier, B., & Gersovitz, M. (1997). Revenue erosion through exemption and evasion in
Cameroon, 1993. Journal of Public Economics, 64(3), 407–424.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(96)01606-4
Gauthier, B., & Goyette, J. (2014). Taxation and corruption: Theory and firm-level evidence
from Uganda. Applied Economics, 46(23), 2755.
Gauthier, B., & Goyette, J. (2016). Fiscal policy and corruption. Social Choice and Welfare,
46(1), 57–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00355-015-0903-6
Gauthier, B., & Reinikka, R. (2006). Shifting Tax Burdens through Exemptions and Evasion: An
Empirical Investigation of Uganda. Journal of African Economies, 15(3), 373–398.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejl022
Gauthier, B., & Wane, W. (2009). Leakage of Public Resources in the Health Sector: An
Empirical Investigation of Chad. Journal of African Economies, 18(1), 52–83.
Gauthier, ]Bernard, & Zeufack, A. (2012). Cameroon’s Oil Wealth: Transparency Matters! In B.
Akitoby & S. Coorey (Eds.), Oil Wealth in Central Africa: Policies for Inclusive Growth
(pp. 155–170). International Monetary Fund.
Gaventa, J., & Mcgee, R. (2013). The Impact of Transparency and Accountability Initiatives.
247 

 
Development Policy Review, 31, s3–s28. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12017
Gaviria, A. (2002). Assessing the effects of corruption and crime on firm performance: Evidence
from Latin America. Emerging Markets Review, 3(3), 245–268.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1566-0141(02)00024-9
Gawey, J. (2011). The Hobbs Leviathan: The Dangerous Breadth of the Hobbs Act and Other
Corruption Statutes. The Notre Dame Law Review, 87(1), 383.
Gayed, J. (2003). “Corruptly”: Why corrupt state of mind is an essential element for Hobbs Act
extortion under color of official right. The Notre Dame Law Review, 78(5), 1731–1790.
Gberevbie, D. E., Oyeyemi, A. I., & Excellence-Oluye, Nchekwube. O. (2014). The Challenges
of Good Governance, Accountability of Governmental Agencies and Development in
Nigeria. Acta Universitatis Danubius: Administratio, 6(2), 80–97.
Gberie, Lansana. (2002). War and Peace in Sierra Leone: Diamonds, Corruption and the
Lebanese Connection. Working Paper.
Gebel, A. C. (2012). Human Nature and Morality in the Anti-Corruption Discourse of
Transparency International. Public Administration and Development, 32(1), 109–128.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1604
Gebeye, B. A. (2011). Rethinking International Anti-Corruption Conventions: Elevating
Corruption-Free Service as a Human Right. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
Gebeye, B. A. (2012). Corruption and Human Rights: Exploring the Relationships (SSRN
Scholarly Paper ID 2075766). Social Science Research Network.
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2075766
Gebhardt, C. (2017). The transfer of corruptive routines from old industrial regions to innovation
clusters: A blind spot in innovation studies. Triple Helix, 4(1), 1–35.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40604-017-0046-0
Geda, A., & Yimer, A. (2016). Capital Flight and its Determinants: The Case of Ethiopia.
African Development Review = Revue Africaine de Developpement, 28(Journal Article),
39–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12180
Geddes, B. (1991). A game theoretic model of reform in Latin American democracies.
(Administrative reform). American Political Science Review, 85(2), 371.
Geddes, B., & Neto, A. R. (1992). Institutional sources of corruption in Brazil. Third World
Quarterly, 13(4), 641–661. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436599208420302
Gedikli, A. (2020). An Investigation of the Reasons for the Natural Resource Curse: Selected
Country Cases. Business and Economics Research Journal, 11(1), 15–31.

248 

 
https://doi.org/10.20409/berj.2019.230
Gee, J. (2006). Fraud and Corruption: What Is To Be Done. In M. Kreutner (Ed.), The corruption
monster: Ethik, Politik und Korruption (pp. 157–164). Czernin.
Gehlbach, S. (2009). What Can Firm and Household Surveys Tell Us About Expert Assessments
of Corruption? [Working Paper].
Gehlbach, S., & Simpser, A. (2015). Electoral Manipulation as Bureaucratic Control. American
Journal of Political Science, 59(1), 212–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12122
Gehrke, G. (2017). The impact of Brazilian corruption in the media: A comparative analysis of
magazines Der Spiegel, L’Obs, The Economist, Time and Veja. Revista de
Administração Pública, 51(1), 157–167.
Gelbrich, K., Stedham, Y., & Gäthke, D. (2016). Cultural Discrepancy and National Corruption:
Investigating the Difference between Cultural Values and Practices and Its Relationship
to Corrupt Behavior. Business Ethics Quarterly, 26(02), 201–225.
https://doi.org/10.1017/beq.2016.29
Geldenhuys, A. F., Ajuwon, O. S., & Graham, M. (2020). Resource Curse and the EITI
Membership Effect on the Economic Growth and Corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa: Part
I - a Theoretical Review. Oradea Journal of Business and Economics, 5(1), 18–28.
Gelos, G., & Wei, S.-J. (2002). Transparency and International Investor Behavior (SSRN
Scholarly Paper ID 880227). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=880227
Geltner, G. (2018). Fighting Corruption in the Italian City-State: Perugian Officers’ End of Term
Audit () in the Fourteenth Century. In Anti-corruption in History: From Antiquity to the
Modern Era. Oxford University Press.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.001.0001/oso-978
0198809975-chapter-8
Gemperle, S. M. (2018a). Comparing anti-corruption agencies: A new cross-national index.
International Review of Public Administration, 23(3), 156–175.
https://doi.org/10.1080/12294659.2018.1518002
Gemperle, S. M. (2018b). Improving state legitimacy? The role of anti-corruption agencies in
fragile and conflict-affected states. Global Crime, 19(1), 22–41.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2017.1411806
Génaux, M. (2004). Social sciences and the evolving concept of corruption. Crime, Law and
Social Change, 42(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CRIS.0000041034.66031.02
Geng, H., & Hennig-Schmidt, H. (2009). Sensitivity to Corruption—An Experimental
249 

 
Investigation in China [Working Paper].
Gennaioli, C., & Tavoni, M. (2016). Clean or dirty energy: Evidence of corruption in the
renewable energy sector. Public Choice, 166(3), 261–290.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-016-0322-y
Gentina, E., Tang, T., & Gu, Q. (2017). Does Bad Company Corrupt Good Morals? Social
Bonding and Academic Cheating among French and Chinese Teens. Journal Of Business
Ethics, 146(3), 639–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2939-z
Gentzkow, M., Glaeser, E. L., & Goldin, C. D. (2006). The Rise of the Fourth Estate: How
Newspapers Became Informative and Why It Mattered. In Corruption and reform:
Lessons from America’s economic history. University of Chicago Press.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:EDZ0000115695
Georgarakos, D., & Fürth, S. (2015). Household repayment behavior: The role of social capital
and institutional, political, and religious beliefs. European Journal of Political Economy,
37(Journal Article), 249–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2014.10.001
George, B. C., & Lacey, K. A. (2000). A coalition of industrialized nations, developing nations,
multilateral development banks, and nongovernmental organizations: A pivotal
complement to current anti-corruption initiatives. Cornell International Law Journal,
33(3), 547.
George, B. C., & Lacey, K. A. (2006). Investigation of Halliburton Co./TSKJ’S Nigerian
Business Practices: Model for Analysis of the Current Anti-Corruption Environment on
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Enforcement. The Journal of Criminal Law and
Criminology (1973-), 96(2), 503–525.
George, B. C., Lacey, K. A., & Birmele, J. (1999). On the threshold of the adoption of global
antibribery legislation: A critical analysis of current domestic and international efforts
toward the reduction of business corruption. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law,
32(1), 1.
George, B. C., Lacey, K. A., & Birmele, J. (2000). The 1998 OECD Convention: An Impetus for
Worldwide Changes in Attitudes Toward Corruption in Business Transactions. American
Business Law Journal, 37(3), 485–525.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1714.2000.tb00276.x
George, B., & Kimber, S. (n.d.). Reflections on Election Fraud and Its Persistence in Modern
Democracy. American Anti-Corruption Institute.
Georgieva, I. (2017). Using Transparency Against Corruption in Public Procurement. Springer
International Publishing. http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319513034

250 

 
Georgis, P. J. (2012). Settling with your hands tied: Why judicial intervention is needed to curb
an expanding interpretation of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Golden Gate University
Law Review, 42(2), 243.
Gephart, M. (2012). Contested meanings of corruption: International and local narratives in the
case of Paraguay. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2134873
Gephart, M. (2013). Convergence, Divergence and a Complex Interplay: Chile and the
International and Transnational Anti-Corruption Campaign | GIGA (GIGA Working
Paper No. 224).
https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publication/convergence-divergence-and-a-complex-int
erplay-chile-and-the-international-and
Gephart, M. (2016). Local embedding of international discourse: Chile and the international and
transnational anti-corruption campaign. 30(1), 49–77.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117815585889
Gephart, M. (2017). Fighting corruption in Paraguay and Chile: Exploring the local embedding
of the international anti-corruption discourse from a post-development perspective.
Nomos.
Gerardino, M. P., Litschig, S., & Pomeranz, D. (2017). Distortion by Audit: Evidence from
Public Procurement (No. w23978). National Bureau of Economic Research.
https://doi.org/10.3386/w23978
Gerardino, M. P., Litschig, S., & Pomeranz, D. D. (2014). Monitoring Public Procurement:
Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design in Chile.
http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=48178
Gerasimova Ksenia. (2008). Can corruption and economic crime be controlled in developing
countries and if so, is it cost-effective? Journal of Financial Crime, 15(2), 223–233.
https://doi.org/10.1108/13590790810866917
Gerber, T. P., & Mendelson, S. E. (2008). Public Experiences of Police Violence and Corruption
in Contemporary Russia: A Case of Predatory Policing? Law & Society Review, 42(1),
1–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2008.00333.x
Gerges, C., Hirschfeld, G., Hutar, C., Salzman, G., Sorensen, J., & Meyer, E. (2018). Corruption
in an Era of Climate Change: Rebuilding Sint Maarten after Hurricane Irma (SSRN
Scholarly Paper ID 3179203). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3179203
Gerring, J., & Thacker, S. C. (2004). Political Institutions and Corruption: The Role of Unitarism
and Parliamentarism. British Journal of Political Science, 34(2), 295–330.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123404000067
251 

 
Gerring, J., & Thacker, S. C. (2005). Do Neoliberal Policies Deter Political Corruption?
International Organization, 59(1), 233–254.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818305050083
Gerstner, L. (2019). United States v. Hoskins: An Originalist Approach to the Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act. Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law, 27(2), 389.
Gest, N., & Grigorescu, A. (2010). Interactions among intergovernmental organizations in the
anti-corruption realm. The Review of International Organizations, 5(1), 53–72.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-009-9070-9
Getz, K. A. (2006). The effectiveness of global prohibition regimes: Corruption and the
antibribery convention.(multinational corporations, business practices). Business and
Society, 45(3), 254–281.
Getz, K., & Volkema, R. (2001). Culture, perceived corruption, and economics: A model of
predictors and outcomes. Business and Society, 40(1), 7–30.
Gevurtz, F. (1987a). Commercial Bribery and the Sherman Act: The Case for Per Se Illegality.
University of Miami Law Review, 42(2), 365.
Gevurtz, F. (1987b). Using the Antitrust Laws to Combat Overseas Bribery by Foreign
Companies: A Step to Even the Odds in International Trade. Virginia Journal of
International Law, 27(2), 211.
Ghalwash, T. (2014). Corruption and Economic Growth: Evidence from Egypt. Modern
Economy, 5(10), 1001–1009.
Ghazanfar, S., & May, K. (2000). Third World Corruption: A Brief Survey of the Issues. The
Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies, 25(3), 351.
Ghazi-Tehrani, A., & Pontell, H. (2019). Corruption in the United States and China: Codes of
conduct vs. crackdowns. Crime, Law and Social Change, 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-019-09848-3
Gheorghe, R. (2019). The Phenomenon of Corruption in Romania: An Analysis from a Social
and Economic Perspective. Internal Auditing Risk Management, 53(1), 33–42.
Gherai, D., Droj, L., & Matica, D. (2016). The Social Role of the Supreme Audit Institutions to
Reduce Corruption in the European Union—Empirical Study. Revista de Cercetare Si
Interventie Sociala, 52, 217–240.
Gherasim‑Proca, O. (2014). Some observations concerning the judicial reform in Romania. Is
there no matter more pressing than the fight against corruption? Sfera Politicii, 4,
172–186.

252 

 
Gholami, H., & Habeeb, A. (2019). Combating corruption in Nigeria: The emergence of
whistleblowing policy. Journal of Financial Crime, 26(1), 131–145.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-10-2017-0102
Ghoneim, A. F., & Ezzat, A. M. (2016). Growth and corruption in Arab countries: What type of
relationship connects them? Journal of Economics and International Finance, 8(5),
44–55. https://doi.org/10.5897/JEIF2015.0675
Ghosh, S., & Gregoriou, A. (2010). Can corruption favour growth via the composition of
government spending? Economics Bulletin, 30(3), 2270–2278.
Ghosh, S., & Neanidis, K. C. (2010). Corruption, Fiscal Policy, and Growth: A Unified
Approach (Centre for Growth and Business Cycle Research Discussion Paper Series No.
140). Economics, The Univeristy of Manchester.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/man/cgbcrp/140.html
Ghosh, S., & Roy, J. (n.d.). Motivation, Expertise, and Bureaucratic Embezzlement: Is there a
Link? Retrieved August 3, 2016, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237416975_Motivation_Expertise_and_Bureau
cratic_Embezzlement_Is_there_a_Link
Ghuman, B. S., & Sohail, M. (2017). Right to Information Act, 2005 in India: A Decadal
Experience. Indian Journal of Public Administration, 63(2), 228–251.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0019556117699737
Ghura, D. (1998). Tax Revenue in Sub-Saharan Africa: Effects of Economic Policies and
Corruption (IMF Working Paper WP/98/135). Social Science Research Network.
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=882694
Ghura, H., Harraf, A., Li, X., & Hamdan, A. (2019). The moderating effect of corruption on the
relationship between formal institutions and entrepreneurial activity. Journal of
Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 12(1), 58–78.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-03-2019-0032
Giang, D., Xuan, P., & Hai, N. (2016). Corruption risks in Vietnam’s household business sector.
Crime, Law and Social Change, 65(4–5), 395–422.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-016-9604-z
Giang, L. T., Nguyen, C. V., & Nguyen, H. Q. (2020). The Impacts of Economic Growth and
Governance on Migration: Evidence from Vietnam. European Journal of Development
Research, 32(4), 1195–1229. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-020-00262-3
Giannetti, M., Liao, G., You, J., & Yu, X. (2018). The Externalities of Corruption: Evidence
from Entrepreneurial Firms in China (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2897558). Social
Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2897558
253 

 
Giannoccolo, P., & Lisciandra, M. (2019). Political corruption and capture of the minority.
Economics & Politics, 31(3), 485–510. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecpo.12137
Giavazzi, F., & Tabellini, G. (2005). Economic and political liberalizations. Journal of Monetary
Economics, 52(7), 1297–1330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2005.05.002
Gibbs, D. (2020). Civil service reform, self‐selection, and bureaucratic performance. Economics
and Politics, 32(2), 279–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecpo.12151
Gibbs, T. (2020). Whistleblowing: Protection or discouragement. Journal of Money Laundering
Control, 23(3), 591–600. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-03-2020-0031
Gibelman, M., & Gelman, S. (2001). Very Public Scandals: Nongovernmental Organizations in
Trouble. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations,
12(1), 49–66. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011242911726
Gibelman, M., & Gelman, S. (2004). A Loss of Credibility: Patterns of Wrongdoing Among
Nongovernmental Organizations. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and
Nonprofit Organizations, 15(4), 355–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-004-1237-7
Gidron, N., & Superti, C. (2015). Overcoming the Long Shadow of Corruption: Trust in
Institutions, Evidence from Israel. 45.
Giglioli, P. (1996). Political Corruption and the Media: The Tangentopoli Affair. International
Social Science Journal, 48(3), 381–381.
Gilbert, A. (2019). Corruption in Urban Latin America: The Case of Bogotá. International
Journal of Regional and Local History, 14(2), 126–141.
https://doi.org/10.1080/20514530.2019.1673538
Gilbert, J.-A., & Sharman, J. C. (2016). Turning a Blind Eye to Bribery: Explaining Failures to
Comply with the International Anti-corruption Regime. Political Studies, 64(1), 74–89.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12153
Gilbert, M. D., & Aiken, B. (2014). Disclosure and Corruption (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID
2334454). Social Science Research Network. http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2334454
Giliomee, H. B. (1998). South Africa’s Emerging Dominant-Party Regime. Journal of
Democracy, 9(4), 128–142.
Gillanders, R., & Parviainen, S. (2018). Corruption and the shadow economy at the regional
level. Review Of Development Economics, 22(4), 1729–1743.
https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12517
Gillanders, Robert. (2011). The mental health cost of corruption: Evidence from Sub-Saharan
Africa (No. 201126; Working Papers). School of Economics, University College Dublin.

254 

 
https://ideas.repec.org/p/ucn/wpaper/201126.html
Gillanders, Robert. (2014). Corruption and Infrastructure at the Country and Regional Level.
Journal of Development Studies, 50(6), 803–819.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2013.858126
Gillanders, Robert. (2016). Corruption and anxiety in Sub-Saharan Africa. Economics of
Governance, 17(1), 47–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-015-0177-6
Gillanders, Robert, & Neselevska, O. (2017). Public Sector Corruption and Trust in the Private
Sector: Corruption and Trust in the Private Sector. Journal of International Development.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3306
Gillanders, Robert, & Parviainen, S. (2018). Experts’ Perceptions Versus Firms’ Experiences of
Corruption and Foreign Direct Investment. The Manchester School, 86(2), 195–218.
https://doi.org/10.1111/manc.12199
Gillespie, J. (2001). Self-interest and Ideology: Bureaucratic Corruption in Vietnam. Australian
Journal of Asian Law, 3(1), 1–36.
Gillespie, J. (2002). The political-legal culture of anti-corruption reforms in Vietnam. In
Corruption in Asia: Rethinking the governance paradigm (pp. 167–200). Federation
Press.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=P0sz_EvRLu8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA167&d
q=Gillespie,+John.+2002.+%E2%80%9CThe+Political-Legal+Culture+of+Anti-Corrupti
on+Reforms+in+Vietnam%E2%80%9D,+in+T.+Lindsey+%26+H.+Dick,+eds.+Corrutpi
on+in+Asia:+Rethinking+the+Governance+Paradigm+&ots=nxJnNZauJ0&sig=tSlTToK
_hHB5bL7VA5O5IkVQOXQ
Gillespie, J., & Le, C. (2019). Exploring a Public Interest Definition of Corruption: Public
Private Partnerships in Socialist Asia. Journal of Business Ethics, 1–16.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-04101-8
Gillespie, K. (1987). Middle East Response to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. California
Management Review, 29(4), 9.
Gillespie, K. (2006). The Middle East’s corruption conundrum. Current History, 105(687),
40–46.
Gillespie, K., & Okruhlik, G. (1988). CLEANING UP CORRUPTION IN THE MIDDLE EAST
(Article). The Middle East Journal.
Gillespie, K., & Okruhlik, G. (1991). The Political Dimensions of Corruption Cleanups: A
Framework for Analysis. Comparative Politics, 24(1), 77–95.
https://doi.org/10.2307/422202

255 

 
Gillespie, N., Bachmann, R., Priem, R., Eberl, P., Geiger, D., & Aßländer, M., S. (2015).
Repairing Trust in an Organization after Integrity Violations: The Ambivalence of
Organizational Rule Adjustments. 36(9), 1205–1235.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840615585335
Gilley, B. (2006). The determinants of state legitimacy: Results for 72 countries. International
Political Science Review, 27(1), 47–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512106058634
Gilman, S. C. (2018). To Understand and to Misunderstand How Corruption is Measured:
Academic Research and the Corruption Perception Index. Public Integrity, 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2018.1472974
Gilson, L. (1997). The lessons of user fee experience in Africa. Health Policy And Planning,
12(4), 273–285.
Gingerich, D. (2009). Corruption and Political Decay: Evidence from Bolivia. Quarterly Journal
of Political Science, 4(1), 1–34.
Gingerich, D. W. (2009). Ballot Structure, Political Corruption, and the Performance of
Proportional Representation. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 21(4), 509–541.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629809339805
Gingerich, D. W. (2010). Understanding Off-the-Books Politics: Conducting Inference on the
Determinants of Sensitive Behavior with Randomized Response Surveys. Political
Analysis, 18(3), 349–380.
Gingerich, D. W. (2013a). Political institutions and party-directed corruption in South America:
Stealing for the team. Cambridge University Press.
Gingerich, D. W. (2013b). Governance Indicators and the Level of Analysis Problem: Empirical
Findings from South America. British Journal of Political Science, 43(03), 505–540.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123412000403
Gingerich, D. W. (2014). Yesterday’s heroes, today’s villains: Ideology, corruption, and
democratic performance. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 26(2), 249–282.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629813495120
Gingerich, D. W., & Medina, L. F. (2013). The Endurance and Eclipse of the Controlled Vote: A
Formal Model of Vote Brokerage Under the Secret Ballot (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID
2338794). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2338794
Gingerich, D. W., Oliveros, V., Corbacho, A., & Ruiz-Vega, M. (2016). When to Protect? Using
the Crosswise Model to Integrate Protected and Direct Responses in Surveys of Sensitive
Behavior. Political Analysis, 24(2), 132–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpv034
Gino, F., Ayal, S., & Ariely, D. (2009). Contagion and Differentiation in Unethical Behavior:
256 

 
The Effect of One Bad Apple on the Barrel.(Report). Psychological Science, 20(3), 393.
Gino, F., & Bazerman, M. H. (2009). When misconduct goes unnoticed: The acceptability of
gradual erosion in others’ unethical behavior. Journal of Experimental Social
Psychology, 45(4), 708–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.013
Gino, F., Gu, J., & Zhong, C.-B. (2009). Contagion or restitution? When bad apples can motivate
ethical behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(6), 1299–1302.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.07.014
Gino, F., & Margolis, J. D. (2011). Bringing ethics into focus: How regulatory focus and risk
preferences influence (Un)ethical behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human
Decision Processes, 115(2), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.01.006
Gino, F., & Pierce, L. (2009). The abundance effect: Unethical behavior in the presence of
wealth. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109(2), 142–155.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.03.003
Giordano, C., & Lopez-Garcia, P. (2018). Is corruption efficiency-enhancing? A case study of
the Central and Eastern European region. The European Journal of Comparative
Economics, 15(1), 119–164. https://doi.org/10.25428/1824-2979/201801-119-164
Giovannoni, F., & Seidmann, D. J. (2014). Corruption and power in
democracies.(Report)(Author abstract). Social Choice and Welfare, 42(3), 707.
Giraudo, J. P. (2005). Charitable contributions and the FCPA: Schering-Plough and the
increasing scope of SEC enforcement.(Foreign Corrupt Practices Act). Business Lawyer,
61(1), 135.
Gire, J. T. (1999). A Psychological Analysis of Corruption in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable
Development in Africa, 1, 1–15.
Gisselquist, R. M. (2014). Developing and evaluating governance indexes: 10 questions. Policy
Studies, 35(5), 513–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2014.946484
Gĩthĩnji, M. W., & Holmquist, F. W. (2012). Reform and Political Impunity in Kenya:
Transparency without Accountability. African Studies Review, 55(1), 53–74.
Giudice, L. (2011). Regulating Corruption: Analyzing Uncertainty in Current Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act Enforcement. Boston University Law Review, 91, 347–2131.
Givant, N. (1994). The sword that shields. The China Business Review, 21(3), 29.
Givati, Y. (2016). A Theory of Whistleblower Rewards. The Journal of Legal Studies, 45(1),
43–72. https://doi.org/10.1086/684617
Givens, D. (2013). Defining governance matters: A factor analytic assessment of governance
257 

 
institutions. Journal of Comparative Economics, 41(4), 1026–1053.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2012.09.005
Gjefsen, T. (2012). Sources of Regime Legitimacy: Quality of Government and Electoral
Democracy. https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/34403
Gjokutaj, E. (2019). PSAs in Oil Industry, Tax System and Corruption (SSRN Scholarly Paper
ID 3410638). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3410638
Gjorgjievska, E. (2020). The “Silent Guardians” in the Fight against Corruption: The Case of
North Macedonia. Central European Public Administration Review, 18(1), 165–184.
https://doi.org/10.17573/cepar.2020.1.08
Glaeser, E. L. (2004). Public Ownership in the American City. In A. E. Schwartz (Ed.), Urban
Issues and Public Finance (pp. 130–162).
Glaeser, E. L., & Goldin, C. D. (2006). Corruption and reform: Lessons from America’s
economic history. University of Chicago Press.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:EDZ0000115695
Glaeser, E. L., & Saks, R. E. (2006). Corruption in America. Journal of Public Economics,
90(6), 1053–1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.08.007
Glaeser, E., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2004). Do Institutions Cause
Growth? Journal of Economic Growth, 9(3), 271–303.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEG.0000038933.16398.ed
Glaeser, E., Scheinkman, J., & Shleifer, A. (2003). The injustice of inequality. Journal of
Monetary Economics, 50(1), 199–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(02)00204-0
Glass, A., & Wu, X. (2004). Which Type of Foreign Direct Investment Is Most Hurt by
Corruption [Working Paper].
Glazer, M. (1989). The whistleblowers: Exposing corruption in government and industry. Basic
Books.
Gledhill, J. (2003). Old economy, new economy; old corruption, new corruption. Social Analysis
[Adelaide], 47(3), 130–135.
Gledhill, John. (2004). Corruption as the Mirror of the State in Latin America. In I. Pardo (Ed.),
Between morality and the law: Corruption, anthropology and comparative society (pp.
155–180). Ashgate.
Glewwe, P., Ilias, N., & Kremer, M. (2010). Teacher Incentives. American Economic Journal:
Applied Economics, 2(3), 205–227. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.2.3.205

258 

 
Global Witness. (2009). Undue Diligence: How banks do business with corrupt regimes. U4.
http://www.u4.no/recommended-reading/undue-diligence-how-banks-do-business-with-c
orrupt-regimes/
Globerman, S., & Shapiro, D. (2002). Global Foreign Direct Investment Flows: The Role of
Governance Infrastructure. World Development, 30(11), 1899–1919.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00110-9
Globerman, S., & Shapiro, D. (2003). Governance Infrastructure and US Foreign Direct
Investment. Journal of International Business Studies, 34(1), 19–39.
Gloppen, S. (2014). Courts, Corruption and Judicial Independence. In Tina Søreide & A.
Williams (Eds.), Corruption, grabbing and development: Real world challenges. Edward
Elgar, 2014.
Gloster-Coates, P., & Quest, L. (2005). Kleptocracy: Curse of Development. International Social
Science Review, 80(1–2), 3.
Glukhova, A. A., Krasikova, O. G., & Shpilev, D. A. (2015). On the current practice of
corruption prevention in foreign countries. Aktualʹnye Problemy Èkonomiki i Prava, 9(3),
195–201. https://doi.org/10.21202/1993-047X.09.2015.3.195-201
Gneezy, U., Saccardo, S., & van Veldhuizen, R. (2016). Bribery: Greed versus reciprocity
(Discussion Papers, Research Unit: Market Behavior SP II 2016-203). Social Science
Research Center Berlin (WZB). https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/wzbmbh/spii2016203.html
Gnimassoun, B., & Massil, J. K. (2019). Determinants of corruption: Can we put all countries in
the same basket? European Journal of Comparative Economics, 16(2), 239–276.
https://doi.org/10.25428/1824-2979/201902-239-276
Gobel, C. (2014). Warriors Unchained: Critical Junctures and Anti-Corruption in Taiwan and
South Korea. In Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft (pp. 219–242).
Wiesbaden Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.ejournals:sfx1000000000295103
Goczek, Ł. (2009). Corruption and Social Norms. Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka,
Społeczeństwo, 24, 22–38.
Godet, A., & Gokcekus, O. (2006). Group Dynamics of Corruption in Public Organizations. The
Journal of Policy Reform, 9(4), 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/13841280601107075
Godinez, J., & Liu, L. (2015). Corruption distance and FDI flows into Latin America.
International Business Review, 24(1), 33–42.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2014.05.006
Godlee, F. (2015). Medical corruption in the UK. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 350(7993),
259 

 
h506–h506.
Goebel, C. (2016). The Quest for Good Governance: Taiwan’s Fight Against Corruption.
Journal Of Democracy, 27(1), 124–138.
Goebel, Christian. (2016). Taiwan’s Fight Against Corruption. Journal of Democracy, 27(1),
124–138.
Goedhuys, M., Mohnen, P., & Taha, T. (2016). Corruption, innovation and firm growth:
Firm-level evidence from Egypt and Tunisia. Eurasian Business Review, 6(3), 299–322.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-016-0062-4
Goel, R. (2018). IPR infringement in the United States: Impacts on the input and output of R&D.
Journal of Technology Transfer, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-018-9708-y
Goel, R., Herrala, R., & Mazhar, U. (2013). Institutional quality and environmental pollution:
MENA countries versus the rest of the world. Economic Systems, 37(4), 508–521.
Goel, R. K. (2014). PACking a punch: Political Action Committees and corruption. Applied
Economics, 46(11), 1161–1169. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2013.868589
Goel, R. K., & Nelson, M. A. (2014). Whistleblower laws and exposed corruption in the United
States. Applied Economics, 46(20), 2331–2341.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2014.894633
Goel, R. K., & Saunoris, J. W. (2014). Global corruption and the shadow economy: Spatial
aspects. Public Choice, 161(1–2), 119–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-013-0135-1
Goel, R., & Mazhar, U. (2015). A Replication of “Corruption and Elections: An Empirical Study
for a Cross-section of Countries” (Economics and Politics 2009). Public Finance Review,
43(2), 143.
Goel, R., & Nelson, M. (1998). Corruption and government size: A disaggregated analysis.
Public Choice, 97(1), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004900603583
Goel, R., & Nelson, M. (2011a). Government fragmentation versus fiscal decentralization and
corruption. Public Choice, 148(3), 471–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-010-9666-x
Goel, R., & Nelson, M. (2011b). Measures of corruption and determinants of US corruption.
Economics of Governance, 12(2), 155–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-010-0091-x
Goel, R., & Rich, D. (1989). On the economic incentives for taking bribes. Public Choice, 61(3),
269–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00123889
Goel, R., & Saunoris, J. (2016). Military Buildups, Economic Development and Corruption. The
Manchester School, 84(6), 697.

260 

 
Goel, R., & Saunoris, J. (2019). International corruption and its impacts across entrepreneurship
types. Managerial and Decision Economics, 40(5), 475–487.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.3017
Goel, Rajeev K. (2012). Business Regulation and Taxation: Effects on Cross-Country
Corruption. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 15(3), 223–242.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2012.692468
Goel, Rajeev K. (2013). Initiation of corrupt exchanges and severity of corruption. Financial
Theory and Practice, 37(2), 207–222.
Goel, Rajeev K. (2014). Insurance fraud and corruption in the United States. Applied Financial
Economics, 24(4), 241–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603107.2013.877570
Goel, Rajeev K., Budak, J., & Rajh, E. (2012a). Factors Driving Bribe Payments: Survey
Evidence from Croatia. Transition Studies Review, 19(1), 13–22.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11300-012-0233-7
Goel, Rajeev K., Budak, J., & Rajh, E. (2012b). Bureaucratic Monopoly and the Nature and
Timing of Bribes: Evidence from Croatian Data. Comparative Economic Studies, 55(1),
43–58. https://doi.org/10.1057/ces.2012.36
Goel, Rajeev K., Budak, J., & Rajh, E. (2015). Private sector bribery and effectiveness of
anti-corruption policies. Applied Economics Letters, 22(10), 759–766.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2014.975326
Goel, Rajeev K., & Hasan, I. (2011). Economy-wide corruption and bad loans in banking:
International evidence. Applied Financial Economics, 21(7), 455–461.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09603107.2010.532112
Goel, Rajeev K., & Korhonen, I. (2011). Exports and cross-national corruption: A disaggregated
examination. Economic Systems, 35(1), 109–124.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2010.10.002
Goel, Rajeev K., & Mazhar, U. (2019). Does capital punishment deter white‐collar crimes?
World Economy, 42(6), 1873–1897. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12739
Goel, Rajeev K., Mazhar, U., & Nelson, M. A. (2016). Corruption Across Government
Occupations: Cross‐National Survey Evidence. Journal of International Development,
28(8), 1220–1234. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3040
Goel, Rajeev K., & Nelson, M. A. (2005). Economic Freedom versus Political Freedom:
Cross-Country Influences on Corruption. Australian Economic Papers, 44(2), 121–133.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.2005.00253.x
Goel, Rajeev K., & Nelson, M. A. (2007). Are corrupt acts contagious?: Evidence from the
261 

 
United States. Journal of Policy Modeling, 29(6), 839–850.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2007.09.002
Goel, Rajeev K., & Nelson, M. A. (2010). Causes of corruption: History, geography and
government. Journal of Policy Modeling, 32(4), 433–447.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2010.05.004
Goel, Rajeev K., & Nelson, M. A. (2020). Capacity utilization in emerging economy firms:
Some new insights related to the role of infrastructure and institutions. The Quarterly
Review of Economics and Finance. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2020.05.011
Goel, Rajeev K., Nelson, M. A., & Naretta, M. A. (2011). The internet as an indicator of
corruption awareness. European Journal of Political Economy.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2011.08.003
Goel, Rajeev K., & Ram, R. (2013). Economic Uncertainty and Corruption: Evidence from a
Large Cross-Country Data Set. Applied Economics, 45(24), 3462–3468.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2012.714073
Goel, Rajeev K., & Saunoris, J. W. (2016). Government Decentralization and Prevalence of the
Shadow Economy. 44(2), 263–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142114545677
Goel, Rajeev K., & Saunoris, J. W. (2017). The nexus of white collar crimes: Shadow economy,
corruption and uninsured motorists. Applied Economics, 49(31), 3032–3044.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2016.1251570
Goel, Rajeev K., & Saunoris, J. W. (2018). Does variability in crimes affect other crimes? The
case of international corruption and shadow economy. Applied Economics, 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1494378
Goel, Rajeev K., & Saunoris, J. W. (2020a). A Replication of “Sorting through Global
Corruption Determinants: Institutions and Education Matter—Not Culture” (World
Development 2018). Public Finance Review, 48(4), 538–567.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142120914278
Goel, Rajeev K., & Saunoris, J. W. (2020b). Design versus utility innovation: Is corruption
sanding or greasing the wheels of innovation? Managerial and Decision Economics,
41(5), 848–860. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.3142
Goerke, L. (2008). Bureaucratic corruption and profit tax evasion. Economics of Governance,
9(2), 177–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-006-0020-1
Goetz, A. (2008). Political cleaners: Women as the new anti-corruption force?
Gohmann, S. F. (2012). Institutions, Latent Entrepreneurship, and Self-Employment: An
International Comparison. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(2), 295–321.
262 

 
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00406.x
Gokcekus, O. (2008). Is it protestant tradition or current protestant population that affects
corruption? Economics Letters, 99(1), 59–62.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2007.05.029
Gokcekus, O., & Knörich, J. (2006). Does quality of openness affect corruption? Economics
Letters, 91(2), 190–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2005.11.015
Gokcekus, O., Muchova, E., & Brincikova, Z. (2015). Level and quality of openness and
corruption in the ECA countries. Applied Economics Letters, Journal Article, 1–5.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2015.1031863
Gokcekus, O., & Muedin, A. (2008). Quantifying corruption by a human capital earnings
equation. International Review of Economics, 55(3), 243–252.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12232-007-0039-9
Gokcekus, O., & Mukherjee, R. (2002). Public Sector Corruption and Gender Perceptions of
Public Officials from Six Developing and Transition Countries. [World Bank].
Gokcekus, O., & Myzie, J. (2008). Why and How to Move from Capturing Perception of to
Quantifying Corruption. In K. Banaian & B. W. Roberts (Eds.), The design and use of
political economy indicators: Challenges of definition, aggregation, and application (1st
ed., pp. 139–153). Palgrave Macmillan.
Gokcekus, O., & Sonan, S. (2017). Political contributions and corruption in the United States.
Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 20(4), 360–372.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2016.1258312
Gokcekus, O., & Suzuki, Y. (2011). Business Cycle and Corruption. Economics Letters, 111(2),
138–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.01.023
Gokcekus, O., & Suzuki, Y. (2013). Intensity of Trade with the EU and Corruption in Africa.
Journal of Economic Integration, 28(4), 610–630.
https://doi.org/10.11130/jei.2013.28.4.610
Gokcekus, O., & Suzuki, Y. (2014). Is there a Corruption-effect on Conspicuous Consumption?
Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, 8(3), 215–235.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0973801014531135
Gokcekus, O., & Suzuki, Y. (2016). Mixing Washington Consensus with Beijing Consensus and
Corruption in Africa. Singapore Economic Review, 61(2).
https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217590816400294
Goldbarg, A. (2000). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and structural corruption. Boston
University International Law Journal, 18(2), 273–289.
263 

 
Goldberg, F. (2018). Corruption and lobbying: Conceptual differentiation and gray areas. Crime,
Law and Social Change, 70(2), 197–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9727-x
Golden, M. (2012). Corruption in the Wealthy World. The Brown Journal of World Affairs,
18(2), 75–84.
Golden, M. A. (2003). Electoral connections: The effects of the personal vote on political
patronage, bureaucracy and legislation in postwar Italy. British Journal Of Political
Science, 33, 189–212. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123402000085
Golden, M., & Chang, E. C. C. (2001). Competitive Corruption: Factional Conflict and Political
Malfeasance in Postwar Italian Christian Democracy. World Politics, 53(4), 588–622.
Golden, M., & Picci, L. (2006). Corruption and the Management of Public Works in Italy. In
Susan Rose-Ackerman & T. Søreide (Eds.), International handbook on the economics of
corruption (pp. 457–483). Edward Elgar-c2011.
Golden, Miriam A., & Mahdavi, P. (2015). The Institutional Components of Political Corruption.
In J. Gandhi (Ed.), Routledge handbook of comparative political institutions. Routledge.
Golden, Miriam A., & Picci, L. (2005). Proposal for a New Measure of Corruption, Illustrated
with Italian Data. Economics & Politics, 17(1), 37–75.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2005.00146.x
Golden, N. (2019). Conspicuous Prosecution in the Shadows: Rethinking the Relationship
Between the FCPA’s Accounting and Anti-Bribery Provisions. Iowa Law Review, 104(2),
891–925.
Goldfinch, S., Derouen, K., & Pospieszna, P. (2013). Flying Blind? Evidence for Good
Governance Public Management Reform Agendas, Implementation and Outcomes in
Low Income Countries. Public Administration and Development, 33(1), 50–61.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1614
Goldman, E., Rocholl, J., & So, J. (2009). Do Politically Connected Boards Affect Firm Value?
Review of Financial Studies, 22(6), 2331–2360. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhn088
Goldman, E., Rocholl, J., & So, J. (2013). Politically Connected Boards of Directors and The
Allocation of Procurement Contracts. Review of Finance, 17(5), 1617–1648.
https://doi.org/10.1093/rof/rfs039
Goldsmith, A. (1999). Slapping the Grasping Hand: Correlates of Political Corruption in
Emerging Markets. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 58(4), 865.
Goldsmith, A. A. (2007). Is Governance Reform a Catalyst for Development? Governance,
20(2), 165–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2007.00352.x

264 

 
Goldstein, D. M. (2018). Already innocent: Radioactive bribes, white-collar corruption and
nuclear expertise in Brazil. Culture, Theory and Critique, 59(4), 354–379.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14735784.2018.1514642
Goldstein, D. M., & Drybread, K. (2018). The social life of corruption in Latin America.
Culture, Theory and Critique, 59(4), 299–311.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14735784.2018.1531816
Golumbic, C. E., & Adams, J. P. (2011). The “dominant influence” test: The FCPA’s
“instrumentality” and “foreign official” requirements and the investment activity of
sovereign wealth funds. (Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977). American Journal of
Criminal Law, 39(1), 1–51.
Gomes, E., & de Alencar, C. (2019). Media as political actor of the public sphere: A textual
analysis of Veja magazine on corruption cases. Alfa : Revista de Linguistica, 63(1),
87–117. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-5794-1904-4
Gong, T. (2002). Dangerous Collusion: Corruption as a Collective Venture in Contemporary
China. Communist & Post-Communist Studies, 35(1), 85–103.
Gong, T. (2011). An “institutional turn” in integrity management in China. International Review
of Administrative Sciences, 77(4), 671–686. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852311419391
Gong, Ting. (n.d.-a). Corruption and Local Governance: The Double Identity of Chinese Local
Governments in Market Reform. Pacific Review, 19, 85–102.
Gong, Ting. (n.d.-b). Corruption and Reform in China: An Analysis of Unintended
Consequences. Crime, Law, and Social Change, 19, 311–327.
Gong, Ting. (2009). The Institutionalization of Party Discipline in China: Dynamics and
Dilemmas. In Ting Gong & S. K. Ma (Eds.), Preventing corruption in Asia: Institutional
design and policy capacity. Routledge.
Gong, Ting. (2015). Managing government integrity under hierarchy: Anti-corruption efforts in
local China. Journal of Contemporary China, 24(94), 684–700.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2014.978151
Gong, Ting, & Ma, S. K. (Eds.). (2009). Preventing corruption in Asia: Institutional design and
policy capacity. Routledge.
Gong, Ting, & Ren, J. (2013). Hard Rules and Soft Constraints: Regulating Conflict of Interest
in China. Journal of Contemporary China, 22, 1–17.
Gong, Ting, & Wang, S. (2013). Indicators and Implications of Zero Tolerance of Corruption:
The Case of Hong Kong. Social Indicators Research, 112(3):, 569-586.

265 

 
Gong, Ting, Wang, S., & Li, H. (2019). Sentencing Disparities in Corruption Cases in China.
Journal of Contemporary China, 28(116), 245–259.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1511395
Gong, Ting, Wang, S., & Ren, J. (2015). Corruption in the Eye of the Beholder: Survey Evidence
from Mainland China and Hong Kong. International Public Management Journal,
18(3):, 458–482.
Gong, Ting, & Wu, A. M. (2012). Does Increased Civil Service Pay Deter Corruption? Evidence
from China. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 32(2), 192–204.
Gong, Ting, & Xiao, H. (2017). Socially Embedded Anti‐Corruption Governance: Evidence
from Hong Kong. Public Administration and Development, 37(3), 176–190.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1798
Gong, Ting, & Zhou, N. (2015). Corruption and marketization: Formal and informal rules in
Chinese public procurement.(Report). 9(1), 63.
Gonzales, M. H., Kovera, M. B., Sullivan, J. L., & Chanley, V. (1995). Private Reactions to
Public Transgressions: Predictors of Evaluative Responses to Allegations of Political
Misconduct. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(2), 136–148.
Gonzalez, Adrian. (2016). Poverty, oil and corruption: The need for a Quad-Sector Development
Partnership (QSDP) in Nigeria’s Niger Delta. Development Policy Review, 34(4),
509–538. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12164
Gonzalez, Alvaro, Lopez-Cordova, E., & Valladares, E. E. (2007). The incidence of graft on
developing-country firms (No 4394, Policy Research Working Paper Series from The
World Bank).
Gonzalez, J. A., & Perez-Floriano, L. R. (2015). If You Can’t Take the Heat: Cultural Beliefs
about Questionable Conduct, Stigma, Punishment, and Withdrawal among Mexican
Police Officers. Organization Studies, 36(5), 665–687.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840615571961
González, L., Güth, W., & Levati, M. V. (2007). Speeding up bureaucrats by greasing them: An
experimental study. Homo Oeconomicus, 24(1), 5–20.
Gonzalez, R., Mackenna, B., & Muñoz, E. (2019). The experience and perception of corruption:
A comparative study in 34 societies. International Journal of Sociology, 49(3), 222–240.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2019.1605030
González-Fernández, M., & González-Velasco, C. (2014). Shadow economy, corruption and
public debt in Spain. Journal of Policy Modeling, 36(6), 1101.
Gonzalez‐Ocantos, E., De Jonge, C. K., Meléndez, C., Osorio, J., & Nickerson, D. W. (2012).
266 

 
Vote Buying and Social Desirability Bias: Experimental Evidence from Nicaragua.
American Journal of Political Science, 56(1), 202–217.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00540.x
Gonzalez-Ocantos, E., & Hidalgo, V. (2019). Lava Jato beyond Borders: The Uneven
Performance of Anticorruption Judicial Efforts in Latin America. Taiwan Journal of
Democracy, 15(1), 63–89.
Gonzalez-Trejo, E. S. (2007). Corruption and Culture: A Relationship Comparison Between
1996 and 2004. Central Business Review, 26(1–2), 23–28.
Good, K. (1994). Corruption and Mismanagement in Botswana: A Best-Case Example? The
Journal of Modern African Studies, 32(3), 499–521.
Goodhand, J. (2008). Corruption or Consolidating the Peace? The Drugs Economy and
Post-Conflict Peacebuilding in Afghanistan. International Peacekeeping, 15(3), 405–423.
Goodpaster, G. (2002). Reflections on Corruption in Indonesia. In H. Dick & T. Lindsy (Eds.),
Corruption in Asia Rethinking The Governance Paradigm. The Federation Press.
Goodspeed, T., Martinez-Vazquez, J., & Zhang, Jl. (2007). Are Government Policies More
Important Than Taxation in Attracting FDI? (International Center for Public Policy
Working Paper Series, at AYSPS, GSU No. paper0702). International Center for Public
Policy, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/ays/ispwps/paper0702.html
Goodspeed, T., Martinez-Vazquez, J., & Zhang, L. (2011). Public Policies and FDI Location:
Differences Between Developing and Developed Countries. Public Finance Analysis,
67(2), 171–191.
Goossen, M., Johansson Sevä, I., & Larsson, D. (2016). Basic human values and white-collar
crime: Findings from Europe. European Journal Of Criminology, Journal Article.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370816633260
Gopinath, C. (2008). Recognizing and Justifying Private Corruption. Journal of Business Ethics,
82(3), 747–754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9589-8
Gordon, D. (2014). Protecting the Integrity of the U.S. Federal Procurement System: Conflict of
Interest Rules and Aspects of the System that Help Reduce Corruption. In Corruption
and Conflicts of Interest: A Comparative Law Approach (pp. 39–52). Edward Elgar.
Gordon, J. (2019). The Legitimation of Extrajudicial Violence in an Urban Community. Social
Forces, 98(3), 1174–1195. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz015
Gordon, K., & Miyake, M. (2001). Business approaches to combating bribery: A study of codes
of conduct. Journal of Business Ethics, 34(3/4), 161–173. Arts & Humanities Database;
267 

 
ProQuest Business Collection; ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection.
Gordon, L. A., Loeb, M. P., & Zhu, W. (2012). The impact of IFRS adoption on foreign direct
investment. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 31(4), 374–398.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2012.06.001
Gordon, M. B. (2017). Bribery and Corruption in Public Service Delivery: Experience from the
Ghana Judicial Service (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2922519). Social Science Research
Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2922519
Gordon, R., & Li, W. (2009). Tax structures in developing countries: Many puzzles and a
possible explanation. Journal of Public Economics, 93(7–8), 855–866.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.04.001
Gordon, S. C., & Huber, G. A. (2009). The Political Economy of Prosecution. Annual Review of
Law and Social Science, 5(1), 135–156.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.093008.131458
Gordon, Sanford. (2009). Assessing Partisan Bias in Federal Public Corruption Prosecutions. The
American Political Science Review, 103(4), 534–554. ProQuest Business Collection;
ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055409990207
Gordon, Sarah. (2016). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Prosecute Corruption and End
Transnational Illegal Logging. Boston College.Law School.Boston College
Environmental Affairs Law Review, 43(1), 111–144.
Gore, M. L., Ratsimbazafy, J., & Lute, M. L. (2013). Rethinking Corruption in Conservation
Crime: Insights from Madagascar. Conservation Letters, 6(6), 430–438.
https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12032
Gorman, T. O. (2015). The Origins of the FCPA: Lessons for Effective Compliance and
Enforcement. Securities Regulation Law Journal, 43(1), 43.
Gorodnichenko, Y., & Sabirianova Peter, K. (2007). Public Sector Pay and Corruption:
Measuring Bribery from Micro Data. Journal of Public Economics, 91(5–6), 963–991.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2006.12.003
Gorsira, M., Denkers, A., & Huisman, W. (2018). Both Sides of the Coin: Motives for
Corruption Among Public Officials and Business Employees. Journal of Business Ethics,
151(1), 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3219-2
Gorsira, M., Steg, L., Denkers, A., & Huisman, W. (2018). Corruption in Organizations: Ethical
Climate and Individual Motives. Administrative Sciences, 8(1), 4.
https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci8010004

268 

 
Gorta, angela, & Forell, suzie. (1995). Layers of decision: Linking social definitions of
corruption and willingness to take action. Crime, Law and Social Change, 23(4),
315–343.
Gorta, A. (1998). Minimising corruption: Applying lessons from the crime prevention literature.
Crime, Law and Social Change, 30(1), 65–87. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008352924634
Gossel, S. J. (2018). FDI, democracy and corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Policy
Modeling. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2018.04.001
Gotsadze, G., Bennett, S., Ranson, K., & Gzirishvili, D. (2005). Health care-seeking behaviour
and out-of-pocket payments in Tbilisi, Georgia. Health Policy and Planning, 20(4),
232–242. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czi029
Gottlieb, J. (2016). Greater Expectations: A Field Experiment to Improve Accountability in Mali.
American Journal of Political Science, 60(1), 143–157.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12186
Gouda, M., & Sang-Min, P. (2015). Religious Loyalty and Acceptance of Corruption.
Jahrbücher Für Nationalökonomie Und Statistik, 235(2), 184–206.
Goudie, A., & Stasavage, D. (1997). Corruption: The Issues (OECD Development Centre
Working Paper No. 122).
Goudie, A. W., & Stasavage, D. (1998). A framework for the analysis of corruption. Crime, Law
and Social Change, 29(2), 113–159. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008369307796
Gould, D., & Amaro-Reyes, J. (1983). The effects of corruption on administrative performance:
Illustrations from developing countries (World Bank staff working papers ; no. 580.
Management and development series ; 7).
Gould, W. (2017). Paper, public works and politics: Tracing archives of corruption in
1940s-1950s Uttar Pradesh, India. Contemporary South Asia, 25(1), 38–55.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2017.1292214
Goyal, K. S., Kanade, S. R., & Shenoy, V. (2015). Analyzing the causal relationship between
corruption levels & industrial-economic development. ACADEMICIA: An International
Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 5(2), 247–257.
Goyal, K., & Singh, V. (2019). Demonetization In India- The Journey So Far. Productivity,
60(2), 195–203. https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.8
Goyette, J. (2014). The determinants of the size distribution of firms in Uganda. The European
Journal of Development Research, 26(4), 456–472. European Business Database;
ProQuest Business Collection. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2014.15

269 

 
Goyette, J., & Gallipoli, G. (2015). Distortions, efficiency and the size distribution of firms.
Journal of Macroeconomics, 45(C), 202–221.
Graeff, P. (2005). Why Should One Trust in Corruption? The Linkage Between Corruption,
Trust, Norms, and Social Capital. In The New Institutional Economics of Corruption (pp.
21–42).
Graeff, P. (2016). Social Mechanisms of Corruption: Analytical Sociology and Its Applicability
to Corruption Research. Analyse & Kritik, 38(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/auk-2016-0104
Graeff, P., & Mehlkop, G. (2003). The Impact of Economic Freedom on Corruption: Different
Patterns for Rich and Poor Countries. European Journal of Political Economy, 19(3),
605–620.
Graeff, P., Mehlkop, G., & Neumann, R. (2008). Cut Government, But the Right Part of It – The
Impact of Fiscal and Quasi-Fiscal Regulations on Corruption. In Unterstützung und
Ausgrenzung durch sozialen Zusammenhalt. Human- und Sozialkapital in der
empirischen soziologischen Forschung. Dresdner Beiträge zur Soziologie (pp. 135–153).
Graeff, P., & Svendsen, G. T. (2013). Trust and corruption: The influence of positive and
negative social capital on the economic development in the European Union. Quality &
Quantity, 47(5), 2829–2846. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-012-9693-4
Grafstein, R., Han, R., & Zhang, W. (2020). Political Corruption and Private Investment: The
Case of China (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3518489). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3518489
Graham, B., & Stroup, C. (2016). Does anti-bribery enforcement deter foreign investment?
Applied Economics Letters; Appl.Econ.Lett., 23(1), 63–67.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2015.1049333
Graham, C. (2011). Adaptation amidst prosperity and adversity: Insights from happiness studies
from around the world. The World Bank Research Observer, 26(1 (February 2011)),
105–137.
Graham, C., & Chattopadhyay, S. (2009). Well-being and Public Attitudes in Afghanistan.
World Economics, 10(3), 105–147.
Graham, C., & Chattopadhyay, S. (2008). Public Opinion Trends in Latin America (and the US):
How Strong is Support for Markets, Democracy, and Regional Integration? Second
Meeting of the Brookings Partnership for the Americas Commission, July, 14.
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=4169118273636589276&hl=en&oi=scholarr
Graham, J. L. (1984). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: A New Perspectice. Journal of
International Business Studies, 15(3), 107–121.

270 

 
Gramckow, H. (2011). Preventing Corruption in Prosecutors Office: Understanding Managing
for Integrity. World Bank and Justice & Development Working Paper 15.
Grande, M., & Teixeira, A. A. (2012). Corruption and multinational companies’ entry modes. Do
linguistic and historical ties matter? South African Journal of Economic and Management
Sciences, 15(3), 269–280. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v15i3.218
Grandes, M., & Coremberg, A. (2020). Corruption accounting and growth: Towards a new
methodology. Journal of Financial Crime, 27(1), 43–57.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-04-2019-0039
Granovetter, M. (2007). The Social Construction of Corruption. In On Capitalism (pp. 152–172).
Stanford University Press.
Grasso, C. (2019). Corruption in World Bank-Financed Development Projects: A
Phenomenon-Focused Examination (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3329392). Social Science
Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3329392
Gratton, G. (2015). The sound of silence: Political accountability and libel law. European
Journal of Political Economy, 37(Journal Article), 266–279.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2014.09.007
Gray, Cheryl W., & Kaufmann, D. (1998). Corruption and Development. Finance and
Development, 35(1), 7–10.
Gray, C.W., & Ryterman, R. (2004). Anticorruption in Transition 2: Corruption Enterprise-State
Interactions in Europe and Central Asia, 1999-2002. World Bank.
Gray, H. (2015). The Political Economy of Grand Corruption in Tanzania. African Affairs,
114(456), 382.
Gray, L. (2012). Recovering Corruptly Obtained Assets. In Handbook of Global Research and
Practice in Corruption. Edward Elgar.
Graycar, A. (2014). Awareness of Corruption in the Community and Public Service: A Victorian
Study: Awareness of Corruption in the Community and Public Service. Australian
Journal of Public Administration, 73(2), 271–281.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12081
Graycar, A. (2015). Corruption: Classification and Analysis. Policy and Society, 34(2).
Graycar, A. (2019). Mapping corruption in procurement. Journal of Financial Crime, 26(1),
162–178. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-06-2018-0063
Graycar, A., & Jancsics, D. (2017). Gift Giving and Corruption. International Journal of Public
Administration, 40(12), 1013–1023. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2016.1177833

271 

 
Graycar, A., & Masters, A. B. (2018). Preventing malfeasance in low corruption environments:
Twenty public administration responses. Journal of Financial Crime, 25(1), 170–186.
Graycar, A., & Monaghan, O. (2015). Rich Country Corruption. International Journal of Public
Administration, 38(8), 586.
Graycar, A., & Prenzler, T. (2013). Understanding and Preventing Corruption. Pargrave Pivot.
Graycar, A., & Sidebottom, A. (n.d.). Corruption and Control: A Corruption Reduction
Appraoch. Journal of Financial Crime, 19(4), 384–399.
Graycar, A., & Villa, D. (2011). The Loss of Governance Capacity through Corruption.
Governance, 24(3), 419–438.
Gray-Molina, Perez de Rada, E., & Yanez, E. (1999). Transparency and Accountability in
Bolivia: Does Voice Matter? (IADB Working Paper #R381). IADB Working Paper
#R381.
Graziano Abrate, Federico Boffa, Fabrizio Erbetta, & Davide Vannoni. (2018). Voters’
Information, Corruption, and the Efficiency of Local Public Services. Sustainability,
10(12), 4775. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124775
Grechyna, D. (2012). Public Corruption and Public Debt: Some Empirical Evidence [Working
Paper].
GRECO. (2011). Lessons Learnt from the Three Evaluation Rounds (2000-2010). GRECO.
Green, A. J. (2012). United States v. Renzi: Reigning in the Speech or Debate Clause to Fight
Corruption in Congress Post-Rayburn. Brigham Young University Law Review, 2012(2),
493–508. ProQuest Business Collection.
Green, E. (2010). Patronage, District Creation, and Reform in Uganda. Studies in Comparative
International Development, 45(1), 83–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-009-9058-8
Green, P, & Ward, T. (2005). What’s Wrong with Bribery. In Defining Crimes: Essays on
Special Part of the Criminal Law. Oxford University Press.
Green, Penny. (2005). Disaster by Design: Corruption, Construction and Catastrophe. British
Journal of Criminology, 45(4), 528–546. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azi036
Green, Penny, & Ward, T. (2004). State crime: Governments, violence and corruption. Pluto
Press.
Green, S. P. (2013). Official and commercial bribery: Should they be distinguished? In J. Horder
& P. Alldridge (Eds.), Modern Bribery Law (pp. 39–65). Cambridge University Press.
http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139088398A012

272 

 
Greene, I., & Shugarman, D. (1997). Honest Politics: Seeking Integrity in Canadian Public Life.
James Lorimer & Company.
Greenhill, K. (2009). Kleptocratic Interdependence: Trafficking, Corruption, and the Marriage of
Politics and Illicit Profits. In Corruption, Global Security, and World Order (pp.
96–123). Brookings Institution Press.
Greenidge, K., McIntyre, A., & Yun, H. (2016). Structural Reform and Growth: What Really
Matters? Evidence from the Caribbean (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2844160). Social
Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2844160
Greenlee, J. (2006). An Investigation of fraud in nonprofit organizations: Occurrences and
deterrents. Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations, John FKennedy School of
Government, Harvard University.
http://www.ksghauser.harvard.edu/PDF_XLS/workingpapers/workingpaper_35.pdf
Grega, M., Orviska, M., Nemec, J., & Lawson, C. (2019). Factors Determining the Efficiency of
Slovak Public Procurement. Network of Institutes and Schools of Public Administration
in Central and Eastern Europe. The NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and
Policy, 12(1), 43–68. https://doi.org/10.2478/nispa-2019-0002
Gregory, R. (1999). Social Capital Theory and Administrative Reform: Maintaining Ethical
Probity in Public Service. Public Administration Review, 59(1), 63–63.
Gregory, R. (2015). Political independence, operational impartiality, and the effectiveness of
anti-corruption agencies. Asian Education and Development Studies, 4(1), 125–125.
Gregory, R. (2016). Combating corruption in Vietnam: A commentary. Asian Education and
Development Studies, 5(2), 227–243.
Gretschko, V., & Wambach, A. (2016). Procurement under public scrutiny: Auctions versus
negotiations. Rand Journal Of Economics, 47(4), 914–934.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-2171.12159
Greve, H., Palmer, D., & Pozner, J.-E. (2010). Organizations Gone Wild: The Causes, Processes,
and Consequences of Organizational Misconduct. The Academy of Management Annals,
4(1), 53–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416521003654186
Gricius, G. (2019). Transitional Justice: Lustration and Vetting in Ukraine and Georgia. Journal
of Liberty and International Affairs, 5(2), 26–42.
Griffin, C. C. (2009). Reducing Corruption in the Health and Education Sectors. In R. I. Rotberg
(Ed.), Corruption, Global Security and World ORder (pp. 430–456). Brookings
Institution Press.
Griffin, J. M., Liu, C., & Shu, T. (2016). Is the Chinese Anti-Corruption Campaign Effective?
273 

 
(SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2779429). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2779429
Griffin, L. K. (2011). The federal common law crime of corruption. North Carolina Law Review,
89(5), 1815–1847.
Griffith, S. J. (2016). Corporate Governance in an Era of Compliance. William and Mary Law
Review, 57(6), 2075.
Griffith, S. J., & Lee, T. H. (2019). Toward an Interest Group Theory of Foreign Anti-Corruption
Laws. University of Illinois Law Review, 2019(4), 1227–1266.
Griffiths, M. D., Kickul, J., & Carsrud, A. L. (2009). Government Bureaucracy, Transactional
Impediments, and Entrepreneurial Intentions. International Small Business Journal,
27(5), 626–645. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242609338752
Grigoli, F., & Mills, Z. (2011). Do high and volatile levels of public investment suggest
misconduct? The role of institutional quality (World Bank Policy Research Working
Paper 5735). http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1895964
Grigorescu, A. (2006). The Corruption Eruption in East-Central Europe: The Increased Salience
of Corruption and the Role of Intergovernmental Organizations. East European Politics
& Societies, 20(3), 516–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325405276655
Grigor′ev, L., & Ovchinnikov, M. (2009). Corruption as an Obstacle to Modernization. Problems
of Economic Transition, 51(11), 40–61. https://doi.org/10.2753/PET1061-1991511103
Grigorie, L. (2018). Theoretical Approach of Corruption Complexity in Public Organisations.
Annals of the University of Craiova: Economic Sciences Series, 1(46), 124–134.
Grimes, M. (2008a). Contestation or complicity: Civil society as antidote or accessory to
political corruption [Working Paper].
http://swepub.kb.se/bib/swepub:oai:services.scigloo.org:86377?tab2=abs&language=en
Grimes, M. (2008b). The conditions of successful civil society involvement in combating
corruption: A survey of case study evidence [Working Paper].
http://cmspres-vir-1.it.gu.se/digitalAssets/1350/1350673_2008_22_grimes.pdf
Grimes, M. (2013). The contingencies of societal accountability examining the link between civil
society and good government. Studies in Comparative International Development, 48(4),
380–402.
Grimes, M., & Wängnerud, L. (2010). Curbing Corruption Through Social Welfare Reform? The
Effects of Mexico’s Conditional Cash Transfer Program on Good Government. The
American Review of Public Administration, 40(6), 671–690.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074009359025
274 

 
Grimm, D. J. (2010). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act in Merger and Acquisition Transactions:
Successor Liability and its Consequences. New York University Journal of Law &
Business, 7, 247–931.
Grimmelikhuijsen, S., Porumbescu, G., Hong, B., & Im, T. (2013). The Effect of Transparency
on Trust in Government: A Cross-National Comparative Experiment. Public
Administration Review, 73(4), 575–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12047
Gritten, D., Breukink, G., Mo, K., & Delattre, E. (2019). Assessing Forest Governance in the
Countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion. Forests, 10(1).
https://doi.org/10.3390/f10010047
Grødeland, Å. B. (2010). Elite perceptions of anti-corruption efforts in Ukraine. Global Crime,
11(2), 237–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440571003669241
Grødeland, Å. B., & Aasland, A. (2011). Fighting corruption in public procurement in
post-communist states: Obstacles and solutions. Communist and Post-Communist Studies,
44(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2011.01.004
Grodeland, A. B., Koshechkina, T. Y., & Miller, W. L. (1998). “Foolish to Give and Yet More
Foolish Not to Take”. In-Depth Interviews with Post-Communist Citizens on Their
Everyday Use of Bribes and Contacts. Europe-Asia Studies, 50(4), 651–677.
Groenendijk, N. (1997). A principal-agent model of corruption. Crime, Law and Social Change,
27(3), 207–229. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008267601329
Grönlund, K., & Setälä, M. (2012). In Honest Officials We Trust. The American Review of
Public Administration, 42(5), 523–542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074011412946
Grooms, K. (2015). Enforcing the Clean Water Act: The effect of state-level corruption on
compliance. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 73(Journal Article),
50.
Groop, C. (2017). Controlling the unruly agents—Linkages between accountability and
corruption within the executive structures of Botswana. Journal of Contemporary African
Studies : JCAS, 35(1), 34–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2016.1248549
Groseclose, T., & Krehbiel, K. (1994). Golden Parachutes, Rubber Checks, and Strategic
Retirements from the 102d House. American Journal of Political Science, 38(1), 75–99.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2111336
Grosfeld, I., & Zhuravskaya, E. (2015). Cultural vs. Economic legacies of empires: Evidence
from the partition of Poland. Journal of Comparative Economics, 43(1), 55–75.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2014.11.004
Grosjean, P., Ricka, F., & Senik, C. (2013). Learning, political attitudes and crises: Lessons from
275 

 
transition countries. Journal of Comparative Economics, 41(2), 490–505.
Gross, J., & Leib, M. (2018). Ethical Free Riding: When Honest People Find Dishonest Partners.
Psychological Science, 29(12), 1956–1968. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618796480
Grossi, G., & Pianezzi, D. (2016). The new public corruption: Old questions for new challenges.
Accounting Forum. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2016.05.002
Grubiša, D. (2011). Anti-corruption Policy in Croatia: Benchmark for EU Accession. Croatian
Political Science Review, 47(5), 69–95.
Gu, Z., Liu, L., Tan, X., Liang, Y., Dang, J., Wei, C., Ren, D., Su, Q., & Wang, G. (2019). Does
power corrupt? The moderating effect of status. International Journal of Psychology :
Journal International de Psychologie. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12629
Gualtieri, D. (2013). A helping hand: The influence of the 1997 OECD convention in the Italian
fight against corruption. Int. J. of Public Law and Policy, 3(3).
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPLAP.2013.054749
Guardado, J. (2018). Office-Selling, Corruption, and Long-Term Development in Peru.
American Political Science Review, 112(4), 971–995.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000305541800045X
Guasch, J. L., Laffont, J.-J., & Straub, S. (2008). Renegotiation of concession contracts in Latin
America: Evidence from the water and transport sectors. International Journal of
Industrial Organization, 26(2), 421–442.
Guasch, J. L., & Straub, S. (2009). Corruption and concession renegotiations: Evidence from the
water and transport sectors in latin america. Utilities Policy, 17(2), 185–190.
Guccio, C., Lisi, D., & Rizzo, I. (2019). When the purchasing officer looks the other way: On the
waste effects of debauched local environment in public works execution. Economics of
Governance, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-019-00223-5
Guccio, C., Pignataro, G., & Rizzo, I. (2018). Is competition able to counteract the inefficiency
of corruption? The case of Italian public works. Economia e Politica Industriale, 1–30.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40812-017-0086-5
Gueorguiev, D., & Malesky, E. (2012). Foreign Investment and Bribery: A Firm-Level Analysis
of Corruption in Vietnam. Journal of Asian Economics, 23(2), 111–129.
Guerrero, M. A., & Rodríguez-Oreggia, E. (2008). On the individual decisions to commit
corruption: A methodological complement. Journal of Economic Behavior &
Organization, 65(2), 357–372.
Guerrini, R., & Guidi, D. (2013). Bribery in Italy: An outlook on present laws and perspectives

276 

 
on reform. In J. Horder & P. Alldridge (Eds.), Modern Bribery Law (pp. 97–127).
Cambridge University Press.
http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139088398A015
Guerzovich, F., Chies Schommer, P., Menezes, O., & Cristina, E. (2018). Between Law,
Technocracy and Politics: Is Brazilian State-Society Learning to Fight Corruption?
(SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3251441). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3251441
Guetat, I. (2006). The effects of corruption on growth performance of the MENA countries.
Journal of Economics and Finance, 30(2), 208–221.
Gugiu, M. R. (2012). EU Enlargement and Anticorruption: Lessons Learned from Romania.
Journal of European Integration, 34(5), 429–446.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2011.595487
Guha, S., Rahim, N., Panigrahi, B., & Ngo, A. D. (2020). Does Corruption Act as a Deterrent to
Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries? Organizations and Markets in
Emerging Economies, 11(1), 18–34. https://doi.org/10.15388/omee.2020.11.21
Guinn, D. E., & Straussman, J. D. (2016). Improving the Budget Process in Fragile and
Conflict-Ridden States: Two Modest Lessons from Afghanistan. Public Administration
Review, 76(2), 263–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12397
Guiso, L., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2003). People’s opium? Religion and economic
attitudes. Journal of Monetary Economics, 50(1), 225–282.
Gulati, M., & Rao, M. Y. (2007). Corruption in the electricity sector: A pervasive scourge. In
The many faces of corruption: Tracking vulnerabilities at the sector level (pp. 115–157).
World Bank.
Gullies, A., & Heuty, A. (2011). Does Transparency Work? The Challenges Of Measurement
And Effectiveness In Resource-Rich Countries. Yale Journal of International Affairs,
6(2), 25–42.
Gundlach, E., & Paldam, M. (2009). The transition of corruption: From poverty to honesty.
Economics Letters, 103(3), 146–148.
Gunduz, M., & Önder, O. (2013). Corruption and Internal Fraud in the Turkish Construction
Industry. Science and Engineering Ethics, 19(2), 505–528.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-012-9356-9
Guney, T. (2017). Governance and sustainable development: How effective is governance?
Journal Of International Trade & Economic Development, 26(3), 316–335.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2016.1249391

277 

 
Gunnar, H. K. (2015). Political control and perceptions of corruption in Icelandic local
government. Stjórnmál Og Stjórnsýsla, 11(1), 1.
Gunter, F. R. (2017). Corruption, costs, and family: Chinese capital flight, 1984–2014. China
Economic Review, 43, 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2017.01.010
Günther G. Schulze, U. of F., & Nikita Zakharov, U. of F. (2016). Corruption in Russia. Journal
of Law & Economics, 59, 135–477.
Guo, C. (2018). The Impact of the Anti-Corruption Campaign on the Relationship between
Political Connections and Preferential Bank Loans: The Case of China. Emerging
Markets Finance and Trade. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2018.1454306
Guo, L., Su, C., & Lee, H. (2019). Effects of Issue Involvement, News Attention, Perceived
Knowledge, and Perceived Influence of Anti-Corruption News on Chinese Students’
Political Participation. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(2), 452–472.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018790945
Guo, Xiajuan, & Tu, W. (2017). Corruption tolerance and its influencing factors—The case of
China’s civil servants. Journal of Chinese Governance, 2(3), 307–328.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23812346.2017.1342897
Guo, Xuezhi. (2014). Controlling Corruption in the Party: China’s Central Discipline Inspection
Commission. China Quarterly, 219(Journal Article), 597–624.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741014000770
Guo, Y. (2008). Corruption in Transitional China: An Empirical Analysis. The China Quarterly,
194. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741008000416
Guo, Y., & Li, S. (2015). Anti- corruption measures in China: Suggestions for reforms. Asian
Education and Development Studies, 4(1), 7–7.
Gupta, A. (1995). Blurred boundaries: The discourse of corruption, the culture of politics, and
the imagined state. American Ethnologist, 22(2), 375–402.
Gupta, A. (2005a). Narrating the state of corruption. In Corruption: Anthropological
perspectives (pp. 173–193).
Gupta, A. (2005b). Narratives of corruption. Ethnography, 6(1), 5–34.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138105055663
Gupta, K. (2017). Are Oil and Gas Firms More Likely To Engage in Unethical Practices Than
Other Firms? Energy Policy, 100, 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.10.009
Gupta, Kirti, & Ahmed, S. (2018). Determinants of FDI in South Asia: Does corruption matter?
Int. J. of Economics and Business Research, 16(2).

278 

 
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEBR.2018.094009
Gupta, M. R., & Chaudhuri, S. (1997). Formal credit, corruption and the informal credit market
in agriculture: A theoretical analysis. Economica, 64(254), 331–343.
Gupta, Sanjeev, Davoodi, H., & Alonso-Terme, R. (2002). Does corruption affect income
inequality and poverty? Economics of Governance, 3(1), 23–45.
Gupta, Sanjeev, Davoodi, H. R., & Tiongson, E. (2000). Corruption and the provision of health
care and education services (IMF Working Paper No. 00/116). International Monetary
Fund.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=akYazkEN2pIC&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=
Gupta,+Sanjeev,+Hamid+Davoodi+%26+Erwin+Tiongson.+2000.+Corruption+and+the
+Provision+of+Health+Care+and+Education+Services&ots=yCKCa4Kx6z&sig=DPRfu
9CwxSVqumVKW5lGNQaZV0o
Gupta, Sanjeev, De Mello, L., & Sharan, R. (2001). Corruption and military spending. European
Journal of Political Economy, 17(4), 749–777.
Gupta, Sen, & Abhijit. (2007). Determinants of Tax Revenue Efforts in Developing Countries
(SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 1007933). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1007933
Gurgur, T. (2016). Voice, exit and local capture in public provision of private goods. Economics
of Governance, 17(4), 397–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-016-0186-0
Gurgur, T., & Shah, A. (2005). Localization and corruption: Panacea or pandora’s box? (World
Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3486). World Bank Publications.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ed3bLknFeTQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq
=Localization+and+Corruption:+Panacea+or+Pandora%E2%80%99s+Box%3F&ots=qat
QJ2RdWC&sig=jwYJr6dvXniMS9MWssMZuh4pL88
Guriev, S. (2004). Red tape and corruption. Journal of Development Economics, 73(2), 489–504.
Gurkaynak, G., Kama, C. O., Ozkanh, C., & Ergun, B. (2016). A Comparative Analysis of the
Perception Differences Between Competition Law and Anti-Corruption Law. Business
Law Review (UK), 37(3), 94–95.
Gustavson, M., & Rothstein, B. (2013). Can Auditing Generate Trust? The Organization of
Auditing and the Quality of Government. In Trust and Organizations (pp. 41–63).
Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137368812_3
Gustavson, M., & Sundström, A. (2016). Organizing the Audit Society: Does Good Auditing
Generate Less Public Sector Corruption? Administration & Society, 50(10),
0095399716674306. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399716674306

279 

 
Gutierrez‐Garcia, J. O., & Rodríguez, L. (2016). Corruptible social agents. Computer Animation
and Virtual Worlds, 27(2), 89–102. https://doi.org/10.1002/cav.1613
Gutierrez-Garcia, J., & Rodríguez, L.-F. (2016). Social determinants of police corruption:
Toward public policies for the prevention of police corruption. Policy Studies, Journal
Article, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2016.1144735
Gutmann, J. (2015). Believe, But Verify? The Effect of Market Structure on Corruption in
Religious Organizations. Kyklos, 68(2), 153.
Gutmann, J., Padovano, F., & Voigt, S. (2015). Perception vs. experience: Explaining
differences in corruption measures using microdata [Working Paper].
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2659349
Gutterman, E. (2017). Poverty, corruption, trade, or terrorism? Strategic framing in the politics
of UK anti-bribery compliance. British Journal Of Politics & International Relations,
19(1), 152–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148116681731
Gutterman, Ellen. (2014). The legitimacy of transnational NGOs: Lessons from the experience of
Transparency International in Germany and France. Review of International Studies,
40(02), 391–418.
Gutterman, Ellen. (2015). Easier done than said: Transnational bribery, norm resonance, and the
origins of the US foreign corrupt practices act. Foreign Policy Analysis, 11(1), 109–128.
https://doi.org/10.1111/fpa.12027
Gutterman, Ellen. (2019). Banning Bribes Abroad: US Enforcement of the Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act and its impact on the global governance of corruption. European Political
Science: EPS, 18(2), 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-018-0153-z
Gutterman, Ellen, & Lane, A. (2017). Beyond LAVs: Corruption, commercialization and the
Canadian defence industry. Canadian Foreign Policy, 23(1), 77–92.
https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2016.1254663
Gutterman, Ellen, & Lohaus, M. (2018). What is the “Anti-corruption” Norm in Global Politics?
In Corruption and Norms (pp. 241–268). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66254-1_12
Guvenli, T., & Sanyal, R. (2012). Perception and understanding of bribery in international
business. Ethics & Behavior, 22(5), 333–348.
Gyimah-Brempong, K. (2002). Corruption, economic growth, and income inequality in Africa.
Economics of Governance, 3(3), 183–209.
Gyimah-Brempong, K., & De Camacho, S. M. (2006). Corruption, growth, and income
distribution: Are there regional differences? Economics of Governance, 7(3), 245–269.
280 

 
Haarhuis, C. K., & Leeuw, F. L. (2004). Fighting governmental corruption: The new World
Bank programme evaluated. Journal of International Development, 16(4), 547–561.
Haarhuis, C. K., & Torenvlied, R. (2006). Dimensions and alignments in the African
anti-corruption debate. Acta Politica, 41(1), 41–67.
Haarhuis, K. (2005). Promoting anti-corruption reforms. Evaluating the implementation of a
World Bank anti-Corruption program in seven African countries (1999-2001). Utrecht
University. http://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/7131
Haass, F., & Ottmann, M. (2017). Profits from Peace: The Political Economy of Power-Sharing
and Corruption. World Development, 99, 60–74.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.07.006
Habbe, A. H., Rasyid, S., Arif, H., & Muda, I. (2019). Measuring Internal Auditor’s Intention to
Blow the Whistle (A Quasi-Experiment of Internal Auditors in the Local Government).
Verslas: Teorija Ir Praktika, 20(1), 224–233.
Haber, S., & Menaldo, V. (2011). Do Natural Resources Fuel Authoritarianism? A Reappraisal
of the Resource Curse. American Political Science Review, 105(1), 1–26.
Haberfeld, M. R., Klockars, C. B., Ivkovic, S. K., & Pagon, M. (2000). Police officer perceptions
of the disciplinary consequences of police corruption in Croatia, Poland, Slovenia and the
United States. Police Practice and Research, 1, 41–72.
Habib, M., & Zurawicki, L. (2001). Country-level investments and the effect of
corruption—Some empirical evidence. International Business Review, 10(6), 687–700.
Habib, M., & Zurawicki, L. (2002a). Corruption and foreign direct investment. Journal of
International Business Studies, 33(2), 291–307.
Habib, M., & Zurawicki, L. (2002b). Corruption in the context of international business:
Conceptual and methodological issues. Journal of Transnational Management
Development, 6(3–4), 167–180.
Habib, S., Abdelmonen, S., & Khaled, M. (2020). The Effect of Corruption on the
Environmental Quality in African Countries: A Panel Quantile Regression Analysis.
Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 11(2), 788–804.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-018-0571-8
Habibov, N. (2009a). Determinants of out-of-pocket expenditures on prescribed medications in
Tajikistan: Implications for healthcare sector reform. Journal of Health Organization and
Management, 23(2), 170–182. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777260910960911
Habibov, N. (2009b). What determines healthcare utilization and related out-of-pocket
expenditures in Tajikistan? Lessons from a national survey. International Journal of
281 

 
Public Health, 54(4), 260–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-009-8044-2
Habibov, N. (2010). Hospitalization in Tajikistan: Determinants of admission, length of stay, and
out-of-pocket expenditures. Results of a national survey. The International Journal of
Health Planning and Management, 25(3), 251–269. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.972
Habibov, N. (2016). Effect of corruption on healthcare satisfaction in post-soviet nations: A
cross-country instrumental variable analysis of twelve countries. Social Science &
Medicine (1982), 152(Journal Article), 119.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.01.044
Habibov, N., & Cheung, A. (2016). The impact of unofficial out-of-pocket payments on
satisfaction with education in Post-Soviet countries. International Journal of Educational
Development, 49(Journal Article), 70–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.02.002
Habibov, N., & Cheung, A. (2017). Revisiting informal payments in 29 transitional countries:
The scale and socio-economic correlates. Social Science & Medicine, 178, 28–37.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.02.003
Habibullah, M. S., Hdin, B., & Abdul Hamid, B. (2016). Good governance and crime rates in
Malaysia. International Journal of Social Economics, 43(3), 308–320.
Habiyaremye, A., & Raymond, W. (2018). How do foreign firms’ corruption practices affect
innovation performance in host countries? Industry-level evidence from transition
economies. Innovation, 20(1), 18–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14479338.2017.1367626
Hacek, M., Kukovic, S., & Brezovsek, M. (2013). Problems of corruption and distrust in political
and administrative institutions in Slovenia. Communist and Post-Communist Studies,
46(2), 255–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2013.03.004
Hafner, O. (1998). The role of corruption in the misappropriation of tropical forest resources
and in tropical forest destruction.
http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=GB2013200727
Hagenbuch, S. (2012). Taming Instrumentality: The FCPA’s Legislative History Requires Proof
of Government Control. U. Chi. Legal F., 351.
Hagene, T. (2019). Grand corruption in Mexico: The convenient disappearance of an agrarian
community. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 108, 43–64.
https://doi.org/10.32992/erlacs.10452
Haggard, S., MacIntyre, A., & Tiede, L. (2008). The Rule of Law and Economic Development.
Annual Review of Political Science, 11(1), 205–234.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.081205.100244
Haider, Z. A., Liu, M., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Government ownership, financial
282 

 
constraint, corruption, and corporate performance: International evidence. Journal of
International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money, 53, 76–93.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2017.09.012
Hajhoseiny, S., Fathi, Z., & Shafiei, H. (2019). Are Those with Darker Personality Traits more
Willing to Corrupt When They Feel Anxious? Iranian Journal of Management Studies,
12(3), 451–479. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijms.2019.266704.673335
Hakhverdian, A., & Mayne, Q. (2012). Institutional Trust, Education, and Corruption: A
Micro-Macro Interactive Approach. The Journal of Politics, 74(3), 739–750.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381612000412
Hakimi, A., & Hamdi, H. (2017). Does corruption limit FDI and economic growth? Evidence
from MENA countries. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 12(3), 550–571.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJoEM-06-2015-0118
Hakkala, K. N., Norbäck, P.-J., & Svaleryd, H. (2008). Asymmetric Effects of Corruption on
FDI: Evidence from Swedish Multinational Firms. Review of Economics and Statistics,
90(4), 627–642. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.90.4.627
Halim, N. (2008). Testing alternative theories of bureaucratic corruption in less developed
countries. Social Science Quarterly, 89(1), 236–257.
Halkos, George E., Sundström, A., & Tzeremes, N. G. (2015). Regional environmental
performance and governance quality: A nonparametric analysis. Environmental
Economics and Policy Studies, 17(4), 621–644.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10018-015-0106-5
Halkos, George Emm, & Tzeremes, N. G. (2010). Corruption and Economic Efficiency: Panel
Data Evidence. Global Economic Review, 39(4), 441–454.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1226508X.2010.533854
Hall, D. (1999). Privatisation, multinationals, and corruption. Development in Practice, 9(5),
539–556.
Hall, K. (2013). Strategic Privatisation of Transnational Anti-Corruption Regulation. Australian
Journal of Corporate Law, 28(1), 60.
Hall, R. E., & Jones, C. I. (1999). Why do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output Per
Worker than Others? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(1), 83–116.
https://doi.org/10.1162/003355399555954
Hall, R. L., & Van Houweling, R. P. (1995). Avarice and ambition in Congress: Representatives’
decisions to run or retire from the US House. American Political Science Review, 89(01),
121–136.

283 

 
Hall, Robert E., & Jones, C. I. (1999). Why do some countries produce so much more output per
worker than others? National bureau of economic research.
http://www.nber.org/papers/w6564
Hall, T., & Yago, G. (2000). Estimating the cost of opacity using sovereign bond spreads
(Milken Institute Policy Brief No. 13).
Hallagan, W. (2010). Corruption in dictatorships. Economics of Governance, 11(1), 27–49.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-009-0066-y
Hallak, J., & Poisson, M. (2007). Corrupt schools, corrupt universities: What can be done?
International Institute for Education Planning.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTHDOFFICE/Resources/5485726-1239047988859
/5995659-1239051886394/5996104-1239987975295/25.Nov_12_paper_Hallak_and_Poi
sson_2007_Corrupt_schools.pdf
Halleröd, B., Rothstein, B., Daoud, A., & Nandy, S. (2013). Bad governance and poor children:
A comparative analysis of government efficiency and severe child deprivation in 68
low-and middle-income countries. World Development, 48, 19–31.
Hall-Matthews, D. (2007). Tickling Donors and Tackling Opponents: The Anti-Corruption
Campaign in Malawi. In Corruption and Development: The Anti-Corruption Campaigns
(pp. 77–102). Springer. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230590625_4
Hallward-Driemeier, M. (2009). Who survives? The impact of corruption, competition and
property rights across firms (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5084).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1492564
Hallward-Driemeier, M., & Aterido, R. (2009). Comparing Apples with.... Apples: How to make
(more) sense of subjective rankings of constraints to business. Apples: How to Make
(More) Sense of Subjective Rankings of Constraints to Business (September 1, 2009).
World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series, Vol.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1476696
Hallward-Driemeier, M., Khun-Jush, G., & Pritchett, L. (2016). Deals versus Rules: Policy
Implementation Uncertainty and Why Firms Hate It. In African Successes, Volume I:
Government and Institutions (Vol. 1, pp. 215–260). University of Chicago Press.
Hallward-Driemeier, M., & Pritchett, L. (2011). How business is done and the “Doing Business”
indicators: The investment climate when firms have climate control (World Bank Policy
Research Working Paper 5563).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1759154
Halter, M. V., de Arruda, M. C. C., & Halter, R. B. (2009). Transparency to Reduce Corruption?
Journal of Business Ethics, 84(3), 373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0198-6
284 

 
Hamaguchi, Y. (2020). Dynamic analysis of bribery firms’ environmental tax evasion in an
emissions trading market. Journal of Macroeconomics, 63, 103169-.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2019.103169
Haman, M. (2019). The Colombian Anti-Corruption Referendum: Why It Failed? Colombia
Internacional, 100, 175–199. https://doi.org/10.7440/colombiaint100.2019.08
Hamdani, R., & Sanusi, Z. M. (2018). The New Face of People Power: An Exploratory Study on
the Potential of Social Media for Combating Corruption in Indonesia. Australasian
Accounting, 12(3), 19–40. https://doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v12i3.3
Hameed, F. (2005). Fiscal transparency and economic outcomes (WP/05/225). International
Monetary Fund.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DuRFK9Qfh0IC&oi=fnd&pg=PA4&dq
=Hameed,+F.+2005.+Fiscal+Transparency+and+Economic+Outcomes&ots=fQZ4LsNun
Q&sig=49A0kUHVM6-tU3K7ibg2d69EEvQ
Hamelin, N., Nwankwo, S., & Gbadamosi, A. (2020). Social marketing and the corruption
conundrum in morocco: An exploratory analysis. World Development, 133.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104993
Hamid, A. (2014). A Family Matter: Political Corruption in Banten, Indonesia. Asian Politics &
Policy, 6(4), 577–593.
Hamid, Y. B., Mohammed, R., & Ahmad, Mohd. K. (2019). Effect of Press Freedom on
Sudanese Newspapers Framing of Corruption Issues. Jurnal the Messenger, 11(1A),
138–147. https://doi.org/10.26623/themessenger.v11i1A.1249
Hamilton, D. K. (2010). Patronage in Illinois: The Political Subjugation of Public
Administration. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 30(2), 137–165.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X09360851
Hamilton-Hart, N, & Palmer, B. (2017). Co-Investment and Clientelism as Informal Institutions:
Beyond “Good Enough” Property Rights Protection. Studies In Comparative
International Development, 52(4), 416–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-017-9250-1
Hamilton-Hart, Natasha. (2001). Anti-corruption strategies in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian
Economic Studies, 37(1), 65–82.
Hammersley, J. S., Myers, L. A., & Shakespeare, C. (2008). Market reactions to the disclosure of
internal control weaknesses and to the characteristics of those weaknesses under section
302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. Review of Accounting Studies, 13(1), 141–165.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-007-9046-z
Hamra, W. (2000). Bribery in international business transactions and the OECD convention:

285 

 
Benefits and limitations. Business Economics, 35(4), 33–33.
Han, K. J. (2006). Corruption and Foreign Direct Investment.
http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/0/0/7/5/p100750_in
dex.html
Han, M. (2018). The Current Status of Legislation and Tasks Regarding the Improper
Solicitation and Graft Act of Korea. Korea Observer, 49(4), 643.
https://doi.org/10.29152/KOIKS.2018.49.4.643
Hanapiyah, Z. M., Daud, S., & Abdullah, W. M. T. W. (2016). Human Governance and Level of
Corruption Risk. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35, 127–135.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)00017-4
Hancock, G. (1989). Lords of poverty: The power, prestige, and corruption of the international
aid business. Atlantic Monthly Press.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=5bHvTtNmsikC&oi=fnd&pg=PP13&dq
=Lords+of+Poverty:+The+Power,+Prestige,+and+Corruption+of+the+International+Aid
+Business+&ots=otSQ16bvDX&sig=DLDPlyOEKPny4H0nDeypzuKlFsQ
Hand, J. (2005). Government Corruption and Exploitation of Indigenous Peoples. Santa Clara J.
Int’l L., 3, i.
Handa, I. (2016). Fallacies in the current methods of prosecuting international commercial
bribery. Cardozo Law Review, 38(2), 760.
Hanf, M., Van-Melle, A., Fraisse, F., Roger, A., Carme, B., & Nacher, M. (2011). Corruption
kills: Estimating the global impact of corruption on children deaths. PLoS One, 6(11),
e26990.
Hanich, Q., & Tsamenyi, M. (2009). Managing fisheries and corruption in the Pacific Islands
region. Marine Policy, 33(2), 386–392.
Hankiss, E. (2002). Games of corruption East Central Europe, 1945-1999 (pp. 244–59).
Hanley, S., & Sikk, A. (2016). Economy, corruption or floating voters? Explaining the
breakthroughs of anti-establishment reform parties in eastern Europe. Party Politics,
22(4), 522–533. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068814550438
Hanlon, J. (2004). How northern donors promote corruption. The Corner House October, 33.
http://probeinternational.org/library/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/How-Northern-Donors-
Promote-Corruption-_-The-Corner-House.pdf
Hanna, R. (2017). Technology beats corruption. Science, 355(6322), 244–245.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal2868

286 

 
Hanna, R., Bishop, S., Nadel, S., Scheffler, G., & Durlacher, K. (2011). The effectiveness of
anti-corruption policy: What has worked, what hasn’t, and what we don’t know. Centre
for International Development, Harvard University.
Hanna, R., & Wang, S.-Y. (2017). Dishonesty and Selection into Public Service: Evidence from
India. American Economic Journal. Economic Policy, 9(3), 262–290.
https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20150029
Hanoteau, J. (2020). Institutional quality, conforming and evasive entrepreneurship. Eurasian
Business Review, 10(1), 97–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-020-00151-z
Hanousek, J., & Kočenda, E. (2011). Public investment and fiscal performance in the new EU
member states. Fiscal Studies, 32(1), 43–71.
Hanousek, J., & Kochanova, A. (2016). Bribery environments and firm performance: Evidence
from CEE countries. European Journal of Political Economy, 43(Journal Article), 14–28.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2016.02.002
Hanousek, J., Shamshur, A., & Tresl, J. (2017a). Firm efficiency, foreign ownership and CEO
gender in corrupt environments. Journal of Corporate Finance.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2017.06.008
Hanousek, J., Shamshur, A., & Tresl, J. (2017b). To bribe or not to bribe? Corruption uncertainty
and corporate practices. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc.
Hansberry, H. L. (2012). In Spite of Its Good Intentions, the Dodd-Frank Act Has Created an
FCPA Monster. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-), 102(1),
195–226.
Hansen, H. K. (2011). Managing corruption risks. Review of International Political Economy,
18(2), 251–275.
Hanusch, M., & Keefer, P. (2013). Promises, promises: Vote-buying and the electoral
mobilization strategies of non-credible politicians (Policy Research Working Paper
Series No. 6653). The World Bank.
http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/wbkwbrwps/6653.htm
Hao, Y., Chang, C.-P., & Sun, Z. (2017a). Erratum to: Women and corruption: Evidence from
multinational panel data. Quality & Quantity. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0561-0
Hao, Y., Chang, C.-P., & Sun, Z. (2017b). Women and corruption: Evidence from multinational
panel data. Quality & Quantity. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0530-7
Hao, Y., Gai, Z., & Wu, H. (2020). How do resource misallocation and government corruption
affect green total factor energy efficiency? Evidence from China. Energy Policy, 143.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111562
287 

 
Hao, Y., Wei, W., & Chang, C.-P. (2018). Are women more likely than men to oppose
corruption in China? Not yet. Applied Economics Letters, 25(3), 152–157.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2017.1305072
Hao, Z., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., & Zhao, X. (2020). Political connection, corporate philanthropy and
efficiency: Evidence from China’s anti-corruption campaign. Journal of Comparative
Economics, 48(3), 688–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2020.03.002
Haque, M. E., & Kneller, R. (2015). Why does Public Investment Fail to Raise Economic
Growth? The Role of Corruption.(Report). 83(6), 623.
Haque, M. Emranul. (2011). Endogenous detection in a simple model of corruption and growth.
Global Jouranl of Finance and Economics, 8(2), 101–118.
Haque, M. Emranul. (2013). Unproductive Education in a Model of Corruption and Growth
[Working Paper]. Economics, The Univeristy of Manchester.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/man/cgbcrp/179.html
Haque, M. Emranul, & Hussain, B. (2013). Where does Education go?–The Role of Corruption.
Manchester Growth and Business Cycle Center Working Paper.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Babar_Hussain/publication/256092779_Where_doe
s_Education_go_The_Role_of_Corruption/links/0deec521b1fa698c37000000.pdf
Haque, M. Emranul, & Kneller, R. (2009). Corruption clubs: Endogenous thresholds in
corruption and development. Economics of Governance, 10(4), 345–373.
Haque, M. Emranul, & Neanidis, K. C. (2009). Fiscal Transparency and Corruption. Centre for
Growth & Business Cycle Research Discussion Paper Series, 114.
Haque, N. U., Mark, N., & Mathieson, D. J. (2000). Rating Africa: The Economic and Political
Content of Risk Indicators. In P. Collier & C. Pattillo (Eds.), Investment and Risk in
Africa (pp. 33–70). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-349-15068-7_2
Harambour, R. (2017). Sovereignty and Corruption. The Construction of the State and Property
in Southern Patagonia (Argentina and Chile, 1840-1920). Historia-Santiago, 50(2),
555–596.
Haran, U., Teichman, D., & Feldman, Y. (2016). Formal and social enforcement in response to
individual versus corporate transgressions. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 13(4),
786.
Harasymiw, B. (2019). Civil society as an anti-corruption actor in post-Euromaidan Ukraine.
Canadian Slavonic Papers, 61(3), 288–320.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00085006.2019.1636630

288 

 
Harb, G. (2017). Institutions and Growth in the Arab and Middle Eastern Countries.
International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 7(1).
Harding, J. (2014). Corruption or Guanxi? Differentiating between the Legitimate, Unethical,
and Corrupt Activities of Chinese Government Officials. Pacific Basin Law Journal,
31(2). http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0p8650mm
Harding, R. (2015). Attribution And Accountability: Voting for roads in Ghana. World Politics,
67(4), 656–689. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887115000209
Hardouin, P. (2009). Banks governance and public-private partnership in preventing and
confronting organized crime, corruption and terrorism financing. Journal of Financial
Crime, 16(3), 199–209.
Hardy, P. D. (1994). Emerging Role of the Quid Pro Quo Requirement in Public Corruption
Prosecutions under the Hobbs Act, The. U. Mich. JL Reform, 28, 409.
Harm, C. (2005). Political Determinants of Corporate Governance: Corruption and other forms
of rent-seeking [Working Paper].
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=667347
Harms, B. C. (2000). Holding Public Officials Accountable in the International Realm: A New
Multi-Layered Strategy to Combat Corruption. Cornell Int’l LJ, 33, 159.
Harri, A., Zhllima, E., Imami, D., & Coatney, K. T. (2020). Effects of subject pool culture and
institutional environment on corruption: Experimental evidence from Albania. Economic
Systems, 44(2), 100783-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2020.100783
Harring, N. (2014). Corruption, inequalities and the perceived effectiveness of economic
pro-environmental policy instruments: A European cross-national study. Environmental
Science & Policy; Environ.Sci.Policy, 39(Journal Article), 119–128.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2013.08.011
Harring, Niklas. (2013). Understanding the Effects of Corruption and Political Trust on
Willingness to Make Economic Sacrifices for Environmental Protection in a
Cross-National Perspective. Social Science Quarterly, 94(3), 660–671.
Harris, A. S., Seim, B., & Sigman, R. (2020). Information, accountability and perceptions of
public sector programme success: A conjoint experiment among bureaucrats in Africa.
Development Policy Review, 38(5), 594–612. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12450
Harris, G., Merwe, V. D., & Dawid, A. (2012). The scope for mobilising public opinion against
corruption: The attitudes of KwaZulu-Natal University students. South African Journal of
Economic and Management Sciences, 15(3), 282–293.
Harris, H. (2019). Corruption and the forestry industry in Papua New Guinea: Transnational
289 

 
actors, local dynamics and environmental impact. Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental
Law, 22(1), 48–65. https://doi.org/10.4337/apjel.2019.01.03
Harrison, E. (2004). The ‘cancer of corruption.’ In Between morality and the law: Corruption,
anthropology and comparative society (pp. 135–153). Ashgate.
Harrison, E. (2006). Unpacking the anti-corruption agenda: Dilemmas for anthropologists.
Oxford Development Studies, 34(1), 15–29.
Harrison, E. (2007). Corruption. Development in Practice, 17(4–5), 672–678.
Harrison, G. (1999a). Clean-ups, conditionality & adjustment: Why institutions matter in
Mozambique. Review of African Political Economy, 26(81), 323–333.
Harrison, G. (1999b). Corruption as’ boundary politics’: The state, democratisation, and
Mozambique’s unstable liberalisation. Third World Quarterly, 20(3), 537–550.
Harrison, M., & Kim, B.-Y. (2006). Plans, prices, and corruption: The Soviet firm under partial
centralization, 1930 to 1990. The Journal of Economic History, 66(01), 1–41.
Harriss-White, B., & White, G. (1996). Corruption, liberalization and democracy. IDS Bulletin,
27(2), 1–5.
Harris-White, B., & White, G. (1996). Liberalization and New Forms of Corruption. Institute of
Development Studies.
Harsch, E. (1993). Accumulators and democrats: Challenging state corruption in Africa. The
Journal of Modern African Studies, 31(01), 31–48.
Harstad, B. ard, & Svensson, J. (2011). Bribes, lobbying, and development. American Political
Science Review, 105(01), 46–63.
Hart, C. L. (2014). Money laundering. American Criminal Law Review, 51(4), 1449.
Hartman, J. M. (1997). Government by Thieves: Revealing the Monsters Behind the Kleptocratic
Masks. Syracuse J. Int’l L. & Com., 24, 157.
Hartman, V., & Ramamoorti, S. (2016). Public corruption: Causes, consequences and
countermeasures. The Journal of Government Financial Management, 65(1), 42–47.
Harun, H., Mir, M., Carter, D., & An, Y. (2019). Examining the unintended outcomes of NPM
reforms in Indonesia. Public Money & Management, 39(2), 86–94.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2019.1580892
Harvey, J. (2020). Tracking the international proceeds of corruption and the challenges of
national boundaries and national agencies: The UK example. Public Money &
Management: Theme: Fraud and Financial Crime in the Public Sector, 40(5), 360–368.

290 

 
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2020.1714211
Harwell, E. (2009). “Wild Money”: The Human Rights Consequences of Illegal Logging and
Corruption in Indonesia’s Forestry Sector. Human Rights Watch.
Hasen, R. L. (1992). Enriched Economic Model of Political Patronage and Campaign
Contributions: Reformulating Supreme Court Jurisprudence, An. Cardozo L. Rev., 14,
1311.
Hasen, R. L. (2004). Buckley Is Dead, Long Live Buckley: The New Campaign Finance
Incoherence of McConnell v. Federal Election Commission. University of Pennsylvania
Law Review, 153(1), 31–72.
Hasen, R. L. 1. (2015). Why Isn’t Congress More Corrupt?: A Preliminary Inquiry. Fordham
Law Review, 84(2), 429–443.
Hashem, E. A. (2014). The Effects of Corruption on Government Expenditures: Arab Countries
Experience. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(4), 120–130.
Hashmi, M. A., Brahmana, R. K., & Lau, E. (2018). Political connections, family firms and
earnings quality. Management Research Review, 41(4), 414–432.
https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-05-2017-0136
Hasker, K., & Okten, C. (2008). Intermediaries and corruption. Journal of Economic Behavior
and Organization, 67(1), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2006.06.015
Hassaballa, H. (2015). The Effect of Corruption on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the Mena
Region. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 4(2), 301–311.
Hassaballa, H. (2017). Studying the Effect of Corruption on Income Per-capita Level in an IV
Estimation in Developing countries. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 6(1),
57–70. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2017.v6n1p57
Hassid, J., & Brass, J. N. (2015). Scandals, Media and Good Governance in China and Kenya.
Journal of Asian and African Studies, 50(3), 325–342.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909614528865
Hasty, J. (2005a). Sympathetic magic/contagious corruption: Sociality, democracy, and the press
in Ghana. Public Culture, 17(3), 339.
Hasty, J. (2005b). The pleasures of corruption: Desire and discipline in Ghanaian political
culture. Cultural Anthropology, 20(2), 271–301.
Hatak, I., Fink, M., & Frank, H. (2015). Business freedom, corruption and the performance of
trusting cooperation partners: Empirical findings from six European countries. Review of
Managerial Science, 9(3), 523–547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-014-0127-7

291 

 
Hatchard, J. (2012). Combating corruption: Some reflections on the use of the offence and the
tort of misconduct/misfeasance in a public office. Denning Law Journal, 24, 65–88.
Hatchard, J. (2014). Combating corruption: Legal approaches to supporting good governance
and integrity in Africa. Edward Elgar PubLtd.
Hatchard, J. (2016). Combating the bribery of foreign public officials and the “art of
persuasion”: The case of Alstom and the energy sector. Denning Law Journal, 28, 137.
Hatzinikolaou, D., & Tsoka, A. (2016). Modeling and Estimating the Effects of Institutional
Variables on a Pay-as-you-go Social Security System and on Household Saving. Public
Finance Review, 44(5), 589–609. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142115579094
Hauenstein, S., Kshatriya, M., Blanc, J., Dormann, C., & Beale, C. (2019). African elephant
poaching rates correlate with local poverty, national corruption and global ivory price.
Nature Communications, 10(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09993-2
Haufler, V. (2010). Disclosure as Governance: The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
and Resource Management in the Developing World. Global Environmental Politics,
10(3), 53–73. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00014
Haugeneder, F. (2009). Corruption in Investor-State Arbitration. The Journal of World
Investment & Trade, 10(3), vii–339. https://doi.org/10.1163/221190009X00079
Hauk, E., & Saez-Marti, M. (2002). On the Cultural Transmission of Corruption. Journal of
Economic Theory, 107(2), 311–335. https://doi.org/10.1006/jeth.2001.2956
Hauner, D. (2008). Explaining Differences in Public Sector Efficiency: Evidence from Russia’s
Regions. World Development, 36(10), 1745–1765.
Hauner, D., & Kyobe, A. (2010). Determinants of Government Efficiency. World Development,
38(11), 1527–1542.
Hauser, C., Simonyan, A., & Werner, A. (2020). Condoning Corrupt Behavior at Work: What
Roles Do Machiavellianism, On-the-Job Experience, and Neutralization Play? Business
& Society, 0007650319898474. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650319898474
Hausmann, R., & Fernandez-Arias, E. (2000). Foreign Direct Investment: Good Cholesterol?
(SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 252192). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=252192
Hawken, A., & Munck, G. L. (2009). Measuring corruption: A critical assessment and a
proposal. In A. K. Rajivan & R. Gampat (Eds.), Perspectives on Corruption and Human
Development (pp. 71–106). Macmillan.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2480847

292 

 
Hawken, A., & Munck, G. L. (2011). Does the evaluator make a difference? Measurement
validity in corruption research [Working Paper].
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2480857
Hawkins, J. (2020). CoST – the Infrastructure Transparency Initiative: From disclosed data to
sector reform. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 173(1), 39–47.
https://doi.org/10.1680/jcien.19.00024
Hawley, S., King, C., & Lord, N. (2020). Justice for whom? The need for a principled approach
to Deferred Prosecution Agreements in England and Wales. Negotiated Settlements in
Bribery Cases.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788970402/9781788970402.00022.xml
Hawthorne, O. (2013). Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index:“best flawed”
measure on Corruption?’. 3rd Global Conference on Transparency Research, Paris,
October, 24–26.
http://campus.hec.fr/global-transparency/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Hawthorne-HEC.p
df
Hawthorne, O. E. (2015). Do international corruption metrics matter?: The impact of
Transparency International’s corruption perception index. Lexington Books, 2015.
Hazama, Y. (2018). Economic and corruption voting in a predominant party system: The case of
Turkey. Acta Politica, 53(1), 121–148. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41269-017-0041-5
Hazarika, G. (2018). The plough, gender roles, and corruption. Economics of Governance, 19(2),
141–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-018-0202-7
He, C., Xie, X., & Zhu, S. (2015). Going global: Understanding China’s outward foreign direct
investment from motivational and institutional perspectives. Post-Communist Economies,
27(4), 448–471. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2015.1084716
He, Jh, Yang, Q., & Gao, Y. (2017). Does Multi-Attribute Bidding in Public Construction
Projects Prevent Corruption while Tenderers’ Preferences are Open? A Study of China’s
Practice. Eurasia Journal Of Mathematics Science And Technology Education, 13(12),
8343–8358. https://doi.org/10.12973/ejmste/77916
He, Jiahong. (2020). Corruption and anti-corruption in China: A case study of high-ranking
officials. Journal of Financial Crime, 27(3), 715–734.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-03-2020-0041
He, X. F. (2003). Sporadic law enforcement campaigns as a means of social control: A case
study from a rural-urban migrant enclave in Beijing. Columbia Journal of Asian Law,
17(1), 121–145.

293 

 
He, Zengke. (2000). Corruption and anti-corruption in reform China. Communist and
Post-Communist Studies, 33(2), 243–270.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-067X(00)00006-4
He, Zhen, Wang, X., & Yang, L. (2018). How does anti-corruption campaign affect the labour
income share in China? Applied Economics Letters, 1–4.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2018.1558337
Head, B. (2012). The contribution of integrity agencies to good governance. Policy Studies,
33(1), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2011.601200
Healy, P. M., & Ramanna, K. (2013). When the crowd fights corruption: In Russia, citizens are
cleaning up business and government. Harvard Business Review, 91(1–2), 122.
Healy, Paul, & Serafeim, G. (2020). Voluntary, Self-Regulatory, and Mandatory Disclosure of
Oil and Gas Company Payments to Foreign Governments. Accounting Horizons, 34(1),
111–129. https://doi.org/10.2308/horizons-17-133
Healy, Pm, & Serafeim, G. (2016). An Analysis of Firms’ Self -Reported Anticorruption Efforts.
Accounting Review; Account.Rev., 91(2), 489–511. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-51191
Hearn, K. (2016). Disasters, corruption, propaganda and spin. 12(2), 15.
Hearn, R. G. (2012). The Role of Education in Changing Corrupt Practices. In A. Graycar & R.
G. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of Global Research and Practice in Corruption. Edward
Elgar.
Hearn, R. G. (2014). Does Corruption Drive Government Spending? Public Administration
Review, 74(3), 359.
Heath, A. F., Richards, L., & de Graaf, N. D. (2016). Explaining Corruption in the Developed
World: The Potential of Sociological Approaches. Annual Review of Sociology, 42,
51–79. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-081715-074213
Heberer, T. (2019). Decoding the Chinese puzzle: Rapid economic growth and social
development despite a high level of corruption (No. 124/2019; Working Papers on East
Asian Studies). University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute of East Asian Studies IN-EAST.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/udedao/1242019.html
Hebous, S., & Lipatov, V. (2014). A journey from a corruption port to a tax haven. Journal Of
Comparative Economics, 42(3), 739–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2013.05.006
Hechanova, M. R. M., & Manaois, J. O. (2020). Blowing the whistle on workplace corruption:
The role of ethical leadership. International Journal of Law and Management, 62(3),
277–294. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-02-2019-0038

294 

 
Hechanova, M. R. M., Melgar, I., Falguera, P. Z., & Villaverde, M. (2014). Organisational
Culture and Workplace Corruption in Government Hospitals. Journal of Pacific Rim
Psychology, 8(2), 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2014.5
Heckelman, J. (1995). The effect of the secret ballot on voter turnout rates. Public Choice, 82(1),
107–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01047732
Heckelman, J. C., & Powell, B. (2010). Corruption and the Institutional Environment for
Growth. Comparative Economic Studies, 52(3), 351. https://doi.org/10.1057/ces.2010.14
Heeks, R. (1998). Information Technology and Public Sector Corruption [Working Paper].
Heeks, R. (1999). Information technology and the management of corruption. Development in
Practice, 9(1–2), 184–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614529953359
Heeks, R. (2002). Information Systems and Developing Countries: Failure, Success, and Local
Improvisations. The Information Society, 18(2), 101–112.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240290075039
Heeks, R. (2007). Why Anti-Corruption Initiatives Fail: Technology Transfer and Contextual
Collision. In S. Bracking (Ed.), Corruption and development: The anti-corruption
campaigns. Palgrave Macmillan.
Heeks, R., & Mathisen, H. (2012). Understanding success and failure of anti-corruption
initiatives. Crime, Law and Social Change, 58(5), 533–549.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-011-9361-y
Hefeker, C. (2010). Taxation, corruption and the exchange rate regime. Journal of
Macroeconomics, 32(1), 338–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2009.03.006
Heggstad, K., Froystad, M., & Bergen: CMI. (2011). The Basics of Integrity in Procurement. U4,
10.
Heidenheimer, A. J. (1970). Introduction. In Political Corruption: Readings in Comparative
Corruption. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Heidenheimer, A. J. (1989). Perspectives on the Perception of Corruption. In Michael Johnston,
V. Levine, V. T. Le Vine, & A. J. Heidenheimer (Eds.), Political corruption: A
handbook. Transaction Books.
Heidenheimer, A. J., & Johnston, M. (2002). Political corruption: Concepts & contexts (3rd ed.).
Transaction Publishers.
Heidenheimer, Aj. (1996). The topography of corruption: Explorations in comparative
perspective. International Social Science Journal, 48(3), 337–.
Heidenheimer, Arnold. (2004). Disjunctions between corruption and democracy? A qualitative
295 

 
exploration. Crime, Law and Social Change, 42(1), 99–109.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CRIS.0000041039.59712.db
Heifetz, D. L. (2002). Japan’s implementation of the OECD anti-bribery convention: Weaker and
less effective than the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Pacific Rim Law & Policy
Journal, 11(1), 209–230.
Heilbrunn, J. (1999). Corruption, Democracy, and Reform in Benin. In A. Schedler, L. J.
Diamond, & M. F. Plattner (Eds.), The self-restraining state: Power and accountability in
new democracies. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Heilbrunn, J. (2004). Anticorruption Commissions: Panacea or Real Medicine to Fight
Corruption? (World Bank Institute Working Paper 37234).
Heilbrunn, J. (2012). Post-Conflict Reconstruction, Legitimacy and Anti-Corruption
Commissions. In C. Cheng & D. Zaum (Eds.), Corruption and post-conflict
peacebuilding: Selling the peace? Routledge.
Heilbrunn, J. R. (2005). Oil and Water? Elite Politicians and Corruption in France. Comparative
Politics, 37(3), 277–296. https://doi.org/10.2307/20072890
Heilman, B., Kamata, N. W., & Ndumbaro, L. (2000). Corruption, Politics, and Societal Values
in Tanzania. Journal of Social Philosophy, 31(4), 497–506.
https://doi.org/10.1111/0047-2786.00070
Heimann, F. (1994). Should Foreign Bribery Be a Crime?
Hein, M. (2015). The Fight Against Government Corruption in Romania: Irreversible Results or
Sisyphean Challenge? Europe - Asia Studies, 67(5), 747.
Heine, G., Huber, B., & Rose, T. O. (2003). Private commercial bribery: A comparison of
national and supranational legal structures. Edition Iuscrim ;
Heineman, B. (2009). The Role of the Multi-National Corporation in the Long War Against
Corruption. In R. I. Rotberg (Ed.), Corruption, global security, and world order. World
Peace Foundation : Harvard Kennedy School Program on Intrastate Conflict : American
Academy of Arts & Sciences ; Brookings Institution Press.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.PMUSE_batch:PMUSE342320151124
Heineman, B. W. (2008). High performance with high integrity. Harvard Business Press.
Heinrich, F., & Brown, A. (2017). Measuring accountability performance and its relevance for
anti-corruption: Introducing a new integrity system-based measure. Crime, Law and
Social Change, 68(3), 359–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9712-4
Heinrich, F., & Hodess, R. (2012). Measuring Corruption. In A. Graycar, R. G. Smith, A.

296 

 
Graycar, & R. G. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of global research and practice in corruption.
Edward Elgar.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:ELGAR05220150821
Helberger, C., & Knepel, H. (1988). How Big is the Shadow Economy? : A Re-analysis of the
Unobserved-variable Approach of B.S. Frey and H. Weck-Hannemann. European
Economic Review, 32, 965–976.
Helle, S.-E., & Rakner, L. (2013). Grabbing’ an Election: Abuse of State Resources in the 2011
Elections in Uganda. In Tina Søreide & A. Williams (Eds.), Corruption, grabbing and
development: Real world challenges. Edward Elgar, 2014.
Heller, W. B., Kyriacou, A. P., & Roca‐Sagalés, O. (2016). Institutional checks and corruption:
The effect of formal agenda access on governance. European Journal of Political
Research, 55(4), 681–701. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12155
Helliwell, J.F., & Huang, H. F. (2008). How’s Your Government? International Evidence
Linking Good Government and Well-Being. British Journal of Political Science, 38,
595–619.
Helliwell, John F., Huang, H., Grover, S., & Wang, S. (2018). Empirical linkages between good
governance and national well-being. Journal of Comparative Economics.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2018.01.004
Hellman, J., Jones, G., & Kaufmann, D. (2006). Far from Home: Do Foreign Investors Import
Higher Standards of Governance in Transition Economies. In T. Clarke & M. dela Rama
(Eds.), Corporate governance and globalization (pp. 206–234). SAGE.
Hellman, J., & Kaufmann, D. (2001). Confronting the Challenge of State Capture in Transition
Economies. Finance & Development, 38(3), 31.
Hellman, J. S. (1998). Winners Take All: The Politics of Partial Reform in Postcommunist
Transitions. World Politics, 50(2), 203–234.
Hellman, J. S., Jones, G., & Kaufmann, D. (2003). Seize the state, seize the day: State capture
and influence in transition economies. Journal of Comparative Economics, 31(4),
751–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2003.09.006
Hellman, J., & Schankerman, M. (2000). Intervention, Corruption and Capture: The Nexus
between Enterprises and the State. Economics of Transition, 8(3), 545–576.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0351.00055
Hellmann, O. (2014). Explaining the Institutionalization of Political Corruption: The Effects of
Colonial Rule and Decolonization. Working Paper.
Hellmann, O. (2019). The visual politics of corruption. Third World Quarterly, 40(12),
297 

 
2129–2152. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1636224
Hellner, N. (2009). Defining and Measuring Corruption: Where Have We Come From, Where
Are We Now, and What Matters for the Future. In R. I. Rotberg & M. Bunn (Eds.),
Corruption, global security, and world order (pp. 47–65). World Peace Foundation :
Harvard Kennedy School Program on Intrastate Conflict : American Academy of Arts &
Sciences ; Brookings Institution Press.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.PMUSE_batch:PMUSE342320151124
Hellsten, S. (2006). Leadership, Ethics and Politics: The Problem of Dirty Hands in the Poltical
Economy of Contemporary Africa. Ethics and Economics, 4(2).
Hellsten, S. K. (2003). “Trust Me! My Hands Are Dirty Also”: Institutionalized Corruption and
the Competing Codes of Public and Private Ethics. Professional Ethics, A
Multidisciplinary Journal, 11(1), 55–81. https://doi.org/10.5840/profethics20031114
Hellsten, S., & Larbi, G. A. (2006). Public good or private good? The paradox of public and
private ethics in the context of developing countries. Public Administration and
Development, 26(2), 135–145. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.406
Helmer, E. (2008). Corruption in International Commercial Arbitration: Fiona Trust & Holding
Corp. V. Privalov. International Arbitration News, 8(2), 2–11.
Helmer, E., & Deming, S. H. (2011). Non-governmental organizations: Anticorruption
compliance challenges and risks. International Lawyer, 45(2), 597.
Helmy, H. E. (2013). The impact of corruption on FDI: Is MENA an exception? International
Review of Applied Economics, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2012.752445
Hemsley, R. (2015). Human Rights & Corruption, States’ Human Rights Obligation to fight
Corruption. Journal of Transnational Legal Issues, 2(1), 1–24.
Henderson, J. V., & Kuncoro, A. (2011). Corruption and local democratization in Indonesia: The
role of Islamic parties. Journal of Development Economics, 94(2), 164–180.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.01.007
Henderson, & Kuncoro, A. (2004). Corruption in Indonesia (p. 10674) [NBER Working Paper
Series].
Henderson, W. (2019). Building Partnerships to Combat Fraud and Corruption Via Effective SAI
Technical Support. International Journal of Government Auditing, 46(2), 40–41.
Hendrix, S. E. (2005). New approaches to addressing corruption in the context of U.S. foreign
assistance with examples from Latin America and the Caribbean. Southwestern Journal
of Law and Trade in the Americas, 12(1), 1–23.

298 

 
Henisz, W. J. (2000). The institutional environment for multinational investment. Journal of
Law, Economics, and Organization, 16(2), 334–364.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/16.2.334
Henning, P. J. (2001). Public corruption: A comparative analysis of international corruption
conventions and United States law. Arizona Journal of International and Comparative
Law, 18(3), 793–865.
Henning, P. J. (2003). Federalism and the federal prosecution of state and local corruption. The
Kentucky Law Journal, 92(1), 75–148.
Henning, P. J. (2009). Corporate Criminal Liability and the Potential for Rehabilitation.
American Criminal Law Review, 46, 1417–1563.
Henning, P. J. (2011). The prosecution and defense of public corruption: The law and legal
strategies. Oxford University Press.
Henning, P. J. (2012a). Be Careful What You Wish For: Thoughts on a Compliance Defense
Under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Ohio State Law Journal, 73, 883–1485.
Henning, P. J. (2012b). Making sure “the buck stops here”: Barring executives for corporate
violations. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 91–128.
Hensgen, L. (2013). Corruption and Human Rights—Making the Connection at the United
Nations. In Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law (Vol. 17, pp. 197–219).
Koninklijke Brill N.V.
http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/docserver/journals/18757413/17/1/18757413_01
7_01_s008_text.pdf?expires=1498136565&id=id&accname=id22986&checksum=CFA1
75FB548CA124BE7992AE715E0185
Heo, Y., Hou, F., & Park, S. G. (2020). Does corruption grease or sand the wheels of investment
or innovation? Different effects in advanced and emerging economies. Applied
Economics. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2020.1791313
Hepburn, J. (2014). In Accordance with Which Host State Laws? Restoring the ‘Defence’ of
Investor Illegality in Investment Arbitration. Journal of International Dispute Settlement,
5(3), 531–559.
Herath, D., Lindberg, J., & Orjuela, C. (2019). Swimming upstream: Fighting systemic
corruption in Sri Lanka. Contemporary South Asia, 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2019.1579171
Hermawan, I., & Joga, T. (2018). Game Having Adventure Genre as an Innovative Humanistic
Learning Model to the Anticorruption Educational Approach in ECD. Advanced Science
Letters, 24(11), 8085–8089. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.12497

299 

 
Hernandez, T., & McGee, R. (n.d.). Ethical Attitudes Toward Taking a Bribe: A Study of Three
Latin American Countries [Working Paper].
http://dx.doi.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.2139/ssrn.2426955
Hernandez, T., & Mcgee, R. W. (2012a). Ethical Attitudes toward Taking a Bribe: A Study of
Four European Countries. Euro Asia Journal of Management, 22(1/2), 3–28.
Hernandez, T., & Mcgee, R. W. (2012b). The Ethics of Accepting a Bribe: An Empirical Study
of Opinion in the USA, Brazil, Germany and China. International Journal of Business,
Accounting & Finance, 6(2), 178–196.
Hernandez, T., & Mcgee, R. W. (2013a). Attitudes Toward Accepting a Bribe: A Longitudinal
Study of the USA. Journal of Accounting, Ethics & Public Policy, 14(4), 945–998.
Hernandez, T., & Mcgee, R. W. (2013b). Egyptian attitudes on accepting bribes. International
Journal of Business and Public Administration (IJBPA), 10(1), 142.
Hernandez, T., & Mcgee, R. W. (2013c). The Ethics of Accepting a Bribe: A Comparative Study
of Opinion in the USA, Canada and Mexico. Journal of Accounting, Ethics & Public
Policy, 14(4), 945–998.
Hernandez, T., & Mcgee, R. W. (2014a). A Demographic Study of African Attitudes on Bribery.
Journal of Accounting, Ethics & Public Policy, 15(2), 541–596.
Hernandez, T., & Mcgee, R. W. (2014b). A Longitudinal Study of French Attitudes on Accepting
Bribes [Working Paper].
Hernandez, T., & Mcgee, R. W. (2014c). Attitudes Toward Bribery in Australia: A Demographic
Study [Working Paper].
Hernandez, T., & Mcgee, R. W. (2014d). The Ethical Perceptions of Bribe Taking in Four
Muslim Countries. Journal of Accounting, Ethics & Public Policy, 15(1), 185–237.
Herrera, A. M., & Lebohang, L. (2007). Bribery and the Nature of Corruption. Unpublished
Manuscript, Michigan State University.
Herrera, J., Razafindrakoto, M., & Roubaud, F. (2007). Governance, Democracy and Poverty
Reduction: Lessons Drawn from Household Surveys in Sub‐Saharan Africa and Latin
America. International Statistical Review, 75(1), 70–95.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.2006.00005.x
Herrick, R. (2000). Who will survive? An Exploration of Factors Contributing to the Removal of
Unethical House Member. American Politics Quarterly, 28(1), 96.
Herring, C. C. (2001). 18 U.S.C. § 666: Is It a Blank Check to Federal Authorities Prosecuting
State and Local Corruption? Alabama Law Review, 52, 1317–1359.

300 

 
Herron, E. S., Boyko, N., & Thunberg, M. E. (2017). Serving Two Masters: Professionalization
versus Corruption in Ukraine’s Election Administration. Governance, 30(4), 601–619.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12247
Herron, E. S., & Sjoberg, F. M. (2016). The Impact of “Boss” Candidates and Local Political
Machines on Elections in Ukraine. Europe-Asia Studies, 68(6), 985–1002.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2016.1208811
Hertog, S. (2010). Defying the Resource Curse: Explaining Successful State-Owned Enterprises
in Rentier States. World Politics, 62(2), 261–II.
Herzfeld, T., Kulyk, I., & Wolz, A. (2018). Is Agribusiness Different? Firm-Level Evidence of
Perceived Corruption in Post-Soviet Countries. Eastern European Economics, 56(6),
504–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/00128775.2018.1503937
Herzfeld, Thomas, & Weiss, C. (2003). Corruption and legal (in)effectiveness: An empirical
investigation. European Journal of Political Economy, 19(3), 621–632.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(03)00018-1
Herzfeld, Thomas, & Weiss, C. (2007). Corruption clubs: Empirical evidence from kernel
density estimates. Applied Economics, 39(12), 1565–1572.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500461980
Hess, D., & Dunfee, T. (2000). Fighting corruption: A principled approach; The C-2 principles -
(Combating corruption). Cornell International Law Journal, 33(3), 593–626.
Hess, D., & Dunfee, T. W. (2003). Taking Responsibility for Bribery: The Multinational
Corporation’s Role in Combating Corruption. In R. Sullivan (Ed.), Business and human
rights: Dilemmas and solutions (pp. 260–271). Greenleaf.
Hess, D., & Ford, C. (2008). Corporate Corruption and Reform Undertakings: A New Approach
to an Old Problem. Cornell International Law Journal, 41(2), 307–346.
Hess, David. (2009). Catalyzing Corporate Commitment to Combating Corruption. Journal of
Business Ethics, 88(Supplement 4), 781–790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0322-7
Hess, David. (2011). Combating Corruption in International Business through Voluntary
Governance Initiatives. In T. Hale & D. Held (Eds.), Handbook of transnational
governance: Institutions and innovations (pp. 322–327). Polity.
Hess, David. (2012a). Combating corruption through corporate transparency: Using enforcement
discretion to improve disclosure. Minnesota Journal of International Law, 21(1), 42–74.
Hess, David. (2012b). Enhancing the Effectiveness of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Through
Corporate Social Responsibility. Ohio State Law Journal, 73, 1121–1485.

301 

 
Hessami, Z. (2014). Political corruption, public procurement, and budget composition: Theory
and evidence from OECD countries. European Journal of Political Economy, 34(Journal
Article), 372–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2014.02.005
Hessami, Zohal. (2010). The Size and Composition of Government Spending in Europe and Its
Impact on Well-Being. Kyklos, 63(3), 346–382.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2010.00478.x
Hessami, Zohal. (2011). On the Link Between Government Ideology and Corruption in the
Public Sector [Unpublished manuscript].
Hessami, Zohal, & Uebelmesser, S. (2016). A political-economy perspective on social
expenditures: Corruption and in-kind versus cash transfers. Economics of Governance,
17(1), 71–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-015-0178-5
Heston, A., & Kumar, V. (2008). Institutional Flaws and Corruption Incentives in India. The
Journal of Development Studies, 44(9), 1243–1261.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380802264960
Hetemi, A., Merovci, S., & Gulhan, O. (2018). Consequences of money laundering on economic
growth – The Case of Kosovo and its Trade Partners. Acta Universitatis Danubius.
Oeconomica, 14(3), 113–125.
Hetherington, K. (2018). Peasants, Experts, Clients, and Soybeans: The Fixing of Paraguay’s
Civil Service. Current Anthropology, 59(S18), S171–S181.
https://doi.org/10.1086/695715
Hetzer, W. (2008). Corruption as business practice? Criminal responsibility of enterprises in the
European Union. ERA Forum, 9(3), 387–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-008-0091-2
Heukamp, F. H., & Arino, M. A. (2010). Does Country Matter for Subjective Well-Being?
Social Indicators Research, 100(1), 155–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9610-y
Hewa Wellalage, N., Locke, S., & Samujh, H. (2020). Firm bribery and credit access: Evidence
from Indian SMEs. Small Business Economics, 55(1), 283–304.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00161-w
Heyman, J. McC., & Campbell, H. (2007). Corruption in the US Borderlands with Mexico: The
‘Purity’ of Society and the ‘Perversity’ of Borders. In M. Nuijten & G. Anders (Eds.),
Corruption and the secret of law: A legal anthropological perspective (pp. 191–218).
Ashgate.
Heymann, P. B. (1996). Democracy and Corruption.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:12967838
Heymann, P. B. (1998). Four Unresolved Questions About the Responsibilities of an
302 

 
Independent Counsel. Georgetown Law Journal, 86, 2119–2735.
Heyneman, S. P. (2004). Education and corruption. International Journal of Educational
Development, 24(6), 637–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2004.02.005
Heyneman, S. P. (2007). Buying your way into heaven: The corruption of education systems in
global perspective. Perspectives on Global Issues, 2(1), 1–8.
Heyneman, S. P. (2011). The Corruption of Ethics in Higher Education. International Higher
Education, 62, 8–9.
Heyneman, S. P., Anderson, K. H., & Nuraliyeva, N. (2008). The cost of corruption in higher
education. Comparative Education Review, 52(1), 1–25.
Heywood, P. (1997). Political Corruption: Problems and Perspectives. Political Studies, 45(3),
417–435. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00089
Heywood, P. (2005). Corruption, Democracy and Governance in Contemporary Spain. In S.
Balfour (Ed.), The politics of contemporary Spain (pp. 33–60). Routledge.
Heywood, P. (2009). Corruption. In T. Landman & N. Robinson (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of
comparative politics (pp. 363–377). SAGE.
Heywood, P. (2011). Culture versus Institutions: Social Capital, Trust and Corruption. In E.
Jones, M. F. 23- Rhodes, & C. Wood (Eds.), Developments in European politics 2.
Palgrave.
Heywood, P. (2015a). Introduction: Scale and Focus in the Study of Corruption. In Routledge
handbook of political corruption (pp. 1–13). Routledge.
Heywood, P. (2015b). Measuring Corruption: Perspectives, Critiques and Limits. In P. Heywood
(Ed.), Routledge handbook of political corruption (pp. 137–153). Routledge.
Heywood, P., & Johnson, E. (2017). Cultural specificity versus institutional universalism: A
critique of the National Integrity System (NIS) methodology. Crime, Law and Social
Change, 68(3), 309–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9709-z
Heywood, P., & Krastev, I. (2006). Political Scandals and Corruption. In P. Heywood (Ed.),
Developments in European politics (pp. 155–177). Palgrave Macmillan.
Heywood, P. M. (1996). Continuity and Change: Analysing Political Corruption in Modern
Spain. In W. Little & E. Posada Carbó (Eds.), Political corruption in Europe and Latin
America. Macmilllan Press ; StMartin’s Press.
Heywood, P. M. (2012). Integrity management and the public service ethos in the UK:
Patchwork quilt or threadbare blanket? International Review of Administrative Sciences,
78(3), 474–493. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852312445172
303 

 
Heywood, P., & Meyer‐sahling, J. (2013). Danger Zones of Corruption: How Management of the
Ministerial Bureaucracy Affects Corruption Risks in Poland. Public Administration and
Development, 33(3), 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1644
Heywood, P., Rhodes, M. F. 23-, & Jones, E. (2002). Political Corruption, Democracy, and
Governance in Western Europe. In E. Jones (Ed.), Developments in West European
politics 2. Palgrave.
Heywood, P., & Rose, J. (01). The Limits of Rule Governance. In A. Lawton (Ed.), Ethics in
Public Policy and Management: A global research companion. Taylor and Francis.
Heywood, P., & Rose, J. (2014). “Close but no Cigar”: The measurement of corruption. Journal
of Public Policy, 34(3), 507–529. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X14000099
Heywood, P., & Rose, J. (2015). Curbing Corruption or Promoting Integrity? Probing the Hidden
Conceptual Challenge. In P. Hardi (Ed.), Debates of corruption and integrity (pp.
102–119). Palgrave Macmillan.
Heywood, Paul M. (2017). Rethinking Corruption: Hocus-Pocus, Locus and Focus. The Slavonic
and East European Review, 95(1), 21–48.
https://doi.org/10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.95.1.0021
Heywood, Paul M. (2018). Combating Corruption in the Twenty-First Century: New
Approaches. Daedalus, 147(3), 83–97. https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00504
Hiah, J. (2019). The client side of everyday corruption in Central and Eastern Europe: The case
of Chinese migrant entrepreneurs in Romania. European Journal of Criminology.
http://hdl.handle.net/1765/121600
Hibbs, D. A., & Piculescu, V. (2010). Tax Toleration and Tax Compliance: How Government
Affects the Propensity of Firms to Enter the Unofficial Economy. American Journal of
Political Science, 54(1), 18–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00415.x
Hibbs, D., & Piculescu, V. (2005). Institutions, Corruption and Tax Evasion in the Unofficial
Economy [Working Paper].
Hibnu Nugroho. (2018). Reversal burden of proof on corruption in Indonesia. Проблеми
Законності, 140, 175–182. https://doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.140.121442
Hicken. (2007). How Do Rules and Institutions Encourage Vote Buying. In F. C. Schaffer (Ed.),
Elections for sale: The causes and consequences of vote buying (pp. 46–70). Lynne
Rienner Publishers.
Hicken, A. (2011). Clientelism. Annual Review of Political Science, 14(1), 289–310.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.031908.220508

304 

 
Hickman, M. J., Piquero, A. R., Powell, Z. A., & Greene, J. (2016). Expanding the measurement
of police integrity. Policing, 39(2), 246–267.
Hidalgo, F., & Nichter, S. (2016). Voter Buying: Shaping the Electorate through Clientelism.
American Journal of Political Science, 60(2), 436–455.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12214
Hildreth, J. A. D., Gino, F., & Bazerman, M. (2016). Blind loyalty? When group loyalty makes
us see evil or engage in it. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,
132(Journal Article), 16.
Hill, K. Q. (2003). Democratization and Corruption: Systematic Evidence from the American
States. American Politics Research, 31(6), 613–631.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X03255178
Hillman, A. L. (2004). Corruption and public finance: An IMF perspective. European Journal of
Political Economy, 20(4), 1067–1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2003.09.004
Hillman, A. L., & Katz, E. (1987). Hierarchical structure and the social costs of bribes and
transfers. Journal of Public Economics, 34(2), 129–142.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(87)90016-8
Hills, L. (2014). Universal Anti-Bribery Legislation Can Save International Business: A
Comparison of the FCPA and the UKBA in an Attempt to Create Universal Legislation to
Combat Bribery Around the Globe [Working Paper].
Hills, R. M. (2005). Corruption and Federalism: (When) Do Federal Criminal Prosecutions
Improve Non-Federal Democracy? Theoretical Inquiries in Law, 6(1), 113–154.
https://doi.org/10.2202/1565-3404.1102
Hilmer, P. K., & Johannsen, L. (2018). Administrative Processes as an Anti-Corruption Tool? A
View from Public Employees in the Baltic States. Baltic Journal of Law & Politics,
11(1), 131–157. https://doi.org/10.2478/bjlp-2018-0006
Hilson, G., & Maconachie, R. (2008). “Good Governance” and the Extractive Industries in
Sub-Saharan Africa. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 30(1),
52–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827500802045511
Hinchey, B. (2011). Punishing the penitent: Disproportionate fines in recent FCPA enforcements
and suggested improvements. Public Contract Law Journal, 40(2), 393.
Hindess, B. (2005). Investigating International Anti-corruption. Third World Quarterly, 26(8),
1389–1398. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590500336864
Hindess, B. (2009). International Anti-Corruption as a Program of Normalisation. In Luís de
Sousa & P. Larmour (Eds.), Governments, NGOs and anti-corruption: The new integrity
305 

 
warriors. Routledge.
Hindess, B. (2012). Introduction: How Should We Think About Corruption? In M. Barcham, B.
Hindess, & P. Larmour (Eds.), Corruption: Expanding the Focus (pp. 1–24). Canberra:
ANU Press. http://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=459875
Hindress, B. (2001). Good Government and Corruption. In Peter Larmour & N. Wolanin (Eds.),
Corruption and Anti-Corruption (pp. 1–10). Canberra.
Hindriks, J., Keen, M., & Muthoo, A. (1999). Corruption, extortion and evasion. Journal of
Public Economics, 74(3), 395–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00030-4
Hines, J. (1995). Forbidden Payment: Foreign Bribery and American Business After 1977
(NBER Working Paper Series Working Paper No. 5266; p. 5266).
Hines, N. (2007). Cultural Due Dilligence: The Lost Diligence that Must Be Found by U.S.
Corporations Conducting M&A Deals in China to Prevent Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Violations. Duquesne Business Law Journal, 9, 19–63.
Hinks, T., & Ivlevs, A. (2014). Communist party membership and bribe paying in transitional
economies [Working Paper].
http://www2.uwe.ac.uk/faculties/BBS/BUS/Research/Economics%20Papers%202014/14
01.pdf
Hira, A. (2016). Broken Windows: Why Culture Matters in Corruption Reform. Journal of
Developming Societies, 32(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X15609710
Hira, A., & Shiao, K. (2016). Understanding the Deep Roots of Success in Effective Civil
Services. 32(1), 17–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X15609711
Hisamatsu, Y. (2003). Does foreign demand affect corruption? Applied Economics Letters,
10(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850210165838
Hite-Rubin, N. (2015). A Corruption, Military Procurement and FDI Nexus. In Susan
Rose-Ackerman & P. Lagunes (Eds.), Greed, corruption, and the modern state: Essays in
political economy (pp. 224–251). Edward Elgar PubLimited.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:978178471470320151028
Hladky, V. (2018). The Manifestation of Corruption in Eastern Europe. Path of Science, 4(1),
4001–4012. https://doi.org/10.22178/pos.30-5
Hlatshwayo, S., Oeking, A., Ghazanchyan, M., Corvino, D., Shukla, A., & Leigh, L. Y. (2018).
The Measurement and Macro-Relevance of Corruption: A Big Data Approach
(WP/18/195). International Monetary Fund.
Hoang, K. K. (2018). Risky Investments: How Local and Foreign Investors Finesse

306 

 
Corruption-Rife Emerging Markets. American Sociological Review, 83(4), 657–685.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418782476
Hobbs, N. (2005). Corruption in World Bank Financed Projects: Why Bribery is a Tolerated
Anathema (Development Studies Institute Working Paper 05-65).
Hock, B. (n.d.). Policing corporate bribery: Negotiated settlements and bundling. Policing &
Society, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2020.1808650
Hock, B. (2014). Intimations of Global Anti-Bribery Regime and the Effectiveness of
Extraterritorial Enforcement: From Free-Riders to Protectionism? (SSRN Scholarly
Paper ID 2395156). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2395156
Hock, B. (2017). Transnational Bribery: When is Extraterritoriality Appropriate? (SSRN
Scholarly Paper ID 2931043). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2931043
Hock, B. (2018). The Bundling of Foreign Bribery Cases (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3157532).
Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3157532
Hodder, R. (2009). Political Interference in the Philippine Civil Service. Environment and
Planning C: Government and Policy, 27(5), 766–782. https://doi.org/10.1068/c0843b
Hodder, R. (2015). What’s Wrong with Patronage? Society, 52(2), 166–173.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-015-9878-2
Hodess, R. (2013). Civil Society and Nongovernmental Organizations as International Actors in
Anti-Corruption Advocacy. In Susan Rose-Ackerman & P. D. Carrington (Eds.),
Anti-corruption policy: Can international actors play a constructive role? (pp. 75–90).
Carolina Academic Press, 2013.
Hodge, A., Shankar, S., Rao, D. S. P., & Duhs, A. (2011). Exploring the Links Between
Corruption and Growth. Review of Development Economics, 15(3), 474–490.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9361.2011.00621.x
Hodgkinson, P. (1997). The Sociology of Corruption—Some Themes and Issues. Sociology,
31(1), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038597031001003
Hodgson, G. M. (2006). Institutions, Recessions and Recovery in the Transitional Economies.
Journal of Economic Issues, 40(4), 875–894.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2006.11506965
Hodgson, G. M., & Jiang, S. (2007). The Economics of Corruption and the Corruption of
Economics: An Institutionalist Perspective. Journal of Economic Issues, 41(4),
307 

 
1043–1061. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2007.11507086
Hodler, R. (2006). The Curse of Natural Resources in Fractionalized Countries. European
Economic Review, 50(6), 1367–1386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2005.05.004
Hodler, R., & Raschky, P. A. (2014). Regional favoritism. Quarterly Journal of Economics,
129(2), 995.
Hoff, K., & Stiglitz, J. (2005). The Creation of the Rule of Law and the Legitimacy of Property
Rights: The Political and Economic Consequences of a Corrupt Privatization. NBER
Working Paper Series, 11772. https://doi.org/10.3386/w11772
Hofstede, G. H. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and
organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
Hogarth, J. (1996). Bribery of officials in pursuit of corporate aims. Criminal Law Forum, 6(3),
557–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01096043
Hoinaru, R., Buda, D., Borlea, S. N., Văidean, V. L., & Achim, M. V. (2020). The Impact of
Corruption and Shadow Economy on the Economic and Sustainable Development. Do
They “Sand the Wheels” or “Grease the Wheels”? Sustainability, 12(2), 481.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020481
Holcombe, R., & Boudreaux, C. (2015). Regulation and Corruption. Public Choice, 164(1),
75–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-015-0263-x
Hole, J. (2020). Expediency versus Ethics: The Problem of Bribery in Late Medieval England.
Parergon, 37(1), 113–131. https://doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2020.0002
Hollard, G., & Sene, O. (2016). Social capital and access to primary health care in developing
countries: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Health Economics, 45(Journal
Article), 1.
Holloway, R. (1998). NGOs: Losing the moral high ground: corruption and misrepresentation.
Transnational Associations, 50, 233–248.
Holloway, R. (2001). Corruption and Civil Society Organisations in Indonesia [Working Paper].
Hollyer, J. R. (2010). Conditionality, compliance, and domestic interests: State capture and EU
accession policy. The Review of International Organizations, 5(4), 387–431.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-010-9085-2
Hollyer, J. R., Rosendorff, B. P., & Vreeland, J. R. (2014). Measuring Transparency. Political
Analysis, 22(4), 413.
Hollyer, J. R., & Wantchekon, L. (2015). Corruption and Ideology in Autocracies. Journal of
Law, Economics, and Organization, 31(3), 499–533. https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewu015
308 

 
Holm, J. (2000). Curbing Corruption through Democratic Accountability: Lessons from
Botswana. In Kempe R. Hope & B. C. Chikulo (Eds.), Corruption and development in
Africa: Lessons from country case-studies. Macmillan Press ; StMartin’s Press.
Holmberg, S. (2009). Perceptions of Corruption in Mass Publics [Working Paper].
Holmberg, S., & Rothstein, B. (2011a). Quality of Government and Access to Safe Water (QoG
Working Paper Series 2011:4).
Holmberg, S., & Rothstein, B. (2011b). Dying of corruption. Health Economics, Policy and Law,
6(04), 529–547. https://doi.org/10.1017/S174413311000023X
Holmberg, S., Rothstein, B., & Nasiritousi, N. (2009). Quality of Government: What You Get.
Annual Review of Political Science, 12(1), 135–161.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-100608-104510
Holmes, L. (2002). Functions and Dysfunctions of Corruption and its Reporting in Central and
Eastern Europe. In Corruption in Asia: Rethinking the Governance Paradigm (pp.
50–70).
Holmes, L. (2013). Postcommunist Transitions and Corruption: Mapping Patterns. Social
Research, 80(4), 1163–1186.
Holmes, Leslie. (1993). The end of communist power: Anti-corruption campaigns and
legitimation crisis. Polity Press ; Blackwell.
Holmes, Leslie. (1997). Corruption and the crisis of the post-communist state. Crime, Law and
Social Change, 27(3–4), 275–297.
Holmes, Leslie. (1999). Corruption in Europe. Dialogue, 18(2), 19–25.
Holmes, Leslie. (2001). Crime, Corruption and Politics: International and Transnational Factors.
In Jan Zielond Alex Pravda. Vol. 2 (Ed.), Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe:
Volume 2: International and Transnational Factors (pp. 192–230). Oxford University
Press.
Holmes, Leslie. (2003). Political Corruption in Central and Eastern Europe. In M. J. Bull & J.
Newell (Eds.), Corruption in contemporary politics (pp. 193–206). Palgrave Macmillan.
Holmes, Leslie. (2005). Russian Corruption and State Weakness in Comparative
Post-Communist Perspective. In A. Pravda (Ed.), Leading Russia—Putin in perspective:
Essays in honour of Archie Brown (pp. 75–101). Oxford University Press.
Holmes, Leslie. (2006). Rotten states?: Corruption, post-communism, and neoliberalism. Duke
University Press.
Holmes, Leslie. (2007a). Terrorism, organised crime and corruption: Networks and linkages.
309 

 
Edward Elgar.
Holmes, Leslie. (2007b). The Corruption-Organized Crime Nexus in Central and Eastern
Europe. In Terrorism, organised crime and corruption: Networks and linkages (pp.
84–108). Edward Elgar.
Holmes, Leslie. (2008a). Political Corruption Scandals and Public Attitudes towards Party
Financing: Poland and Germany Compared. In S. Eliæson (Ed.), Building civil society
and democracy in New Europe (pp. 314–355). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Holmes, Leslie. (2008b). Corruption and Organised Crime in Putin’s Russia. Europe-Asia
Studies, 60(6), 1011–1031. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668130802161249
Holmes, Leslie. (2012a). Transnational Crime, Corruption and Conflict in Russia and the Former
USSR. In M. Sussex (Ed.), Conflict in the former USSR. Cambridge University Press.
Holmes, Leslie. (2012b). Corruption and Financial Crises. In R. Pettman, Handbook on
International Political Economy (pp. 211–228). WORLD SCIENTIFIC.
http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789814366984_0014
Holmes, Leslie. (2012c). Corruption in Post-Soviet Russia. Global Change, Peace & Security,
24(2), 235–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781158.2012.678991
Holmes, Leslie. (2013). The Internationalisation of Corruption: Scale, Impact and
Countermeasures. Crime, Law and Social Change, 59(1), 137–138.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-012-9403-0
Holmes, Leslie. (2014). Police Corruption from Many Perspectives. In Police Corruption:
Essential Readings. Edward Elgar.
Holmes, Leslie. (2015a). Combating Corruption in China: The Role of the State and Other
Agencies in Comparative Perspective. Economic and Political Studies, 3(1), 42–70.
https://doi.org/10.1080/20954816.2015.11673837
Holmes, Leslie. (2015b). Different Paths to Curbing Corruption: Lessons from Denmark,
Finland, Hong Kong, New Zealand and Singapore. Asian Journal of Political Science,
23(1), 102–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185377.2015.1010444
Holmes, Leslie. (2015c). Corruption: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.
Holmes, R. (2007). Combating Corruption in the Philippines: The Difficulty and Danger of
Organizational Reform/Human Resource Development Initiatives. In P. Alfiler & E.
Nicolas (Eds.), Public Administration plus Governance: Assessing the Past, Addressing
the Future. (pp. 173–197). National College of Public Administration and Governance,
University of the Philippines.

310 

 
Holtmeier, J. (2015). Cross-Border Corruption Enforcement: A Case for Measured Coordination
among Multiple Enforcement Authorities. Fordham Law Review, 84(2), 493–523.
Holtzblatt, M., & Tschakert, N. (2014). Baker Hughes: Greasing the wheels in Kazakhstan
(FCPA violations and implementation of a corporate ethics and anti-corruption
compliance program). Journal of Accounting Education, 32(1), 36–60.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccedu.2014.01.005
Hong, F. (2019). Bureaucratic Shirking, Corruption, and Firms’ Environmental Investment and
Abatement. Environmental and Resource Economics, 1–34.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-019-00327-w
Hong, S., & Lim, J. (2016). Capture and the bureaucratic mafia: Does the revolving door erode
bureaucratic integrity? Public Choice, 166(1), 69–86.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-016-0315-x
Honorati, M., & Mengistae, T. (2007). Corruption, business environment, and small business
fixed investment in India (No. WPS4356; pp. 1–35). The World Bank.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/653241468267580835/Corruption-business-e
nvironment-and-small-business-fixed-investment-in-India
Hooghe, M., & Quintelier, E. (2014). Political participation in European countries: The effect of
authoritarian rule, corruption, lack of good governance and economic downturn.
COMPARATIVE EUROPEAN POLITICS, 12(2), 209–232.
https://doi.org/10.1057/cep.2013.3
Hooker, J. (2009). Corruption from a cross‐cultural perspective. Cross Cultural Management: An
International Journal, 16(3), 251–267. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600910977346
Hope, Kempe R. (2000). Corruption and Development in Africa. In B. C. Chikulo (Ed.),
Corruption and development in Africa: Lessons from country case-studies. Macmillan
Press ; StMartin’s Press.
Hope, Kempe Ronald. (2014). Kenya’s corruption problem: Causes and consequences.
Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 52(4), 493–512.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2014.955981
Hope, Kempe Ronald. (2016). The Corruption Problem in Swaziland: Consequences and Some
Aspects of Policy to Combat It. Journal of Developing Societies, 32(2), 130–158.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X15609715
Hope, Kempe Ronald. (2017a). Corruption and governance in Africa: Swaziland, Kenya,
Nigeria. Palgrave Macmillan.
Hope, Kempe Ronald. (2017b). Training to curb police corruption in developing countries.

311 

 
International Journal of Police Science & Management, 19(1), 3–10.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355716674371
Hope, Kempe Ronald. (2018). Police corruption and the security challenge in Kenya. African
Security, 11(1), 84–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2017.1419650
Hope, O.-K., Yue, H., & Zhong, Q. (2020). China’s Anti‐Corruption Campaign and Financial
Reporting Quality. Contemporary Accounting Research, 37(2), 1015–1043.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12557
Hope, S. (2020). Channels of corruption in Africa: Analytical review of trends in financial
crimes. Journal of Financial Crime, 27(1), 294–306.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-05-2019-0053
Hopkin, J. (1997). Political parties, political corruption, and the economic theory of democracy.
Crime, Law and Social Change, 27(3–4), 255–274.
Hopkin, J. (2002). States, markets and corruption: A review of some recent literature. Review of
International Political Economy, 9(3), 574–590.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290210150725
Hopkin, J., & RodríGuez-Pose, A. (2007). “Grabbing Hand” or “Helping Hand”?: Corruption
and the Economic Role of the State. Governance, 20(2), 187–208.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2007.00353.x
Hoppe, T. (2014). The Case for Asset Declarations in the Judiciary: Identifying Illicit
Enrichment and Conflicts of Interest. U4 Brief 2014:5.
Hopper, T. (2017). Neopatrimonialism, good governance, corruption and accounting in Africa.
Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies, 7(2), 225–248.
Horder, J. (2013). Deterring bribery: Law, regulation and the export trade. In J. Horder & P.
Alldridge (Eds.), Modern Bribery Law (pp. 196–216). Cambridge University Press.
http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139088398A018
Hornberger, J. (2018). A Ritual of Corruption: How Young Middle-Class South Africans Get
Their Driver’s Licenses. Current Anthropology, 59(S18), S138–S148.
https://doi.org/10.1086/696099
Horodnic, A. V., Mazilu, S., & Oprea, L. (2018). Drivers behind widespread informal payments
in the Romanian public health care system: From tolerance to corruption to
socio-economic and spatial patterns. The International Journal of Health Planning and
Management. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2509
Horowitz, S., Hoff, K., & Milanovic, B. (2009). Government turnover: Concepts, measures and
applications. European Journal of Political Research, 48(1), 107–129.
312 

 
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2008.00827.x
Hors, I. (2001). Fighting Corruption in Customs Administration: What Can we Learn from
Recent Experiences? (No. 175; OECD Development Centre Working Papers). OECD
Publishing. https://ideas.repec.org/p/oec/devaaa/175-en.html
Horsewood, N., & Voicu, A. M. (2012). Does corruption hinder trade for the new EU members?
Economics, 6(47), 0_1.
Hossain, A. T., Kryzanowski, L., & Ma, X. B. (2020). U.S. Political Corruption and Loan
Pricing. The Journal of Financial Research, 43(3), 459–489.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jfir.12217
Hosseini, M., Martek, I., Banihashemi, S., Chan, A., & Tahmasebi, M. (2019). Distinguishing
Characteristics of Corruption Risks in Iranian Construction Projects: A Weighted
Correlation Network Analysis. Science and Engineering Ethics, 1–27.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-019-00089-0
Hostetler, C. (2011). Going from Bad to Good: Combating Corporate Corruption on World
Bank-Funded Infrastructure Projects. Yale Human Rights & Development Law Journal,
14, 231–231.
Hotchkiss, C., & Hotchkiss, C. (1998). The Sleeping Dog Stirs: New Signs of Life in Efforts to
End Corruption in International Business. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 17(1),
108–115.
Hough, D. (2013). Corruption, Anti-Corruption and Governance. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9781137268716
Hough, D. (2017). Analysing corruption. Agenda Publishing.
Houillon, G. (2014). Corruption and Conflicts of Interest: Future Prospects on Lobbying. In J.-B.
Auby, E. Breen, & T. Perroud (Eds.), Corruption and conflicts of interest: A comparative
law approach (pp. 53–66). Edward Elgar PubLtd.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:ELGAR01620140507
Houngbo, P. T., Zweekhorst, M., Bunders, J., Coleman, H. L. S., Medenou, D., Dakpanon, L., &
De Cock Buning, T. (2017). The root causes of ineffective and inefficient healthcare
technology management in Benin public health sector. Health Policy and Technology,
6(4), 446–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2017.06.004
Houqe, M. N., & Monem, R. M. (2016). IFRS Adoption, Extent of Disclosure, and Perceived
Corruption: A Cross-Country Study. The International Journal of Accounting, 51(3),
363–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intacc.2016.07.002
Houqe, M. N., Van Zijl, T., Waresul Karim, A. K. M., & Mahoney, A. (2019). What is the
313 

 
impact of corruption on audit fees? Public Money & Management, 39(2), 123–131.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2019.1580912
Houqe, M. N., Zahir-ul-Hassan, M. K., Idrus, M. A., & van Zijl, T. (2020). Bribery and
corruption: Assessing the fairness of the Malaysian judicial system. Crime, Law, and
Social Change, 74(2), 135–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-019-09882-1
Houston, D. A. (2007). Can corruption ever improve an economy? The Cato Journal : An
Interdisciplinary Journal of Public Policy Analysis, 27(3), 325–342.
Houston, J. F., Lin, C., & Ma, Y. (2011). Media ownership, concentration and corruption in bank
lending. Journal of Financial Economics, 100(2), 326–350.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2010.12.003
Howe, S. W., & Haigh, Y. (2016). Anti‐Corruption Watchdog Accountability: The Limitations
of Judicial Review’s Ability to Guard the Guardians. Australian Journal of Public
Administration, 75(3), 305–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12185
Høyland, B., Moene, K., & Willumsen, F. (2012). The tyranny of international index rankings.
Journal of Development Economics, 97(1), 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.01.007
Hsiao, A., & Vogt, V. (2019). Correction: Effect of corruption on perceived difficulties in
healthcare access in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One, 14(11), e0224915.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224915
Hsiao, A., Vogt, V., & Quentin, W. (2019). Effect of corruption on perceived difficulties in
healthcare access in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS ONE, 14(8), e0220583.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220583
Hsiao, C., & Shen, Y. (2003). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: The Importance
of Institutions and Urbanization. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 51(4),
883–896. https://doi.org/10.1086/375711
Hsieh, C.-T., & Moretti, E. (2006). Did Iraq cheat the United Nations? Underpricing, bribes, and
the oil for food program. Quarterly Journal of Economics, cxxi(4), 1211–1248.
Hsu, Y.-H. (2008). Is Corruption a Grabbing Hand? A Panel Data Study of FDI.
http://citeweb.info/20081913017
Hu, B., & Mendoza, R. U. (2013). Public Health Spending, Governance and Child Health
Outcomes: Revisiting the Links. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 14(2),
285–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2013.765392
Hu, J., Li, X., Duncan, K., & Xu, J. (2020). Corporate relationship spending and stock price
crash risk: Evidence from China’s anti-corruption campaign. Journal of Banking and
314 

 
Finance, 113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2020.105758
Hu, J.-L., Huang, C.-H., & Chu, W.-K. (2004). Bribery, hierarchical government, and incomplete
environmental enforcement. Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, 6(3),
177–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03353936
Hu, X. (2015). Effectiveness of information technology in reducing corruption in China: A
validation of the DeLone and McLean information systems success model. The
Electronic Library, 33(1), 52–64. https://doi.org/10.1108/EL-11-2012-0148
Hu, Y., & Xu, M. (2019). China’s anti-corruption campaign, political connections and private
firms’ debt financing. China Finance Review International, 9(4), 521–553.
https://doi.org/10.1108/CFRI-09-2018-0132
Huang, C.-J. (2016). Is corruption bad for economic growth? Evidence from Asia-Pacific
countries. North American Journal of Economics & Finance, 35(Journal Article), 247.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2015.10.013
Huang, Fang, & Rice, J. (2012). Firm Networking and Bribery in China: Assessing Some
Potential Negative Consequences of Firm Openness. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(4),
533–545.
Huang, Feng, Chen, X., & Wang, L. (2018). Evolution of cooperation in a hierarchical society
with corruption control. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 449, 60–72.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.04.018
Huang, Haizhou, & Shang-Jin, W. (2003). Monetary Policies for Developing Countries: The
Role of Corruption (NBER Working Paper Series Working Paper No. 10093; p. 10093).
Huang, He, & Li, Z. (2015). Procurement auctions with ex-ante endogenous bribery. Economic
Modelling, 47(Journal Article), 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.02.017
Huang, P., & Wu, H.-M. (1994). More Order without More Law: A Theory of Social Norms and
Organizational Cultures. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 10(2), 390.
Huang, Yangguang, & Xia, J. (2019). Procurement auctions under quality manipulation
corruption. European Economic Review, 111, 380–399.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.11.001
Huang, Yasheng. (2008). Capitalism with Chinese characteristics: Entrepreneurship and the
state. Cambridge University Press.
Huang, Z., Liu, L., Zheng, W., Tan, X., & Zhao, X. (2015). Walking the Straight and Narrow:
The Moderating Effect of Evaluation Apprehension on the Relationship between
Collectivism and Corruption. PLoS One, 10(3), n/a.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123859
315 

 
Hubbard, P. (2007). Putting the Power of Transparency in Context: Information’s Role in
Reducing Corruption in Uganda’s Education Sector (Center for Global Development
Working Paper 136). Center for Global Development.
Huberts, L. (1995). Western europe and public corruption: Expert views on attention, extent and
strategies. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 3(2), 7–20.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02243081
Huberts, L. (2014). The Integrity of Governance. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9781137380814
Huberts, L. W. (1998). What can be done against public corruption and fraud: Expert views on
strategies to protect public integrity. Crime, Law and Social Change, 29(2–3), 209–224.
Huberts, L. W. J. C. (2018). Integrity: What it is and Why it is Important. Public Integrity, 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2018.1477404
Huberts, Leo W. J. C. (2000). Anticorruption Strategies: The Hong Kong Model in International
Context. Public Integrity, 2(3), 211–228.
Huchhanavar, S. S. (2020). Regulatory mechanisms combating judicial corruption and
misconduct in India: A critical analysis. Indian Law Review, 4(1), 47–84.
https://doi.org/10.1080/24730580.2020.1711498
Hudaib, M. (2020). Accounting for corruption within Islamic countries. Journal of Islamic
Accounting and Business Research, 11(3), 741–743.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-11-2017-0166
Hudon, P.-A., & Garzón, C. (2016). Corruption in public procurement: Entrepreneurial coalition
building. Crime, Law and Social Change, 66(3), 291–311.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-016-9628-4
Hudson, A., & Taylor, A. W. (2010). The International Commission against Impunity in
Guatemala: A New Model for International Criminal Justice Mechanisms. Journal of
International Criminal Justice, 8(1), 53–74. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqq003
Huff, K. M. (2016). The Case for an FCPA Exception to Dodd-Frank’s Anti-Retaliation
Provision. Rutgers Law Review, 68, 867–905.
Huffer, E. (2005). Governance, Corruption, and Ethics in the South Pacific. The Contemporary
Pacific, 17(1), 118–140. https://doi.org/10.1353/cp.2005.0014
Hughes, A. G. (2013). Drawing sensible borders for the definition of “foreign official” under the
FCPA. American Journal of Criminal Law, 40(3), 253–279.
Hughes, D. M. (2000). The “Natasha” Trade: The Transnational Shadow Market of Trafficking

316 

 
in Women. Journal of International Affairs, 53(2), 625–651. JSTOR.
Huisman, W., & Vande Walle, G. (2010). The Criminology of Corruption. In G. de Graaf, P. von
Maravić, & F. P. Wagenaar (Eds.), The good cause: Theoretical perspectives on
corruption (pp. 115–145). http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/handle/1871/50843
Huisman, Wim, & Sidoli, D. (2019). Corporations, human rights and the environmental
degradation-corruption nexus. Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law, 22(1), 66–92.
https://doi.org/10.4337/apjel.2019.01.04
Humphrey, C., & Sneath, D. (2004). Shanghaied by the Bureaucracy: Bribery and Post-Soviet
Officialdom in Russia and Mongolia. In I. Pardo (Ed.), Between morality and the law:
Corruption, anthropology and comparative society (pp. 85–100). Ashgate.
Hundt, S., & Horsch, A. (2019). Sponsorship of the FIFA world cup, shareholder wealth, and the
impact of corruption. Applied Economics, 51(23), 2468–2491.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1545082
Hundtofte, S., & Rantala, V. (2018). Anonymous Capital Flows and U.S. Housing Markets
(SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3186634). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3186634
Hung, C.-H. D., Jiang, Y., Liu, F. H., Tu, H., & Wang, S. (2017). Bank political connections and
performance in China. Journal of Financial Stability, 32, 57–69.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2017.09.003
Hung, H. (2008). Normalized Collective Corruption in a Transitional Economy: Small Treasuries
in Large Chinese Enterprises. Journal of Business Ethics, 79(1), 69–83.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9396-2
Hung, M., Kim, Y., & Li, S. (2018). Political connections and voluntary disclosure: Evidence
from around the world. Journal Of International Business Studies, 49(3), 272–302.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-017-0139-z
Hunt, J. (2004). Trust and Bribery: The Role of the Quid Pro Quo and the Link with Crime.
NBER Working Paper Series, 10510. https://doi.org/10.3386/w10510
Hunt, J. (2007a). Why Are Some Public Officials More Corrupt Than Others? In Susan
Rose-Ackerman (Ed.), International handbook on the economics of corruption (pp.
323–351). Edward Elgar Publishing.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=P60nmWlJWEoC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&d
q=Susan+Rose-Ackerman+ed.,+International+Handbook+on+the+Economics+of+Corru
ption+&ots=j9bbzI2XBk&sig=oOSzudVG-0j37IntfuiuLc0APXw
Hunt, J. (2007b). How corruption hits people when they are down. Journal of Development

317 

 
Economics, 84(2), 574–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2007.02.003
Hunt, J. (2010). Bribery in health care in Uganda. Journal of Health Economics, 29(5), 699–707.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2010.06.004
Hunt, J., & Laszlo, S. (2005). Bribery: Who Pays, Who Refuses, What Are the Payoffs? (NBER
Working Paper Series Working Paper No. 11635; p. 11635).
Hunt, J., & Laszlo, S. (2012). Is Bribery Really Regressive? Bribery’s Costs, Benefits, and
Mechanisms. World Development, 40(2), 355–372.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.06.001
Hunt, S. (2011). Refining Black Gold: The Dodd-Frank Act and Corruption in the Oil Industry.
16, 41–345.
Hunter, M., Mardini, R. U., El-Seblani, A., & Elsayed, S. (2020). Anti-corruption, Transparency
and Accountability: Case Study of Healthcare in the Arab Countries. Global Health
Action, 13(sup1), 1704529. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2019.1704529
Hunter, S. G. (2011). A comparative analysis of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K.
Bribery Act, and the practical implications of both on international business. ILSA
Journal of International & Comparative Law, 18(1), 89–113.
Hur, J., Parinduri, R. A., & Riyanto, Y. E. (2011). Cross-Border M&a Inflows and Quality of
Country Governance: Developing Versus Developed Countries. Pacific Economic
Review, 16(5), 638–655. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0106.2011.00568.x
Hurson, D. W. (2001). Mail fraud, the intangible rights doctrine, and the infusion of state law: A
Bermuda triangle of sorts.(Case Note). Houston Law Review, 38(1), 297–334.
Huskins, P. C. (2008). FCPA prosecutions: Liability trend to watch. Stanford Law Review, 60(5),
1447.
Huss, O., Bader, M., Meleshevych, A., & Nesterenko, O. (2020). Explaining Variation in the
Effectiveness of Anti-Corruption Activism in Ukraine’s Regions: The Role of Local
Context, Political Will, Institutional Factors, and Structural Factors. Demokratizatsiya,
28(2), 201–227.
Huss, R. (2019). Our Blind Spots in the Fight Against Health Systems Corruption Comment on
“We Need to Talk About Corruption in Health Systems.” International Journal of Health
Policy and Management, 9(1), 34–38. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.81
Hussman, K. (2007). Anti-Corruption Policy Making in Practice: What Can Be Learned for
Implementing Article 5 of UNCAC? (Report of Six Country Case Studies: Georgia,
Indonesia, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Tanzania and Zambia U4 Report 2007:1).

318 

 
Hussman, K., Hechler, H., & Penalillo, M. (2009). Institutional Arrangements for Corruption
Prevention: Considerations for the Implementation of the United Nations Convention
Against Corruption (U4 Issue 2009:4).
Hussmann, K. (2019). Demystify False Dilemmas to Speak About Corruption in Health Systems:
Different Actors, Different Perspectives, Different Strategies Comment on “We Need to
Talk About Corruption in Health Systems.” International Journal of Health Policy and
Management, 8(10), 620–622. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.61
Husted, B. W. (1994). Honor among Thieves: A Transaction-Cost Interpretation of Corruption in
Third World Countries. Business Ethics Quarterly, 4(1), 17.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3857556
Husted, B. W. (1999). Wealth, Culture, and Corruption. Journal of International Business
Studies, 30(2), 339–359. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490073
Hutahaean, A., & Indarti, E. (2020). Implementation of investigation by the Indonesian national
police in eradicating corruption crime. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 23(1),
136–154. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-12-2018-0075
Hutchcroft, P. D. (1997). The Politics of Privilege: Assessing the Impact of Rents, Corruption,
and Clientelism on Third World Development. Political Studies, 45(3), 639–658.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00100
Hutchcroft, P. D. (2000). Obstructive Corruption: The Politics of Privilege in the Philippines. In
Mushtaq H. Khan & K. S. Jomo (Eds.), Rents, Rent-Seeking and Economic Development
(pp. 207–247). Cambridge University Press.
http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139085052A041
Huther, J. (2000). Anti-corruption policies and programs: A framework for evaluation. World
Bank, Operations Evaluations Department, Country Evaluation and Regional Relations
Div.
Hwang, J. (2002). A note on the relationship between corruption and government revenue.
Journal of Economic Development, 27(2), 161–177.
Hwang, M., & Lim, K. (2012). Corruption in Arbitration – Law and Reality. Asian International
Arbitration Journal, 8(1), 1–119.
Iancu, B. (2019). Quod licet Jovi non licet bovi?: The Venice Commission as Norm
Entrepreneur. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40803-019-00088-0
Iarossi, G. (2006). The Power of Survey Design: A User’s Guide for Managing Surveys,
Interpreting Results, and Influencing Respondents. The World Bank.

319 

 
http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-0-8213-6392-8
Ibrahim, M., Bawole, J. N., Obuobisa-Darko, T., Abubakar, A.-B., & Kumasey, A. S. (2017).
The legal regime and the compliance façade in public procurement in Ghana. The
International Journal of Public Sector Management, 30(4), 370–390.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-09-2016-0156
Idakwoji, S. P. (2010). Leadership, corruption and development. Canadian Social Science, 6(6),
173–197.
Ifeka, C. (2001). Playing civil society tunes: Corruption and misunderstanding Nigeria’s ‘real’
political institutions. Review of African Political Economy, 28(89), 461–465.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03056240108704551
Igiebor, G. O. (2019). Political Corruption in Nigeria: Implications for Economic Development
in the Fourth Republic. Journal of Developing Societies, 35(4), 493–513.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X19890745
Ihugba, B. U. (2014). A critical analysis of the auditing and reporting functions of Nigeria
Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (NEITI) Act 2007 lessons for EITI countries.
Journal of International Trade Law and Policy : JITLP, 13(3), 232–245.
Iimi, A. (2007). Escaping from the Resource Curse: Evidence from Botswana and the Rest of the
World. IMF Staff Papers, 54(4), 663–699.
https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.imfsp.9450020
Ikharehon, J., & Omoregie, N. (2015). Corruption and Poverty Challenges in Nigeria. Indian
Journal of Commerce and Management Studies, 6(1), 96–102.
Iloie, R. E. (2015). Connections between FDI, Corruption Index and Country Risk Assessments
in Central and Eastern Europe. Procedia Economics and Finance, 32, 626–633.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01442-2
Imai, M. (2006). Mixing Family Business with Politics in Thailand. Asian Economic Journal,
20(3), 241–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8381.2006.00234.x
Imam, M. I., Jamasb, T., & Llorca, M. (2019). Sector reforms and institutional corruption:
Evidence from electricity industry in Sub-Saharan Africa. Energy Policy, 129, 532–545.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.02.043
Imam, P. A., & Jacobs, D. (2014). Effect of Corruption on Tax Revenues in the Middle East.
Review of Middle East Economics and Finance, 10(1), 1–24.
https://doi.org/10.1515/rmeef-2014-0001
Imamah, N., Lin, T.-J., Suhadak, & Hung, J.-H. (2020). The Moderating Effect of an
Anti-corruption Campaign on the Relation between Political Connections and Investment
320 

 
Behavior—The Case of Chinese Listed Firms. Australasian Accounting, Business and
Finance Journal, 14(1), 14–32. https://doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v14i1.3
Imami, D., Lami, E., & Uberti, L. J. (2018). Election cycles in mining licensing: Theory and
evidence from Albania. Post-Communist Economies, 30(1), 99–116.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2017.1361692
Immordino, G., & Pagano, M. (2010). Legal Standards, Enforcement, and Corruption. Journal of
the European Economic Association, 8(5), 1104–1132.
In’airat, M. (2014). Aid allocation, selectivity, and the quality of governance. Journal of
Economics, Finance & Administrative Science, 19(36), 63–68.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jefas.2014.03.002
INCERTI, T. (2020). Corruption Information and Vote Share: A Meta-Analysis and Lessons for
Experimental Design. The American Political Science Review, 114(3), 761–774.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000305542000012X
Indawati, N. (2015). The Development of Anti- Corruption Education Course for Primary School
Teacher Education Students. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(35), 48–54.
Infante, D., & Smirnova, J. (2016). Environmental Technology Choice in the Presence of
Corruption and the Rule of Law Enforcement. Transformations In Business &
Economics, 15(1), 214–227.
Infante, Davide, & Smirnova, J. (2009). Rent-seeking under a weak institutional environment.
Economics Letters, 104(3), 118–121.
Infante, L., & Piazza, M. (2014). Political connections and preferential lending at local level:
Some evidence from the Italian credit market. Journal of Corporate Finance, 29(Journal
Article), 246.
Ing, L. (2016). Building and Maintaining an Effective Compliance Program. International
Journal of Organizational Leadership, 5(1), 24–39.
Ingle, B., & McClure, S. (2008). The Soprano State: New Jersey’s Culture of Corruption.
Macmillan.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Hl17n482_KQC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq
=The+Soprano+State:+New+Jersey%E2%80%99s+Culture+of+Corruption&ots=lRWR
MlvkEe&sig=RR6RnAhxyADc1Xpx3MLcZNKpcXA
Inman, K., & Andrews, J. T. (2009). Corruption and political participation in Africa: Evidence
from survey and experimental research (pp. 3–6) [Working Paper].
https://fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/evnts/media/Inman_Andrews_Corruption_and_
Participation_in_Africa.pdf

321 

 
Innes, A. (2016). Corporate State Capture in Open Societies: The Emergence of Corporate
Brokerage Party Systems. East European Politics And Societies, 30(3), 594–620.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325416628957
Innes, Abby. (2014). The Political Economy of State Capture in Central Europe: The political
economy of state capture in central Europe. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies,
52(1), 88–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12079
Innes, R., & Mitra, A. (2013). Is dishonesty contagious? Economic Inquiry, 51(1), 722–734.
International Council on Human Rights Policy. (2009). Corruption and Human Rights: Making
the Connection. https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=248148
International Council on Human Rights Policy, C. (2010). Integrating Human Rights into the
Anti-corruption agenda: Challenges, possibilities and opportunities.
International Monetary Fund. (2016). Corruption: Costs and Mitigating Strategies (SDN/16/05).
Ionescu, Luminija. (2015). Electoral accountability and political corruption. Economics,
Management & Financial Markets, 10(3), 63.
Ionescu, Luminita. (2010). The relationship between government effectiveness and corruption.
Economics, Management and Financial Markets, 5(4), 226.
Ionescu, Luminita. (2014). The Adverse Effects of Corruption on Growth and Development.
Economics, Management and Financial Markets, 9(4), 125–130.
Ionescu, Luminita. (2015a). The Economics of Corruption in Professional Sport. Economics,
Management and Financial Markets, 10(2), 109–114.
Ionescu, Luminita. (2015b). The Role of E-Government in Curbing the Corruption in Public
Administration. Economics, Management and Financial Markets, 10(1), 48–53.
Ionescu, Luminita. (2015c). Why do Electors Support Corrupt Politicians? Economics,
Management & Financial Markets, 10(4), 61–68.
Ionescu, Luminita. (2016a). E-Government and Social Media as Effective Tools in Controlling
Corruption in Public Administration. Economics, Management and Financial Markets,
11(1), 66–72.
Ionescu, Luminiţa. (2016). Has China’s Anti-corruption Strategy Reduced Corruption or Purged
Political Rivals? Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, 8(1), 245–251.
Ionescu, Luminita. (2016b). Political and Economic Determinants of Public Corruption in the
United States. Economics, Management and Financial Markets, 11(2), 87–93.
Ionescu, Luminiţa. (2018). Where Does It Hurt? Governance and Corruption in Health Care

322 

 
Delivery in CEE Countries. Economics, Management and Financial Markets, 13(3),
80–85. https://doi.org/10.22381/EMFM13320185
Ionescu, Luminiţa, Lăzăroiu, G., & Iosif, G. (2012). Corruption and bureaucracy in public
services. Amfiteatru Economic, 14, 665–679.
Iossa, E., & Martimort, D. (2011). Post-tender corruption and risk allocation: Implications for
public-private partnerships (CEIS Research Paper 195). Tor Vargata University.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1846507
Iossa, E., & Martimort, D. (2016). Corruption in PPPs, Incentives and Contract Incompleteness.
International Journal of Industrial Organization, 44(Journal Article), 85–100.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2015.10.007
Iqbal, M. S., & Seo, J.-W. (2008). E-Governance as an anti-corruption tool: Korean Cases.
Journal of Korean.
http://www.karis21.or.kr/karis21admin/adaction/down/03Iqbal_Seo.pdf
Iqbal, Q., & Ahmad, N. (2020). Workplace spirituality and nepotism-favouritism in selected
ASEAN countries: The role of gender as moderator. Journal of Asia Business Studies,
14(1), 31–49. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-01-2018-0019
Iriyama, A., Kishore, R., & Talukdar, D. (2016). Playing dirty or building capability? Corruption
and HR training as competitive actions to threats from informal and foreign firm rivals.
Strategic Management Journal, 37(10), 2152–2173. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2447
Isaksson, A.-S. (2015). Corruption Along Ethnic Lines: A Study of Individual Corruption
Experiences in 17 African Countries. Journal of Development Studies, 51(1), 80–92.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2014.947282
Isaksson, A.-S., & Kotsadam, A. (2018). Chinese aid and local corruption. Journal of Public
Economics, 159, 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.01.002
Isham, J. (2005). The Varieties of Resource Experience: Natural Resource Export Structures and
the Political Economy of Economic Growth. The World Bank Economic Review, 19(2),
141–174. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhi010
Ishiguro, S. (2004). Collusion and discrimination in organizations. Journal of Economic Theory,
116(2), 357–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jet.2003.07.002
Ishola Mobolaji, H., & Omoteso, K. (2009). Corruption and economic growth in some selected
transitional economies. Social Responsibility Journal, 5(1), 70–82.
https://doi.org/10.1108/17471110910940014
Islam, A., & Lee, W.-S. (2016). Bureaucratic Corruption and Income: Evidence from the Land
Sector in Bangladesh. The Journal of Development Studies, 52(10), 1499–1516.
323 

 
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1146702
Islam, M. (2014). Bribery and corruption in Australian local councils. Public Money &
Management, 34(6), 441.
Islam, M. A., Dissanayake, T., Dellaportas, S., & Haque, S. (2016). Anti-bribery disclosures: A
response to networked governance. Accounting Forum, Journal Article.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2016.03.002
Islam, M. A., Haque, S., Dissanayake, T., Leung, P., & Handley, K. (2015). Corporate
Disclosure in Relation to Combating Corporate Bribery: A Case Study of Two Chinese
Telecommunications Companies: Corporate Disclosure in Relation to Combating
Corporate Bribery. Australian Accounting Review, 25(3), 309–326.
https://doi.org/10.1111/auar.12064
Islam, Rabiul, Walkerden, G., & Amati, M. (2017). Households’ experience of local government
during recovery from cyclones in coastal Bangladesh: Resilience, equity, and corruption.
Natural Hazards, 85(1), 361–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2568-6
Islam, Roumeen. (2006). Does More Transparency Go Along With Better Governance?
Economics and Politics, 18(2), 121–167.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2006.00166.x
Islam, Roumeen. (2007). Economic Information and Finance: More Information Means More
Credit, Fewer Bad Loans, and Less Corruption. World Bank Publications.
Islam, Roumeen, & Montenegro, C. E. (2002). What determines the quality of institutions?
(World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2764).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=634477
Islamova, E., & Golovko, I. (2017). The Implementation of the Human Rights Prosecutor of
Powers by the Courts When Considering Civil Cases Challenging the Dismissal of
Employees Who Committed Corruption Offences. Krymskij Naučnyj Vestnik, 2, 3–22.
Ismail, A., & Rashid, K. (2014). Time series analysis of the nexus among corruption, political
instability and judicial inefficiency in Pakistan. Quality & Quantity, 48(5), 2757–2771.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-013-9922-5
Ismail Adelopo. (2018). Trust Deficit and Anti-corruption Initiatives. Journal of Business Ethics,
1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-4059-z
Isra, S., Yuliandri, F., Amsari, H., & Tegnan, H. (2017). Obstruction of justice in the effort to
eradicate corruption in Indonesia. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.07.001
Issacharoff, S. (2010). On Political Corruption. Harvard Law Review, 124(1), 118.
324 

 
Itebiye, B. O. (2016). Corruption in Nigerian Society and the Insouciancing of the Church in the
Light of Micah 3:9-12. European Scientific Journal, 12(20), 328.
https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.vl2n20p328
Ivanov, E., Van der Merwe, A., Stevens, P., Bottino, T., Carmo, L. U. do, Goldschmidt, P. C.,
Estellita, H., Onok, M., Scomparin, L., Quattrocolo, S., & others. (2014). Legal
Regulation of Combating Corruption. Report of the LSGL’s Research Group (Law
Schools Global League Research Paper No. 2).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2461487
Ivanov, K. (2010). The 2007 accession of Bulgaria and Romania: Ritual and reality. Global
Crime, 11(2), 210–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440571003669217
Ivanov, K. S. (2007). The Limits of a Global Campaign against Corruption. In S. Bracking (Ed.),
Corruption and Development (pp. 28–45). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9780230590625_2
Ivanyna, M., Moumouras, A., & Rangazas, P. (2016). The Culture of Corruption, Tax Evasion,
and Economic Growth. Economic Inquiry, 54(1), 520–542.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12228
Ivanyna, M., Mourmouras, A., & Rangazas, P. (2015). Corruption, Public Debt, and Economic
Growth [Working Paper].
https://msu.edu/~ivanynam/research/corr_debt/Ivanyna_Mourmouras_Rangazas_Corrupt
ion_Public_Debt_2015.pdf
Ivanyna, M., & Shah, A. (2011). Decentralization and corruption: New cross-country evidence.
Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 29(2), 344–362.
https://doi.org/10.1068/c1081r
Iversen, V., Chhetry, B., Francis, P., Gurung, M., Kafle, G., Pain, A., & Seeley, J. (2006). High
value forests, hidden economies and elite capture: Evidence from forest user groups in
Nepal’s Terai. Ecological Economics, 58(1), 93–107.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.05.021
Ives, D., & Guimarães, B. G. (2016). Anti-Corruption Organisms And Us Hegemony In Central
America. Revista Conjuntura Austral, 7(37), 04–08.
Ivlevs, A., & King, R. M. (2017). Does emigration reduce corruption? Public Choice, 171(3–4),
389–408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-017-0442-z
Ivlevs, Artjoms, & Hinks, T. (2015a). Bribing Behaviour and Sample Selection: Evidence from
Post-Socialist Countries and Western Europe. Jahrbücher Für Nationalökonomie Und
Statistik, 235(2), 139–167.

325 

 
Ivlevs, Artjoms, & Hinks, T. (2015b). Global Economic Crisis and Corruption. Public Choice,
162(3–4), 447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-014-0213-z
Ivory, R. (2014a). Corruption, Asset Recovery, and the Protection of Property in Public
International Law: The Human Rights of Bad Guys. Cambridge University Press.
http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781107415737
Ivory, R. (2014b). Transparency and Opacity in the International Legal Framework Against
Corruption. In A. Castro (Ed.), Buen gobierno y derechos humanos: Nuevas perspectivas
en el derecho público para fortalecer la legitimidad... Pontificia Universidad Católica del
Perú.
Ivory, R. (2016). Asset recovery in four dimensions: Returning wealth to victim countries as a
challenge for global governance. In Chasing criminal money: Challenges and
perspectives on asset recovery in the EU (pp. 1–1). Hart.
https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:396551
Ivory, R. D. (2013). The Right to a Fair Trial and International Cooperation in Criminal Matters:
Article 6 ECHR and the Recovery of Assets in Grand Corruption Cases. Utrecht Law
Review, 9(4), 147. https://doi.org/10.18352/ulr.247
Iwasaki, I., & Suzuki, T. (2007). Transition strategy, corporate exploitation, and state capture:
An empirical analysis of the former Soviet states. Communist and Post-Communist
Studies, 40(4), 393–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2007.10.001
Iwasaki, I., & Suzuki, T. (2012). The determinants of corruption in transition economies.
Economics Letters, 114(1), 54–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.08.016
Iwińska, K., Kampas, A., & Longhurst, K. (2019). Interactions between Democracy and
Environmental Quality: Toward a More Nuanced Understanding. Sustainability, 11(6),
1728. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061728
Iyanda, D. O. (2012). Corruption: Definitions, theories and concepts. Arabian Journal of
Business and Management Review, 2(4), 37.
Iyer, D. (2011). Earning a Reputation for Independence: Ghana’s Commission on Human Rights
and Administrative Justice, 1993-2003. Innovations for Successful Societies, Princeton
University.
Iyer, D. (2013). Inducing Honesty, Changing Norms: Government Ethics in Brazil, 1995-2004.
Innovations for Successful Societies, Princeton University.
Jaakson, K., Johannsen, L., Vadi, M., Ashyrov, G., & Reino, A. (2019). The role of costs,
benefits, and moral judgments in private-to-private corruption. Crime, Law and Social
Change, 71(1), 83–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-018-9790-y

326 

 
Jaber-López, T., García-Gallego, A., Perakakis, P., & Georgantzis, N. (2014). Physiological and
behavioral patterns of corruption. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 434.
Jablonski, R. S. (2014). How Aid Targets Votes: The Impact of Electoral Incentives on Foreign
Aid Distribution. World Politics, 66(2), 293–330.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887114000045
Jackson, A., Forsberg, B., Chansa, C., & Sundewall, J. (2020). Responding to aid volatility:
Government spending on district health care in Zambia 2006-2017. Global Health
Action, 13(1), 1724672. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2020.1724672
Jackson, G., Brammer, S., Karpoff, J. M., Lange, D., Zavyalova, A., Harrington, B., Partnoy, F.,
King, B. G., & Deephouse, D. L. (2014). Grey areas: Irresponsible corporations and
reputational dynamics. SOCIO-ECONOMIC REVIEW, 12(1), 153–218.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwt021
Jackson, J., Asif, M., Bradford, B., & Zakria Zakar, M. (2014). Corruption and Police
Legitimacy in Lahore, Pakistan. British Journal of Criminology, 54(6), 1067–1088.
Jackson, M., & Smith, R. (1996). Inside Moves and Outside Views: An Australian Case Study of
Elite and Public Perceptions of Political Corruption. Governance, 9(1), 23–42.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.1996.tb00232.x
Jackson, R. (2012). Blowing the Whistle on the Pay-to-Play Game: Campaign Financing Reform
in New Jersey, 1998-2012. Innovations for Successful Societies, Princeton University.
Jacob, M. S., & Schenke, G. (2020). Partisanship and institutional trust in Mongolia.
Democratization, 27(4), 605–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1711060
Jacobs, L. G., & Wagner, B. B. (2007). Limits to the Independent Anti-Corruption Commission
Model of Corruption Reform: Lessons from Indonesia. Pac. McGeorge Global Bus. &
Dev. LJ, 20, 327.
Jacobson, G. C., & Dimock, M. A. (1994). Checking Out: The Effects of Bank Overdrafts on the
1992 House Elections. American Journal of Political Science, 38(3), 601.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2111599
Jacobsson, K. (2006). ‘A Token of Gratitude’? A Morally Ambiguous Case of Bribery. Journal
of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 7(1), 3–22.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14043850600643462
Jacobsson, K. (2012). Accounts of Honesty: Refuting Allegations of Bribery. Deviant Behavior,
33(2), 108–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2010.548294
Jacquemet, N. (2012). Corruption as betrayal: Experimental evidence [Working Paper].

327 

 
Jadhav, P. (2012). Determinants of foreign direct investment in BRICS economies: Analysis of
economic, institutional and political factor. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences,
37, 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.270
Jaeschke, R., Lopatta, K., & Yi, C. (2018). Managers’ use of language in corrupt firms’ financial
disclosures: Evidence from FCPA violators. Scandinavian Journal of Management,
34(2), 170–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2018.01.004
Jafari Samimi, A., & Hosseinmardi, H. (2011). Gender and corruption: Evidence from selected
developing countries. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 9(6), 718–727.
Jafari Samimi, A., Monfared, M., & Hosseini, M. (2013). Women’s Participation Rate in Labor
Market and Corruption. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 14(6), 867–872.
Jafari Samimi, A., Zakeri, Z., Moghaddasi, R., & Azizi, K. (n.d.). Corruption and Fiscal
Decentralization: Evidence from Some Developing Countries. Global Journal of
Strategies, Governance & Applied Economics, 3(1), 75–86.
Jafari Samimi, Ahmad, & Abedini, M. (2011). Corruption and inflation tax in the Middle East
and North Africa (MENA) Region: Sensitivity to definition of corruption. Journal of
Social & Development Sciences, 1(2), 67–73.
Jafari Samimi, Ahmad, Abedini, M., & Abdollahi, M. (2012). Corruption and Inflation Tax in
Selected Developing Countries. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 11(3),
391–395.
Jafari Samimi, Ahmad, & Monfared, M. (2011). Corruption and FDI in OIC Countries.
Information Management & Business Review, 2(3), 106–111.
Jafari Samimi, Ahmad, Potanlar, K., & Roshan, A. R. (2010). Corruption and Tax Revenues:
New Evidence from Some Developing Countries. Australian Journal of Basic and
Applied Sciences, 4(9), 4218–4222.
Jaffery, I. H., & Mughal, R. A. L. (2020). Money-laundering risk and preventive measures in
Pakistan. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 23(3), 699–714.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-02-2020-0016
Jagger, P., & Shively, G. (2015). Taxes and Bribes in Uganda. Journal of Development Studies,
51(1), 66–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2014.947278
Jahedi, S., & Méndez, F. (2014). On the advantages and disadvantages of subjective measures.
Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 98, 97–114.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2013.12.016
Jahnke, B. (2017). How does petty corruption affect tax morale in sub-Saharan Africa? An
empirical analysis (No. 008; WIDER Working Paper Series). World Institute for
328 

 
Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
https://ideas.repec.org/p/unu/wpaper/wp2017-8.html
Jaimovich, E., & Rud, J. P. (2014). Excessive public employment and rent-seeking traps. Journal
of Development Economics, 106(C), 144–155.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.09.007
Jain, A. (Ed.). (2001). The Political Economy of Corruption (Vol. 2). Routledge.
http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/book/10.4324/9780203468388
Jain, A. K. (2011). Corruption: Theory, evidence and policy. CESinfo DICE Report, 9(2), 3–9.
Jain, Arvind K. (2001). Corruption: A Review. Journal of Economic Surveys, 15(1), 71–121.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6419.00133
Jain, Arvind K. (2005). Can We Fight Corruption Through Debt Relief? In Civil Society and
Corruption: Mobilizing for Reform (p. 115).
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=gHNGPLy_cOwC&oi=fnd&pg=PA115
&dq=.+%E2%80%9CCan+We+Fight+Corruption+through+Debt+Relief%3F%E2%80%
9D,+in+Micheal+Johnston,+ed.,+Civil+Society+and+Corruption:+Mobilizing+for+Refor
m+&ots=wDtXRKKI5D&sig=mAj3SnGVkDuYwmonTWESyoQ6wPY
Jain, Arvind K. (2017). Fighting corruption: Contemporary measures in Canada. Canadian
Foreign Policy, 23(1), 93–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2016.1270846
Jain, P. K., Kuvvet, E., & Pagano, M. S. (2017). Corruption’s impact on foreign portfolio
investment. International Business Review, 26(1), 23–35.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2016.05.004
Jain, R. (2020). Bribery and firm performance in India: A political economy perspective. Journal
of Asian Economics, 68, 101181-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2020.101181
Jajkowicz, O., & Drobiszová, A. (2015). The Effect of Corruption on Government Expenditure
Allocation in OECD Countries. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae
Mendelianae Brunensis, 63(4), 1251–1259.
https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563041251
Jakobi, A. P. (2013). The changing global norm of anti-corruption: From bad business to bad
government. Zeitschrift Für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft, 7(S1), 243–264.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-013-0160-y
Jakobi, Anja. (2018). Governing illicit finance in transnational security spaces: The FATF and
anti-money laundering. Crime, Law and Social Change, 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9750-y
Jakobi, AP. (2017). Global norms and US foreign policy change: The governance of
329 

 
transnational crime. International Politics, 54(6), 683–697.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-017-0059-3
Jalil, A., Qureshi, A., & Feridun, M. (2016). Is corruption good or bad for FDI? Empirical
evidence from Asia, Africa and Latin America. Panoeconomicus, 63(3), 259–271.
https://doi.org/10.2298/PAN1603259J
Jalles, J. T. (2011). The impact of democracy and corruption on the debt-growth relationship in
developing countries. Journal of Economic Development, 36(4), 41.
Jameel, A., Asif, M., Hussain, A., Hwang, J., Sahito, N., & Bukhari, M. H. (2019). Assessing the
Moderating Effect of Corruption on the E-Government and Trust Relationship: An
Evidence of an Emerging Economy. Sustainability, 11(23), 6540.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236540
James, Jr., H. S. (2002). When Is a Bribe a Bribe? Teaching a Workable Definition of Bribery.
Teaching Business Ethics, 6(2), 199–217. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015261222138
Jamil, F., & Ahmad, E. (2019). Policy considerations for limiting electricity theft in the
developing countries. Energy Policy, 129, 452–458.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.02.035
Jamil, I., Askvik, S., & Baniamin, H. M. (2016). Citizens’ Trust in Anticorruption Agencies: A
Comparison Between Bangladesh and Nepal. International Journal of Public
Administration, 39(9), 676–685. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2016.1162805
Janardhanan, V., & Nambudiri, R. (2019). Developing a Corruption-Vulnerability Index for
Organizations: A Study of Indian State-Owned Enterprises. Public Administration
Quarterly, 43(3), 401–453.
Jancsics, D. (2013). Petty corruption in Central and Eastern Europe: The client’s perspective.
Crime, Law and Social Change, 60(3), 319–341.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-013-9451-0
Jancsics, D. (2014). Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Corruption: Interdisciplinary Perspectives
on Corruption. Sociology Compass, 8(4), 358–372. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12146
Jancsics, D. (2015a). “A friend gave me a phone number”—Brokerage in low-level corruption.
International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 43(1), 68.
Jancsics, D. (2015b). Imperatives in informal organizational resource exchange in Central
Europe. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 6(1), 59–68.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2014.10.001
Jancsics, D. (2016). Offshoring at Home? Domestic Use of Shell Companies for Corruption.
Public Integrity, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2016.1200412
330 

 
Jancsics, D. (2018). Shell Companies and Government Corruption. In Global Encyclopedia of
Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance (pp. 1–5). Springer, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_3566-1
Jancsics, D. (2019a). Corruption as Resource Transfer: An Interdisciplinary Synthesis. Public
Administration Review. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13024
Jancsics, D. (2019b). Border Corruption. Public Integrity, 0(0), 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2019.1581043
Jancsics, D., & Jávor, I. (2012). Corrupt Governmental Networks. International Public
Management Journal, 15(1), 62–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2012.684019
Janenova, S., & Kim, P. S. (2016). Innovating Public Service Delivery in Transitional Countries:
The Case of One Stop Shops in Kazakhstan. International Journal of Public
Administration, Journal Article, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2015.1064445
Janenova, S., & Knox, C. (2019). Combatting corruption in Kazakhstan: A role for ethics
commissioners? Public Administration and Development, 40(3), 186–195.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1873
Jang, H., Lee, J., & Gibbs, J. C. (2015). The influence of the national government on confidence
in the police: A focus on corruption. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice,
Journal Article. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2015.01.003
Jansen, E. G. (2013). Don’t rock the boat: Norway’s difficulties in dealing with corruption in
development aid. In Tina Søreide & A. Williams, Corruption, Grabbing and
Development (pp. 186–195). Edward Elgar Publishing.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/9781782544401.00027.xml
Jara, G. (2013). Following on the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: The dynamic shareholder
derivative suit. Duke LJ, 63, 199.
Jarmuzek, M., & Lybek, T. (2020). Can good governance lower bank intermediation costs?
Applied Economics, 52(27), 2960–2976.
Jarso, J. F. (2010). The Media and the Anti-Corruption Crusade in Kenya: Weighing the
Achievements, Challenges, and Prospects. Am. U. Int’l L. Rev., 26, 33.
Jarvis, T. (2020). The stabilising impacts of corruption in Nepal’s post-conflict transition.
Conflict, Security & Development : CSD, 20(1), 165–189.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2019.1705073
Jatto, L. B. J. (2010). Africa’s Approach to the International War on Corruption: A Critical
Appraisal of the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption.
Asper Rev. Int’l Bus. & Trade L., 10, 79.
331 

 
Jaunky, V. C., Jeetoo, J., Bajah, C., & Ramesh, V. (2019). The Importance of Understanding the
Anti-Corruption Legislation to Promote Corruption Reporting: Lessons from Mauritius.
International Journal Of Public Administration.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2019.1669049
Jauregui, B. (2014). Provisional agency in India: Jugaad and legitimation of corruption.
American Ethnologist, 41(1), 76–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12061
Jauregui, B. (2016). Corruptible Virtue. University of Chicago Press.
Javor, I., & Jancsics, D. (2016). The Role of Power in Organizational Corruption: An Empirical
Study. Administration & Society, 48(5), 527–558.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399713514845
Javorcik, B. S., & Narciso, G. (2008). Differentiated products and evasion of import tariffs.
Journal of International Economics, 76(2), 208–222.
Javorcik, B. S., & Wei, S.-J. (2009). Corruption and cross-border investment in emerging
markets: Firm-level evidence. Journal of International Money and Finance, 28(4),
605–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2009.01.003
Jayaram, A. (2004). Corruption and foreign direct investment: A cross-country study [Working
Paper]. http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/14054
Jayasuriya, K. (2002). Governance, post-Washington consensus and the new anti-politics. In
Corrutpion in Asia: Rethinking the Governance Paradigm (pp. 24–36). Federation Press.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=P0sz_EvRLu8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA24&dq
=%E2%80%9CGovernance,+Post-Washington+Consensus+and+the+New+Anti-Politics
%E2%80%9D,+in+T.+Lindsey+%26+H.+Dick,+eds.+Corrutpion+in+Asia:+Rethinking
+the+Governance+Paradigm+&ots=nxJnNZcrI_&sig=oSsnsaMqu8aRzoxrY2-4BPK9geo
Jayawickrama, N., Pope, J., & Stolpe, O. (2002). Legal provisions to facilitate the gathering of
evidence in corruption cases: Easing the burden of proof. United Nations Forum on
Crime and Society, 2, 23–32.
Jean, S., & Mitaritonna, C. (2010). Determinants and Pervasiveness of the Evasion of Customs
Duties (No. 2010–26; Working Papers). CEPII research center.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/cii/cepidt/2010-26.html
Jelloun, T. B. (1996). Corruption. New Press.
Jenkins, R. (2007). India’s Unlikely Democracy: Civil Society Versus Corruption. Journal of
Democracy, 18(2), 55–69. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2007.0026
Jensen, M. F. (2018). Statebuilding, Establishing Rule of Law and Fighting Corruption in
Denmark, 1660–1900. In Anti-corruption in History: From Antiquity to the Modern Era.
332 

 
Oxford University Press.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.001.0001/oso-978
0198809975-chapter-14
Jensen, N. M., Li, Q., & Rahman, A. (2010). Understanding corruption and firm responses in
cross-national firm-level surveys. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(9),
1481–1504. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2010.8
Jensen, N. M., & Rahman, A. (2015). The silence of corruption: Identifying underreporting of
business corruption through randomized response techniques. In P. Heywood (Ed.), The
Routledge Handbook of Political Corruption (pp. 154–171). Routledge.
Jensen, N., & Malesky, J. (2014). Does the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Reduce Bribery? An
Empirical Analysis Using the Unmatched Count Technique. Working Paper, available at
www. natemjensen.
com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/20141205_OECD_Working-Paper_ejm. pdf.
http://www.natemjensen.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/20141228_MJ_OECDABC.p
df
Jensen, N., & Wantchekon, L. (2004). Resource Wealth and Political Regimes in Africa.
Comparative Political Studies, 37(7), 816–841.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414004266867
Jensen, Nathan. (2002). Economic reform, state capture, and international investment in
transition economies. Journal of International Development, 14(7), 973–977.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.937
Jensen, Nathan, & McGillivray, F. (2005). Federal Institutions and Multinational Investors:
Federalism, Government Credibility, and Foreign Direct Investment. International
Interactions, 31(4), 303–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050620500303365
Jensen, Neil, & Png, C. (2011). Implementation of the FATF 40+9 Recommendations: A
perspective from developing countries. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 14(2),
110–120. https://doi.org/10.1108/13685201111127777
Jensen, P. S., & Justesen, M. K. (2014). Poverty and vote buying: Survey-based evidence from
Africa. ELECTORAL STUDIES, 33(Journal Article), 220–232.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2013.07.020
Jensen, S., & Andersen, M. K. (2017). Corruption and Torture: Violent Exchange and the
policing of the urban poor. Aalborg Universitetsforlag.
http://vbn.aau.dk/en/publications/corruption-and-torture(c387fbc6-d14b-4531-a809-8dc1
59202761).html
Jensen, S., & Hapal, K. (2018). Police Violence and Corruption in the Philippines: Violent
333 

 
Exchange and the War on Drugs. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 37(2), 39.
Jeong, G.-H. (2013). Personal Vote-Seeking Incentives of Legislators and Bureaucratic
Corruption [Working Paper].
Jeong, Y., & Siegel, J. I. (2018). Threat of falling high status and corporate bribery: Evidence
from the revealed accounting records of two South Korean presidents. Strategic
Management Journal, 39(4), 1083–1111. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2747
Jeong, Y., & Weiner, R. J. (2011). Conflict and corruption in international trade: Who helped
Iraq circumvent United Nations sanctions? In International Handbook on the Economics
of Corruption (p. 376).
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=QbZEbihNOfUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA376&
dq=Conflict+and+Corruption+in+International+Trade:+Who+Helped+Iraq+Circumvent+
United+Nations+Sanctions%E2%80%9D,+in+International+Handbook+on+the+Econom
ics+of+Corruption&ots=dGIlFPmBZU&sig=62tF4U69I_TgG3uqoMecM0ZfMsg
Jeong, Y., & Weiner, R. J. (2012). Who bribes? Evidence from the United Nations’ oil-for-food
program. Strategic Management Journal, 33(12), 1363–1383.
https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.1986
Jerome, A., Adjibolosoo, S., & Busari, D. (2005). Addressing Oil Related Corruption in Africa:
Is the Push for Transparency Enough? Review of Human Factor Studies, 11(1), 7–32.
Jetter, M., Agudelo, A. M., & Hassan, A. R. (2015). The Effect of Democracy on Corruption:
Income is Key. World Development, 74, 286–304.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.05.016
Jetter, M., & Osorio, A. M. (2016). Racism and judicial corruption in the US (No. 014965;
DOCUMENTOS DE TRABAJO CIEF). UNIVERSIDAD EAFIT.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/col/000122/014965.html
Jetter, M., & Parmeter, C. F. (2018). Sorting through global corruption determinants: Institutions
and education matter – Not culture. World Development, 109, 279–294.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.05.013
Jetter, M., & Parmeter, C. F. (2020). Reply to “A Replication of ‘Sorting through Global
Corruption Determinants: Institutions and Education Matter— Not Culture’ (World
Development, 2018).” Public Finance Review, 48(4), 568–576.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142120921851
Jetter, M., & Walker, J. K. (2015). Good girl, bad boy: Corrupt behavior in professional tennis
(No. 012545; DOCUMENTOS DE TRABAJO CIEF). UNIVERSIDAD EAFIT.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/col/000122/012545.html

334 

 
Jeydel, P. (2011). Yoking the Bull: How to make the FCPA Work for US Business. Geo. J. Int’l
L., 43, 523.
Jha, C. K. (2019). Financial reforms and corruption: Evidence using GMM estimation.
International Review of Economics & Finance, 62, 66–78.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2019.03.003
Jha, C. K., & Sarangi, S. (2017). Does social media reduce corruption? Information Economics
and Policy, 39(June 2017), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2017.04.001
Jha, C. K., & Sarangi, S. (2018). Women and corruption: What positions must they hold to make
a difference? Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 151, 219–233.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2018.03.021
Jha, R. R. (2018). India’s Anti-corruption Authorities: Lokpal and Lokayukta. Indian Journal of
Public Administration, 64(3), 502–517. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019556118788480
Jia, R., & Nie, H. (2017). Decentralization, Collusion, and Coal Mine Deaths. Review Of
Economics And Statistics, 99(1), 105–118. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00563
Jia, W. (2017). In the Aftermath of Foreign Bribery: The Ripple Effects of Anti-Corruption
Enforcement on U.S. Multinational Firms. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
Jiang, G., Lo, T. W., & Li, C. (2013). Youths’ Views on Corruption Control in China: Politics
and Social Censure. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative
Criminology, 57(12), 1498–1521. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X12457351
Jiang, K., & Wang, S. (2017). A Contractual Analysis of State versus Private Ownership. China
Economic Review, 43, 142–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2017.01.011
Jiang, T., Lindemans, J. W., & Bicchieri, C. (2015). Can Trust Facilitate Bribery? Experimental
Evidence from China, Italy, Japan, and The Netherlands. Social Cognition, 33(5),
483–504. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2015.33.5.483
Jiang, T., & Nie, H. (2014). The stained China miracle: Corruption, regulation, and firm
performance. Economics Letters, 123(3), 366–369.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2014.03.026
Jibir, A., Abdu, M., & Muhammad, T. (2020). Analysis of Tax Compliance in Sub-Saharan
Africa: Evidence from Firm-Level Study. Econometric Research in Finance, 5(2).
Jimenez, A, Russo, M., Kraak, J., & Jiang, G. (2017). Corruption and Private Participation
Projects in Central and Eastern Europe. Management International Review, 57(5),
775–792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-017-0312-4
Jimenez, Alfredo, & Bayraktar, S. (2020). Political risk in private participation projects: The

335 

 
effects of political discretionality and corruption. Thunderbird International Business
Review, 62(2), 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22120
Jimenez, F., & Cainzos, M. (2006). How far and why do corruption scandals cost votes. In J.
Garrard & J. L. Newell (Eds.), Scandals in past and contemporary politics (pp. 194–212).
Manchester University Press.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=nDksFA0DYVAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA194
&dq=%E2%80%9CHow+Far+and+Why+Do+Corruption+Scandals+Cost+Votes%3F%E
2%80%9D+in+John+Garrard+%26+James+L.+Newell+eds.,+Scandals+in+Past+and+Co
ntemporary+Politics+&ots=yZj5FGX3JF&sig=pxg3UULdRVecHlAipxHYCsCu3qA
Jiménez, F., & Villoria, M. (2011). Political finance, urban development and political corruption
in Spain. In J. Mendilow (Ed.), Public Funding of Political Competition and the Future
of Democracy (pp. 121–144). Lexington Books.
Jiménez, Fernando. (2009). Building Boom and Political Corruption in Spain. South European
Society and Politics, 14(3), 255–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608740903356541
Jiménez, Fernando, & Caínzos, M. (2003). Political Corruption in Spain. In M. J. Bull & J. L.
Newell (Eds.), Corruption in Contemporary Politics (pp. 9–23). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9781403919991_2
Jiménez, Fernando, García-quesada, M., & Villoria, M. (2014). Integrity Systems, Values, and
Expectations: Explaining Differences in the Extent of Corruption in Three Spanish Local
Governments. International Journal of Public Administration, 37(2), 67–82.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2013.836666
Jiménez, Fernando, Villoria, M., & Quesada, M. G. (2012). Badly designed institutions, informal
rules and perverse incentives: Local government corruption in Spain. Lex Localis, 10(4),
363.
Jiménez, J., & García, C. (2018a). Does local corruption punish national parties votes? Crime,
Law and Social Change, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-018-9806-7
Jiménez, J., & García, C. (2018b). Does local public corruption generate partisan effects on
polls? Crime, Law and Social Change, 69(1), 3–23.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-016-9671-1
Jimenez, L. F. (1998). The Inter-American Convention Against Corruption. Am. Soc. Int’l L.
Proceedings, 92, 157-.
Jimoh, R. G., Longe, O. B., & Ndunagu, J. N. (2018). Information about Electronic Governance:
A Tool to Curb Corruption in Nigeria. Jurnal the Messenger, 10(2), 187–194.
https://doi.org/10.26623/themessenger.v10i2.874

336 

 
Jin, J. (2005). Corruption and the Time Horizons of Politicians [Working Paper]. ProQuest.
http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=9056403
Jing-Schmidt, Z., & Peng, X. (2017). Winds and tigers: Metaphor choice in China’s
anti-corruption discourse. Lingua Sinica, 3(1), 1–26.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40655-016-0017-9
Jintao Lu, Licheng Ren, Jiayuan Qiao, Siqin Yao, Wadim Strielkowski, & Justas Streimikis.
(2019). Corporate Social Responsibility and Corruption: Implications for the Sustainable
Energy Sector. Sustainability, 11(15), 4128. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154128
Joel, T., Turner, M., & Hutchinson, C. (2018). ‘Playing Dead’ and Killing Off Amateurism:
Bribery Scandals, Illegal Player Payments, Rule Expunging, and the Victorian Football
League’s Authorization of Professionalism in 1911. The International Journal of the
History of Sport, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2018.1508018
Jõeveer, K. (2013). Firm, country and macroeconomic determinants of capital structure:
Evidence from transition economies. Journal of Comparative Economics, 41(1),
294–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2012.05.001
Joh, S. W. (2003). Corporate governance and firm profitability: Evidence from Korea before the
economic crisis. Journal of Financial Economics, 68(2), 287–322.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(03)00068-0
Johannsen, L., & Pedersen, K. H. (2020). Tell-tale tit: Retaliation on whistleblowers in public
administration. Crime, Law, and Social Change, 73(4), 457–473.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-019-09872-3
Johari, R., Rosnidah, I., Nasfy, S. S., & Hussin, S. (2020). The Effects of Ethical Orientation,
Individual Culture and Ethical Climate on Ethical Judgement of Public Sector Employees
in Malaysia. Economics & Sociology, 13(1), 132–145.
https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2020/13-1/9
Johnsen, D. B. (2009). The Ethics of “Commercial Bribery”: Integrative Social Contract Theory
Meets Transaction Cost Economics. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(S4), 791–803.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0323-6
Johnson, C. (1986). Tanaka Kakuei, Structural Corruption, and the Advent of Machine Politics in
Japan. Journal of Japanese Studies, 12(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/132445
Johnsøn, J. (2012). Theories of change in anti-corruption work: A tool for programme design
and evaluation. U4 Issue.
Johnson, J. E., Einarsdóttir, Þ., & Pétursdóttir, G. M. (2013). A Feminist Theory of Corruption:
Lessons from Iceland. Politics & Gender, 9(02), 174–206.

337 

 
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X13000032
Johnson, J., & Mason, P. (2013). The Proxy Challenge: Why bespoke proxy indicators can help
solve the anticorruption measurement problem. U4 Brief, July, 2.
Johnson, J., & Soreide, T. (2013). Methods for Learning What Works and Why in
Anti-Corruption. U4 Issue 2013:8.
Johnson, J. W. (2015). Presidential elections and corruption perceptions in Latin
America/Elecciones presidenciales y percepciones de corrupcion en America Latina.
Journal of Politics in Latin America, 7(1), 111–143.
Johnson, Jackie. (2020). Bitcoin, corruption and economic freedom. Journal of Financial Crime,
27(1), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-11-2018-0122
Johnsøn, Jesper. (2014). Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis of governance and
anti-corruption activities. U4 Issue, 10.
Johnsøn, Jesper. (2015). Corruption and Stabilisation: Aid Agencies’ Anti-corruption Strategies
in Fragile States. Edward Elgar.
Johnson, Jesper. (2015). Corruption—New Strategies. In B. Rider (Ed.), Research Handbook on
International Financial Crime. Edward Elgar Publishing.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/9781783475780.xml
Johnson, Jesper, & Hardoon, D. (2012). Why, When and How to Use the Global Corruption
Barometer. U4 Brief, 2012(5).
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.422.3819&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Johnsøn, Jesper, Hechler, H., De Sousa, L., & Mathisen, H. (2011). How to monitor and evaluate
anti-corruption agencies: Guidelines for agencies, donors and evaluators. U4 Issue Paper,
8.
Johnsøn, Jesper, Taxell, N., & Zaum, D. (2012). Mapping evidence gaps in anti-corruption:
Assessing the state of the operationally relevant evidence on donors’ actions and
approaches to reducing corruption. U4 Issues Paper, 2012, 7.
Johnson, L. K. (2020). Narcissistic people, not narcissistic nations: Using multilevel modelling
to explore narcissism across countries. Personality and Individual Differences, 163.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110079
Johnson, N. D., LaFountain, C. L., & Yamarik, S. (2011). Corruption is bad for growth (even in
the United States). Public Choice, 147(3–4), 377–393.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-010-9634-5
Johnson, N., Ruger, W., Sorens, J., & Yamarik, S. (2014). Corruption, regulation, and growth:

338 

 
An empirical study of the United States. Economics of Governance, 15(1), 51–69.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-013-0132-3
Johnson, O. E. (1975). An economic analysis of corrupt government, with special application to
less developed countries. Kyklos, 28(1), 47–61.
Johnson, R. N., & Libecap, G. D. (1995). Courts, a protected bureaucracy, and reinventing
government. Ariz. L. Rev., 37, 791.
Johnson, S., Boone, P., Breach, A., & Friedman, E. (2000). Corporate governance in the Asian
financial crisis. Journal of Financial Economics, 58(1–2), 141–186.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(00)00069-6
Johnson, S., Kaufmann, D., McMillan, J., & Woodruff, C. (2000). Why do firms hide? Bribes
and unofficial activity after communism. Journal of Public Economics, 76(3), 495–520.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00094-8
Johnson, S., Kaufmann, D., & Zoido-Lobaton, P. (1998). Regulatory discretion and the
unofficial economy. The American Economic Review, 88(2), 387–392.
Johnson, S., McMillan, J., & Woodruff, C. (2002). Property Rights and Finance. American
Economic Review, 92(5), 1335–1356. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282802762024539
Johnson, S., & Mitton, T. (2003). Cronyism and capital controls: Evidence from Malaysia.
Journal of Financial Economics, 67(2), 351–382.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(02)00255-6
Johnson, V. R. (1998). America’s Preoccupation with Ethics in Government. St. Mary’s Law
Journal, 30, 717.
Johnston, M. (2007). Understanding the private side of corruption: New kinds of transparency,
new roles for donors. U4 Brief, Anti-Corruption Resource Center, 6, 419–431.
Johnston, M., & Johnsøn, J. (2014). Doing the Wrong Things for the Right Reasons?: “Do No
Harm” as a Principle of Reform. U4 Brief, 13.
Johnston, Michael. (1983). Corruption and Political Culture in America: An Empirical
Perspective. CrossRef Listing of Deleted DOIs, 13(1), 19.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3330069
Johnston, Michael. (1986a). Right and Wrong in American Politics: Popular Conceptions of
Corruption. Polity, 18(3), 367. https://doi.org/10.2307/3234766
Johnston, Michael. (1986b). The Political Consequences of Corruption: A Reassessment.
Comparative Politics, 18(4), 459. https://doi.org/10.2307/421694
Johnston, Michael. (1991). Historical Conflict and the Rise of Standards. Journal of Democracy,
339 

 
2(4), 48–60. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1991.0052
Johnston, Michael. (1997). Political corruption and public policy in America. Praeger.
https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=82018
Johnston, Michael. (1998). Fighting systemic corruption: Social foundations for institutional
reform. The European Journal of Development Research, 10(1), 85–104.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09578819808426703
Johnston, Michael. (1999). A Brief History of Anticorruption Agencies. In A. Schedler (Ed.),
The self-restraining state: Power and accountability in new democracies. Lynne Rienner
Publishers.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=MD8Vx1HLOZgC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&
dq=%E2%80%9CA+Brief+History+of+Anticorruption+Agencies,%E2%80%9D+in+Sch
edler,+Andreas+et+al.+The+Self-Restraining+State:+Power+and+Accountability+in+Ne
w+Democracies&ots=-kQ2vnxIS-&sig=6XmoB0MvG7ZIvg1vZohMLs8j5kM
Johnston, Michael. (2001). Measuring corruption: Numbers versus knowledge versus
understanding. In A. Jain (Ed.), The Political Economy of Corruption (Vol. 2).
Routledge. http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.4324/9780203468388.pt4
Johnston, Michael. (2005a). Political parties and democracy in theoretical and practical
perspectives. Political Finance Policy, Parties and Democratic Development.
http://kasyp.net/fileadmin/kasyp_files/Documents/reused/PP_Political_Finance_Policy_P
arties___Democratic_Develpt_Michael_Johnston.pdf
Johnston, Michael. (2005b). Syndromes of corruption: Wealth, power, and democracy.
Cambridge University Press.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=zd9LMket_E4C&oi=fnd&pg=PR10&dq
=Syndromes+of+Corruption:+Wealth,+Power,+and+Democracy.+Cambridge:+Cambrid
ge+University+Press&ots=eVtozCIASw&sig=OEBTjY6E4hinOzvJ1ZPvkDmuzaI
Johnston, Michael. (2008a). Japan, Korea, the Philippines, China: Four syndromes of corruption.
Crime, Law and Social Change, 49(3), 205–223.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-007-9095-z
Johnston, Michael. (2008b). The Search for Definitions: The Vitality of Politics and the Issue of
Corruption. International Social Science Journal, 48(3), 321–335.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2451.00035
Johnston, Michael. (2010a). Political and social foundations for reform: Anti-corruption
strategies for the Philippines.
Johnston, Michael. (2010b). Assessing Vulnerabilities to Corruption: Indicators and Benchmarks
of Government Performance. Public Integrity, 12(2), 125–142.
340 

 
https://doi.org/10.2753/PIN1099-9922120202
Johnston, Michael. (2013). How do I vote the scoundrels out? Why voters might not punish
corrupt politicians at the polls. Crime, Law and Social Change, 60(5), 503–514.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-013-9477-3
Johnston, Michael. (2014a). Corruption, contention and reform: The power of deep
democratization. Cambridge University Press.
Johnston, Michael. (2014b). Reflection and Reassessment: The emerging agenda of corruption
research. In Paul M. Heywood (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Political Corruption (pp.
273–287).
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=wWzfBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA273
&dq=%E2%80%9CReflection+and+Reassessment:+The+Emerging+Agenda+of+Corrup
tion+Research%E2%80%9D+,+in+Paul+M.+Heywood+ed.,+The+Routledge+Handbook
+of+Political+Corruption+&ots=C8RgsXRBZR&sig=my_q8RdBDPXNVHvwnsW11vs
HKzw
Johnston, Michael. (2015). Making transparency real? Accounting and popular participation in
corruption control. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 28(Journal Article), 97–101.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2015.01.009
Johnston, Michael. (2018). Reforming Reform: Revising the Anticorruption Playbook. Daedalus,
147(3), 50–62. https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00502
Johnston, Michael. (2019). Limits and Ironies of Transparency: Controlling Corruption in
American Elections. Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy, 18(3), 282–296.
https://doi.org/10.1089/elj.2018.0530
Johnston, Michael, & Hao, Y. (1995). China’s Surge of Corruption. Journal of Democracy, 6(4),
80–94. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1995.0068
Johnston, Michael, & Kpundeh, S. (2005). Building Social Action Coalitions for Reform. In
Civil Society and Corruption: Mobilizing for Reform (pp. 149–168). Lanham, MD:
University Press of America.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=gHNGPLy_cOwC&oi=fnd&pg=PA149
&dq=Building+Social+Action+Coalitions+for+Reform%E2%80%9D,+in+Micheal+John
ston,+ed.,+Civil+Society+and+Corruption:+Mobilizing+for+Reform+&ots=wDtXSJGM
2G&sig=VVURSu8T2aX2BH1I2BbMjjcU9v8
Johnston, Michael, & Kpundeh, S. J. (2004). Building a clean machine: Anti-corruption
coalitions and sustainable reform. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 3466.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=647610
Johnstone, P., & Brown, G. (2004). International controls of corruption: Recent responses from
341 

 
the USA and the UK. Journal of Financial Crime, 11(3), 217–248.
https://doi.org/10.1108/13590790410809158
Jon, A. D., Moran, J., & Watt, D. (2001). Managing anti-corruption agencies. Forum on Crime
and Society, 1, 69–87.
Jonck, P., & Swanepoel, E. (2016). The influence of corruption: A South African case. Policing,
39(1), 159–174.
Jones, David S. (2009). Curbing Corruption in Government Procurement in Southeast Asia:
Challenges and Constraints. Asian Journal of Political Science, 17(2), 145–172.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02185370903077444
Jones, David Seth. (2016). Combatting corruption in Brunei Darussalam. Asian Education and
Development Studies, 5(2), 141–158.
Jones, S., Dietsche, E., & Weinzirl, S. (2006). Corruption: Measuring prevalence and costs
[DfID Policy Paper]. Oxford Policy Management.
Jongen, H. (2018). The authority of peer reviews among states in the global governance of
corruption. Review of International Political Economy, 1–27.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2018.1512891
Jonsson, S. (2018). The Complex Relationship between Police Corruption and Sex Trafficking in
Origin Countries. Journal of Human Trafficking, 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2017.1422090
Jordan, J. (2010a). OECD’s Call for an End to Corrosive Facilitation Payments and the
International Focus on the Facilitation Payments Exception under the Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act, The. U. Pa. J. Bus. L., 13, 881.
Jordan, J. (2010b). Recent Developments in the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the New UK
Bribery Act: A Global Trend Towards Greater Accountability in the Prevention of
Foreign Bribery. NYUJL & Bus., 7, 845.
Jordan, J. (2011). Adequate Procedures Defense under the UK Bribery Act: A British Idea for
the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, The. Stan. JL Bus. & Fin., 17, 25.
Jordan, J. (2016). World Tours and the Summer Olympics: Recent Pitfalls Under the Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act in the Areas of Gifts, Entertainment, and Travel. Fordham Journal
of Corporate & Financial Law, 21(2), 295–326.
Jordan, J. (2017). BNY Mellon And Qualcomm: A Recent Focus On Improper Hiring Practices
In Violation Of The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Loyola Law Review, 63, 1–179.
Jordan, W. C. (2009). Anti-corruption campaigns in thirteenth-century Europe. Journal of

342 

 
Medieval History, 35(2), 204–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmedhist.2009.03.004
Jorum Duri. (2020). Dirty money as legal fees in Namibia and Zimbabwe: Are lawyers
laundering proceeds of crime? Journal of Money Laundering Control, 23(2), 315–326.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-08-2019-0067
Jos, P. H. (1993). Empirical corruption research: Beside the (moral) point? Journal of Public
Administration Research and Theory, 3(3), 359–375.
Joseph, A. A. (2007). Public Corruption: The Government’s Expansive View in Pursuit of Local
and State Officials. Cumb. L. Rev., 38, 567.
Joseph, C. J., Gunawan, J., Sawani, Y., Rahmat, M., Noyem, J. A., & Darus, F. (2016). A
comparative study of anti-corruption practice disclosure among Malaysian and
Indonesian Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) best practice companies. Journal of
Cleaner Production, 112, 2896–2906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.091
Josephs, H. K. (2000). The upright and the low-down: An examination of official corruption in
the United States and the people’s Republic of China. Syracuse Journal of International
Law and Commerce, 27, 269.
Joulfaian, D. (2009). Bribes and Business Tax Evasion. European Journal of Comparative
Economics, 6(2), 227–244.
Jourdain, E., Cerino, E., Delamare, Z., Delestrade, A., Françoise, M., Lafaille, I., Mahé, H., & de
Traversay, L. P. S. (2020). Tackling corruption in global health. The Lancet (British
Edition), 396(10245), 162–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30312-3
Joutsen, M. (2012). The United Nations Convention Against Corruption. In A. Graycar & R. G.
Smith (Eds.), Handbook of global research and practice in corruption (pp. 303–317).
Edward Elgar Publishing.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=g3GfGTxJNaAC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq
=%E2%80%9CThe+United+Nations+Convention+Against+Corruption%E2%80%9D,+i
n+Adam+Graycar+%26+Russell+G.+Smith+eds.,+Handbook+of+Global+Research+and
+Practice+in+Corruption+&ots=eDMYpC7Lc2&sig=lZ2H8AW7RuCqwe0cSl6iVrVEIy
A
Joutsen, M., & Graycar, A. (2012). When experts and diplomats agree: Negotiating peer review
of the UN Convention Against Corruption. Global Governance: A Review of
Multilateralism and International Organizations, 18(4), 425–439.
Jucá, I. C., Melo, M. A., & Rennó, L. (2016). The Political Cost of Corruption: Scandals,
Campaign Finance, and Reelection in the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies. Journal of
Politics in Latin America, 8(2), 3–36.

343 

 
Judd, S. (2003). Introduction. In Membranes for Industrial Wastewater Recovery and Re-use (pp.
1–12). Elsevier. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9781856173896500023
Jude, J. (2019). Will Corruption in Argentina Prevent the Protection of Personal Tax Information
it Exchanges Under its FATCA and CRS Commitments?(Foreign Account Tax
Compliance Act, Common Reporting Standard). University of Miami Inter-American
Law Review, 50(1), 163.
Judge, W. Q., McNatt, D. B., & Xu, W. (2011). The antecedents and effects of national
corruption: A meta-analysis. Journal of World Business, 46(1), 93–103.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2010.05.021
Julián, M., & Bonavia, T. (2020a). Psychological variables related to corruption: A systematic
review. 36(2), 330-. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.389371
Julián, M., & Bonavia, T. (2020b). Understanding unethical behaviors at the university level: A
multiple regression analysis. Ethics & Behavior, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1–13.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2020.1723101
Jun, D. (2000). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Structural Corruption. Boston University
International Law Journal, 18, 273–278.
Jun, D. Y. (1996). Bribery Among the Korean Elite: Putting an End to a Cultural Ritual and
Restoring Honor. Vand. J. Transnat’l L., 29, 1071.
June, R., Chowdhury, A., Heller, N., & Werve, J. (2008). A users’ guide to measuring local
governance. United nations development programme (UNDP). Oslo governance centre.
Junghagen, S., & Aurvandil, M. (2020). Structural Susceptibility to Corruption in FIFA: A
Social Network Analysis. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 12(4),
655–677. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2020.1832133
Jurkiewicz, C. L., & Giacalone, R. A. (2016). Organizational Determinants of Ethical
Dysfunctionality. Journal of Business Ethics, 136(1), 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2344-z
Justesen, M. K., & Bjørnskov, C. (2014). Exploiting the poor: Bureaucratic corruption and
poverty in Africa. World Development, 58, 106–115.
Juwita, R. (2018). Good Governance and Anti-Corruption: Responsibility to Protect Universal
Health Care in Indonesia. Hasanuddin Law Review, 4(2), 162–180.
https://doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v4i2.1424
Juwono, V. (2020). One Step Forward, Two Steps Back: The Retrogression of Governance
Reform and Anti-corruption Measure in Indonesia 1999–2001. Jurnal Politik, 6(1),
121–146. https://doi.org/10.7454/jp.v6i1.307
344 

 
Kacapyr, E. (2001). Business as usual: Corruption and business activity. The Journal of Social,
Political, and Economic Studies, 26(4), 671.
Kaczmarek, S. C., & Newman, A. L. (2011). The Long Arm of the Law: Extraterritoriality and
the National Implementation of Foreign Bribery Legislation. International Organization,
65(04), 745–770. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818311000270
Kadt, D. de, & Lieberman, E. S. (2017). Nuanced Accountability: Voter Responses to Service
Delivery in Southern Africa. British Journal of Political Science, 1–31.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123417000345
Kaffenberger, M. (2012). The effect of educational attainment on corruption participation in
sub-Saharan Africa [Working Paper]. Vanderbilt University.
http://etd.library.vanderbilt.edu/available/etd-03222012-205534/unrestricted/Kaffenberge
r.pdf
Kahan, D. M. (1998). Social Meaning and the Economic Analysis of Crime. The Journal of
Legal Studies, 27(S2), 609–622. https://doi.org/10.1086/468037
Kahana, N., & Liu, Q. (2010). Endemic corruption. European Journal of Political Economy,
26(1), 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2009.09.001
Kahn, C. M., Silva, E. C. D., & Ziliak, J. P. (2001). Performance-based Wages in Tax
Collection: The Brazilian Tax Collection Reform and its Effects. The Economic Journal,
111(468), 188–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00594
Kahn, M. E. (2005). The Death Toll from Natural Disasters: The Role of Income, Geography,
and Institutions. Review of Economics and Statistics, 87(2), 271–284.
https://doi.org/10.1162/0034653053970339
Kaikati, J. G., Sullivan, G. M., Virgo, J. M., Carr, T. R., & Virgo, K. S. (2000). The Price of
International Business Morality: Twenty Years Under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.
Journal of Business Ethics, 26(3), 213–222. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006015110422
Kalantari, B. (2009). Corruption in the Public and Private Organizations: Causes, Consequences
and Remedies. International Journal of Ethics, 6(4).
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype
=crawler&jrnl=15564444&AN=60989679&h=EMZzoqtqxL%2BjGmxTT0hrfk2MXEkJI
ImFPewpcm2y5%2F0Opvmya87Khm0CpRimszWo%2F0tgDg%2FD9yUs7EJEsoTgiQ
%3D%3D&crl=c
Kalchheim, C. (2004). White Corruption in Israel. In R. A. Johnson (Ed.), The Struggle Against
Corruption: A Comparative Study (pp. 53–80). Palgrave Macmillan US.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403981004_3

345 

 
Kale, S. (2019). Crime, Corruption, and Political Order in Nigeria and India. Comparative
Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, 39(3), 547–551.
https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201X-7885502
Kalenborn, C., & Lessmann, C. (2013). The impact of democracy and press freedom on
corruption: Conditionality matters. Journal of Policy Modeling, 35(6), 857–886.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2013.02.009
Kalinowski, T. (2016). Trends and mechanisms of corruption in South Korea. The Pacific
Review, Journal Article, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2016.1145724
Kaller, A., Bielen, S., & Marneffe, W. (2018). The impact of regulatory quality and corruption
on residential electricity prices in the context of electricity market reforms. Energy
Policy, 123, 514–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.09.008
Kalnins, V. (2005). Assessing trends in corruption and impact of anti-corruption measures
[Working Paper].
Kalyanakrishnan, S., Edwards, W., Stancil, T. B., Jones, K., Branch, K., Bogan, M., &
Trautman, L. J. (2020). Bribery and Corruption in Venezuela: An American Business
Perspective (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3541990). Social Science Research Network.
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3541990
Kalyuzhnova, Y., & Belitski, M. (2019). The impact of corruption and local content policy in on
firm performance: Evidence from Kazakhstan. Resources Policy, 61, 67–76.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.01.016
Kalyuzhnova, Y., Kutan, A. M., & Yigit, T. (2009). Corruption and Economic Development in
Energy-rich Economies. Comparative Economic Studies, 51(2), 165–180.
https://doi.org/10.1057/ces.2008.46
Kam, C. (2007). Four Lessons about Corruption from Victorian Britain [Unpublished
manuscript].
Kam, C. (2017). The Secret Ballot and the Market for Votes at 19th-Century British Elections.
Comparative Political Studies, 50(5), 594–635.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414015626451
Kaminski, A. Z. (1989). Coercion, Corruption, and Reform: State and Society in the Soviet-Type
Socialist Regime. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1(1), 77–102.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0951692889001001006
Kamiński, A. Z. (1997). Corruption Under the Post-Communist Transformation: The Case of
Poland. Polish Sociological Review, 118, 91–117.
Kammel, K. P. (2020). Examining Trademark Counterfeiting Legislation, Free Trade Zones,
346 

 
Corruption and Culture in the Context of Illicit Trade: The United States and United Arab
Emirates. Michigan State International Law Review, 28(2), 235.
Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., Simon, L. S., & Rich, B. L. (2012). The Psychic Cost of Doing
Wrong: Ethical Conflict, Divestiture Socialization, and Emotional Exhaustion. Journal of
Management, 38(3), 784–808. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310381133
Kandogan, Y., & Johnson, S. D. (2016). Role of economic and political freedom in the
emergence of global middle class. International Business Review, 25(3), 711–725.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2015.02.005
Kane, R. J., & White, M. D. (2009). Bad cops. Criminology & Public Policy, 8(4), 737–769.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00591.x
Kanekane, J. (2007). Tolerance and corruption in contemporary Papua New Guinea. In
Corruption in Papua New Guinea: Towards an understanding of issues (p. 23).
Kang, D. C. (2002a). Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the
Philippines. Cambridge University Press.
http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9780511606175
Kang, D. C. (2002b). Bad Loans to Good Friends: Money Politics and the Developmental State
in South Korea. International Organization, 56(1), 177–207.
https://doi.org/10.1162/002081802753485179
Kang, D. C. (2003). Transaction Costs and Crony Capitalism in East Asia. Comparative Politics,
35(4), 439. https://doi.org/10.2307/4150189
Kang, E. T., & Frey, B. D. (2014). The FCPA and the Financial Industry: Understanding and
Mitigating Risk. Journal of Taxation & Regulation of Financial Institutions, 27(5).
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype
=crawler&jrnl=15473996&AN=96681014&h=7%2FmioT0bWORy8dpOMLqZtZTqMv
NkkbM1FPQCQQNjFPzhtRFZ7kwK7VWpNjv7eUMFq%2F%2BCuoaO7PZiY37pxW
mkaQ%3D%3D&crl=c
Kang, M. S. (2012). The End of Campaign Finance Law. Virginia Law Review, 1–65.
Kang, S. (2018). Rethinking the Global Anti-Money Laundering Regulations to Deter
Corruption. International & Comparative Law Quarterly, 67(3), 695–720.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589318000106
Kangoye, T. (2013). Does Aid Unpredictability Weaken Governance? Evidence from
Developing Countries. The Developing Economies, 51(2), 121–144.
https://doi.org/10.1111/deve.12008
Kaniki, S., & Gwatidzo, T. (2012). Determinants of bribery for infrastructure provision in East
347 

 
African manufacturing firms. African Security Review, 21(4), 17–37.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2012.712874
Kanol, D. (2015). Pluralism, corporatism and perception of corruption. 15(3), 243.
Kanyam, D. A., Kostandini, G., & Ferreira, S. (2017). The Mobile Phone Revolution: Have
Mobile Phones and the Internet Reduced Corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa? World
Development, 99, 271–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.05.022
Kaplan, D. S., & Pathania, V. (2010). What influences firms’ perceptions? Journal of
Comparative Economics, 38(4), 419–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2010.04.001
Kaptein, M., & Schwartz, M. S. (2008). The Effectiveness of Business Codes: A Critical
Examination of Existing Studies and the Development of an Integrated Research Model.
Journal of Business Ethics, 77(2), 111–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9305-0
Kapur, D., & Vaishnav, M. (2018). Builders, Politicians, and Election Finance. In Costs of
Democracy: Political Finance in India. Oxford University Press.
https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780199487271.001.0001/oso-97
80199487271-chapter-4
Karahan, Gökhan R., Coats, R. M., & Shughart, W. F. (2006). Corrupt political jurisdictions and
voter participation. Public Choice, 126(1–2), 87–106.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-006-4316-z
Karahan, G&#x000F6;khan R., Razzolini, L., & Shughart II, W. F. (2002). Centralized versus
decentralized decision-making in a county government setting. Economics of
Governance, 3(2), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s101010100038
Karalashvili, N., Kraay, A., & Murrell, P. (2018). Doing the Survey Two-Step: The Effects of
Reticence on Estimates of Corruption in Two-Stage Survey Questions. In Institutions,
Governance and the Control of Corruption (pp. 335–387). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65684-7_11
Kardesler, E., & Yetkiner, Ý. H. (2009). The Impact of Corruption on FDI: An Application of
Efficient Grease Hypothesis to EU Countries (Working Paper No. 0902). Izmir
University of Economics. https://ideas.repec.org/p/izm/wpaper/0902.html
Karhunen, P., & Kosonen, R. (2013). Strategic responses of foreign subsidiaries to host country
corruption: The case of Finnish firms in Russia. Critical Perspectives on International
Business, 9(1/2), 88–105. https://doi.org/10.1108/17422041311299969
Karhunen, P., & Ledyaeva, S. (2012). Corruption Distance, Anti-corruption Laws and
International Ownership Strategies in Russia. Journal of International Management,
18(2), 196–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2011.10.002

348 

 
Karim, S. (2011). Madame officer. Americas Quarterly, 5(3), 42.
Karklins, R. (2002). Typology of Post-Communist Corruption. Problems of Post-Communism,
49(4), 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2002.11655993
Karklins, R. (2005). The system made me do it: Corruption in post-communist societies. ME
Sharpe.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=JBYf43IkmDwC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq
=Karklins,+Rasma.+2005.+The+System+Made+Me+Do+It:+Corruption+in+Post-Comm
unist+Societies&ots=l58umkC3qP&sig=knfRwZa3HGCI9Znpn-9k40-9Irw
Karl, T. L. (1997). The paradox of plenty: Oil booms and petro-states (Vol. 26). Univ of
California Press.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=I0a3aYDSZBMC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&d
q=Karl,+Terry+Lynn.+1997.+The+Paradox+of+Plenty:+Oil+Booms+and+Petro-States+
&ots=hZhPNeVUdD&sig=s_PdHxt44XgasbONgcbKracX8T8
Karmann, T., Mauer, R., Flatten, T., & Brettel, M. (2016). Entrepreneurial Orientation and
Corruption. Journal of Business Ethics, 133(2), 223–234.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2305-6
Karpaty, P., & Tingvall, P. G. (2015). Service Offshoring and Corruption: Do Firms Escape
Corrupt Countries? Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, 15(4), 363–381.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10842-015-0197-5
Karpoff, J. M., Lee, D. S., & Martin, G. S. (2014). The economics of foreign bribery: Evidence
from FCPA enforcement actions [Working Paper].
http://www.fox.temple.edu/cms/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/karpoff-KLM-bribery-paper
-23Jan2014.pdf
Karpoff, J. M., Lee, D. S., & Vendrzyk, V. P. (1999). Defense Procurement Fraud, Penalties, and
Contractor Influence. Journal of Political Economy, 107(4), 809–842.
https://doi.org/10.1086/250080
Kartal, Mart. (2014). The EU’s Impact on National Corruption in Central and Eastern Europe:
A Qualitative Comparative Analysis [Working Paper].
Kartal, Mart, & Pevehouse, J. (2014). International institutions and the rule of law: The case of
national corruption [Working Paper].
Kartal, Mert. (2014). Accounting for the bad apples: The EU’s impact on national corruption
before and after accession. Journal of European Public Policy, 21(6), 941–959.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2014.910820
Kartal, Mert. (2020). Incentivizing the Opposition: The EU’s Impact on Good Governance in

349 

 
Central and Eastern Europe. Comparative European Politics (Houndmills, Basingstoke,
England), 18(5), 751–770. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-020-00207-4
Kasekende, E., Abuka, C., & Sarr, M. (2016). Extractive industries and corruption: Investigating
the effectiveness of EITI as a scrutiny mechanism. Resources Policy, 48(Journal Article),
117–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2016.03.002
Kashem, M. B. (2005). The social organization of police corruption: The case of Bangladesh. In
Policing corruption: International perspectives (Vol. 3, p. 237).
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=JnfjSotiQ8IC&oi=fnd&pg=PA237&dq=
%E2%80%9CThe+Social+Organization+of+Police+Corruption:+The+Case+of+Banglad
esh%E2%80%9D,&ots=rYijRBtKYr&sig=ibb7zsXMBTn5qBW8HBmyRcxaWIk
Kasimbazi, E. (2004). Taxpayers’ Rights and Obligations: Analysis of Implementation and
Enforcement Mechanisms in Uganda. Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS.
http://diis.dk/files/media/documents/publications/emk_taxpayers_obligations_uganda.pdf
Kassem, R., & Higson, A. (2016). External Auditors and Corporate Corruption: Implications for
External Audit Regulators. Current Issues in Auditing, 10(1), P1.
Kasum, A. (2009). The Relevance of Forensic Accounting to Financial Crimes in Private and
Public Sectors of Third World Economies: A Study from Nigeria (SSRN Scholarly Paper
ID 1384242). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1384242
Katharina Michaelowa, & Anke Weber. (2006). Chapter 18 Aid Effectiveness in the Education
Sector: A Dynamic Panel Analysis. In Theory and Practice of Foreign Aid (Vol. 1, pp.
357–385). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-8715(06)01018-9
Kato, A., & Sato, T. (2014). The effect of corruption on the manufacturing sector in India.
Economics of Governance, 15(2), 155–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-014-0140-y
Kato, A., & Sato, T. (2015). Greasing the wheels? The effect of corruption in regulated
manufacturing sectors of India. Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue
Canadienne d’études Du Développement, Journal Article, 1–25.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2015.1026312
Kato, J., Mershon, C., & Kawata, J. (2006). Internal party organization in the Italian Christian
democrats and Japanese liberal democrats: Factional competition for office, clienteles,
and corrupt exchange. In Comparing Political Corruption and Clientelism (pp. 77–114).
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=X3Tb0Glw3G0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA77&d
q=%E2%80%9CInternal+Party+Organization+in+the+Italian+Christian+Democrats+and
+Japanese+Liberal+Democrats:+Factional+Competition+for+Office,+Clienteles,+and+C

350 

 
orrupt+Exchange%E2%80%9D,+in+Juichi+Kawata+ed.,+Comparing+Political+Corrupti
on+and+Clientalism+&ots=-YDuoEuCJR&sig=RE1hDgOtkWWYUormOdB2EuWt4GE
Katou, A. A. (2014). The relationship between corrupt practices and organisational performance:
An empirical investigation. Int.J.of Business Governance and Ethics, 8(4).
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBGE.2013.059162
Katsios, S. (2006). The shadow economy and corruption in Greece. South-Eastern Europe
Journal of Economics, 1(2006), 61–80.
Katsios, S. (2016a). Corruption as a Governance Challenge and the Role of Civil Society.
Ovidius University Annals: Economic Sciences Series, 1, 192–197.
Katsios, S. (2016b). Making Promises Good: The Anti-Money Laundering Regime as a
Multi-Purpose Tool for Governance. Ovidius University Annals: Economic Sciences
Series, 2, 227–232.
Katzarova, E. (2018). From global problems to international norms: What does the social
construction of a global corruption problem tell us about the emergence of an
international anti-corruption norm. Crime, Law and Social Change, 70(3), 299–313.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9733-z
Katzarova, E. (2019). The Social Construction of Global Corruption—From Utopia to
Neoliberalism. Palgrave Macmillan. https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9783319985688
Katzner, T. E. (2005). Corruption–a double-edged sword for conservation? A response to Smith
&amp; Walpole. Oryx, 39(3), 260–262. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605305000748
Kauder, B., & Potrafke, N. (2015). Just hire your spouse! Evidence from a political scandal in
Bavaria. European Journal of Political Economy, 38(Journal Article), 42–54.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2014.12.007
Kaufman, E. (Edy. (2017). The Impact of Occupation on Israel’s Corruption: No Wall Can Stop
a Half Century Contagious Disease. Palestine - Israel Journal of Politics, Economics,
and Culture, 22(2/3), 119–125.
Kaufmann, D. (1997). Corruption: The facts. Foreign Policy, 107, 114–131.
Kaufmann, D. (2004). Governance Matters III: Governance Indicators for 1996, 1998, 2000, and
2002. The World Bank Economic Review, 18(2), 253–287.
https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhh041
Kaufmann, Daniel. (1999). Anticorruption Strategies: Starting Afresh? Unconventional Lessons
from Comparative Analysis. In Rick Stapenhurst & S. J. Kpundeh, Curbing corruption:
Toward a model for building national integrity (pp. 35–50). World Bank.

351 

 
Kaufmann, Daniel. (2005). Myths and realities about Governance and Corruption. In Global
Competitiveness Report 2005-2006 (pp. 81–98). Oxford University Press.
Kaufmann, Daniel. (2010). Can Corruption Adversely Affect Public Finances in Industrialized
Countries?
http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2010/04/19-corruption-kaufmann
Kaufmann, Daniel. (2015). Corruption Matters. Finance and Development, 52(3), 20–23.
Kaufmann, Daniel, & Kraay, A. (2002). Growth without Governance. Economía, 3(1), 169–229.
https://doi.org/10.1353/eco.2002.0016
Kaufmann, Daniel, Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2006). Measuring Governance Using
Perceptions Data. In Susan Rose-Ackerman (Ed.), Handbook of Economic Corruption
(pp. 52–104). Edward Elgar.
Kaufmann, Daniel, Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2007a). Growth and Governance: A Reply. The
Journal of Politics, 69(2), 555–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00550.x
Kaufmann, Daniel, Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2007b). The worldwide governance indicators
project: Answering the critics (No. WPS4149; pp. 1–34). The World Bank.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/03/7411664/worldwide-governance-indi
cators-project-answering-critics
Kaufmann, Daniel, Mehrez, G., & Gurgur, T. (2004). Voice or Public Sector Management? An
Empirical Investigation of Determinants of Public Sector Performance based on a Survey
of Public Officials (World Bank Research Working Paper ID 316865).
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=316865
Kaufmann, Daniel, Montoriol-Garriga, J., & Recanatini, F. (2008). How does bribery affect
public service delivery? Micro-evidence from service users and public officials in Peru
(World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4492).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1088550
Kaufmann, Daniel, & Siegelbaum, P. (1996). Privatization and Corruption in Transition
Economies. Journal of International Affairs, 50(2), 419–458.
Kaufmann, Daniel, & Vicente, P. C. (2011). Legal Corruption. Economics & Politics, 23(2),
195–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2010.00377.x
Kaufmann, Daniel, & Wei, S.-J. (1999). Does" grease money" speed up the wheels of
commerce? (IMF Working Papers 00/64). National bureau of economic research.
http://www.nber.org/papers/w7093
Kautz, C. (2020). Power Struggle or Strengthening the Party: Perspectives on Xi Jinping’s
Anticorruption Campaign. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 25(3), 501–511.
352 

 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-020-09665-9
Kawata, Junʼichi. (2006). Mafia, Corrupted Violence and Incivism. In Comparing political
corruption and clientelism (pp. 133–156). Ashgate.
Kaymak, T., & Bektas, E. (2015). Corruption in Emerging Markets: A Multidimensional Study.
Social Indicators Research, 124(3), 785–805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0814-4
Ke, B., Liu, N., & Tang, S. (2017). The Effect of Anti-Corruption Campaign on Shareholder
Value in a Weak Institutional Environment: Evidence from China (SSRN Scholarly Paper
ID 2963478). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2963478
Keane, A., Jones, J. P. G., Edwards-Jones, G., & Milner-Gulland, E. J. (2008). The sleeping
policeman: Understanding issues of enforcement and compliance in conservation. Animal
Conservation, 11(2), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00170.x
Keefer, P. (2007). Clientelism, Credibility, and the Policy Choices of Young Democracies.
American Journal of Political Science, 51(4), 804–821.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00282.x
Keefer, P. (2011). Collective action, political parties, and pro-development public policy. Asian
Development Review, 28(1), 94–118.
Keefer, P., & Khemani. (2005). Democracy, Public Expenditures, and the Poor: Understanding
Political Incentives for Providing Public Services. The World Bank Research Observer,
20(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lki002
Keefer, P., & Khemani, S. (2011). Mass media and public services: The effects of radio access
on public education in Benin (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5559). The
World Bank. http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-5559
Keefer, P., & Khemani, S. (2012). Do informed citizens receive more...or pay more ? The impact
of radio on the government distribution of public health benefits (No. WPS5952; pp.
1–37). The World Bank.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/01/15640759/informed-citizens-receive-
moreor-pay-more-impact-radio-government-distribution-public-health-benefits
Keefer, P., & Knack, S. (2007). Boondoggles, Rent-Seeking, and Political Checks and Balances:
Public Investment under Unaccountable Governments. The Review of Economics and
Statistics, 89(3), 566–572. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.89.3.566
Keefer, P., & Vlaicu, R. (2008). Democracy, Credibility, and Clientelism. Journal of Law,
Economics, and Organization, 24(2), 371–406. https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewm054
Keenan, P. J. (2009). Curse or cure? China, Africa, and the effects of unconditioned wealth.
353 

 
Berkeley Journal of International Law, 27(1), 84–126.
Keene, S. D. (2017). Corruption, legitimacy, and stability: Implications for the U.S. Army.
Strategic Studies Institute and USArmy War College Press.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.FDLP_batch:ocn989513171
Keig, D. L., Brouthers, L. E., & Marshall, V. B. (2015). Formal and Informal Corruption
Environments and Multinational Enterprise Social Irresponsibility. The Journal of
Management Studies, 52(1), 89.
Keiser, R. (2015). Urban Regime Change: A Silver Lining for Scandals. Urban Affairs Review,
51(4), 504–532. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087414537604
Keliher, M., & Wu, H. (2016). Corruption, Anticorruption, and the Transformation of Political
Culture in Contemporary China. The Journal of Asian Studies, 75(1), 5–18.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S002191181500203X
Kelley, J. G., & Simmons, B. A. (2015). Politics by Number: Indicators as Social Pressure in
International Relations: POLITICS BY NUMBER. American Journal of Political
Science, 59(1), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12119
Kelley, T. (2012). Corruption as institution among small businesses in Africa. Florida Journal of
International Law, 24(1), 1–54.
Kelman, S. (2002). Remaking Federal Procurement. Public Contract Law Journal, 31(4),
581–622.
Kelsall, T. (2011). Rethinking the Relationship between Neo-patrimonialism and Economic
Development in Africa. IDS Bulletin, 42(2), 76–87.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2011.00213.x
Kempe, R. (2018). Institutions and the culture dimension of corruption in Nigeria. Crime, Law
and Social Change, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-018-9779-6
Kempe, R. (2019). The police corruption “crime problem” in Kenya. Security Journal, 32(2),
85–101. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-018-0149-y
Kempe, R. H. (2018). Controlling Corruption Through Integrity Committees: The Case of
Zambia. Public Integrity, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2018.1468203
Kempf, R. J. (2015). Crafting accountability policy: Designing offices of inspector general.
Policy and Society, 34(2), 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2015.05.003
Kennedy, D. (1999). The international anti-corruption campaign. Connecticut Journal of
International Law, 14(2), 455–465.
Kennedy, D. W., & Danielsen, D. (2011). Busting Bribery: Sustaining the Global Momentum of
354 

 
the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Open Society Foundations.
https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/15172636
Kennedy, Ja, & Anderson, C. (2017). Hierarchical rank and principled dissent: How holding
higher rank suppresses objection to unethical practices. Organizational Behavior And
Human Decision Processes, 139, 30–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.01.002
Kennedy, James, & Kroeze, R. (2018). The Paradox of “A High Standard of Public Honesty”: A
Long-Term Perspective on Dutch History. In Anti-corruption in History: From Antiquity
to the Modern Era. Oxford University Press.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.001.0001/oso-978
0198809975-chapter-15
Kennedy, Roberts. (2019). Conception and Regulation of the Political of Law of Corruption
Eradication in Indonesia Reform Era. International Journal of Multicultural and
Multireligious Understanding, 6(10), 130–137. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i10.904
Kennedy, Ryan, & Tiede, L. (2013). Economic Development Assumptions and the Elusive Curse
of Oil. International Studies Quarterly, 57(4), 760–771.
https://doi.org/10.1111/isqu.12065
Kenny, C. (2006). Measuring And Reducing The Impact Of Corruption In Infrastructure. The
World Bank. http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-4099
Kenny, C. (2009a). Is there an anticorruption agenda in utilities? Utilities Policy, 17(2),
156–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2008.07.004
Kenny, C. (2009b). Measuring Corruption in Infrastructure: Evidence from Transition and
Developing Countries. Journal of Development Studies, 45(3), 314–332.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380802265066
Kenny, C. (2017). Results not receipts: Counting the right things in aid and corruption. Center
For Global Development.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.PMUSE_batch:20170725muse56983
Kenny, C., Klein, M. U., & Sztajerowska, M. (2011). A Trio of Perspectives on Corruption:
Bias, Speed Money and “Grand Theft Infrastructure” (World Bank Policy Research
Working Paper No. 5889). Social Science Research Network.
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1965920
Kenny, C., & Musatova, M. (2006). Red Flags of Corruption’ in World Bank Projects: An
Analysis of Infrastructure Projects. In International handbook on the economics of
corruption. Edward Elgar-c2011.
Kenny, C., & Soreide, T. (2008). Grand Corruption In Utilities (World Bank Policy Research

355 

 
Working Paper 4805). The World Bank.
http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-4805
Kenny, P. D. (2015a). Colonial rule, decolonisation, and corruption in India. Commonwealth &
Comparative Politics, 53(4), 401–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2015.1089002
Kenny, P. D. (2015b). The Origins of Patronage Politics: State Building, Centrifugalism, and
Decolonization. British Journal of Political Science, 45(1), 141–171.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000712341300015X
Kerkhoff, T. (2016). Princely Patronage and Patriot Cause: Corruption and Public Value
Dynamics in the Dutch Republic (1770s–1780s). Public Integrity, 18(1), 25–41.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2015.1093403
Kessing, S. G., Konrad, K., & Kotsogiannis, C. (2007). Foreign direct investment and the dark
side of decentralization. Economic Policy, 49, 6–70.
Ketan, J. (2007). Use and Abuse of Electoral Development Funds and their Impact on Electoral
Politics and Governance in Papua New Guinea (Centre for Democratic Institutions
Policy Paper 2007/02).
http://archives.cap.anu.edu.au/cdi_anu_edu_au/_research/2007-08/D_P/2007_08_PPS4_
PNG_Ketan/2007_08_PPS4_KETAN.pdf
Ketkar, K., Murtuza, A., & Ketkar, S. (2005). Impact of Corruption on Foreign Direct
Investment and Tax Revenues. Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial
Management, 17(3), 313–340.
Ketterer, T. (2018). Institutions vs. ‘first‐nature’ geography: What drives economic growth in
Europe’s regions? Papers in Regional Science, 97(S1), S25–S62.
https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12237
Ketterer, T., & Rodríguez-Pose, A. (2015). Local quality of government and voting with one’s
feet. The Annals of Regional Science, 55(2), 501–532.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-015-0714-9
Khachatryan, E., Kube, S., & Vollan, B. (2015). Mitigating extortive corruption? Experimental
evidence. Jahrbücher Für Nationalökonomie Und Statistik, 235(2), 228–241.
Khadjavi, M., Lange, A., & Nicklisch, A. (2017). How transparency may corrupt − experimental
evidence from asymmetric public goods games. Journal of Economic Behavior and
Organization, 142, 468–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.07.035
Khair, A., Haniffa, R., Hudaib, M., & Abd Karim, M. (2015). Personalisation of power,
neoliberalism and the production of corruption. Accounting Forum, 39(3), 225.
Khakbaz-Poor, N., & Zarandi, S. (2015). The Effect of Electronic Government on the
356 

 
Administrative Corruption of Employees with an Emphasis on Administrative Violations.
International Review of Management and Business Research, 4(3), 713–730.
Khalil, F., & Lawarrée, J. (2006). Incentives for Corruptible Auditors in the Absence of
Commitment. Journal of Industrial Economics, 54(2), 269–291.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6451.2006.00283.x
Khalil, F., Lawarrée, J., & Yun, S. (2010). Bribery versus extortion: Allowing the lesser of two
evils. RAND Journal of Economics, 41(1), 179–198.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2171.2009.00095.x
Khalil, S., Saffar, W., & Trabelsi, S. (2015). Disclosure Standards, Auditing Infrastructure, and
Bribery Mitigation. 132(2), 379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2321-6
Khalymon, S. I., Puzyrov, M. S., & Prytula, A. M. (2019). Problems of implementation of
whistleblower institution in Ukraine. Juridical Tribune, 9(2), 436–454.
Khamfula, Y. (2007). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in EP and IS Countries:
The Role of Corruption. The World Economy, 30(12), 1843–1854.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.01055.x
Khan, Anupriya, & Krishnan, S. (2019). Conceptualizing the impact of corruption in national
institutions and national stakeholder service systems on e-government maturity.
International Journal of Information Management, 46, 23–36.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.11.014
Khan, Aq, Khwaja, A. I., & Olken, B. A. (2016). Tax Farming Redux: Experimental Evidence
on Performance Pay for Tax Collectors. Quarterly Journal of Economics; Q.J.Econ.,
131(1), 219–271. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv042
Khan, Feisal. (2008). Understanding the Spread of Systemic Corruption in the Third World.
American Review of Political Economy, 6(2), 16–39.
Khan, Feisal. (2016). Combating corruption in Pakistan. Asian Education and Development
Studies, 5(2), 195–210.
Khan, Firoz. (2018). Neopatrimonialism and corruption: Towards a new common sense. Journal
of Contemporary African Studies, 36(4), 553–562.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2019.1574399
Khan, M. (2006). Determinants of corruption in developing countries: The limits of conventional
economic analysis. In International Handbook on the Economics of Corruption (pp.
216–244).
Khan, M., & Jomo, K. (2000). Rents, rent-seeking and economic development: Theory and
evidence in Asia.
357 

 
Khan, M. M. (2003). Political and Administrative Corruption: Concepts, Comparative
Experiences and the Bangladesh Case. Asian Affairs, 25(1), 5–33.
Khan, Muhammad Asif, Chaudhary, G. M., & Khalid Latif. (2020). How Consumer Confidence,
Corruption and Credit Rating Effect the Exchange Rate: Emerging Market Perspective.
Journal of Accounting and Finance in Emerging Economies, 6(2), 367–379.
https://doi.org/10.26710/jafee.v6i2.1109
Khan, Muhammad Asif, Popp, J., Talib, M. N. A., Lakner, Z., Khan, M. A., & Oláh, J. (2020).
Asymmetric Impact of Institutional Quality on Tourism Inflows Among Selected Asian
Pacific Countries. Sustainability (Basel, Switzerland), 12(3), 1223-.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031223
Khan, Muhammad Atif, Gu, L., Khan, M. A., & Oláh, J. (2020). Natural resources and financial
development: The role of institutional quality. Journal of Multinational Financial
Management, 56, 100641-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2020.100641
Khan, Mushtaq H. (1996a). A Typology of Corrupt Transactions in Developing Countries. IDS
Bulletin, 27(2), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1996.mp27002003.x
Khan, Mushtaq H. (1996b). The efficiency implications of corruption. Journal of International
Development, 8(5), 683–696.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1328(199609)8:5<683::AID-JID411>3.0.CO;2-4
Khan, Mushtaq H. (1998). Patron—Client Networks and the Economic Effects of Corruption in
Asia. The European Journal of Development Research, 10(1), 15.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09578819808426700
Khan, Mushtaq H. (1998). The role of civil society and patron-client networks in the analysis of
corruption. In Corruption and Integrity Improvement Initiatives in Developing Countries.
UNDP.
http://www.u4.no/recommended-reading/the-role-of-civil-society-and-patron-client-netw
orks-in-the-analysis-of-corruption/
Khan, Mushtaq H. (2001). The new political economy of corruption. In Development Policy in
the Twenty-First Century: Beyond the Washington Consensus. London: Routeledge.
Khan, Mushtaq H. (2012). Governance during Social Transformations: Challenges for Africa.
New Political Economy, 17(5), 667–675. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2012.732276
Khan, Mustaq H. (2004). Corruption, Governance and Economic Development. In The New
Development Economics. Zed Press.
Khandekar, A., & Reddy, D. S. (2015). An Indian summer: Corruption, class, and the Lokpal
protests. 15(2), 221–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469540513498614

358 

 
Khandker, A. (2015). The effect of economic freedom on corruption: The case of South Asian
countries. Int.J.of Economics and Business Research, 9(4).
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEBR.2015.069674
Khanna, A. (2017). Revisiting the Oil Curse: Does Ownership Matter? World Development, 99,
214–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.05.026
Khanna, J., & Johnston, M. (2007). India’s middlemen: Connecting by corrupting? Crime, Law
and Social Change, 48(3), 151–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-007-9086-0
Khemani, M. (2009a). Anti-Corruption Commissions in the African State: Burying the Problem
or Addressing the Issue? (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 1334286). Social Science Research
Network. http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1334286
Khemani, M. (2009b). The Role of Anti-Corruption Commissions in Changing Cultural Attitudes
toward Corruption and the Rule of Law [Working Paper].
Khemani, S. (2006). Local Government Accountability for Health Service Delivery in Nigeria.
Journal of African Economies, 15(2), 285ff.
Khemani, S. (2007a). Can Information Campaigns Overcome Political Obstacles to Serving the
Poor? In The Politics of Service Delivery in Democracies: Better Access for the Poor (pp.
56–69).
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.133.7367&rep=rep1&type=pdf
#page=61
Khemani, S. (2007b). Does delegation of fiscal policy to an independent agency make a
difference? Evidence from intergovernmental transfers in India. Journal of Development
Economics, 82(2), 464–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.04.001
Khemani, S. (2010). Political capture of decentralization: Vote-buying through grants-financed
local jurisdictions (No. WPS5350; pp. 1–37). The World Bank.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2010/06/12469071/political-capture-decentral
ization-vote-buying-through-grants-financed-local-jurisdictions
Khemani, S. (2013). Buying votes vs. supplying public services: Political incentives to
under-invest in pro-poor policies (No. WPS6339; pp. 1–38). The World Bank.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/01/17200957/buying-votes-vs-supplyin
g-public-services-political-incentives-under-invest-pro-poor-policies
Khera, R. (2011a). India’s Public Distribution System: Utilisation and Impact. Journal of
Development Studies, 47(7), 1038–1060. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2010.506917
Khera, R. (2011b). Trends in Diversion of PDS Grain (Working Paper id:3793).
eSocialSciences. https://ideas.repec.org/p/ess/wpaper/id3793.html

359 

 
Khojastehpour, M. (2015). How does corporate social responsibility avoid the incidence of
corruption in international expansion? European Business Review, 27(3), 334–342.
Khruakham, S., & Lee, J. (2013). Cross-Nation Comparison of the Intolerance to Police
Misconduct: Findings from a Thai Police Cadet Survey. International Journal of Police
Science & Management, 15(3), 237–245. https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2013.15.3.314
Khumawala, S., & Ramchand, L. (2005). Country Level Corruption and Frequency of Issue in
the U.S. Market. Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management,
17(3), 341–364.
Khwaja, A. I. (2009). Can good projects succeed in bad communities? Journal of Public
Economics, 93(7), 899–916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.02.010
Khwaja, A. I., & Mian, A. (2005). Do Lenders Favor Politically Connected Firms? Rent
Provision in an Emerging Financial Market. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(4),
1371–1411.
Khwaja, A. I., & Mian, A. (2011). Rent Seeking and Corruption in Financial Markets. 3(1 1),
579–600. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-061109-080310
Khyareh, M. M. (2019). A cointegration analysis of tax evasion, corruption and entrepreneurship
in OECD countries. Ekonomska Istraživanja, 32(1), 3627–3646.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1674175
Kibler, M. L. (2019). The Foreign Emoluments Clause: Tracing the Framers’ Fears About
Foreign Influence Over the President. New York University Annual Survey of American
Law, 74(2), 496.
Kidd, J., & Richter, F.-J. (2003). Introduction: Corruption and Its Measures. In Fighting
corruption in Asia: Causes, effects and remedies (pp. 1–26). World Scientific.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9LfUCgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&d
q=%E2%80%9CIntroduction:+Corruption+and+Its+Measures%E2%80%9D,+in+John+
B.+Kidd+%26+Frank-Jurgen+Richter+eds.,+Fighting+Corruption+in+Asia:+Causes,+Ef
fects,+and+Remedies+&ots=SQr-KszThx&sig=LcXjiTLLJeONMo3W1LmJAeX8acI
Killingsworth, J., Hossain, N., Hedrick-Wong, Y., Thomas, S., Rahman, A., & Begum, T.
(1999). Unofficial fees in Bangladesh: Price, equity and institutional issues. Health
Policy and Planning, 14(2), 152–163.
Kim, C.-K. (2007). A Cross-national Analysis of Global E-government. Public Organization
Review, 7(4), 317–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-007-0040-5
Kim, C.-K. (2014). Anti-Corruption Initiatives and E-Government: A Cross-National Study.
Public Organization Review, 14(3), 385–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-013-0223-1

360 

 
Kim, D. S., Li, Y., & Tarzia, D. (2018). Value of corruption in China: Evidence from
anti-corruption investigation. Economics Letters, 164, 112–116.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2018.01.021
Kim, D.-H., & Lin, S.-C. (2017). Natural Resources and Economic Development: New Panel
Evidence. Environmental and Resource Economics, 66(2), 363–391.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-015-9954-5
Kim, E., Ha, Y., & Kim, S. (2017). Public Debt, Corruption and Sustainable Economic Growth.
Sustainability, 9(3), <xocs:firstpage xmlns:xocs=""/>. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030433
Kim, H. (2020). Corruption as Infrastructure: Rendering the New Saigon Global. International
Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 44(6), 1057–1071.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12951
Kim, H. J., & Sharman, J. C. (2014). Accounts and accountability: Corruption, human rights, and
individual accountability norms. International Organization, 68(2), 417.
Kim, H. T., Papanastassiou, M., & Nguyen, Q. (2017). Multinationals and the impact of
corruption on financial derivatives use and firm value: Evidence from East Asia. Journal
of Multinational Financial Management, 39, 39–59.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2017.02.001
Kim, J. B. (1999). Korean implementation of the OECD bribery convention: Implications for
global efforts to fight corruption. UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, 17(2 3), 245–275.
Kim, J., & Kim, J. B. (1997). Cultural Differences in the Crusade Against International Bribery:
Rice-Cake Expenses in Korea and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Pacific Rim Law &
Policy Journal, 6, 549–755.
Kim, P. S. (2007). Building National Integrity Through Corruption Eradication in South Korea.
International Public Management Review, 8(2), 138–163.
Kim, S. B. (2016). Dangling the Carrot, Sharpening the Stick: How an Amnesty Program and
Qui Tam Actions Could Strengthen Korea’s Anti-Corruption Efforts. Northwestern
Journal Of International Law & Business, 36(1), 235–266.
Kim, Seongcheol, Kim, H. J., & Lee, H. (2009). An institutional analysis of an e-government
system for anti-corruption: The case of OPEN. Government Information Quarterly,
26(1), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2008.09.002
Kim, Suhee, Rees, W., & Sila, V. (2020). Do anti‐bribery laws reduce the cost of equity?
Evidence from the U.K. Bribery Act 2010. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting,
47(3–4), 438–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12434
Kim, Taek. (2003). Comparative Study of Anti-Corruption Systems, Efforts and Strategies in
361 

 
Asian Countries: Focusing on Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, and Korea. In J. Kidd &
F.-J. Richter, Fighting Corruption in Asia (pp. 349–375). WORLD SCIENTIFIC.
http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789812795397_0014
Kim, Taeyoung, & Kim, H. (2017). Which country uses public social expenditure efficiently
among OECD countries? Applied Economics Letters, 24(10), 677–680.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2016.1221031
Kim, Y. J., & Kim, E. S. (2016). Exploring the interrelationship between public service
motivation and corruption theories. Evidence - Based HRM, 4(2), 181–186.
Kimbro, M. B. (2002). A cross-country empirical investigation of corruption and its relationship
to economic, cultural, and monitoring institutions: An examination of the role of
accounting and financial statements quality. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance,
17(4), 325–349.
Kimchoeun, P., & Craig, D. (2008). Accountability and Public Expenditure Management in
Decentralised Cambodia. http://www.cdri.org.kh/webdata/download/wp/wp38e.pdf
Kimchoeun, P., Vuthy, H., Netra, E., Sovatha, A., Sedara, K., Knowles, J., & Craig, D. (2007).
Accountability and Neo-Patrimonialism in Cambodia: A Critical Literature Review.
Cambodia Development Resource Institute.
http://lbj.utexas.edu/sites/default/files/file/WP34e.pdf
Kimura, K. (2001). Partnerships Between the Public and Private Sectors to Fight Corruption
Linked to Organized Crime. In K. ADB-OECD Conference on Combatting Corruption in
the Asia-Pacific Region : Seoul (Ed.), Progress in the fight against corruption in Asia
and the Pacific: Papers presented at the joint ABD-OECD Conference on Combatting
Corruption in the Asia-Pacific Region, Seoul, Korea, 11-13 December 2000. Asian
Development Bank.
Kimya, F. (2018). Political economy of corruption in Turkey: Declining petty corruption, rise of
cronyism? Turkish Studies, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2018.1531352
Kindra, G. (1998). Social Marketing strategies to fight corruption (World Bank Institute
Working Paper 18874; pp. 75–86).
King, C., & Lord, N. (2020). Deferred Prosecution Agreements in England and Wales: Castles
Made of Sand? Public Law, 330.
Kingdon, G., & Muzammil, M. (2009). A Political Economy of Education in India: The Case of
Uttar Pradesh. Oxford Development Studies, 37(2), 123–144.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13600810902874626
Kingston, C. (2005). Social Capital and Corruption: Theory, and Evidence from India [Working

362 

 
Paper]. https://www3.amherst.edu/~cgkingston/India.pdf
Kingston, C. (2007). Parochial corruption. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,
63(1), 73–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2005.05.008
Kingston, C. (2008). Social structure and cultures of corruption. Journal of Economic Behavior
and Organization, 67(1), 90–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2007.06.001
Kinley, D. (2014). A New Human Right to Freedom from Corruption (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID
2393205). Social Science Research Network. http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2393205
Kinnear, J. (1995). The ethics of international business: Foreign policy and economic sanctions.
Vital Speeches of the Day, 61(18), 561.
Kirya, M. T. (2020). Promoting anti-corruption, transparency and accountability in the
recruitment and promotion of health workers to safeguard health outcomes. Global
Health Action, 13(sup1), 1701326. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2019.1701326
Kiselev, E. (2012). Bribe-Taking and Bureaucratic Competition: A Search Cost Model of
Corruption. Working paper [Working Paper].
http://people.brandeis.edu/~ekiselev/Bribe%20Taking%20and%20Bureaucratic%20Com
petition%20Final.pdf
Kiselev, E. (2013). Lobbying, Corruption, and Regulatory Constraints: An Analysis of Eastern
European Business Associations [MPRA Paper]. University Library of Munich,
Germany. http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/pramprapa/51936.htm
Kishor, N., & Damania, R. (2007). Crime and justice in the Garden of Eden: Improving
governance and reducing corruption in the forestry sector. The Many Faces of
Corruption. The World Bank, Washington, DC.
Kishore, A., & Chakrabarti, S. (2015). Is more inclusive more effective? The “New Style” public
distribution system in India. Food Policy, 55(Journal Article), 117.
Kis-Katos, K., & Schulze, G. (2013). Corruption in Southeast Asia: A survey of recent research.
Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, 27(1), 79–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/apel.12004
Kisubi, M. (1999). Involving Civil Society in the Fight Against Corruption. In Curbing
corruption: Toward a model for building national integrity (pp. 117–125). World Bank.
Kjaer, A. (2004). Old brooms can sweep too! An overview of rulers and public sector reforms in
Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 42(3), 389–413.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X04000242
Kjærvik, J. (2013). Corruption and the Duration of Political Regimes, 1984-2008 [Working
Paper]. University of Oslo.

363 

 
http://oatd.org/oatd/record?record=oai%5C%3Awww.duo.uio.no%5C%3A10852%5C%2
F36963
Kjellberg, F. (1992). Corruption as an analytical problem: Some notes on research in public
corruption. Indian Journal of Administrative Science, 3(1–2), 195–221.
Kjellberg, F. (1994). Conflict of interest, corruption or (simply) scandals? Crime, Law and Social
Change, 22(4), 339–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01302924
Klapper, L., Laeven, L., & Rajan, R. (2006). Entry regulation as a barrier to entrepreneurship.
Journal of Financial Economics, 82(3), 591–629.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.09.006
Klasnja, M. (2011). Why Do Malfeasant Politicians Maintain Political Support? Testing the
“Uninformed Voter” Argument (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 1901683). Social Science
Research Network. http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1901683
Klašnja, M. (2015). Corruption and the Incumbency Disadvantage: Theory and Evidence. The
Journal of Politics, 77(4), 928–942. https://doi.org/10.1086/682913
Klašnja, M. (2017). Uninformed Voters and Corrupt Politicians. American Politics Research,
45(2), 256–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X16684574
Klašnja, M., Little, A. T., & Tucker, J. A. (2018). Political Corruption Traps. Political Science
Research and Methods, 6(3), 413–428. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2016.45
Klašnja, M., & Tucker, J. A. (2013). The economy, corruption, and the vote: Evidence from
experiments in Sweden and Moldova. Electoral Studies, 32(3), 536–543.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2013.05.007
Klasnja, M., Tucker, J. A., & Deegan-Krause, K. (2016). Pocketbook vs. Sociotropic Corruption
Voting. British Journal of Political Science, 46(1), 67–94.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123414000088
Klaw, B. (2012). A New Strategy For Preventing Bribery And Extortion In International
Business Transactions. Harvard Journal on Legislation, 49(2), 303–371.
Kleiman, M. A. R. (1993). Enforcement swamping: A positive-feedback mechanism in rates of
illicit activity. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 17(2), 65–75.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-7177(93)90240-Y
Kleiman, M., & Kilmer, B. (2009). The dynamics of deterrence. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States, 106(34), 14230–14235.
Klein, C. B. (1999). What exactly is an unlawful gratuity after United States v. Sun-Diamond
Growers? George Washington Law Review, 68(1), 116–133.

364 

 
Kleinberg, J. (2014). The Dynamics of Corruptogenic Organizations. International Journal of
Group Psychotherapy, 64(4), 420–443. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijgp.2014.64.4.420
Kleiner, T.-M. (2016). Why We Trust Other Nations: The Role of Cultural Values and
Corruption in Generating Transnational Trust. Comparative Sociology, 15(1), 85.
Kleven, H. J., Knudsen, M. B., Kreiner, C. T., Pedersen, S., & Saez, E. (2010). Unwilling or
Unable to Cheat? Evidence from a Randomized Tax Audit Experiment in Denmark
(Working Paper No. 15769). National Bureau of Economic Research.
http://www.nber.org/papers/w15769
Klich, A. (1996). Bribery in economies in transition: The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.
Stanford Journal of International Law, 32(1), 121–147.
Klitgaard, R. (1997). Cleaning up and invigorating the civil service. Public Administration and
Development, 17(5), 487–509.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-162X(199712)17:5<487::AID-PAD981>3.0.CO;2-1
Klitgaard, R. (2006). Subverting Corruption. Global Crime, 7(3–4), 299–307.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17440570601063724
Klitgaard, R. (2011). Fighting corruption. CESifo DICE Report : Journal for Institutional
Comparisons ; the International Platform of Ludwig-Maximilians University’s Center for
Economic Studies and the Ifo Institute for Economic Research, 9(2), 31–35.
Klitgaard, R. (2015). Addressing Corruption Together (OECD). OECD.
https://www.oecd.org/dac/governance-peace/publications/FINAL%20Addressing%20cor
ruption%20together.pdf
Klitgaard, R. E. (1991). Controlling corruption. University of California Press.
Klitgaard, R. E. (2000). Corrupt cities: A practical guide to cure and prevention. ICS Press ;
Washington, DC.
Klitgaard, R. E., United States. National Commission on the Public Service, & Pardee Rand
Graduate School. (2005). Choosing and Using Performance Criteria. In
High-performance government: Structure, leadership, incentives. RAND.
http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG256.pdf
Klochko, M., & Ordeshook, P. (2003). Corruption, Cooperation and Endogenous Time Discount
Rates. Public Choice, 115(3), 259–283. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024268211998
Klockars, C. B., Kutnjak Ivkovic, S., Harver, W. E., & Haberfeld, M. R. (2000). The
Measurement of Police Integrity. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/181465.pdf

365 

 
Klomp, J., & De Haan, J. (2008). Effects of Governance on Health: A Cross‐National Analysis
of 101 Countries. Kyklos, 61(4), 599–614.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2008.00415.x
Klooster, D. (2000). Institutional Choice, Community, and Struggle: A Case Study of Forest
Co-Management in Mexico. World Development, 28(1), 1–20.
Klugman, J. (1986). The psychology of Soviet corruption, indiscipline and resistance to reform.
Political Psychology, 7(1), 67–82.
Knack, S. (2001). Aid dependence and the quality of governance: Cross-country empirical tests.
Southern Economic Journal, 68(2), 310–329.
Knack, S. (2002). Governance and growth: Measurement and evidence [Working Paper].
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/28050/
Knack, S. (2004). Does Foreign Aid Promote Democracy? International Studies Quarterly,
48(1), 251–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00299.x
Knack, S. (2007). Measuring Corruption: A Critique of Indicators in Eastern Europe and Central
Asia. Journal of Public Policy, 27(3), 255–291.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X07000748
Knack, S. (2009). Sovereign Rents and Quality of Tax Policy and Administration. Journal of
Comparative Economics, 37(3), 359–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2009.04.001
Knack, S., & Azfar, O. (2003). Trade intensity, country size and corruption. Economics of
Governance, 4(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s101010200051
Knack, S., Biletska, N., & Kacker, K. (2019). Deterring Kickbacks and Encouraging Entry in
Public Procurement Markets: Evidence from Firm Surveys in 90 Developing Countries.
The World Bank Economic Review, 33(2), 287–309. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhy016
Knack, S., & Rahman, A. (2007). Donor fragmentation and bureaucratic quality in aid recipients.
Journal of Development Economics, 83(1), 176–197.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.02.002
Kneen, P. (2000). Political corruption in Russia and the Soviet Legacy. Crime, Law and Social
Change, 34(4), 349–367. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026510706947
Knights, M. (2018a). Anticorruption in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Britain. In
Anti-corruption in History: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford University Press.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.001.0001/oso-978
0198809975-chapter-13
Knights, M. (2018b). Explaining Away Corruption in Pre-Modern Britain. Social Philosophy

366 

 
and Policy, 35(2), 94–117. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265052519000141
Knoll, M., & Zloczysti, P. (2012). The Good Governance Indicators of the Millennium
Challenge Account: How Many Dimensions are Really Being Measured? World
Development, 40(5), 900–915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.11.010
Knott, P. J. H., & Miller, P. G. J. (2006). Social welfare, corruption and credibility. Public
Management Review, 8(2), 227–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030600587455
Knox, C. (2009). Dealing with sectoral corruption in Bangladesh: Developing citizen
involvement. Public Administration and Development, 29(2), 117–132.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.523
Knutsen, C. H., Kotsadam, A., Olsen, E. H., & Wig, T. (2017). Mining and Local Corruption in
Africa. American Journal of Political Science, 61(2), 320–334.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12268
Ko, E., Su, Y.-C., & Yu, C. (2015). Sibling rivalry among anti-corruption agencies in Taiwan.
Asian Education and Development Studies, 4(1), 101–101.
Ko, K., & Samajdar, A. (2010). Evaluation of international corruption indexes: Should we
believe them or not? The Social Science Journal, 47(3), 508–540.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2010.03.001
Ko, K., & Weng, C. (2011). Critical Review of Conceptual Definitions of Chinese Corruption: A
formal–legal perspective. Journal of Contemporary China, 20(70), 359–378.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2011.565170
Ko, K., & Weng, C. (2012). Structural Changes in Chinese Corruption. 211, 718–740.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741012000793
Kobayashi, M. (2006). Political Clientalism and Corruption: Neo-Structuralism and
Republicanism. In Comparing political corruption and clientelism (pp. 1–22). Ashgate.
Kobis, N. C., van Prooijen, J. W., Righetti, F., & Van Lange, P. (2017). The Road to Bribery and
Corruption: Slippery Slope or Steep Cliff? Psychological Science, 28(3), 297–306.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616682026
Köbis, N. C., Van Prooijen, J.-W., Righetti, F., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2016). Prospection in
Individual and Interpersonal Corruption Dilemmas. Review of General Psychology,
20(1), 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000069
Köbis, N., Prooijen, J.-W., Righetti, F., & Lange, A. (2015). “Who Doesn’t?”—The Impact of
Descriptive Norms on Corruption. PLoS One, 10(6).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131830

367 

 
Kobonbaev, M., & Eicher, S. (2009a). Exploring Corruption in the Petroleum Sector. In
Corruption in international business: The challenge of cultural and legal diversity (pp.
99–112). Gower.
Kobonbaev, M., & Eicher, S. (2009b). Quantifying the Immeasureable. In Corruption in
international business: The challenge of cultural and legal diversity (pp. 61–80). Gower.
Kobonbaev, M., Eicher, S., & Jacobsen, D. (2009). Critiquing the Indicators of Corruption and
Governance. In Corruption in international business: The challenge of cultural and legal
diversity (pp. 81–90). Gower.
Koch, R. (2005). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: It’s Time to Cut Back the Grease and Add
Some Guidance. Boston College International & Comparative Law Review, 28, 379–403.
Kochan, N. (2011). Corruption: The new corporate challenge. Palgrave Macmillan.
Kochanova, A. (2012). The Impact of bribery on firm performance: Evidence from central and
eastern European countries (CERGE-EI Working Paper Series No. 473).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2191094
Kock, N., & Gaskins, L. (2014). The Mediating Role of Voice and Accountability in the
Relationship Between Internet Diffusion and Government Corruption in Latin America
and Sub-Saharan Africa. Information Technology for Development, 20(1), 23–43.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2013.832129
Kodila Tedika, O. (2012). Empirical Survey on the Causes of the Corruption [MPRA Paper].
University Library of Munich, Germany.
http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/pramprapa/41484.htm
Kodila-Tedika, O. (2012). Marriage and Corruption: An empirical analysis on european data
(MPRA Paper No. 40311). University Library of Munich, Germany.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/40311.html
Kodila-Tedika, O., Azia-Dimbu, F., & Kalemasi-Mosengo, C. (2012). Divorce and Corruption:
New Study, New Data (MPRA Paper 39815).
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/39815/1/Divorce_and_corruption.pdf
Kodila-Tedika, O., Kanyama, I., & Azia-Dimbu, F. (2013). Alcohol and Corruption. Journal of
Advanced Research in Law and Economics, 4(2(8)), 149–152.
Koechlin, L. (2013). Corruption as an empty signifier: Politics and political order in Africa.
Brill.
Koechlin, L., & Sepulveda Carmona, M. (2009). Corruption and Human Rights: - Exploring the
Connection. In Corruption, Global Security and World Order (pp. 310–340).
Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
368 

 
Koehler, M. (2012). Revisiting a Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Compliance Defense. Wisconsin
Law Review, 2, 609–659.
KOEHLER, M. (2017). Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Statistics, Theories, Policies, And
Beyond. Cleveland State Law Review, 65, 157–259.
Koehler, Mike. (2007). The unique FCPA compliance challenges of doing business in China.
Wisconsin International Law Journal, 25(3), 397–438.
Koehler, Mike. (2010a). The facade of FCPA enforcement. Georgetown Journal of International
Law, 41(4), 907.
Koehler, Mike. (2010b). The FCPA, foreign agents, and lessons from the Halliburton
enforcement action. Ohio Northern University Law Review, 36(2), 457–479.
Koehler, Mike. (2010c). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act in the ultimate year of its decade of
resurgence. Indiana Law Review, 43(2), 389–421.
Koehler, Mike. (2011). Big, bold, and bizarre: The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act enters a new
era. The University of Toledo Law Review, 43(1), 99–149.
Koehler, Mike. (2012a). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act under the microscope. University of
Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law, 15(1), 1–63.
Koehler, Mike. (2012b). The story of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Ohio State Law Journal,
73(5), 929–1013.
Koehler, Mike. (2013). An examination of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act issues. Richmond
Journal of Global Law and Business, 12(3), 317–391.
Koehler, Mike. (2016a). Common Language To Remedy Distorted Foreign Corrupt Practices
Act Enforcement Statistics. Rutgers University Law Review, 68(2), 553–603.
Koehler, Mike. (2016b). A Snapshot of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Santa Clara Journal
of International Law, 14(1), 143.
Koehler, Mike. (2017). JPMorgan—A Trifecta of Off-the-Rails FCPA Enforcement (SSRN
Scholarly Paper ID 2927327). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2927327
Koehler, Mike. (2019). Has the FCPA Been Successful in Achieving Its Objectives? University
of Illinois Law Review, 2019(4), 1267–1319.
Koehler, Mike1. (2015). The Uncomfortable Truths and Double Standards of Bribery
Enforcement. Fordham Law Review, 84(2), 525–561.
Koessler, Frédéric, & Lambert-Mogiliansky, A. (2013). Committing to transparency to resist

369 

 
corruption. Journal of Development Economics, 100(1), 117–126.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.08.006
Koessler, Frederic, & Lambert-Mogiliansky, A. (2014). Extortion and Political-Risk Insurance.
Journal of Public Economics, 120(Journal Article), 144–156.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.09.006
Kofele-Kale, N. (1995). Patrimonicide: The international economic crime of indigenous
spoliation. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 28(1), 45–118.
Kofele-Kale, N. (2000). The Right to a Corruption-Free Society as an Individual and Collective
Human Right: Elevating Official Corruption to a Crime under International Law. The
International Lawyer, 34(1), 149–178.
Kofele-Kale, N. (2006a). Change or the illusion of change: The war against official corruption in
Africa. The George Washington International Law Review, 38(4), 697–747.
Kofele-Kale, N. (2006b). Presumed Guilty: Balancing Competing Rights and Interests in
Combating Economic Crimes. The International Lawyer, 40(4), 909–944.
Kohler, J. C. (2011). Fighting Corruption in the Health Sector. United Nations Development
Programme.
http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/IP/Anticorru
ption%20Methods%20and%20Tools%20in%20Education%20Lo%20Res.pdf
Kohler, J. C., & Bowra, A. (2020). Exploring anti-corruption, transparency, and accountability in
the World Health Organization, the United Nations Development Programme, the World
Bank Group, and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.
Globalization and Health, 16(1), 101–101. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00629-5
Kohler, J. C., & Dimancesco, D. (2020). The risk of corruption in public pharmaceutical
procurement: How anti-corruption, transparency and accountability measures may reduce
this risk. Global Health Action, 13(sup1), 1694745.
https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2019.1694745
Koichumanov, T. (2009). Changing the Rules: How the Transition Economy of Kyrgyzstan Is
Reforming Public Corruption. In Corruption in international business: The challenge of
cultural and legal diversity (pp. 129–142). Gower.
Kolenda, H. (1990). One party, two systems: Corruption in the People’s Republic of China and
attempts to control it. Journal of Chinese Law, 4, 187–232.
Koller, T., Clarke, D., & Vian, T. (2020). Promoting anti-corruption, transparency and
accountability to achieve universal health coverage. Global Health Action, 13(sup1),
1700660. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2019.1700660

370 

 
Kolomak, E. (n.d.). The Sub-Federal Adminsitrative Regulation in Russia. International Journal
of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 3(4), 197–218.
Kolstad, I, & Wiig, A. (2016). Does democracy reduce corruption? Democratization, 23(7),
1198–1215. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2015.1071797
Kolstad, Ivar. (2009). The resource curse: Which institutions matter? Applied Economics Letters,
16(4), 439–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/17446540802167339
Kolstad, Ivar, & Fjeldstad, O.-H. (n.d.). Fiscal Decentralisation and Corruption—A Brief
Overview of the Issues. Retrieved July 12, 2016, from
http://www.u4.no/publications/fiscal-decentralisation-and-corruption-a-brief-overview-of
-the-issues/
Kolstad, Ivar, & Søreide, T. (2009). Corruption in natural resource management: Implications for
policy makers. Resources Policy, 34(4), 214–226.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2009.05.001
Kolstad, Ivar, & Wiig, A. (2009). Is Transparency the Key to Reducing Corruption in
Resource-Rich Countries? World Development, 37(3), 521–532.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.07.002
Kolstad, Ivar, & Wiig, A. (2013). Digging in the Dirt? Extractive Industry FDI and Corruption.
Economics of Governance, 14(4), 369–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-013-0133-2
Komalasari, K., & Saripudin, D. (2015). Integration of Anti- Corruption Education in School’s
Activities. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 12(6), 445–451.
Kong, D. T. (2014). An economic-genetic theory of corporate corruption across cultures: An
interactive effect of wealth and the 5HTTLPR-SS/SL frequency on corporate corruption
mediated by cultural endorsement of self-protective leadership. PERSONALITY AND
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, 63(Journal, Electronic), 106–111.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.061
Kong, Dejun, & Volkema, R. (2016). Cultural Endorsement of Broad Leadership Prototypes and
Wealth as Predictors of Corruption. Social Indicators Research; An International and
Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, 127(1), 139–152.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0959-9
Kong, Dongmin, Wang, L., & Wang, M. (2017). Effects of anti-corruption on firm performance:
Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China. Finance Research Letters, 23,
190–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2017.05.011
Kong, Dongmin, Xiang, J., Zhang, J., & Lu, Y. (2019). Politically connected independent
directors and corporate fraud in China. Accounting and Finance, 58(5), 1347–1383.

371 

 
https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.12449
Konrad, K. A., & Skaperdas, S. (1997). Credible threats in extortion. Journal of Economic
Behavior and Organization, 33(1), 23–39.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2681(97)00019-X
Konrad, K. I., & Skaperdas, S. (1998). Extortion. Economica, 65(260), 461–477.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0335.00141
Konstantinidis, I., & Xezonakis, G. (2013). Sources of tolerance towards corrupted politicians in
Greece: The role of trade offs and individual benefits. Crime Law And Social Change,
60(5), 549–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-013-9478-2
Konstantinidou, E. (2015). Examination of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative: A
Case Study of Azerbaijan. Oil, Gas & Energy Quarterly, 64(2), 307.
Kopecký, P., & Spirova, M. (2011). ‘Jobs for the Boys’? Patterns of Party Patronage in
Post-Communist Europe. West European Politics, 34(5), 897–921.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2011.591072
Korchmina, E., & Fedyukin, I. (2019). Extralegal payments to state officials in Russia,
1750s–1830s: Assessing the burden of corruption. The Economic History Review, 72(1),
156–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/ehr.12666
Kornai, J. (n.d.). Hidden in an Envelope: Gratitude Payments to Medical Doctors in Hungary.
Working paper.
http://docplayer.net/14691701-Hidden-in-an-envelope-gratitude-payments-to-medical-do
ctors-in-hungary-1-janos-kornai.html
Korosteleva, J., Mickiewicz, T., & Stepien, P. (2015). How city type, trust and technology affect
corruption: A multilevel comparative study (ersa15p1055; ERSA Conference Papers).
European Regional Science Association.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/wiw/wiwrsa/ersa15p1055.html
Korosteleva, J., Mickiewicz, T., & Stępień-Baig, P. (2020). It takes two to tango:
Complementarity of bonding and bridging trust in alleviating corruption in cities.
Regional Studies, 54(6), 851–862. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1652894
Koryś, P., & Tymniński, M. (2016). The unwanted legacy. In search of historical roots of
corruption in Poland. Sociologija, 58(2), 203–219.
https://doi.org/10.2298/SOC1602203K
Kosack, S., & Fung, A. (2014). Does Transparency Improve Governance? Annual Review of
Political Science, 17(1), 65–87. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-032210-144356
Kosack, S., & Tobin, J. (2006). Funding Self-Sustaining Development: The Role of Aid, FDI
372 

 
and Government in Economic Success. International Organization, 60(1), 205–243.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818306060097
Kosals, L., & Maksimova, A. (2015). Informality, crime and corruption in Russia: A review of
recent literature. Theoretical Criminology, 19(2), 278–288.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480615581099
Kossow, N., & Kukutschka, R. (2017). Civil society and online connectivity: Controlling
corruption on the net? Crime, Law and Social Change, 68(4), 459–476.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9696-0
Kostadinova, T. (2009). Abstain or Rebel: Corruption Perceptions and Voting in East European
Elections. Politics & Policy, 37(4), 691–714.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2009.00194.x
Kostadinova, T. (2012). Political Corruption in Eastern Europe: Politics After Communism.
Lynne Rienner Pub.
Kostakis, I. (2017). The impact of shadow economy and/or corruption on private consumption:
Further evidence from selected Eurozone economies. Eurasian Economic Review, 7(3),
411–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40822-017-0072-2
Kotchegura, A. (2004). Reducing Corruption in Post-Communist Countries. International Public
Management Review, 5(1), 138–156.
Kotchegura, A. (2018). Preventing Corruption Risk in Legislation: Evidence from Russia,
Moldova, and Kazakhstan. International Journal of Public Administration, 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2018.1426011
Kotera, G., Okada, K., & Samreth, S. (2012). Government size, democracy, and corruption: An
empirical investigation. Economic Modelling, 29(6), 2340–2348.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.06.022
Kotz, H. D., & Mangiero, S. (n.d.). Avoiding FCPA Liability by Tightening Internal Controls:
Considerations for Institutional Investors and Corporate Counsel [Working Paper].
http://www.thinkbrg.com/media/publication/494_Kotz_Mangiero_CorpCounselor_Sept2
014_text.pdf
Kotzian, P. (2014). Good Governance and Norms of Citizenship: An Investigation into the
System‐ and Individual‐Level Determinants of Attachment to Civic Norms. American
Journal of Economics and Sociology, 73(1), 58–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajes.12066
Kouchaki, M., Smith - Crowe, K., Brief, A. P., & Sousa, C. (2013). Seeing Green: Mere
Exposure to Money Triggers a Business Decision Frame and Unethical Outcomes.
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 121(1), 53–61.

373 

 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.12.002
Kountouris, Y., & Remoundou, K. (2013). Is there a cultural component in tax morale? Evidence
from immigrants in Europe. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 96,
104–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2013.09.010
Kouznetsov, A., & Dass, M. (2010). Does size matter?: A qualitative study into areas of
corruption where a firm’s size influences prospects for distributors of foreign‐made
goods in Russia. Baltic Journal of Management, 5(1), 51–67.
https://doi.org/10.1108/17465261011016559
Kouznetsov, A., Kim, S., & Pierce, J. (2017). A longitudinal meta-analysis of corruption in
international business and trade: Bridging the isolated themes. The International Trade
Journal, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2017.1376724
Kouznetsov, A., Kim, S., & Wright, C. (2019). An audit of received international business
corruption literature for logic, consistency, completeness of coverage. Journal of
International Management, 100688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2019.100688
Koven, S. G. (2018). Toward a Strategy for Combating Corruption. International Journal of
Public Administration, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2018.1500585
Koyuncu, C., Ozturkler, H., & Yilmaz, R. (2010). Privatization and corruption in transition
economies: A panel study. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 13(3), 277–284.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2010.503099
Koyuncu, C., & Yilmaz, R. (2009). The Impact of Corruption on Deforestation: A
Cross-Country Evidence. The Journal of Developing Areas, 42(2), 213–222.
Kpundeh, S. (2004). Process interventions versus structural reforms: Institutionalizing
anticorruption reforms in Africa. In Building State Capacity in Africa: New Approaches
(pp. 257–282).
Kpundeh, Sahr J. (2005). The Big Picture: Building a Sustainable Reform Movement Against
Corrutpion in Africa. In Michael Johnston (Ed.), Civil society and corruption: Mobilizing
for reform (pp. 73–94). University Press of America.
Kpundeh, Sahr John. (1995). Politics and corruption in Africa: A case study of Sierra Leone.
University Press of America.
Kpundeh, Sahr John. (1998). Political Will in Fighting Corruption. In Irene Hors, Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development, Development Centre, Programme for
Accountability and Transparency, & Corruption and Integrity Improvement Initiatives in
Developing Countries (Eds.), Corruption & integrity improvement initiatives in
developing countries (pp. 91–110). United Nations Development Programme.

374 

 
Kraay, A., & Murrell, P. (2016). Misunderestimating Corruption. The Review of Economics and
Statistics, 98(3), 455.
Krajcova, J. (n.d.-a). On the Hidden Costs of Monitoring Corruption or Effort [Working Paper].
https://www.cerge-ei.cz/pdf/wp/Wp404.pdf
Krajcova, J. (n.d.-b). Testing Leniency Programs Experimentally: The Impact of a Change in
Parameterization (CERGE-EI Working Paper No. 370).
https://www.cerge-ei.cz/pdf/wp/Wp370.pdf
Krajcova, J., & Ortmann, A. (2008). Testing Leniency Programs Experimentally: The Impact of
“Natural” Framing (CERGE-EI Working Paper No. 372).
https://www.cerge-ei.cz/pdf/wp/Wp372.pdf
Krajewska, A., & Makowski, G. (2017). Corruption, anti-corruption and human rights: The case
of Poland’s integrity system. Crime, Law and Social Change, 68(3), 325–339.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9710-6
Krambia-Kapardis, M. (2014). Perception of political corruption as a function of legislation.
Journal of Financial Crime, 21(1), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-04-2013-0025
Krambia-Kapardis, M. (2019). Disentangling anti-corruption agencies and accounting for their
ineffectiveness. Journal of Financial Crime, 26(1), 22–35.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-01-2018-0016
Krambia-Kapardis, M. (2020). An exploratory empirical study of whistleblowing and
whistleblowers. Journal of Financial Crime, 27(3), 755–770.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-03-2020-0042
Krambia-Kapardis, M., & Courakis, N. (2016). Anti-corruption Measures: The Panacea to a
Financial Cliff. In M. Dion, D. Weisstub, & J.-L. Richet (Eds.), Financial Crimes:
Psychological, Technological, and Ethical Issues (pp. 3–31). Springer International
Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32419-7_1
Kramer, J. M. (1998). The politics of corruption. Current History, 97(621), 329.
Kramer, R. M., & Messick, D. M. (1996). Ethical Cognition and the Framing of Organizational
Dilemmas: Decision Makers as Intuitive Lawyers. In Codes of conduct: Behavioral
research into business ethics (pp. 59–85). Russell Sage.
Krammer, S. M. S., & Jiménez, A. (2019). Do political connections matter for firm innovation?
Evidence from emerging markets in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Technological
Forecasting & Social Change. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.05.027
Krasnousov, S. D., & Khlonova, N. V. (2015). Estimation of corruption risks in educational
organization (on the example of Krasnoyarsk). Aktualʹnye Problemy Èkonomiki i Prava,
375 

 
9(1), 254–261. https://doi.org/10.21202/1993-047X.09.2015.1.254-261
Krastev, I. (n.d.). The Missing Incentive: Corruption, Anticorruption, and Reelection. In Building
a Trustworthy State in Transition (pp. 151–172).
Krastev, I. (2001). A Moral Economy of Anti-Corruption Sentiments in Transition. Working
paper. [Working Paper].
http://www.wiiw.ac.at/a-moral-economy-of-anti-corruption-sentiments-in-transition-dlp-
3347.pdf
Krastev, I., & Ganev, G. (2003). Do Uncorrupt Governments in Corrupt Countries Have
Incentives to Launch Anticorruption Campaigns? East European Constitutional Review,
12(2/3), 87–93.
Krastev, V., Koyundzhiyska-Davidkova, B., & Atanasova, I. (2020). The impact of the
corruption on the sustainable development of the businesses in South-West Bulgaria. SHS
Web of Conferences, 74, 6015-. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207406015
Krause, S., & Méndez, F. (2009). Corruption and Elections: An Empirical Study for a
Cross-Section of Countries. Economics & Politics, 21(2), 179–200.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2008.00341.x
Kravtsova, M., Oshchepkov, A., & Welzel, C. (2017). Values and Corruption. Journal of
Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(2), 225–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022116677579
Krawiec, K. D. (2003). Cosmetic compliance and the failure of negotiated governance.
Washington University Law Quarterly, 81(2), 487–544.
Kreikebaum, H. (2008). Corruption as a moral issue. Social Responsibility Journal, 4(1/2),
82–88. https://doi.org/10.1108/17471110810856857
Kreindler, R. (2011). Legal Consequences of Corruption in International Investment Arbitration:
An Old Challenge with New Answers. In Liber amicorum en l’honneur de Serge Lazareff
(pp. 383–390). Éditions Pedone.
Kress, L. E. (2010). How the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Has Knocked the “SOX” off the DOJ and SEC
and Kept the FCPA on Its Feet. Pittsburgh Journal of Technology Law and Policy, 10(0).
https://doi.org/10.5195/tlp.2010.54
Krever, T. (2007). Curbing corruption? The efficacy of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. North
Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, 33(1), 83–102.
Kriendler, R. (2010). Corruption in International Investment Arbitration: Jurisdiction and the
Unclean Hands Doctrine. In Between East and West: Essays in honour of Ulf Franke.
Juris.

376 

 
Krishna, A. (2007). Poverty and Health: Defeating poverty by going to the roots. Development,
50(2), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100359
Krishnamurti, C., Pensiero, D., & Velayutham, E. (2019). Determinants of Defence Industry
Corruption Risk: Firm Level Empirical Evidence Using Transparency International’s
Anti-Corruption Index. The Singapore Economic Review, 64(3), 675–708.
https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217590816500053
Krishnamurti, C., Shams, S., & Velayutham, E. (2018). Corporate social responsibility and
corruption risk: A global perspective. Journal of Contemporary Accounting &
Economics, 14(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2018.02.002
Krishnan, C. (2014). Tackling Corruption in Political Party Financing: Lessons from Global
Regulatory Practices. Social Science Research Network.
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2433257
Krishnan, C. (2016). Inequality, Corruption and Democracy in Industrial Democracies. Available
at SSRN 2776676. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2776676
Krishnan, S., Teo, T. S. H., & Lim, V. K. G. (2013). Examining the relationships among
e-government maturity, corruption, economic prosperity and environmental degradation:
A cross-country analysis. Information & Management, 50(8), 638–649.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2013.07.003
Kristiansen, S., & Pratikno, S. (2006). Decentralising education in Indonesia. International
Journal of Educational Development, 26(5), 513–531.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2005.12.003
Kristiansen, S., & Ramli, M. (2006). Buying an Income: The Market for Civil Service Positions
in Indonesia. Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic
Affairs, 28(2), 207–233.
Kroeze, R. (2018). Lockheed (1977) and Flick (1981–1986): Anticorruption as a Pragmatic
Practice in the Netherlands and Germany. In Anti-corruption in History: From Antiquity
to the Modern Era. Oxford University Press.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.001.0001/oso-978
0198809975-chapter-20
Kroeze, R., Vitória, A., & Geltner, G. (2018). Introduction: Debating Corruption and
Anticorruption in History. In Anti-corruption in History: From Antiquity to the Modern
Era. Oxford University Press.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.001.0001/oso-978
0198809975-chapter-1
Kronenberg, T. (2004). The curse of natural resources in the transition economies*. Economics
377 

 
of Transition and Institutional Change, 12(3), 399–426.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0967-0750.2004.00187.x
Krsteski, N. G. H. (2017a). Anti-Corruption Measures For Corporate Security. Journal of
Process Management. New Technologies, 5(2), 75–82.
https://doi.org/10.5937/jouproman5-13490
Krsteski, N. G. H. (2017b). Corruption In South Africa: Genesis And Outlook. Journal of
Process Management. New Technologies, 5(4), 49–54.
https://doi.org/10.5937/jouproman5-15160
Krueger, A. O. (1974). The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society. The American
Economic Review, 64(3), 291–303.
Kruk, M. E., Mbaruku, G., Rockers, P. C., & Galea, S. (2008). User fee exemptions are not
enough: Out‐of‐pocket payments for ‘free’ delivery services in rural Tanzania, Les
exonérations de redevances ne sont pas assez: les paiements de poche des services
‘gratuits’ d’accouchement dans les zones rurales de Tanzanie, La exención de tarifas para
usuarios no es suficiente: pagos de bolsillo en servicios obstétricos “gratuitos” en
Tanzania rural. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 13(12), 1442–1451.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02173.x
Krylova, Y. (2018a). Administrative corruption and its effects on Russian entrepreneurs: A
regional aspect. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 30(2), 121–137.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2017.1383764
Krylova, Y. (2018b). Outsourcing the Fight against Corruption: Lessons from the International
Commission against Impunity in Guatemala. Global Policy, 9(1), 95–101.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12518
Kselman, D. (2011). Electoral Institutions and Poltical Corruption: Ballot Structure, Electoral
Formula, and Graft. In Political economy of institutions, democracy and voting (pp.
327–371). Springer.
Kubbe, I. (2013). Corruption and trust: A model design. Zeitschrift Für Vergleichende
Politikwissenschaft, 7(1), 117–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-013-0159-4
Kubbe, I. (2018). Europe’s “democratic culture” in the fight against corruption. Crime, Law and
Social Change, 70(2), 217–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9728-9
Kubbe, I., & Engelbert, A. (2017). Corruption and the impact of democracy. Crime, Law and
Social Change, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9732-0
Kubbe, I., & Varraich, A. (Eds.). (2019). Corruption and Informal Practices in the Middle East
and North Africa (1 edition). Routledge.

378 

 
Kubiak, A. (2001). Corruption in Everyday Experience: Report on Survey.
http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00002390/01/corrupt_everyday.pdf
Kubiciel, M. (2009). Core Criminal Law Provisions in the United Nations Convention Against
Corruption. International Criminal Law Review, 9(1), 139–155.
https://doi.org/10.1163/157181209X398853
Kubickova, M. (2019). The impact of government policies on destination competitiveness in
developing economies. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(6), 619–642.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1296416
Kubickova, M., & Smith, S. J. (2017). Role of destination competitiveness and national
corruption in hotel performance: A study of developing economies of Central America.
International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 1–24.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2017.1397582
Kuecken, M., & Valfort, M.-A. (2019). Information Reduces Corruption and Improves
Enrolment (But Not Schooling): A Replication Study of a Newspaper Campaign in
Uganda. The Journal of Development Studies, 55(5), 1007–1029.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2018.1506575
Kuehl, H. F. (2019). The “Fight Song” of International Anti-Bribery Norms and Enforcement:
The OECD Convention Implementation’s Recent Triumphs and Tragedies.(Organisation
for Economic Co-Operation and Development). University of Pennsylvania Journal of
International Law, 40(2), 465–508.
Kugler, M., Verdier, T., & Zenou, Y. (2005). Organized crime, corruption and punishment.
Journal of Public Economics, 89(9), 1639–1663.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.05.005
Kuhner, T. K. (2016). The Corruption of Liberal and Social Democracies. Fordham Law Review,
84(6), 2453–2476.
Kukhianidze, A. (2009). Corruption and organized crime in Georgia before and after the ‘Rose
Revolution.’ Central Asian Survey, 28(2), 215–234.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02634930903043709
Kulik, M. (2020). The Local Government Body Member and the Local Government Employee
as a Passive Bribery Offender under Polish Criminal Law. Lex Localis, 18(2), 433–448.
https://doi.org/10.4335/18.2.433-448(2020)
Kulish, A., Andriichenko, N., & Reznik, O. (2018). A Step Forward in the Minimization of
Political Corruption in Financial Support of Political Parties: The Experience of Ukraine
and Lithuania. Baltic Journal of Law & Politics, 11(1), 108–130.
https://doi.org/10.2478/bjlp-2018-0005
379 

 
Kulkarni, S. A. (2013). Enforcing Anti-Corruption Measures Through International Investment
Arbitration. Transnational Dispute Management (TDM), 10(3).
https://www.transnational-dispute-management.com/article.asp?key=1957
Kumar, C. R. (2003). Corruption and human rights: Promoting transparency in governance and
the fundamental right to corruption-free service in India. Columbia Journal of Asian Law,
17(1), 31–72.
Kumar, C. R. (2005). Corruption, Human Rights, and Development: Sovereignty and State
Capacity to Promote Good Governance. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American
Society of International Law), 99, 416–419.
Kumar, C. R. (2008). Corruption, development and good governance: Challenges for promoting
access to justice in Asia. Journal of International Law, 16(3), 475–571.
Kumar, C. R. (2011). Corruption and human rights in India: Comparative perspectives on
transparency and good governance. Oxford University Press.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:EDZ0000091698
Kumar, C. R. (2015). Corruption in India: A Violation of Human Rights. UC Davis Law Review,
49, 741–792.
Kumar, G. C. V., & Rajesh, R. (2015). Anti corruption movement: Students’ participation and
motivational factors. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences, 5(7), 54–67.
Kumar, R. (2004a). Corruption in Japan—Institutionalizing the Right to Information,
Transparency, and the Right to Corruption Free Governance. New England Journal of
International & Compartive Law, 10(1), 1–30.
Kumar, R. (2004b). Human Rights Approaches of Corruption Control Mechanisms: Enhancing
the Hong Kong Experince of Corruption Prevention Strategies. San Diego International
Law Journal, 5, 323–352.
Kumar, R. (2014). Challenges of Corruption and Good Governance: A Human Rights
Perspective. Jindal Journal of Public Policy, 1(1), 121–150.
Kumar, R., & Best, M. (2006). Impact and Sustainability of E-Government Services in
Developing Countries: Lessons Learned from Tamil Nadu, India—Eldis. The Information
Society, 22(1), 1–12.
Kumari Tiwari, R., & Debnath, J. (2017). Forensic accounting: A blend of knowledge. Journal
of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 25(1), 73–85.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRC-05-2016-0043
Kumasey, A. S., & Hossain, F. (2020). Exploring the unfathomable causes of dysfunctional
behaviours in the Ghanaian public service: Perspectives of social capital. The
380 

 
International Journal of Public Sector Management, 33(5), 579–594.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-07-2019-0187
Kumlin, S., & Esaiasson, P. (2012). Scandal Fatigue? Scandal Elections and Satisfaction with
Democracy in Western Europe, 1977–2007. British Journal of Political Science, 42(02),
263–282. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000712341100024X
Kuncoro, A. (2002). The new laws of decentralization and corruption in Indonesia:examination
of provincial and district data. European Regional Science Association.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/wiw/wiwrsa/ersa02p053.html
Kuncoro, A. (2004). Bribery in Indonesia: Some evidence from micro-level data. Bulletin of
Indonesian Economic Studies, 40(3), 329–354.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0007491042000231511
Kuncoro, A. (2006). Corruption and Business Uncertainty in Indonesia. ASEAN Economic
Bulletin, 23(1), 11–30.
Kunicova, J. (2006). Democratic Institutions and Corruption: Incentives and Constraints in
Politics. In International handbook on the economics of corruption (pp. 140–160).
Edward Elgar-c2011.
Kunicova, J. (2013). The Role of the World Bank in Promoting Good Governance and
Anti-Corruption Reforms: A View from the Europe and Central Asia Region. In
Anti-corruption policy: Can international actors play a constructive role? (pp. 41–54).
Carolina Academic Press, 2013.
Kunicová, J., & Rose-Ackerman, S. (2005). Electoral Rules and Constitutional Structures as
Constraints on Corruption. British Journal of Political Science, 35(4), 573–606.
Kuo, D., & Teorell, J. (2017). Illicit Tactics as Substitutes. Comparative Political Studies, 50(5),
665–696. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414016649481
Kupatadze, A. (2011). Similar events, different outcomes: Accounting for diverging corruption
patterns in post-revolution Georgia and Ukraine. Caucasus Analytical Digest, 26, 2–4.
Kupatadze, A. (2015). Political corruption in Eurasia: Understanding collusion between states,
organized crime and business. Theoretical Criminology, 19(2), 198–215.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480615574404
Kupatadze, A. (2016). The Quest for Good Governance: Georgia’s Break with the Past. Journal
of Democracy, 27(1), 110–123.
Kupatadze, A. (2017). Accounting for diverging paths in most similar cases: Corruption in
Baltics and Caucasus. Crime, Law and Social Change, 67(2), 187–208.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-016-9658-y
381 

 
Kupferman, D. W. (2016). Idyllic No More: Pacific Island Climate, Corruption and
Development Dilemmas by Giff Johnson. The Contemporary Pacific, 28(2), 514–516.
https://doi.org/10.1353/cp.2016.0040
Kurer, Oscar. (2007). Why do Papua New Guinean voters opt for clientelism? Democracy and
governance in a fragile state. Pacific Economic Bulletin, 22(1), 39–53.
Kurer, Oskar. (1993). Clientelism, corruption, and the allocation of resources. Public Choice,
77(2), 259–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01047869
Kurer, Oskar. (2001). Why Do Voters Support Corrupt Politicians? In The political economy of
corruption (pp. 63–86). Routledge.
Kurer, Oskar. (2005). Corruption: An Alternative Approach to Its Definition and Measurement.
Political Studies, 53(1), 222–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00525.x
Kurer, Oskar. (2015). Definitions of Corruption. In Routledge handbook of political corruption
(pp. 30–41). Routledge.
Kuris, G. (2014a). Balancing Responsibilities: Evolution of Lithuania’s Anti-Corruption Agency,
1997-2007. Innovations for Successful Societies, Princeton University.
https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/publications/balancing-responsibilities-evolution
-lithuanias-anti-corruption-agency-1997-2007
Kuris, G. (2014b). Cleaning House: Croatia Mops Up High-Level Corruption, 2005-2012.
Innovations for Successful Societies, Princeton University.
https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/sites/successfulsocieties/files/Policy_Note_ID22
6.pdf
Kuris, G. (2014c). From a Rocky Start to Regional Leadership: Mauritius’s Anti-Corruption
Agency, 2006-2012. Innovations for Successful Societies, Princeton University.
https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/publications/rocky-start-regional-leadership-mau
ritiuss-anti-corruption-agency-2006-2012
Kuris, G. (2014d). From Underdogs to Watchdogs: How Anti-Corruption Agencies Can Hold
Off Potent Adversaries. Innovations for Successful Societies, Princeton University.
http://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/publications/underdogs-watchdogs-how-anti-corr
uption-agencies-can-hold-potent-adversaries
Kuris, G. (2014e). Holding the High Ground with Public Support: Indonesia’s Anti-Corruption
Commission Digs In, 2007-2011. Innovations for Successful Societies, Princeton
University.
https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/publications/holding-high-ground-public-support
-indonesias-anti-corruption-commission-digs-2007-2011

382 

 
Kuris, G. (2014f). “Inviting a Tiger into Your Home”: Indonesia Creates an Anti-Corruption
Commission with Teeth, 2002-2007.
https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/publications/inviting-tiger-your-home-indonesia-
creates-anti-corruption-commission-teeth-2002-2007
Kuris, G. (2014g). Managing Corruption Risks: Botswana Builds an Anti-Graft Agency,
1994-2012. Innovations for Successful Societies, Princeton University.
https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/publications/managing-corruption-risks-botswan
a-builds-anti-graft-agency-1994-2012
Kuris, G. (2014h). Surmounting State Capture: Latvia’s Anti-Corruption Agency Spurs Reforms,
2002-2011. Innovations for Successful Societies, Princeton University.
https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/publications/surmounting-state-capture-latvias-a
nti-corruption-agency-spurs-reforms-2002-2011
Kuris, G. (2014i). Toothless but Forceful: Slovenia’s Anti-Corruption Watchdog Exposes
Systemic Graft, 2004-2013. Innovations for Successful Societies, Princeton University.
https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/publications/toothless-forceful-slovenias-anti-co
rruption-watchdog-exposes-systemic-graft-2004-2013
Kuris, G. (2015). Watchdogs or guard dogs: Do anti-corruption agencies need strong teeth?
Policy and Society, 34(2), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2015.04.003
Kurland, A. (1989). The Guarantee Clause as a Basis for Federal Prosecutions of State and Local
Officials. Southern California Law Review, 62(2), 367.
Kurtoglu Eskisar, G. M., & Komsuoglu, A. (2015). A critical assessment of the transformative
power of EU reforms on reducing corruption in the Balkans. Southeast European and
Black Sea Studies, Journal Article, 1–26.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2015.1015315
Kurtz, M. J., & Schrank, A. (2007a). Growth and Governance: Models, Measures, and
Mechanisms. The Journal of Politics, 69(2), 538–554.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00549.x
Kurtz, M. J., & Schrank, A. (2007b). Growth and Governance: A Defense. The Journal of
Politics, 69(2), 563–569. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00551.x
Kurtzman, J., Yago, G., & Phumiwasana, T. (2004). The Global Costs of Opacity. MIT Sloan
Management Review, 46(1), 38–44.
Kurzban, R. (2010). Why everyone (else) is a hypocrite: Evolution and the modular mind.
Princeton University Press.
Kusnadi, Y., & Srinidhi, B. (2020). Cross-country differences in the effect of political

383 

 
connections on stock price informativeness. Journal of Contemporary Accounting &
Economics, 16(2), 100203-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2020.100203
Kutan, A. M., Douglas, T., & Judge, W. (2009). Does Corruption Hurt Economic Development?
Evidecne from Middle Eastern and Latin American Countries. In Economic performance
in the Middle East and North Africa: Institutions, corruption and reform (pp. 25–37).
Routledge ; London.
Kutnjak Ivković, S. (2005). Fallen blue knights: Controlling police corruption. Oxford
University Press.
Kutnjak Ivkovic, S. (2005). The Bosnian Police and Police Integrity: A Continuing Story.
European Journal of Criminology, 2(4), 428–464.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370805056057
Kutnjak Ivkovic, S. (2009). Rotten apples, rotten branches, and rotten orchards: A cautionary tale
of police misconduct. Criminology & Public Policy, 8(4), 777–785.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00593.x
Kutnjak Ivkovic, S., Haberfeld, M., & Peacock, R. (2013). Rainless West The Integrity Survey’s
Role in Agency Accountability. Police Quarterly, 16(2), 148–176.
Kutnjak Ivkovic, S., Klockars, C., Cajner‐Mraović, I., & Ivanušec, D. (2002). Controlling Police
Corruption: The Croatian Perspective. Police Practice and Research, 3(1), 55–72.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15614260290011336
Kutnjak Ivkovic, S., & Sauerman, A. (2013). Curtailing the code of silence among the South
African police. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management,
36(1), 175–198. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511311302533
Kutnjak Ivkovic, S., & Sauerman, A. (2016). Police integrity in South Africa: A tale of three
police agency types. Policing, 39(2), 268–283.
Kutnjak Ivkovic, S., & Shelley, T. O. (2007). Police Integrity and the Czech Police Officers.
International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 31(1), 21–49.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2007.9678759
Kutnjak-Ivkovic, S. (2003). To Serve and Collect: Measuring Police Corruption. The Journal of
Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-), 93(2/3), 593–650.
Kuusela, O.-P., Amacher, G. S., & Moeltner, K. (2017). Enforcing the rules in timber
concessions: Performance bonding in the presence of corruption risk. Forest Policy and
Economics, 85, 52–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.08.016
Kuziemko, I., & Werker, E. (2006). How Much Is a Seat on the Security Council Worth?
Foreign Aid and Bribery at the United Nations. Journal of Political Economy, 114(5),
384 

 
905–930. https://doi.org/10.1086/507155
Kuzio, T. (2016). Ukraine’s Other War: The Rule of Law and Siloviky After the Euromaidan
Revolution. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 29(4), 681–706.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13518046.2016.1232556
Kuzio, T. (2017). Ukrainian kleptocrats and America’s real-life House of Cards: Corruption,
lobbyism and the rule of law. Communist and Post-Communist Studies.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2017.01.002
Kuzmina, O., Volchkova, N., & Zueva, T. (2014). Foreign direct investment and governance
quality in Russia. Journal of Comparative Economics, 42(4), 874–891.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2014.08.001
Kwok, C. C. Y., & Tadesse, S. (2006). The MNC as an agent of change for host-country
institutions: FDI and corruption. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(6), 767.
https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400228
Kwon, I. (2014). Motivation, Discretion, and Corruption. Journal Of Public Administration
Research And Theory, 24(3), 765–794. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mus062
Kwon, Illoong. (2018). Performance budgeting: Effects on government debt and economic
growth. Applied Economics Letters, 25(6), 388–392.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2017.1324607
Kyoung-Sun, M. (2019). The effectiveness of anti-corruption policies: Measuring the impact of
anti-corruption policies on integrity in the public organizations of South Korea. Crime,
Law and Social Change, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-019-09814-z
Kyriacou, A. P. (2016). Individualism-collectivism, governance and economic development.
European Journal Of Political Economy; Eur.J.Polit.Econ., 42(Journal Article), 91–104.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.11.005
Kyriacou, Andreas P., Muinelo-gallo, L., & Roca-sagalés, O. (2015). Construction corrupts:
Empirical evidence from a panel of 42 countries. Public Choice, 165(1–2), 123–145.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-015-0297-0
Kyriacou, Andreas P., & Roca-Sagalés, O. (2011). Fiscal decentralization and government
quality in the OECD. Economics Letters, 111(3), 191–193.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.02.019
La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1999). The quality of government.
Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 15(1), 222–279.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/15.1.222
La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Zamarripa, G. (2003). Related Lending. The Quarterly
385 

 
Journal of Economics, 118(1), 231–268. https://doi.org/10.1162/00335530360535199
La Rocca, M., Cambrea, D. R., & Cariola, A. (2017). The role of corruption in shaping the value
of holding cash. Finance Research Letters, 20, 104–108.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2016.09.014
Lacatus, C., & Sedelmeier, U. (2020). Does monitoring without enforcement make a difference?
The European Union and anti-corruption policies in Bulgaria and Romania after
accession. Journal of European Public Policy, 27(8), 1236–1255.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2020.1770842
Lacey, K. (n.d.). Expansion of SEC Authority into Internal Corporate Governance: The
Accounting Provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (A Twentieth Anniversary
Review). Retrieved July 26, 2016, from
http://www.heinonline.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jt
rnlwp7&id=1&size=2&collection=journals&index=journals/jtrnlwp
Lachman, S. (2017). Failed state: Dysfunction and corruption in an American statehouse.
Excelsior Editions/State University of New York Press.
Ladd, A. (2014). The “Catch-22” of Corporate Cooperation in Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Investigations. Houston Law Review, 51(3), 947.
Laegreid, O. M., & Povitkina, M. (2018). Do Political Institutions Moderate the GDP-CO2
Relationship? Ecological Economics, 145(March), 441–450.
Laeven, L., & Valencia, F. (2013). Systemic Banking Crises Database. IMF Economic Review,
61(2), 225–270. https://doi.org/10.1057/imfer.2013.12
Laffont, J.-J. (1991). The politics of government decision-making: A theory of regulatory
capture. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(4), 1089–1127.
Laffont, J.-J., & Martimort, D. (1999). Separation of Regulators against Collusive Behavior. The
RAND Journal of Economics, 30(2), 232–262.
Laffont, J.-J., & Meleu, M. (2001). Separation of powers and development. Journal of
Development Economics, 64(1), 129–145.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00127-9
Laffont, J.-J., & N’Guessan, T. (1999). Competition and corruption in an agency relationship.
Journal of Development Economics, 60(2), 271–295.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(99)00056-5
Lagaras, S., Ponticelli, J., & Tsoutsoura, M. (2017). Caught with the Hand in the Cookie Jar:
Firm Growth and Labor Reallocation after Exposure of Corrupt Practices (SSRN
Scholarly Paper ID 2929625). Social Science Research Network.
386 

 
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2929625
Lagos, M. (2003). Public Opinion of Corruption in Latin America. Global Corruption Report
2003, 282–284.
Lagunes, P., & Huang, R. (2015). Saving Gotham: Fighting corruption in New York City’s
property tax system. In Susan Rose-Ackerman & P. Lagunes, Greed, Corruption, and the
Modern State (pp. 180–205). Edward Elgar Publishing.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/9781784714697.00014.xml
Lahiri, Sajal, & Raimondos‐møller, P. (2000). Lobbying by Ethnic Groups and Aid Allocation.
Economic Journal, 110(462), 62–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00521
Lahiri, Somnath. (2017). The moderating influence of market potential and prior experience on
the governance quality-equity participation relationship. Management Decision, 55(1),
203–217.
Lai, A. (2002). Building Public Confidence in Anti-Corruption Efforts: The Approach of the
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. Forum on Crime & Society, 2(1),
pp.135-eoa.
Lai Cao Mai, P. (2020). Corruption and stock market development in EAP countries. Investment
Management & Financial Innovations, 17(2), 266–276.
https://doi.org/10.21511/imfi.17(2).2020.21
Lai, Y.-B. (2016). Does Tax Competition Reduce Corruption? Scottish Journal of Political
Economy, 63(4), 331–356. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12096
Lai, Y.-B. (2020). Rent‐seeking, R&D, and productivity. Scottish Journal of Political Economy,
67(4), 404–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12243
Lalountas, D. A., Manolas, G. A., & Vavouras, I. S. (2011). Corruption, globalization and
development: How are these three phenomena related? Journal of Policy Modeling,
33(4), 636–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2011.02.001
Lambert-Mogiliansky, A. (2015). Social accountability to contain corruption. Journal of
Development Economics, 116, 158–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.04.006
Lambert‐mogiliansky, A., & Sonin, K. (2006). Collusive Market Sharing and Corruption in
Procurement. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 15(4), 883–908.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2006.00121.x
Lambert-Mogiliansky, Ariane. (2002). Why firms pay occasional bribes: The connection
economy. European Journal of Political Economy, 18(1), 47–60.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(01)00068-4

387 

 
Lambert-Mogiliansky, Ariane. (2006). Corruption and Collusion: Strategic Complements in
Procurement. In International handbook on the economics of corruption (Vol. 1–#2, pp.
108–140). Edward Elgar-c2011.
Lambert-Mogiliansky, Ariane, Majudar, M., & Radner, R. (2008). Petty Corruption: A
Game-Theoretic Approach. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc.
Lambert-Mogiliansky, Ariane, Majumdar, M., & Radner, R. (2007). Strategic analysis of petty
corruption: Entrepreneurs and bureaucrats. Journal of Development Economics, 83(2),
351–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.06.002
Lambert-Mogiliansky, Ariane, Majumdar, M., & Radner, R. (2009). Strategic analysis of petty
corruption with an intermediary. Review of Economic Design, 13(1), 45–57.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10058-008-0068-1
Lambropoulou, E. (2012). Corruption Discourse as a Wild Card: Politics and Media in Greece
and the ‘Modern’ Triumphalism of Anti-Corruption. In The social construction of
corruption in Europe (pp. 265–296). Ashgate Pub.
Lambsdorf, J. G., Uslaner, E. M., Taube, M., & Schramm, M. (2004). Corruption and the New
Institutional Economics. Routledge London.
Lambsdorff, D. J. G. (2002). How confidence facilitates illegal transactions: An empirical
approach. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 61(4), 829.
Lambsdorff, J. (2002). Corruption and Rent-Seeking. Public Choice, 113(1), 97–125.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020320327526
Lambsdorff, J. (2003). How corruption affects persistent capital flows. Economics of
Governance, 4(3), 229–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-002-0060-0
Lambsdorff, J. (2007). The institutional economics of corruption and reform: Theory, evidence,
and policy. Cambridge University Press.
Lambsdorff, J. (2011). Economic approaches to anticorruption. CESifo DICE Report : Journal
for Institutional Comparisons ; the International Platform of Ludwig-Maximilians
University’s Center for Economic Studies and the Ifo Institute for Economic Research,
9(2), 25–30.
Lambsdorff, J., & Nell, M. (2007). Fighting corruption with asymmetric penalties and leniency.
University of Goettingen, Department of Economics.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/cegedp/59.html
Lambsdorff, J., Taube, M., & Schramm, M. (2005). The new institutional economics of
corruption. Routledge.

388 

 
Lambsdorff, Johan Graf. (n.d.). How Precise Are Perceived Levels of Corruption? Transparency
International. http://www.icgg.org/downloads/2001_CPI_Precision.pdf
Lambsdorff, Johan Graf. (2012). Behavioral and Experimental Economics as a Guide to
Anticorruption. In New advances in experimental research on corruption (Vol. 1–#15).
Emerald.
Lambsdorff, Johan Graf, & Fink, H. (2006). Combating corruption in Colombia: Perceptions
and achievements. University of Passau, Faculty of Business and Economics.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/upadvr/v4406.html
Lambsdorff, Johan Graf, & Nell, M. (2006). Corruption: Where We State and Where To Go. In
The corruption monster: Ethik, Politik und Korruption (pp. 229–246). Czernin.
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. (1998). An Empirical Investigation of Bribery in International Trade.
The European Journal of Development Research, 10(1), 40.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09578819808426701
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. (2002a). Making corrupt deals: Contracting in the shadow of the law.
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 48(3), 221–241.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2681(01)00217-7
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. (2002b). What Nurtures Corrupt Deals? On the Role of Confidence
and Transaction Costs. In Corrupt exchanges: Empirical themes in the politics and
political economy of corruption (1. Aufl., pp. 20–36). Nomos.
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. (2003). How Corruption Affects Productivity. Kyklos, 56(4), 457–474.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0023-5962.2003.00233.x
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. (2006a). Causes and Consequences of Corruption—What Do We
Know from a Cross-Section of Countries? In International handbook on the economics of
corruption (pp. 3–51). Edward Elgar-c2011.
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. (2006b). Measuring Corruption – The Validity and Precision of
Subjective Indicators (CPI). In Measuring corruption (pp. 81–99). Ashgate.
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. (2009). The Organization of Anti-Corruption: Getting Incentives
Right. In Corruption, global security, and world order (pp. 389–415). World Peace
Foundation.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.PMUSE_batch:PMUSE342320151124
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. (2010a). Deterrence and constrained enforcement: Alternative
regimes to deal with bribery. University of Passau, Faculty of Business and Economics.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/upadvr/v6010.html
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. (2010b). Who accepts bribery? Evidence from a global household
389 

 
survey. University of Passau, Faculty of Business and Economics.
http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/zbwupadvr/v6110.htm
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. (2013a). Corrupt intermediaries in international business transactions:
Between make, buy and reform. European Journal of Law and Economics, 35(3),
349–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-010-9214-7
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. (2013b). Securing Investor Confidence or Fighting Corruption? How
Intergovernmental Organizations May Reconcile Two Opposing Goals. In
Anti-corruption policy: Can international actors play a constructive role? (pp. 215–228).
Carolina Academic Press, 2013.
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. (2015a). Behavioral and Institutional Economics as an Inspiration to
Anti-Corruption: Some Counterintuitive Findings. In Routledge handbook of political
corruption (pp. 299–314). Routledge.
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. (2015b). Preventing corruption by promoting trust: Insights from
behavioral science. University of Passau, Faculty of Business and Economics.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/upadvr/v6915.html
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf, & Frank, B. (2010). Bribing versus gift-giving – An experiment.
Journal of Economic Psychology, 31(3), 347–357.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2010.01.004
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf, & Frank, B. (2011). Corrupt reciprocity – Experimental evidence on a
men’s game. International Review of Law & Economics, 31(2), 116–125.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2011.04.002
Lamm, C., Pham, H., & Moloo, R. (2010). Fraud and Corruption in International Arbitration. In
Liber amicorum: Bernardo Cremades (pp. 699–731). La Ley.
Lamoreaux, P. T., Michas, P. N., & Schultz, W. L. (2015). Do accounting and audit quality
affect World Bank lending? Accounting Review, 90(2), 703–738.
Lan, T., & Hong, Y. (2017). Norm, gender, and bribe-giving: Insights from a behavioral
game.(Research Article). PLoS ONE, 12(12), e0189995.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189995
Lan, X., & Li, W. (2013). Swiss Watch Cycles: Evidence of Corruption during Leadership
Transition in China. http://203.81.22.28/userfiles/doc/lan_watch_jmp1.pdf
Lancaster, T., & Montinola, G. (1997). Toward a methodology for the comparative study of
political corruption. Crime, Law and Social Change, 27(3), 185–206.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008274416350
Lancaster, T., & Montinola, G. (2001). Comparative political corruption: Issues of
390 

 
operationalization and measurement. Studies in Comparative International Development,
36(3), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686202
Landell-Mills, P. (2013). Citizens Against Corruption: Report from the Front Line. Troubador
Publishing Ltd.
Landman, T., & Schudel, C. J. W. (2007). Corruption and Human Rights: Empirical
Relationships and Policy Advice.
http://www.ichrp.org/files/papers/131/131_-_Landman_and_Schudel_-_2007.pdf
Landrian, A., Phillips, B. S., Singhal, S., Mishra, S., Kajal, F., & Sudhinaraset, M. (2020). Do
you need to pay for quality care? Associations between bribes and out-of-pocket
expenditures on quality of care during childbirth in India. Health Policy and Planning.
https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa008
Lane, S. (2016). The Subjective Nature of Country Risk. Risk Management, 63(6), 18–19.
Lang, B. (2017). China’s anti-graft campaign and international anti-corruption norms: Towards a
“new international anti-corruption order”? Crime, Law and Social Change, 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9742-y
Langbein, L., & Knack, S. (2008). The Worldwide Governance Indicators And Tautology:
Causally Related Separable Concepts, Indicators Of A Common Cause, Or Both? The
World Bank. http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-4669
Langbein, L., & Knack, S. (2010). The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Six, One, or None?
Journal of Development Studies, 46(2), 350–370.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380902952399
Langbein, L., & Sanabria, P. (2013). The Shape of Corruption: Colombia as a Case Study.
Journal of Development Studies, 49(11), 1500–1513.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2013.800858
Lange, D. (2008). A multidimensional conceptualization of organizational corruption control.
The Academy of Management Review : AMR, 33(3), 710–729.
Langevoort, D. C. (2002). Monitoring: The behavioral economics of corporate compliance with
law. Columbia Business Law Review, 2002(1), 71–118.
Langevoort, D. C. (2018). Behavioral ethics, behavioral compliance. Research Handbook on
Corporate Crime and Financial Misdealing.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781783474462/9781783474462.00020.xml
Langr, I. (2018). Public Procurement in the Systemic Corruption Environment: Evidence from
the Czech Republic. Network of Institutes and Schools of Public Administration in
Central and Eastern Europe. The NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy,
391 

 
11(2), 53–79. https://doi.org/10.2478/nispa-2018-0013
Langseth, P. (2006). Measuring corruption. In F. Galtung, A. Shacklock, C. Connors, & C.
Sampford (Eds.), Measuring corruption (pp. 7–45). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=XsihAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT15&d
q=%E2%80%9CMeasuring+Corruption%E2%80%9D,+in+Charles+Sampford,+Arthur+
Shacklock,+Carmel+Connors+%26+Fredrik+Galtung+eds.,+Measuring+Corruption&ots
=UJWBr6OK6A&sig=Q6qLXHMtuBCi_qVwjMWuGBiu-1Q
Lanskoy, M., & Myles-Primakoff, D. (2018). Power and Plunder in Putin’s russia. Journal of
Democracy, 29(1), 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2018.0006
Lanyi, A. (2004). Measuring the Economic Impact of Corruption: A Survey. In The corruption
nexus and the People’s Republic of China: Current thinking on causes and consequences.
IRIS Center at the University of Maryland.
LaPalombara, J. (1994). Structural and Institutional Aspects of Corruption. Social Research,
61(2), 325–350.
Lapatinas, A., & Litina, A. (2019). Environmental projects in the presence of corruption.
International Tax and Public Finance, 26(1), 103–144.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-018-9503-6
Lapshyna, I. (2014). Corruption as a Driver of Migration Aspirations: The Case of Ukraine.
Economics & Sociology, 7(4), 113–127.
Lara, Teodoro, F., & Luz, R. (2018). Leniency Program in the Anti-Corruption Law (SSRN
Scholarly Paper ID 3237825). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3237825
Larcinese, V., & Sircar, I. (2017). Crime and punishment the British way: Accountability
channels following the MPs’ expenses scandal. European Journal of Political Economy.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2016.12.006
Large, D. (2005). Introductory survey: Corruption and reconstruction after war. In Corruption in
Post War Reconstruction, Confronting the vicious cycle. Beirut (pp. 32–55).
Larhsoukanh, S., & Wang, C. (2020). Country output and financial black holes: Public–private
partnerships and the Laffer curve, fiscal corruption risk, and bailout rate of
non-performing loans. Ekonomska Istraživanja, 33(1), 540–554.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2020.1718523
Larmour, P. (2007). Short Introduction to Corruption and Anti-Corruption (CIES Working paper
3). http://cies.iscte-iul.pt/destaques/documents/CIES-WP37_Larmour_.pdf
Larmour, P. (2009). Corruption, Culture and Institutions: Evidence from the Pacific Islands. In
392 

 
Preventing corruption in Asia: Institutional design and policy capacity (pp. 206–221).
Routledge.
Larmour, Peter. (2001). Corruption, Culture and Transferability: What Can Be Learned From
Australia? Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 9(1), 14–20.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.00149
Larmour, Peter. (2008). Corruption and the concept of ‘Culture’: Evidence from the Pacific
Islands. Crime, Law and Social Change, 49(3), 225–239.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-007-9098-9
Larmour, Peter. (2012a). Corruption and the Concept of Culture: Evidence from the Pacific
Islands. In M. Barcham & B. Hindess (Eds.), Corruption: Expanding the Focus (pp.
155–177). Canberra: ANU Press.
http://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=459875
Larmour, Peter. (2012b). Interpreting corruption: Culture and politics in the Pacific islands.
University of Hawaiʻi Press.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.PMUSE_batch:muse9780824861193
Larraín B., F., & Tavares, J. (2004). Does Foreign Direct Investment Decrease Corruption?
Cuadernos de Economía, 41(123), 199–215.
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-68212004012300003
Larrain B., F., & Tavares, J. (2007). Can Openness Deter Corruption? The Role of Foreign
Direct Investment. C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/cprceprdp/6488.htm
Larreguy Arbesu, H. and M., John and Snyder, James M. (2014). Revealing Malfeasance: How
Local Media Facilitates Electoral Sanctioning of Mayors in Mexico (November 2014).
NBER Working Paper No. W20697. Unpublished Material.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2529870
Larsson, T. (2006). Reform, corruption, and growth: Why corruption is more devastating in
Russia than in China. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 39(2), 265–281.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2006.03.005
Lascoumes, P. (2014). Condemning Corruption and Tolerating Conflicts of Interest: French
‘Arrangements’ Regarding Breaches of Integrity. In Corruption and conflicts of interest:
A comparative law approach (pp. 67–84). Edward Elgar PubLtd.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:ELGAR01620140507
Lascoumes, P., & Tomescu-Hatto, O. (2008). French Ambiguities in Understandings of
Corruption: Concurrent Definitions. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 9(1),
24–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/15705850701825428
393 

 
Lash, N. A., & Batavia, B. (2013). Government Economic Intervention and Corruption. The
Journal of Developing Areas, 47(2), 1–15. JSTOR.
Lash, N., & Batavia, B. (2019). Corruption and Doing Business in Emerging Markets. Asian
Economic and Financial Review, 9(11), 1279–1289.
https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.aefr.2019.911.1279.1289
Lassila, J. (2016). Aleksei Naval’nyi and Populist Re-ordering of Putin’s Stability. Europe-Asia
Studies, 68(1), 118–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2015.1120276
Latham, M. (2015). “The city has been wronged and abused!”: Institutional corruption in the
eighteenth century. The Economic History Review, 68(3), 1038–1061.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ehr.12091
Latimer, P. (2017). Anti-bribery laws—Compliance issues in Australia. Journal of Financial
Crime, 24(1), 4–16.
Latimer, P., & Brown, A. J. (2008). Whistleblower Laws: International Best Practice. University
of New South Wales Law Journal, The, 31(3), 766–794.
Latov, Y. V. (2015). Corruption in the system of threats to national security of Russia. Aktualʹnye
Problemy Èkonomiki i Prava, 9(1), 46–53.
https://doi.org/10.21202/1993-047X.09.2015.1.46-53
Lau, C. K. M., Demir, E., & Bilgin, M. H. (2013). Experience-based corporate corruption and
stock market volatility: Evidence from emerging markets. Emerging Markets Review, 17,
1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2013.07.002
Lauchs, M., Keast, R., & Yousefpour, N. (2011). Corrupt police networks: Uncovering hidden
relationship patterns, functions and roles. Policing and Society, 21(1), 110–127.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2010.540656
Laudone, S. (2016). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Unbridled Enforcement And Flawed
Culpability Standards Deter SMEs From Entering The Global Marketplace. Journal of
Criminal Law & Criminology, 106(2), 355–404.
Lauletta, M., Rossi, M. A., Vieyra., J. C., & Arisi, D. (2019). Monitoring Public Investment: The
Impact of MapaRegalías in Colombia (IDB-WP-1059). Inter-American Development
Bank. https://doi.org/10.18235/0002014
Lauth, H.-J. (2000). Informal Institutions and Democracy. Democratization, 7(4), 21–50.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340008403683
Lauwo, S. (2019). Corruption and socio-political economic structures: A case of Nigeria. Journal
of Financial Crime, 26(1), 330–371. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-01-2018-0003

394 

 
Lavallee, E., Razafindrakoto, M., & Roubaud, F. (2008). Corruption and Trust in Political
Institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa (Working Paper 102; Afrobarometer).
http://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Working%20paper/AfropaperNo1
02.pdf
Lavallée, E., & Roubaud, F. (2009). Corruption and the informal sector in Sub-Saharan Africa.
https://basepub.dauphine.fr//handle/123456789/5135
Lavallée, E., & Roubaud, F. (2018). Corruption in the Informal Sector: Evidence from West
Africa. The Journal of Development Studies, 0(0), 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2018.1438597
Lavinia Dudaș, & Lavinia Mihiț. (2019). What Shapes Elections and Corruption in Emerging
and Developing Countries ? Ovidius University Annals: Economic Sciences Series,
XIX(1), 195–201.
Law, S. H., Tan, H. B., & Azman-Saini, W. N. W. (2014). Financial Development and Income
Inequality at Different Levels of Institutional Quality. Emerging Markets Finance and
Trade, 50(1S), 21–33.
Lawal, G. (2007). Corruption and Development in Africa: Challenges for Political and Economic
Change. Humanity & Social Science Journal, 2(1), 1–7.
Lawal, S. M. (2015). An appraisal of corruption in the Nigeria electoral system. European
Scientific Journal, 11(25), 256.
Lawer, E., Lukas, M., & Jorgense, S. (2017). The neglected role of local institutions in the
“resource curse” debate. Limestone mining in the Krobo region of Ghana. Resources
Policy, 54, 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.08.005
Lawson, B., Martin, G., Muriel, L., & Wilkins, M. (2019). How Do Auditors Respond to FCPA
Risk? Auditing, 38(4), 177–200. https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-52390
Lawson, L. (2009). The Politics of Anti-Corruption Reform in Africa. The Journal of Modern
African Studies, 47(1), 73–100.
Lazar, S. (2005). Citizens Despite the State: Everyday Corruption and Local Politics in El Alto,
Bolivia. In Corruption: Anthropological perspectives. Pluto.
Lazarova, E. A., & Mosca, I. (2008). Does governance matter for aggregate health capital?
Applied Economics Letters, 15(3), 199–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850600721916
Le Billon, P. (2003). Buying peace or fuelling war: The role of corruption in armed conflicts.
Journal of International Development, 15(4), 413–426. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.993
Le Billon, P. (2008). Corrupting Peace? Peacebuilding and Post-conflict Corruption.

395 

 
International Peacekeeping, 15(3), 344–361.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13533310802058851
Le Billon, P. (2014a). Natural resources and corruption in post-war transitions: Matters of trust.
Third World Quarterly, 35(5), 770–786. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2014.921429
Le Billon, P. (2014b). Resource Grabs. In Corruption, grabbing and development: Real world
challenges. Edward Elgar, 2014.
Le, D. T., Malesky, E., & Pham, A. (2020). The impact of local corruption on business tax
registration and compliance: Evidence from Vietnam. Journal of Economic Behavior &
Organization, 177, 762–786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.07.002
Le Moglie, M., & Turati, G. (2019). Electoral cycle bias in the media coverage of corruption
news. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 163, 140–157.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.05.005
Le, Q. C., Nguyen, T. P. T., & Do, T. N. (n.d.). State ownership, quality of sub-national
governance, and total factor productivity of firms in Vietnam. Post-Communist
Economies, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2020.1793608
Le, Q. V., & Rishi, M. (2006). Corruption and Capital Flight: An Empirical Assessment.
International Economic Journal, 20(4), 523–540.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10168730601027161
Le Van, C., & Maurel, M. (2006). Education, Corruption and Growth in developing countries.
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00129754/
Le, V.-H., Haan, J. de, & Dietzenbacher, E. (2013). Do Higher Government Wages Reduce
Corruption? Evidence Based on a Novel Dataset. CESifo Group Munich.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/ces/ceswps/_4254.html
Le Vine, V. (1992). Administrative corruption and democratization in Africa—Aspects of the
theoretic agenda. Corruption and Reform, 7(3), 271–271.
Le, Y., Shan, M., Chan, A. P. C., & Hu, Y. (2014a). Overview of Corruption Research in
Construction. Journal of Management in Engineering, 30(4), 02514001.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000300
Le, Y., Shan, M., Chan, A. P. C., & Hu, Y. (2014b). Investigating the Causal Relationships
between Causes of and Vulnerabilities to Corruption in the Chinese Public Construction
Sector. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 140(9), 05014007.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000886
Leader-Williams, N., Baldus, R. D., & Smith, R. J. (2009). The Influence of Corruption on the
396 

 
Conduct of Recreational Hunting. In B. D. Head, J. H. D. C. Honoraryessor, & W. M.
Adamsessor (Eds.), Recreational Hunting, Conservation and Rural Livelihoods (pp.
296–316). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444303179.ch18
Leasure, P. (2016a). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the benefits of voluntary disclosure.
Journal of Financial Crime, 23(4), 916–931. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-07-2015-0033
Leasure, P. (2016b). Asset recovery in corruption cases: Comparative analysis identifies serious
flaws in US tracing procedure. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 19(1), 4–20.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-04-2015-0010
Leasure, P. (2017). Combatting the global crime of bribery: A report on Canadian foreign
official anti-bribery policy. Journal of Financial Crime, 24(4), 496–512.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-11-2015-0065
Lebaron, G., & Ruhmkorf, A. (2017). Steering CSR Through Home State Regulation: A
Comparison of the Impact of the UK Bribery Act and Modern Slavery Act on Global
Supply Chain Governance. Global Policy, 8(S3), 15–28.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12398
Leclair, M. S. (2018). Malfeasance in the Charitable Sector: Determinants of “Soft” Corruption
at Nonprofit Organizations. Public Integrity, 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2017.1422310
Lecuna, A. (2012). Corruption and size decentralization. Journal of Applied Economics, 15(1),
139.
Ledeneva, A. (2008). Blat and Guanxi: Informal Practices in Russia and China. Comparative
Studies in Society and History, 50(01). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417508000078
Ledeneva, A. (2009). Corruption in Postcommunist Societies in Europe: A Re-examination.
Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 10(1), 69–86.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15705850802700017
Ledeneva, A. (2019). The Art of the Bribe: Corruption Under Stalin, 1943–1953. Journal of
Social History, 52(3), 987. https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shx094
Ledeneva, A., Bratu, R., & Köker, P. (2017). Corruption Studies for the Twenty-First Century:
Paradigm Shifts and Innovative Approaches. The Slavonic and East European Review,
95(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.95.1.0001
Lederer, M. (2012). REDD+ governance. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change,
3(1), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.155
Lederman, D., Loayza, N. V., & Soares, R. R. (2005). Accountability and Corruption: Political
Institutions Matter. Economics & Politics, 17(1), 1–35.
397 

 
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2005.00145.x
Ledyaeva, S., Karhunen, P., Kosonen, R., & Whalley, J. (2015). Offshore Foreign Direct
Investment, Capital Round-Tripping, and Corruption: Empirical Analysis of Russian
Regions. Economic Geography; Econ.Geogr., 91(3), 305–341.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ecge.12093
Ledyaeva, Svetlana, Karhunen, P., & Kosonen, R. (2013). Birds of a feather: Evidence on
commonality of corruption and democracy in the origin and location of foreign
investment in Russian regions. European Journal of Political Economy, 32, 1–25.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2013.06.003
Lee, A.-R., & Chávez, K. (2020). Are Women More Averse to Corruption than Men? The Case
of South Korea. Social Science Quarterly, 101(2), 473–489.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12768
Lee, C. M. C., & Ng, D. (2009). Corruption and international valuation: Does virtue pay? The
Journal of Investing, 18(4), 23–41.
Lee, C.-C., Wang, C.-W., & Ho, S.-J. (2020). Country governance, corruption, and the likelihood
of firms’ innovation. Economic Modelling, 92, 326–338.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2020.01.013
Lee, C.-S. (2007). Labor Unions and Good Governance: A Cross-National, Comparative
Analysis. American Sociological Review, 72(4), 585–609.
Lee, F. L. F. (2015). How Citizens React to Political Scandals Surrounding Government Leaders:
A Survey Study in Hong Kong. Asian Journal of Political Science, 23(1), 44–62.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02185377.2014.973893
Lee, G., Pittroff, E., & Turner, M. (2018). Is a Uniform Approach to Whistle-Blowing
Regulation Effective? Evidence from the United States and Germany. Journal of
Business Ethics, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-4023-y
Lee, H., Lim, H., Moore, D. D., & Kim, J. (2013). How police organizational structure correlates
with frontline officers’ attitudes toward corruption: A multilevel model. Police Practice
and Research, 14(5), 386–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2011.635483
Lee, H. N., & Song, B. K. (2020). The cost of presidential impeachment to politically connected
firms. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 21(2), 109–121.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1468109919000173
Lee, H.-Y., Yang, B.-M., & Kang, M. (2016). Control of corruption, democratic accountability,
and effectiveness of HIV/AIDS official development assistance. Global Health Action,
9(0). https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v9.30306

398 

 
Lee, J. A., Slear, J. D., Lee, J. A., & Slear, J. D. (2007). Unique Problems with FCPA
Compliance in the People’s Republic of China. Business Law Today, 16(5), 14–18.
Lee, Jae-Hyung. (2006). Business corruption, public sector corruption, and growth rate: Time
series analysis using Korean data. Applied Economics Letters, 13(13), 881–885.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850500425519
Lee, Joung-Hun, Iwasa, Y., Dieckmann, U., & Sigmund, K. (2019). Social evolution leads to
persistent corruption. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900078116
Lee, Joung-Hun, Sigmund, K., Dieckmann, U., & Iwasa, Y. (2015). Games of corruption: How
to suppress illegal logging. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 367(Journal Article), 1–13.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.10.037
Lee, L. (n.d.). Certainty in Coming Clean: Establishing an FCPA Safe Harbor for Self-Reporting
Companies (September 5, 2014). Unpublished Material.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2492307; http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2492307
Lee, M.-H., & Lio, M.-C. (2016). The impact of information and communication technology on
public governance and corruption in China. 32(2), 127–141.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666914529293
Lee, N.-J. (2001). The Role of Non-Governmental Organisations in Preventing Corruption. In K.
ADB-OECD Conference on Combatting Corruption in the Asia-Pacific Region : Seoul
(Ed.), Progress in the fight against corruption in Asia and the Pacific: Papers presented
at the joint ABD-OECD Conference on Combatting Corruption in the Asia-Pacific
Region, Seoul, Korea, 11-13 December 2000. Asian Development Bank.
Lee, P. L. (2010). A renewed focus on foreign corruption and politically exposed persons.
Banking Law Journal, 127(9), 813–848.
Lee, S. (2015). Quality of government and tourism destination competitiveness. Tourism
Economics; Tour.Econ., 21(4), 881–888. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2014.0377
Lee, S. Y., Díaz-Puente, J. M., & Martin, S. (2017). The Contribution of Open Government to
Prosperity of Society. International Journal of Public Administration, 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2017.1405446
Lee, Sang-Hwan. (2010). Comparative Studies on Current Situations of Anti-Corruption and
Human Rights in Southern Europe, East Asia and Latin America in Perspective of Soft
Power. International Area Studies Review, 13(4), 59–74.
Lee, Seung-Hyun, & Hong, S. (2012). Corruption and subsidiary profitability: US MNC
subsidiaries in the Asia Pacific region. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 29(4),

399 

 
949–964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-010-9214-8
Lee, Seung-Hyun, & Oh, K. (2007). Corruption in Asia: Pervasiveness and arbitrariness. Asia
Pacific Journal of Management, 24(1), 97–114.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-006-9027-y
Lee, Seung-Hyun, Oh, K., & Eden, L. (2010). Why Do Firms Bribe? Insights from Residual
Control Theory into Firms’ Exposure and Vulnerability to Corruption. Management
International Review, 50(6), 775–796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-010-0057-9
Lee, Seung-hyun, & Weng, D. H. (2013). Does bribery in the home country promote or dampen
firm exports? Strategic Management Journal, 34(12), 1472–1487.
https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2075
Lee, T. (2018). Pernicious custom? Corruption, culture, and the efficacy of anti-corruption
campaigning in China. Crime, Law and Social Change, 70(3), 349–361.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9735-x
Lee, W.-S., & Guven, C. (2013). Engaging in corruption: The influence of cultural values and
contagion effects at the microlevel. Journal of Economic Psychology, 39, 287–300.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2013.09.006
Lee, Y., & Azfar, O. (2008). Corruption and trade regulations: An instrumental variable
approach. Applied Economics Letters, 15(3), 231–234.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850600706180
Leemann, L., & Bochsler, D. (2014). A systematic approach to study electoral fraud. Electoral
Studies, 35(Journal Article), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2014.03.005
Leenders, R. (2012). Spoils of truce: Corruption and state-building in postwar Lebanon. Cornell
University Press.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.PMUSE_batch:muse9780801465871201602
09
Leenders, R. (2016). The First Time as Tragedy, the Second as Farce? Lebanon’s Nascent
Petroleum Sector and the Risks of Corruption. Mediterranean Politics, Journal Article,
1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2015.1117168
Leeson, P., & Sobel, R. (2008). Weathering Corruption. The Journal of Law and Economics,
51(4), 667–681. https://doi.org/10.1086/590129
Lehman, G., & Morton, E. (2017). Accountability, corruption and social and environment
accounting: Micro-political processes of change. Accounting Forum, 41(4), 281–288.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2017.10.004
Lehman, G., & Thorne, K. (2015). Corruption, criminality and the privatised state: The
400 

 
implications for accounting. Accounting Forum, 39(4), 366.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2015.10.002
Lehne, J., Shapiro, J. N., & Vanden Eynde, O. (2018). Building connections: Political corruption
and road construction in India. Journal of Development Economics, 131, 62–78.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2017.10.009
Lehoucq, F. (2003). Electoral fraud: Causes, types, and consequences. Annual Review Of
Political Science, 6, 233–256.
Leibold, A. (2015). Extraterritorial application of the FCPA under international law.(Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act of 1977). Willamette Law Review, 51(2), 225–267.
Leibrecht, M., & Pitlik, H. (2020). Is confidence in major companies rooted in generalized social
trust, or regulatory quality, or both? Journal of Institutional Economics, 16(3), 287–303.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137419000699
Leiken, R. (1996). Controlling the global corruption epidemic. Foreign Policy, 105, 55–73.
Leitão, A. (2010). Corruption and the environmental Kuznets Curve: Empirical evidence for
sulfur. Ecological Economics, 69(11), 2191–2201.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.004
Leite, C., & Weidmann, J. (1999). Does Mother Nature Corrupt? Natural Resources,
Corruption, and Economic Growth (No. 99/85; IMF Working Paper).
https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/1999/wp9985.pdf
Leiva, B. (2020). Natural resource rent allocation, government quality, and concession design:
The case of copper in Chile. Resources Policy, 68, 101748-.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101748
Lele, G. (2020). Revisiting the virtues of veto point: Political corruption in post-Soeharto
Indonesia. Journal of Legislative Studies, 26(2), 275–294.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13572334.2020.1738688
Lemaître, S. (2019). Illicit financial flows within the extractive industries sector: A glance at
how legal requirements can be manipulated and diverted. Crime, Law and Social Change,
71(1), 107–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-018-9791-x
Lemma, T. T. (2015). Corruption, debt financing and corporate ownership. Journal of Economic
Studies, 42(3), 433–461. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-02-2013-0029
Lengwiler, Y., & Wolfstetter, E. (2006). Corruption in Procurement Auctions. In N. Dimitri
(Ed.), Handbook of Procurement. Cambridge University Press.
Lenz, G. S., & Lim, K. (2009). Getting Rich(er) in Office? Corruption and Wealth Accumulation

401 

 
in Congress [Working Paper]. Social Science Research Network.
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1450077
León, C. J., Araña, J. E., & De León, J. (2013). Valuing the social cost of corruption using
subjective well being data and the technique of vignettes. Applied Economics, 45(27),
3863–3870. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2012.741678
León, C. J., Araña, J. E., & de León, J. (2013). Correcting for Scale Perception Bias in
Measuring Corruption: An Application to Chile and Spain. Social Indicators Research,
114(3), 977–995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0185-7
Leontieva, L. S., Khalilova, T. V., Gaynullina, L. F., & Khalilov, A. I. (2015).
Social-Communicative Innovations in Anti-Corruption Activities. Asian Social Science,
11(7), 387–393.
Leroy, A.-M., & Fariello, F. (2012). The World Bank Group Sanctions Process and Its Recent
Reforms. Washington, DC: World Bank.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLAWJUSTICE/Resources/SanctionsProcess.pdf
Lessig, L. (2011). Republic, lost: How money corrupts Congress--and a plan to stop it (1st ed.).
Twelve.
Lessig, L. (2014a). A reply to Professors Cain and Charles. California Law Review, 102(1),
49–52.
Lessig, L. (2014b). What an originalist would understand “corruption” to mean.(Brennan Center
Jorde Symposium on Constitutional Law). California Law Review, 102(1), 1–24.
Lessmann, C., & Markwardt, G. (2010). One Size Fits All? Decentralization, Corruption, and the
Monitoring of Bureaucrats. World Development, 38(4), 631–646.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.003
Lestelle, E. P. (2008). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, international norms of foreign public
bribery, and extraterritorial jurisdiction. Tulane Law Review, 83(2), 527–558.
Letki, N. (2006). Investigating the Roots of Civic Morality: Trust, Social Capital, and
Institutional Performance. Political Behavior, 28(4), 305–325.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-006-9013-6
Letyaev, V., & Letyaeva, E. (2015). Corruption Threats in Regulations: Analytical Review of the
Literature and Case Materials of the Russian Federation. Journal of Sustainable
Development, 8(7), 159–166.
Letzkus, S. (2008). Damned if You Do, Damned if You Don. Arizona State Law Journal, 40,
1377–1400.

402 

 
Leung, J. (2015). Xi’s Corruption Crackdown: How Bribery and Graft Threaten the Chinese
Dream. Foreign Affairs, 94(3), 32–38.
Leuz, C., & Oberholzergee, F. (2006). Political relationships, global financing, and corporate
transparency: Evidence from Indonesia☆. Journal of Financial Economics, 81(2),
411–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.06.006
Levchenko, A. A. (2007). Institutional Quality and International Trade. Review of Economic
Studies, 74(3), 791–819. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2007.00435.x
Levchenko, A. A. (2013). International Trade and Institutional Change. The Journal of Law,
Economics, & Organization, 29(5), 1145–1181. https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ews008
Lévêque, C. (2019). Political connections, political favoritism and political competition:
Evidence from the granting of building permits by French mayors. Public Choice,
184(1–2), 135–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-019-00718-z
Levgold, R. (2009). Corruption, the Criminalilzed State, and Post-Soviet Transitions. In
Corruption, global security, and world order (pp. 194–238). World Peace Foundation.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.PMUSE_batch:PMUSE342320151124
Levi, M. (2015). Money for crime and money from crime: Financing crime and laundering crime
proceeds. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 21(2), 275–297.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-015-9269-7
Levie, M. (2019). Corruption in Russia’s Primorsky Kray: Is transparency the answer? Journal
of Financial Crime, 26(1), 382–395. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-02-2018-0017
Levien, M. (2020). Rule by bosses? Criminal political economies in South Asia. Journal of
Agrarian Change, 20(3), 504–511. https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12367
Levin, I., Cohn, G., Alvarez, M., & Ordeshook, P. (n.d.). Detecting Voter Fraud in an Electronic
Voting Context: An Analysis of the Unlimited Reelection Vote in Venezuela.
https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/evtwote09/tech/full_papers/levin.pdf
Levin, J., & Widell, L. (2007). Tax Evasion in Kenya and Tanzania:Evidence from Missing
Imports (2007:8; Working Papers). Örebro University, School of Business.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/hhs/oruesi/2007_008.html
Levin, M., & Satarov, G. (2000). Corruption and institutions in Russia. European Journal of
Political Economy, 16(1), 113–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(99)00050-6
Levin, R. M. (2001). Fighting the appearance of corruption.(congressional election finance
reform). Washington University Journal of Law & Policy, 6, 171–179.
Levitt, B., Gawronski, V., Hoberman, G., Olson, R., & Sandoval, V. (2019). Public Perceptions

403 

 
of Code Enforcement and Safer Buildings in Latin America and the Caribbean. Natural
Hazards Review, 20(4). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000333
Levitz, P., & Pop-Eleches, G. (2010a). Why No Backsliding? The European Union’s Impact on
Democracy and Governance Before and After Accession. Comparative Political Studies,
43(4), 457–485. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414009355266
Levitz, P., & Pop-Eleches, G. (2010b). Monitoring, Money and Migrants: Countering
Post-Accession Backsliding in Bulgaria and Romania. Europe-Asia Studies, 62(3),
461–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668131003647838
Levmore, S. P. (1998). Efficiency and conspiracy: Conflicts of interest, antinepotism rules, and
separation strategies. Fordham Law Review, 66(6), 2099–2116.
Levy, D. (2007). Price adjustment under the table: Evidence on efficiency-enhancing corruption.
European Journal of Political Economy, 23(2), 423–447.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2007.01.001
Lewellyn, K. B., Bao, S. &Apos, & Rosey&Apos. (2017). The role of national culture and
corruption on managing earnings around the world. Journal of World Business, 52(6),
798–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2017.07.002
Lewis, B. D. (2017). Local government spending and service delivery in Indonesia: The perverse
effects of substantial fiscal resources. Regional Studies, 51(11), 1695–1707.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2016.1216957
Lewis, B. D., & Hendrawan, A. (2018). The impact of majority coalitions on local government
spending, service delivery, and corruption in Indonesia. European Journal of Political
Economy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.11.002
Lewis, C., & Lloyd-Sherlock, P. (2009). Social policy and economic development in South
America: An historical approach to social insurance. Economy and Society, 38(1),
109–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085140802560587
Lewis, D. G., & Sagnayeva, S. (2020). Corruption, patronage and illiberal peace: Forging
political settlement in post-conflict Kyrgyzstan. Third World Quarterly, 41(1), 77–95.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1642102
Lewis, J. (2017). Social impacts of corruption upon community resilience and poverty. Jàmbá,
9(1).
Lewis, M. K. (2012). Presuming innocence, or corruption, in China. Columbia Journal of
Transnational Law, 50(2), 287–369.
Lewis, Maureen. (2006). Governance and Corruption in Public Health Care Systems (Center for
Global Development Working Paper No. 78).
404 

 
http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/5967_file_WP_78.pdf
Lewis, Maureen. (2007). Informal payments and the financing of health care in developing and
transition countries. Health Affairs (Project Hope), 26(4), 984–997.
Lewis, Maureen. (2019). We Need to Measure and Address Corruption and Poor Governance in
Health Systems Comment on “We Need to Talk About Corruption in Health Systems”.
International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 8(10), 616–619.
https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.44
Lewis, Maureen, & Gelander, G. P. (2009). Governance in Education: Raising Performance
[Working Paper]. World Bank.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTHDOFFICE/Resources/5485726-1239047988859
/GAC_in_education_master_12_April_2009.pdf
Lewis, Melea, & Stenning, P. (2016). Considering the Glenister judgment: Independence
requirements for anti-corruption institutions. South African Crime Quarterly, 39.
https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2012/v0i39a847
Lewis-Faupel, S., Neggers, Y., Olken, B. A., & Pande, R. (2016). Can Electronic Procurement
Improve Infrastructure Provision? Evidence from Public Works in India and Indonesia.
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy, 8(3), 258–283.
https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20140258
Li, Bingqin, & Mayraz, G. (2017). Infrastructure Spending in China Increases Trust in Local
Government. Social Indicators Research, 132(1), 341–356.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1223-z
Li, Boying, Hao, Y., & Chang, C.-P. (2018). Does an anticorruption campaign deteriorate
environmental quality? Evidence from China. Energy & Environment, 29(1), 67–94.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X17740717
Li, C., Liu, L., Zheng, W., Dang, J., & Liang, Y. (2017). A clean self reduces bribery intent.
International Journal of Psychology : Journal International de Psychologie.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12452
Li, D. D. (1998). Changing Incentives of the Chinese Bureaucracy. The American Economic
Review, 88(2), 393–397.
Li, F., & Deng, J. (2016a). The Limits of the Arbitrariness in Anticorruption by China’s Local
Party Discipline Inspection Committees. Journal of Contemporary China, 25(97), 75.
Li, F., & Deng, J. (2016b). The power and the misuse of power by China’s local procuratorates
in anticorruption. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 45(Journal Article), 1.
Li, He, Refalo, J., & Maisondieu-Laforge, O. (2020). National corruption and international
405 

 
banking. Global Finance Journal, 100521-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfj.2020.100521
Li, Hongbin, Meng, L., Wang, Q., & Zhou, L.-A. (2008). Political connections, financing and
firm performance: Evidence from Chinese private firms. Journal of Development
Economics, 87(2), 283–299.
Li, Hongyi, Xu, L. C., & Zou, H. (2000). Corruption, Income Distribution, and Growth.
Economics & Politics, 12(2), 155–182. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0343.00073
Li, Hui, Gong, T., & Xiao, H. (2016). The Perception of Anti-corruption Efficacy in China: An
Empirical Analysis. Social Indicators Research; An International and Interdisciplinary
Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, 125(3), 885–903.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0859-z
Li, Hui, & Meng, T. (2020). Corruption Experience and Public Perceptions of Anti-corruption
Crackdowns: Experimental Evidence from China. Chinese Journal of Political Science,
25(3), 431–456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-020-09672-w
Li, Hui, Tang, M., & Huhe, N. (2015). How does democracy influence citizens’ perceptions of
government corruption? A cross-national study. Democratization, Journal Article, 1–27.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2015.1039995
Li, J., Moy, J., Lam, K., & Chris Chu, W. L. (2008). Institutional Pillars and Corruption at the
Societal Level. Journal of Business Ethics, 83(2), 327–339.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9622-y
Li, Li. (2016). Measuring the subjective perceptions of the social censure of corruption in
post-1997 Hong Kong. Crime, Law and Social Change, 65(1–2), 93–112.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-015-9599-x
Li, Li, Lien, D., Wu, Y., & Zhao, Y. (2017). Enforcement and Political Power in
Anticorruption-Evidence from China. World Development, 98, 133.
Li, Li, & Lo, T. W. (2018). Mainlandization, the ICAC, and the Seriousness Attached by Local
Politicians to Corruption in Post-1997 Hong Kong. International Journal of Offender
Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(6), 1742–1760.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X16686570
Li, Ling. (2011a). Performing Bribery in China: Guanxi-practice, corruption with a human face.
Journal of Contemporary China, 20(68), 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2011.520841
Li, Ling. (2011b). The ‘Production’ of Corruption in China’s Courts – The Politics of Judicial
Decision-Making and its Consequences in a One-Party State (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID
1880141). Social Science Research Network. http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1880141

406 

 
Li, Ling. (2016). The Rise of the Discipline and Inspection Commission, 1927–2012. Modern
China, 42(5), 447–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/0097700416631047
Li, Ling. (2018). The moral economy of guanxi and the market of corruption: Networks, brokers
and corruption in China’s courts. International Political Science Review, 39(5), 634–646.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512118791585
Li, Ling. (2019). Politics of Anticorruption in China: Paradigm Change of the Party’s
Disciplinary Regime 2012-2017. Journal of Contemporary China, 28(115), 47–63.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1497911
Li, P. (2009). The Duality of Crony Corruption in Economic Transition: Toward an Integrated
Framework. Journal of Business Ethics, 85(1), 41–55.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9747-7
Li, Q., & An, L. (2019). Corruption Takes Away Happiness: Evidence from a Cross-National
Study. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00092-z
Li, Q., An, L., Xu, J., & Baliamoune-Lutz, M. (2018). Corruption costs lives: Evidence from a
cross-country study. The European Journal of Health Economics : HEPAC : Health
Economics in Prevention and Care, 19(1), 153–165.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-017-0872-z
Li, Sha, Bühren, C., Frank, B., & Qin, H. (2015). Group Decision Making in a Corruption
Experiment: China and Germany Compared. Jahrbücher Für Nationalökonomie Und
Statistik, 235(2), 207–227.
Li, Shaomin. (2017). Assessment of and Outlook on China’s Corruption and Anticorruption
Campaigns: Stagnation in the Authoritarian Trap. Modern China Studies, 24(2), 139–157.
Li, Shaomin, & Ouyang, M. (2007). A dynamic model to explain the bribery behavior of firms.
International Journal of Management, 24(3), 605.
Li, Shaomin, & Wu, J. (Judy). (2010). Why some countries thrive despite corruption: The role of
trust in the corruption–efficiency relationship. Review of International Political
Economy, 17(1), 129–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290802577446
Li, Shu, Triandis, H. C., & Yu, Y. (2006). Cultural Orientation and Corruption. Ethics &
Behavior, 16(3), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327019eb1603_2
Li, T., & Li, J. (2019). Does legal registration help or hurt? The effect of government corruption
on resource acquisition by nascent ventures in an emerging economy. Asia Pacific
Journal of Management, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-019-09673-1
Li, Wei. (2002a). Corruption and Resource Allocation: Evidence from China [Working Paper].
https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/39780/wp396.pdf?sequence=3
407 

 
Li, Wei. (2002b). Corruption during the Economic Transition in China. In Corrupt exchanges:
Empirical themes in the politics and political economy of corruption (1. Aufl.). Nomos.
Li, Wei. (2002c). Measuring Corruption under China’s Dual-Track System [Working Paper].
http://faculty.darden.virginia.edu/liw/papers/measuring-corruption.pdf
Li, Weijia, Roland, G., & Xie, Y. (2020). Erosion of State Power, Corruption Control, and
Political Stability. BOFIT Discussion Papers, 2020(5), 1–53.
Li, Xiaojun. (2015). Measuring Local Corruption in China: A Cautionary Tale. Journal of
Chinese Political Science, 21(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-015-9377-8
Li, Xiaoting. (2017). Cronyism and Military Corruption in the Post-Deng Xiaoping Era:
Rethinking the Party-Commands-the-Gun Model. Journal of Contemporary China,
26(107), 696–710. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2017.1305486
Li, Yan, Yao, F. K., & Ahlstrom, D. (2015). The social dilemma of bribery in emerging
economies: A dynamic model of emotion, social value, and institutional uncertainty. Asia
Pacific Journal of Management, 32(2), 311–334.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-014-9406-8
Li, Yaoqin, Xu, X., Xu, X., & Gan, W. (2018). Political extraction and corporate cash holdings
in China. Asian - Pacific Economic Literature, 32(2), 76–94.
https://doi.org/10.1111/apel.12237
Liao, XC, Dogan, E., & Baek, J. (2017). Does corruption matter for the environment? Panel
evidence from China. Economics-The Open Access Open-Assessment E-Journal, 11(27).
https://doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2017-27
Liao, Xingmiu, & Tsai, W.-H. (2020). Strengthening China’s Powerful Commission for
Discipline Inspection under Xi Jinping, with a Case Study at the County Level. The
China Journal (Canberra, A.C.T.), 84(1), 29–50. https://doi.org/10.1086/708610
Liaropoulos, L., Siskou, O., Kaitelidou, D., Theodorou, M., & Katostaras, T. (2008). Informal
payments in public hospitals in Greece. Health Policy, 87(1), 72–81.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2007.12.005
Libman, A. (2013). Communism or communists? Soviet legacies and corruption in transition
economies. Economics Letters, 119(1), 101–103.
Lichand, G., & Fernandes, G. (2019). The Dark Side of the Contract: Do Government Audits
Reduce Corruption in the Presence of Displacement by Vendors?
Lichand, G., Lopes, M. F., & Medeiros, M. C. (2016). Is Corruption Good For Your Health?
[Working Paper].
http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/glichand/files/is_corruption_good_for_your_health_-_nov
408 

 
13.pdf
Licht, A. N., Goldschmidt, C., & Schwartz, S. H. (2007). Culture rules: The foundations of the
rule of law and other norms of governance. Journal of Comparative Economics, 35(4),
659–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2007.09.001
Liedong, T. A. (2017). Combating Corruption in Africa through Institutional Entrepreneurship:
Peering in from Business-Government Relations. Africa Journal of Management, 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23322373.2017.1379825
Lien, D.-H. D. (1986). A note on competitive bribery games. Economics Letters, 22(4), 337–341.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(86)90093-5
Lien, D.-H. D. (1990). Corruption and allocation efficiency. Journal of Development Economics,
33(1), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(90)90013-2
Lierl, M. (2014). Selection or Incentives? Experimental Evidence on the Accountability of
Village Leaders in Tanzania [Working Paper].
Lierl, M. (2016). What Motivates Village Leaders to Refrain from Misappropriating Public
Resources. http://www.maltelierl.info/files/Lierl2014a.pdf
Lierl, M. (2017). Elections and Embezzlement: Experimental Evidence from Burkina Faso. The
World Bank. http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/pdf/10.1596/1813-9450-8067
Liew, L. H. (1992). Corruption as a form of insurance. European Journal of Political Economy,
8(3), 427–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/0176-2680(92)90005-2
Ligeti, K., & Simonato, M. (2017). Chasing Criminal Money: Challenges and Perspectives On
Asset Recovery in the EU. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Light, D. W., Lexchin, J., & Darrow, J. J. (2013). Institutional Corruption of Pharmaceuticals
and the Myth of Safe and Effective Drugs. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics,
41(3), 590–600. https://doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12068
Light, M. (2014). Police reforms in the Republic of Georgia: The convergence of domestic and
foreign policy in an anti-corruption drive. Policing and Society, 24(3), 318–345.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2013.784289
Lim, C. L., Prescott, G. W., Alban, J. D. T., Ziegler, A. D., & Webb, E. L. (2017). Untangling
the proximate causes and underlying drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in
Myanmar. Conservation Biology, 31(6), 1362–1372. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12984
Lim, D., Jordan, M., Kibbe, P., Donatti, D., & Acheampong, K. (2013). Access to Remedies for
Transnational Public Bribery: A Governance Gap. Criminal Justice, 28(3), 1–12.
Lim, H., & Sloan, J. J. (2016). Police officer integrity: A partial replication and extension.
409 

 
Policing, 39(2), 284–301.
Lim, K. Y. (2018). Modelling the dynamics of corruption and unemployment with heterogeneous
labour. Economic Modelling. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2018.10.004
Lim, L. (2003). Corruption, Southeast Asian style: Its puzzling connections with economic
growth and democracy. The Journal of the International Institute, 10(2).
Lim, L. Y. C., & Stern, A. (2002). State Power and Private Profit: The political economy of
corruption in Southeast Asia. Asian‐Pacific Economic Literature, 16(2), 18–52.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8411.00120
Lin, Chen, Morck, R., Yeung, B., & Zhao, X. (2016). Anti-Corruption Reforms and Shareholder
Valuations: Event Study Evidence from China (Working Paper No. 22001). National
Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w22001
Lin, Chujun, Adolphs, R., & Alvarez, R. M. (2018). Inferring Whether Officials Are Corruptible
From Looking At Their Faces. Psychological Science.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618788882
Lin, J., & Si, S. (2010). Can guanxi be a problem? Contexts, ties, and some unfavorable
consequences of social capital in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 27(3),
561–581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-010-9198-4
Lin, J. Y., Vu, K., & Hartley, K. (2019). A modeling framework for enhancing aid effectiveness.
Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 1–23.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2018.1551137
Lin, M.-W., & Yu, C. (2014). Can Corruption Be Measured? Comparing Global Versus Local
Perceptions of Corruption in East and Southeast Asia. Journal of Comparative Policy
Analysis: Research and Practice, 16(2), 140–157.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2013.870115
Lin, R.-T., Chien, L.-C., Chen, Y.-M., & Chan, C.-C. (2014). Governance matters: An ecological
association between governance and child mortality. International Health, 6(3), 249–257.
https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihu018
Lin, S., & Zhang, W. (2009). The effect of corruption on capital accumulation. Journal of
Economics, 97(1), 67–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00712-009-0062-2
Lindberg, J., & Herath, D. (2014). Land and grievances in post-conflict Sri Lanka: Exploring the
role of corruption complaints. Third World Quarterly, 35(5), 888–904.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2014.921444
Lindberg, J., & Orjuela, C. (2014). Corruption in the aftermath of war: An introduction. Third
World Quarterly, 35(5), 723–736. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2014.921421
410 

 
Lindberg, S. I. (2003). “It’s Our Time to ‘Chop’”: Do Elections in Africa Feed
Neo-Patrimonialism rather than Counter-Act It? Democratization, 10(2), 121–140.
https://doi.org/10.1080/714000118
Lindberg, S. I., & Morrison, M. K. C. (2008). Are African Voters Really Ethnic or Clientelistic?
Survey Evidence from Ghana. Political Science Quarterly, 123(1), 95–122.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-165X.2008.tb00618.x
Linde, J. (2012). Why feed the hand that bites you? Perceptions of procedural fairness and
system support in post‐communist democracies. European Journal of Political Research,
51(3), 410–434. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.02005.x
Linde, J., & Erlingsson, G. Ó. (2013). The Eroding Effect of Corruption on System Support in
Sweden. Governance, 26(4), 585–603. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12004
Linder, A., & Santiso, C. (2002). Assessing the Predictive Powers of Country Risk Ratings and
Governance Indicators (SAIS Working Paper 02/02). SAIS Working Paper 02/02.
http://garrido.pe/lecturasydocumentos/LINDER%20%20SANTISO%20(2002)%20Asses
sing%20the%20predictive%20power%20of%20country%20risk%20ratings%20and%20g
overnance.pdf.
Lindgren, J. (1988). The Elusive Distinction Between Bribery and Extortion: From the Common
Law to the Hobbs Act. U.C.L.A. Law Review, 35(5), 815.
Lindgren, J. (1993). The theory, history, and practice of the bribery-extortion distinction.
(Symposium: Blackmail). University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 141(5), 1695–1740.
Lindkvist, I. (2013). Informal Payments and Health Worker Effort: A Quantitative Study from
Tanzania. Health Economics, 22(10), 1250–1271. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.2881
Lindkvist, I. (2014). Using Salaries as a Deterrent to Informal Payments in the Health Sector. In
Corruption, grabbing and development: Real world challenges. Edward Elgar, 2014.
Lindsay, R., Lindsay, L., & Irvine, V. (1996). Instilling ethical behavior in organizations: A
survey of Canadian companies. Journal of Business Ethics, 15(4), 393–407.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00380360
Lindsey, C. (2009). More than you bargained for: Successor liability under the U.S. Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act. Ohio Northern University Law Review, 35(3), 959–986.
Lindsey, R., & Dick, H. (2002). Corruption in Asia: Rethinking the governance paradigm.
Federation Press.
Lindskog, H., Brege, S., & Brehmer, P.-O. (2010). Corruption in public procurement and private
sector purchasing. Journal of Organisational Transformation & Social Change, 7(2),
167–188. https://doi.org/10.1386/jots.7.2.167_1
411 

 
Lindstedt, C., & Naurin, D. (2010). Transparency is not Enough: Making Transparency Effective
in Reducing Corruption (La transparence ne suffit pas: rendre la transparence efficace
dans la lutte contre la corruption) (La transparencia no basta: Cómo crear una
transparencia efectiva para reducir la corrupción). International Political Science Review
/ Revue Internationale de Science Politique, 31(3), 301–322.
Linhartová, V. (2019). Curbing Corruption in the Public Sector by Utilizing Electronic Public
Administration. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis,
67(4), 1039–1048. https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201967041039
Linhartova, V., & Volejnikova, J. (2015). Quantifying Corruption at a Subnational Level. E & M
Ekonomie A Management; E M Ekon.Manag., 18(2), 25–39.
Linstead, S., Maréchal, G., & Griffin, R. W. (2014). Theorizing and Researching the Dark Side
of Organization. Organization Studies, 35(2), 165–188.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840613515402
Lio, M., & Lee, M. (2016). Corruption costs lives: A cross‐country study using an IV approach.
International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 31(2), 175–190.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2305
Lio, M.-C., Liu, M.-C., & Ou, Y.-P. (2011). Can the internet reduce corruption? A cross-country
study based on dynamic panel data models. Government Information Quarterly, 28(1),
47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2010.01.005
Liou, Y.-M., & Musgrave, P. (2014). Refining the Oil Curse: Country-Level Evidence From
Exogenous Variations in Resource Income. Comparative Political Studies, 47(11),
1584–1610. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414013512607
Lipinski, A. J. (2011). Combating government corruption: Suing the federal government via a
proposed amendment to the civil RICO statute.(Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt
Organizations Act). Valparaiso University Law Review, 46(1), 169–210.
Lipper, G. (2010). Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the Elusive Question of Intent. The
American Criminal Law Review, 47(4), 1463.
Lippitt, A. (2013). An Empirical Analysis of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Virginia Law
Review, 99(8), 1893–1930.
Lipset, S. M., & Lenz, G. (2000). Corruption, Culture and Markets. In Culture matters: How
values shape human progress (pp. 112–124). Basic Books.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebook:NLIB_585418276
Litina, A., & Palivos, T. (2016). Corruption, tax evasion and social values. Journal of Economic
Behavior & Organization, 124(C), 164–177.

412 

 
Litschig, S., & Zamboni, Y. (2015). Judicial Presence and Rent Extraction.
http://www.econ.upf.edu/docs/papers/downloads/1143.pdf
Little, M., Lipworth, W., & Kerridge, I. (2018). An Archeology of Corruption in Medicine.
Cambridge Quarterly Of Healthcare Ethics, 27(3), 525–535.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0963180117000925
Litwin, D. (2013). On the Divide Between Investor-State Arbitration and the Global Fight
Against Corruption. Transnational Dispute Management (TDM), 10(3).
https://www.transnational-dispute-management.com/article.asp?key=1964
Liu, A. P. L. (1983). The Politics of Corruption in the People’s Republic of China. The American
Political Science Review, 77(3), 602–623. https://doi.org/10.2307/1957262
Liu, C., & Mikesell, J. L. (2014). The Impact of Public Officials’ Corruption on the Size and
Allocation of U.S. State Spending. Public Administration Review, 74(3), 346.
Liu, E. (2016). A historical review of the control of corruption on economic crime in China.
Journal of Financial Crime, 23(1), 4–21. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-08-2015-0042
Liu, G., & Liu, S. (2017). Corruption crime and punishment: Evidence from China’s state
corruption audits. Journal of Financial Crime, 24(4), 601–619.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-06-2016-0044
Liu, Jiaqi, Hu, M., Zhang, H., & Carrick, J. (2018). Corruption and Entrepreneurship in
Emerging Markets. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2018.1531242
Liu, Junxia. (2019). Investments in the energy sector of Central Asia: Corruption risk and policy
implications. Energy Policy, 133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.110912
Liu, Lianlian. (2015). The global anti-bribery collaboration in evolution. Journal of Financial
Crime, 22(3), 264–294.
Liu, Linjie, Chen, X., & Szolnoki, A. (2019). Evolutionary dynamics of cooperation in a
population with probabilistic corrupt enforcers and violators. Mathematical Models &
Methods in Applied Sciences, 29(11), 2127–2149.
https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218202519500428
Liu, N., Bao, G., & He, A. J. (2020). Does health insurance coverage reduce informal payments?
Evidence from the “red envelopes” in China. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1),
1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-4955-7
Liu, Q. (2010). How economists study corruption. Journal of Anticorruption Research, 2,
110–118.

413 

 
Liu, Q, & Peng, Y. (2012). Behavioral Environment,Social Capital and the Evolution
Mechanism of Corruption Equilibrium. Comparative Economic & Social Systems,
163(5), 145–158.
Liu, Qg, Luo, T. P., & Tian, G. (2016). Political connections with corrupt government
bureaucrats and corporate M&A decisions: A natural experiment from the anti-
corruption cases in China. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal; Pac.-Basin Financ.J.,
37(Journal Article), 52–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2016.03.003
Liu, Qijun, & Peng, Y. (2015a). Corruption in college admissions examinations in China.
International Journal of Educational Development, 41, 104–111.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.02.003
Liu, Qijun, & Peng, Y. (2015b). Determinants of Willingness to Bribe: Micro Evidence from the
Educational Sector in China. Jahrbücher Für Nationalökonomie Und Statistik, 235(2),
168–183.
Liu, T., & Sun, M. (2012). Informal Payments in Developing Countries’ Public Health Sectors.
Pacific Economic Review, 17(4), 514–524.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0106.2012.00597.x
Liu, X., Christopoulos, G. I., & Hong, Y.-Y. (2014). The Role of Decision Frame on
Decision-Making regarding Bribe Giving. Academy of Management Proceedings,
2014(1), 16680–16680. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2014.16680abstract
Liu, Xd. (2016). Corruption culture and corporate misconduct. Journal Of Financial Economics,
122(2), 307–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2016.06.005
Liu, Xiaojing, Arthanari, T., & Shi, Y. (2019). Making dairy supply chains robust against
corruption risk: A systemic exploratory study. International Journal of Logistics
Management, 30(4), 1078–1100. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLM-02-2018-0039
Liu, Ximei, Latif, K., Latif, Z., & Li, N. (2020). Relationship between economic growth and
CO2 emissions: Does governance matter? Environmental Science and Pollution Research
International, 27(14), 17221–17228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08142-3
Liu, Yajie, & Dong, F. (2020). Corruption, Economic Development and Haze Pollution:
Evidence from 139 Global Countries. Sustainability, 12(3523), 3523.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093523
Liu, Ye, An, Y., & Zhang, J. (2016). Bribe payments under regulatory decentralization: Evidence
from rights offering regulations in China. Journal of Banking & Finance, 63(Journal
Article), 61.
Liu, Yongzheng, & Feng, H. (2015). Tax structure and corruption: Cross-country evidence.

414 

 
Public Choice, 162(1), 57–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-014-0194-y
Lizal, L., & Kocenda, E. (2001). State of corruption in transition: Case of the Czech Republic.
Emerging Markets Review, 2(2), 138–160.
Ljunge, M. (2015). Social capital and the family: Evidence that strong family ties cultivate civic
virtues. Economica [London], 82(325), 103–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12102
Llamzon, A. (2008). The Control of Corruption through International Investment Arbitration:
Potential and Limitations. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of
International Law), 102, 208–212.
Llamzon, A. P. (2013). State Responsibility for Corruption: The Attribution Asymmetry in
International Investment Arbitration. Transnational Dispute Management (TDM), 10(3).
https://www.transnational-dispute-management.com/article.asp?key=1958
Lloyd-Ellis, H., & Marceau, N. (2003). Endogenous insecurity and economic development.
Journal of Development Economics, 72(1), 1–29.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(03)00066-X
Lo, T. W. (1993). The politics of social censure: Corruption and bourgeois liberation in
communist China. Social & Legal Studies, 2(2), 195–209.
Loayza, N. V. (1996). The economics of the informal sector: A simple model and some
empirical evidence from Latin America. Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on
Public Policy, 45(Supplement C), 129–162.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2231(96)00021-8
Lobnikar, B., & Meško, G. (2015). Perception of police corruption and the level of integrity
among Slovenian police officers. Police Practice & Research, 16(4), 341–353.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2015.1038031
Locatelli, G., Mariani, G., Sainati, T., & Greco, M. (2017). Corruption in public projects and
megaprojects: There is an elephant in the room! International Journal of Project
Management, 35(3), 252–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.09.010
Loe, T., Ferrell, L., & Mansfield, P. (2000). A Review of Empirical Studies Assessing Ethical
Decision Making in Business. Journal of Business Ethics, 25(3), 185–204.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006083612239
Loftis, M. W. (2015). Deliberate Indiscretion? How Political Corruption Encourages
Discretionary Policy Making. Comparative Political Studies, 48(6), 728.
Logue, N. (2005). Cultural Relativism or Ethical Imperialism? Dealing with Bribery Across
Cultures (working paper). http://www.cbfa.org/Logue.pdf

415 

 
Lohaus, M. (2015). Ahead of the Curve: The OAS as a Pioneer of International Anti-Corruption
Efforts. In Governance Transfer by Regional Organizations (pp. 159–176). Palgrave
Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137385642_9
Lohaus, M. (2019). Towards a Global Consensus Against Corruption: International Agreements
as Products of Diffusion and Signals of Commitment. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429492235
Loli, M. (2018). Self-legitimation patterns in the inequality-corruption nexus. Crime, Law and
Social Change, 70(2), 241–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9729-8
Lombardi, R., & Trequattrini, R. (2020). Corporate corruption, business strategy, and sustainable
environment: Inferno and paradise! Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(3),
1619–1620. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2469
Lombardi, R., Trequattrini, R., Cuozzo, B., & Cano-Rubio, M. (2019). Corporate corruption
prevention, sustainable governance and legislation: First exploratory evidence from the
Italian scenario. Journal of Cleaner Production, 217, 666–675.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.214
Lomnitz, C. (1995). Ritual, Rumor and Corruption in the Constitution of Polity in Modern
Mexico. Journal of Latin American Anthropology, 1(1), 20–47.
https://doi.org/10.1525/jlca.1995.1.1.20
Lomnitz, L. A. (1988). Informal Exchange Networks in Formal Systems: A Theoretical Model.
American Anthropologist, 90(1), 42.
Lonati, S., & Borlini, L. S. (2020). Corporate compliance and privatization of law enforcement.
A study of the Italian legislation in the light of the U.S. experience. Negotiated
Settlements in Bribery Cases.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788970402/9781788970402.00021.xml
Long, D., & Rao, S. (1995). The wealth effects of unethical business behavior. Journal of
Economics and Finance, 19(2), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02920510
Long, N. V., & Sorger, G. (2006). Insecure property rights and growth: The role of appropriation
costs, wealth effects, and heterogeneity. Economic Theory, 28(3), 513–529.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00199-005-0635-4
Lopatta, K., Jaeschke, R., Tchikov, M., & Lodhia, S. (2017). Corruption, Corporate Social
Responsibility and Financial Constraints: International Firm‐level Evidence. European
Management Review, 14(1), 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12098
Lopatta, K., Jaeschke, R., & Yi, C. (2014). The Strategic use of Language in Corrupt Firms’
Financial Disclosures [Working Paper].

416 

 
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2512323
Lopez, A., Rodriguez, M., & Valentini, M. (2017). How Does Political Finance Regulation
Influence Control of Corruption? Improving Governance in Latin America.
http://www.againstcorruption.eu/publications/how-does-political-finance-regulation-influ
ence-control-of-corruption-improving-governance-in-latin-america/
López and, R., & Mitra, S. (2000). Corruption, Pollution, and the Kuznets Environment Curve.
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 40(2), 137–150.
https://doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1999.1107
López, J. P., & Santos, J. S. (2014). Does Corruption Have Social Roots? The Role of Culture
and Social Capital. Journal of Business Ethics, 122(4), 697–708.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1789-9
Lopez, L. (2015). Corruption and International Aid Allocation: A Complex Dance. Journal of
Economic Development, 40(1), 35–61.
López López, W., Bocarejo, M. A. R., Peralta, D. R., Pineda Marín, C., & Mullet, E. (2017).
Mapping Colombian Citizens’ Views Regarding Ordinary Corruption: Threat, Bribery,
and the Illicit Sharing of Confidential Information. Social Indicators Research, 133(1),
259–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1366-6
Lopez, S. (2017). Is Transparency an Effective Way of Reducing Corruption? Evidence Around
the World. International Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(2), 186–191.
López-Cálix, J. R., SELIGSON, M. A., & ALCÁZAR, L. (2009). Local Accountability and the
Peruvian Vaso de Leche Program. In C. H. BLAKE & S. D. MORRIS (Eds.), Corruption
and Democracy in Latin America (pp. 111–130). University of Pittsburgh Press; JSTOR.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qh6n2.9
López-Iturriaga, F., & Sanz, I. (2018). Predicting Public Corruption with Neural Networks: An
Analysis of Spanish Provinces. Social Indicators Research, 140(3), 975–998.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1802-2
Lord, N. (2013). Regulating transnational corporate bribery: Anti-bribery and corruption in the
UK and Germany. Crime, Law and Social Change, 60(2), 127–145.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-013-9445-y
Lord, N. (2016). Establishing enforcement legitimacy in the pursuit of rule-breaking ‘global
elites’: The case of transnational corporate bribery. Theoretical Criminology, 20(3),
376–399. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480615605560
Lord, N., Doig, A., Levi, M., van Wingerde, K., & Benson, K. (2020). Implementing a divergent
response? The UK approach to bribery in international and domestic contexts. Public

417 

 
Money & Management: Theme: Fraud and Financial Crime in the Public Sector, 40(5),
349–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2020.1714212
Lord, Nicholas J. (2014). Responding to transnational corporate bribery using international
frameworks for enforcement: Anti-bribery and corruption in the UK and Germany.
Criminology & Criminal Justice, 14(1), 100–120.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895812474662
Lord, Nicholas James. (2015). Detecting and investigating transnational corporate bribery in
centralised and decentralised enforcement systems: Discretion and (de-)prioritisation in
the UK and Germany. Policing & Society, 25(6), 579–595.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2014.895350
Lorente-Bayona, L., & Gras-Gil, E. (2018). Social and Political Factors Affect the Index of
Public Management Efficiency: A Cross-Country Panel Data Study. Social Indicators
Research, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-2043-8
Lori Ann Wanlin. (2006). The Gap Between Promise and Practice in the Global Fight Against
Corruption. Asper Review of International Business & Trade Law, 6, 209–419.
Lorraine Eden, & Stewart R Miller. (2004). Distance matters: Liability of foreignness,
institutional distance and ownership strategy. In Theories of the Multinational Enterprise:
Diversity, Complexity and Relevance (Vol. 16, pp. 187–221). Emerald Group Publishing
Limited.
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S0747-7929%2804%2916010-1
Losco, M. A. (2014). Streamlining the corruption defense: A proposed framework for
FCPA-ICSID interaction.(Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, International Centre for
Settlement of Investment Disputes). Duke Law Journal, 63(5), 1201.
Lourenço, I. C., Rathke, A., Santana, V., & Branco, M. C. (2018). Corruption and earnings
management in developed and emerging countries. Corporate Governance, 18(1), 35–51.
Lovei, L., & McKechnie, A. (2000). The Costs of Corruption for the Poor – The Energy Sector
(World Bank, Public Policy for the Private Sector Note 207).
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTFINANCIALSECTOR/Resources/282884-13033
27122200/207lovei.pdf
Lovell, D. (2005). Corruption as a Transitional Phenomenon: Understanding Endemic
Corruption in Postcommunist States. In Corruption: Anthropological perspectives. Pluto.
Low, L. A. (1998). Transnational Corruption: New Rules for Old Temptations, New Players to
Combat a Perennial Evil. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of
International Law), 92, 151–156.

418 

 
Low, L. A. 1., Lamoree, S. R. 2., & London, J. (2015). The “Demand Side” of Transnational
Bribery and Corruption: Why Leveling the Playing Field on the Supply Side Isn’t
enough. Fordham Law Review, 84(2), 563–599.
Low, L. A., Bjorklund, A. K., & Atkinson, K. C. (1998). The Inter-American Convention
Against Corruption: A comparison with the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices
Act.(Perspectives on Latin America). Virginia Journal of International Law, 38(3),
243–292.
Low, L. A., & Davis, J. (n.d.). Coping with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: A Primer for
Energy and Natural Resource Sector. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 16,
268-eoa.
Low, L. A., & Prelogar, B. (2020). Incentives for self-reporting and cooperation. Negotiated
Settlements in Bribery Cases.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788970402/9781788970402.00017.xml
Low, L. A., Sprange, T. K., & Barutciski, M. (2010). Global anti-corruption standard and
enforcement: Implications for energy companies †. Journal of World Energy Law &
Business, 3(2), 166–213. https://doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jwq004
Lowen, A., & Samuel, A. (2011). Bribery and Endogenous Monitoring Effort: An Experimental
Study. Eastern Economic Journal, 38(3), 356. https://doi.org/10.1057/eej.2011.18
Löwenheim, O. (2008). Examining the State: A Foucauldian perspective on international
‘governance indicators.’ Third World Quarterly, 29(2), 255–274.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590701806814
Lowenstein, D. H. (1985). Political bribery and the intermediate theory of politics. UCLA Law
Review, 32(4), 784–851.
Lu, H. S., Ho, B. X., & Miranda, J. J. (2019). Corruption in Health Systems: The Conversation
Has Started, Now Time to Continue it Comment on “We Need to Talk About Corruption
in Health Systems.” International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 9(3),
128–132. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.104
Lu, J., Shi, T., & Zhu, J. (2013). When grapevine news meets mass media: Different information
sources and popular perceptions of government corruption in Mainland China. 46(8),
920–946.
Lu, T. (2013). The “obtaining or retaining business” requirement: Breathing new life into the
business nexus provision of the FCPA.(Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977). Fordham
Journal of Corporate & Financial Law, 18(3), 729–750.
Lu, X. (1999). From rank-seeking to rent-seeking: Changing administrative ethos and corruption

419 

 
in reform China. Crime, Law and Social Change, 32(4), 347–370.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008380220903
Lu, X. (2000). Booty Socialism, Bureau-Preneurs, and the State in Transition: Organizational
Corruption in China. Comparative Politics, 32(3), 273–294.
https://doi.org/10.2307/422367
Lubin, N. (2003). Who’s Watching the Watchdogs? Journal of International Affairs, 56(2),
43–56.
Lucas, A. (2016). Elite Capture and Corruption in two Villages in Bengkulu Province, Sumatra.
Human Ecology, 44(3), 287–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-016-9837-6
Lucas, V., & Gutmann, J. (2016). Unbundling Private- and Public-Sector Corruption: Insights
Based on Two New Indicators (working paper [Working Paper].
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2544679
Lučić, D., Radišić, M., & Dobromirov, D. (2016). Causality between corruption and the level of
GDP. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 29(1), 360–379.
Ludwin-Peery, E., & Tingley, D. (2014). Ethical Situations and Their Effects on Judgments of
Punishment. Ethics & Behavior, 24(3), 253–262.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2013.845534
Lui, F. (1986). A Dynamic Model of Corruption Deterrence. 31(2), 215–236.
Lui, F. (1996). Three aspects of corruption. 14(3), 26–29.
Lui, F. T. (1985). An Equilibrium Queuing Model of Bribery. 93(4), 760–781.
Luiz, J., & Stewart, C. (2014). Corruption, South African Multinational Enterprises and
Institutions in Africa. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(3), 383–398.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1878-9
Lukito, A. (2019). Strengthening the role of lawyers and other professional advisers in
addressing economic and financial crimes in Indonesia. Journal of Financial Crime,
26(4), 1107–1116. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-11-2016-0072
Lukito, A. S. (2015). Fostering and enhancing the role of private sector. Journal of Financial
Crime, 22(4), 476–491.
Luna-Pla, I., & Nicolás-Carlock, J. R. (2020). Corruption and complexity: A scientific
framework for the analysis of corruption networks. Applied Network Science, 5(1), 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-020-00258-2
Luo, J., Li, X., & Chan, K. C. (2020). Political uncertainty and labour investment efficiency.
Applied Economics, 52(43), 4677–4697. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2020.1739615
420 

 
Luo, Y. (2002). Corruption and Organization in Asian Management Systems. Asia Pacific
Journal of Management, 19(2), 405–422. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016252021370
Luo, Y. (2005). An Organizational Perspective of Corruption. Management and Organization
Review, 1(1), 119–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2004.00006.x
Luo, Y. (2006). Political behavior, social responsibility, and perceived corruption: A
structuration perspective. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(6), 747.
https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400224
Luo, Y. (2008). The changing Chinese culture and business behavior: The perspective of
intertwinement between guanxi and corruption. International Business Review, 17(2),
188–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2008.02.002
Luo, Y. (2011). Strategic Responses to Perceived Corruption in an Emerging Market: Lessons
From MNEs Investing in China. Business & Society, 50(2), 350–387.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650307313362
Luo, Y., & Han, B. (2009). Graft and business in emerging economies: An ecological
perspective. Journal of World Business, 44(3), 225–237.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2008.08.006
Luo, Y., Huang, Y., & Wang, S. L. (2012). Guanxi and Organizational Performance: A
Meta‐Analysis. Management and Organization Review, 8(1), 139–172.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2011.00273.x
Luong, P. J. (2010). Oil is not a curse: Ownership structure and institutions in Soviet successor
states. Cambridge University Press.
Luong, P. J., & Weinthal, E. (2006). Rethinking The Resource Curse: Ownership Structure,
Institutional Capacity, And Domestic Constraints. Annual Review of Political Science,
9(1), 241–263. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.062404.170436
Lupsha, P. (1991). Drug lords and narco-corruption: The players change but the game continues.
Crime, Law and Social Change, 16(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00389737
Luz, R., & Spagnolo, G. (2016). Leniency, Collusion, Corruption, and Whistleblowing. Working
paper.
http://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=81501712711709211800211208910507102
306302708603908408806708400502300712011207007110409903903404504812410900
210102806808812107500507005301404009011802902101001512502806904504500508
811301500202510300100308502308912310111310212311911008008111911112609508
6&EXT=pdf
Lv, Z. (2017). Intelligence and corruption: An empirical investigation in a non-linear framework.

421 

 
Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 69, 83–91.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2017.06.003
Lyall, A. (2018). A moral economy of oil: Corruption narratives and oil elites in Ecuador.
Culture, Theory and Critique, 59(4), 380–399.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14735784.2018.1507752
Lyster, R. (2011). REDD+, transparency, participation and resource rights: The role of law.
Environmental Science & Policy, 14(2), 118–126.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2010.11.008
M. A. Anishchenko. (2018). Legal problems of the corruption prevention in state and municipal
health care institutions. Aktualʹnì Pitannâ Farmacevtičnoï ì Medičnoï Nauki Ta Praktiki,
3, 354–362. https://doi.org/10.14739/2409-2932.2018.3.145270
Ma, S. (2009). “‘Policing the Police’: A Perennial Challenge for China’s Anticorruption
Agencies.” In Preventing corruption in Asia: Institutional design and policy capacity.
Routledge.
Maass, A. (1987). U.S. Prosecution of State and Local Officials for Political Corruption: Is the
Bureaucracy out of Control in a High-Stakes Operation Involving the Constitutional
System? Publius, 17(3), 195–230.
Macaulay, M., & Mulcahy, S. (2017). Exploring the impact of National Integrity System
assessments: Experience from the UK and New Zealand. Crime, Law and Social Change,
68(3), 293–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9708-0
Macchiavello, R. (2008). Public sector motivation and development failures. Journal of
Development Economics, 86(1), 201–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2007.06.003
MacDonald, R., & Majeed, M. T. (2011). Causes of corruption in European countries: History,
law, and political stability. In Working Papers (2011_24; Working Papers). Business
School - Economics, University of Glasgow.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/gla/glaewp/2011_24.html
Machoski, E., & de Araujo, J. M. (2020). Corruption in public health and its effects on the
economic growth of Brazilian municipalities. The European Journal of Health
Economics : HEPAC : Health Economics in Prevention and Care.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-020-01162-3
Maciel, G., & de Sousa, L. (2018). Legal Corruption and Dissatisfaction with Democracy in the
European Union. Social Indicators Research, 140(2), 653–674.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1779-x
Mackenzie, G. C. (2002). Scandal proof: Do ethics laws make government ethical? Brookings

422 

 
Institution Press.
Mackey, T. K., & Cuomo, R. E. (2020). An interdisciplinary review of digital technologies to
facilitate anti-corruption, transparency and accountability in medicines procurement.
Global Health Action, 13(sup1), 1695241.
https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2019.1695241
Mackey, T. K., Kohler, J. C., Savedoff, W. D., Vogl, F., Lewis, M., Sale, J., Michaud, J., &
Vian, T. (2016). The disease of corruption: Views on how to fight corruption to advance
21st century global health goals. BMC Medicine, 14, 149.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-016-0696-1
Mackey, T. K., Kohler, J., Lewis, M., & Vian, T. (2017). Combating corruption in global health.
Science Translational Medicine, 9(402). https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf9547
Mackey, T., Vian, T., & Kohler, J. (2018). The sustainable development goals as a framework to
combat health-sector corruption. World Health Organization. Bulletin of the World
Health Organization, 96(9), 634–643. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLr.18.209502
Mackle, L. (2019). Property Rights in Post-Soviet Russia. Violence, Corruption, and the Demand
for Law. Europe - Asia Studies, 71(8), 1431–1432.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2019.1664153
Maclean, T. L. (2010). The dangers of decoupling: The relationship between compliance
programs, legitimacy perceptions, and institutionalized misconduct. Academy of
Management Journal, 53(6), 1499–1520.
Maclean, T., Litzky, B. E., & Holderness, D. K. (2015). When Organizations Don’t Walk Their
Talk: A Cross-Level Examination of How Decoupling Formal Ethics Programs Affects
Organizational Members. Journal of Business Ethics, 128(2), 351–368.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2103-1
MacMillan, J. (2011). Reformasi and public corruption: Why Indonesia’s anti-corruption agency
strategy should be reformed to effectively combat public corruption. Emory International
Law Review, 25(1), 587–630.
MacMullen, R. (1988). Corruption and the Decline of Rome. Yale University Press.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=J1pjwcqMhJ8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=
MacMullen,+Ramsay.+1988.+Corruption+and+the+Decline+of+Rome+&ots=YhmvaQ1
Dhu&sig=r1l4ScFg1ygv6PqDgjiCPyQOSgM
MacNaughton, A., & Want, K. B. (2007). Corruption Judgments in Pre-War Japan: Locating the
Influence of Tradition, Morality, and Trust on Criminal Justice. In Corruption and the
secret of law: A legal anthropological perspective. Ashgate.

423 

 
Macrae, J. (1982). Underdevelopment and the economics of corruption: A game theory
approach. World Development, 10(8), 677–687.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(82)90093-6
Madanipour, A., & Thompson, M. F. (2020). Is globalization linked to low corruption in OECD
countries? Crime, Law, and Social Change, 73(4), 443–455.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-019-09874-1
Madhushani, A. (2019). Challenges in Integrity of Sport: Current Practices and Preventive
Approaches of Sport Corruption in Sri Lanka. Physical Culture and Sport, 84(1), 21–26.
https://doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2019-0023
Madlanga, M. R. (2019). Procurement, Corruption and Their Relevance to, and Impact on,
Human Rights. Public Contract Law Journal, 48(2), 259–277.
Madril, O. (2018). The President’s Power and Anti-Corruption Policy: What Can Be Learned
from New Order Experience. Hasanuddin Law Review, 3(3), 307–321.
https://doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v3i3.1318
Maeda, K., & Ziegfeld, A. (2015). Socioeconomic status and corruption perceptions around the
world. 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168015580838
Maesschalck, J., & Van de Walle, S. (2006). Policy failure and corruption in Belgium: Is
federalism to blame? West European Politics, 29(5), 999–1017.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380600968877
Mæstad, O., & Mwisongo, A. (2011). Informal payments and the quality of health care:
Mechanisms revealed by Tanzanian health workers. Health Policy, 99(2), 107–115.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.07.011
Magaloni, B., Matanock, A., Romero, V., & Diaz-Cayeros, A. (n.d.). Living in Fear: The
Dynamics of Extortion in Mexico’s Criminal Insurgency (working paper) [Working
Paper].
http://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=41512508311609207409811507008912209
006201100404100007802307009009207308711912207811201002300604111200604808
800010409309709300305503903200906709606702908912410502802508508200609512
7097080081025015088080006085094073091084086118088119067125106099100116&
EXT=pdf
Magbadelo, J. (2017). Moral Economies of Corruption: State Formation and Political Culture in
Nigeria. African Studies Quarterly, 17(1), 144–146.
Magdalena Calderón, & Rafael Araya. (2019). The Codes of Ethics in the Public Sector and the
Incorporation of Values that Promote Open Government. JeDEM - EJournal of
EDemocracy & Open Government, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.29379/jedem.v11i2.557
424 

 
Magnus, J., Polterovich, V., Danilov, D., & Savvateev, A. (2002). Tolerance of Cheating: An
Analysis Across Countries. The Journal of Economic Education, 33(2), 125–135.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220480209596462
Magrath, W. (2011). Corruption and Crime in Forestry. In Handbook of global research and
practice in corruption. Edward Elgar.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:ELGAR05220150821
Magtulis, P. P., & Poquiz, J. L. (2017). Big Government, Big Corruption? Examining the
Relationship between Government Size and Public Corruption in the Philippines.
International Journal of Public Administration, 40(11), 954–967.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2016.1229676
Mahagaonkar, P. (2008). Corruption and Innovation: A Grease or Sand relationship? [Jena
Economic Research Papers, No. 2008,017]. Jena Economic Research Papers, No.
2008,017.
Mahdavi, P. (2014). Extortion in the Oil States: Nationalization, Regulatory Structure, and
Corruption. Working paper [Working Paper].
http://paasha.bol.ucla.edu/chapter4_NOCcorruption.pdf
Mahdavi, P. (2019). Institutions and the “Resource Curse”: Evidence From Cases of Oil-Related
Bribery. Comparative Political Studies, 53(1), 001041401983072–39.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414019830727
Mahlangu, V. P. (2019). Education Capture: The Interference of Teacher Unions in the
Schooling System in South Africa. BCES Conference Books, 17, 111–116.
Mahmood, R. (2004). Can Information and Communication Technology Help Reduce
Corruption? How So and Why Not: Two Case Studies from South Asia. Perspectives on
Global Development and Technology, 3(3), 347–373.
https://doi.org/10.1163/1569150042442539
Mahmood, S. A. I. (2010). Public procurement and corruption in Bangladesh confronting the
challenges and opportunities. Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research,
2(6), 103–111.
Mahmood, S. A. I. (2013). Public procurement system and e-Government implementation in
Bangladesh: The role of public administration. Journal of Public Administration and
Policy Research, 5(5), 117–123.
http://dx.doi.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.5897/JPAPR11.070
Mahr, E. (2018). Local contestation against the European Union Rule of Law Mission in
Kosovo. Contemporary Security Policy, 39(1), 72–94.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2017.1407060
425 

 
Maingot, A. P. (1994). Confronting corruption in the hemisphere: A sociological perspective.
Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 36(3), 49.
Maisondra Maisondra. (2020). The Effective Management of Corruption Treatment in Indonesia.
International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 7(8), 690–696.
https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i8.2022
Maitland, E. (2002). Corruption and the outsider: Multinational enterprises in the transitional
economy of Vietnam. In Corruption in Asia: Rethinking the Governance Paradigm.
Federation Press.
Maiyaki, A. A. (2010). The Effects of Corruption on the Nigerian Economy. IBA Business
Review, 5(2), 111–126.
Majbouri, M. (2016). Oil and entrepreneurship. Energy Policy, 94(Journal Article), 10.
Majeed, Muhammad Tariq. (2014). Corruption and Trade. Journal of Economic Integration,
29(4), 759–782. https://doi.org/10.11130/jei.2014.29.4.759
Majeed, Muhammad Tariq. (2016). Migrant Remittances and Corruption: An Empirical
Analysis. Pakistan Journal of Applied Economics, 26(1), 15–41.
Majeed, Muhammad Tariq, & MacDonald, R. (2010). Corruption and the military in politics:
Theory and evidence from around the world. In Working Papers (2010_34; Working
Papers). Business School - Economics, University of Glasgow.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/gla/glaewp/2010_34.html
Majeed, Muhammad Tariq, & MacDonald, R. (2011). Corruption and Financial Intermediation
in a Panel of Regions: Cross-Border Effects of Corruption (SIRE Discussion Paper No.
2011–67). Scottish Institute for Research in Economics (SIRE).
https://ideas.repec.org/p/edn/sirdps/341.html
Majeed, Muhammed Tariq. (2012). Trade, Economic Freedom and Corruption: Cross-Country
Evidence. Working paper. [Working Paper].
http://www.busman.qmul.ac.uk/newsandevents/EventDocuments/48717.pdf
Majtan, R. (2013). The self-cleaning dilemma: Reconciling competing objectives of procurement
processes.(Suspension & Debarment). The George Washington International Law
Review, 45(2), 291–347.
Majumdar, M., & Yoo, S. (2012). Strategic analysis of influence peddling. International Journal
of Game Theory, 41(4), 737–762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00182-012-0340-z
Makinwa, A. (2007). The Rules Regulating Transnational Bribery: Achieving a Common
Standard? International Business Law Journal, 1, 17–40.

426 

 
Makinwa, A. (2009). International Corruption and the Privatisation of Security: Resorting to
Private Remedies. In Controlling security in a culture of fear (pp. 99-eoa). Boom Legal
Publishers.
Makinwa, A. (2013). Private remedies for corruption: Towards an international framework.
Eleven International Publishing, 2013.
Makinwa, A. (2015). Negotiated settlements for corruption offences: A European perspective.
Eleven International Publishing.
Makinwa, A. O. (2009). Civil Remedies for International Corruption: The Role of International
Arbitration. In The Civil Law Consequences of Corruption (pp. 257–280). Nomos
Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG.
Makinwa, A. O., & Kramer, X. E. (2015). Contracts Tainted by Corruption: Does Dutch Civil
Law Augment the Criminalization of Corruption? In The Impact of Corruption on
International Commercial Contracts (pp. 205–228). Springer, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19054-9_10
Makinwa, Abiola. (2008). Motivating Civil Remedies for International Corruption: Nigeria as an
Illustrative Case Study. CALS Review of Nigerian Law & Practice, 2(2), 97–129.
Makinwa, Abiola. (2009a). Researching civil remedies for international corruption: The choice
of the functional comparative method. Erasmus Law Review, 2(3).
Makinwa, Abiola. (2009b). The Role of International Arbitration in the Fight against Corruption.
In The civil law consequences of corruption (1. Aufl., pp. 257–280). Nomos.
Makinwa, Abiola. (2010). A Transaction Approach to Fighting Corruption. In Governing
security under the rule of law? (pp. 175–194). Eleven International Pub.
Makinwa, Abiola. (2013a). Defining a Private Law Approach to Fighting Corruption. In
Anti-corruption policy: Can international actors play a constructive role? (pp. 267–284).
Carolina Academic Press, 2013.
Makinwa, Abiola. (2013b). Good Governance: Negotiated settlemens for FCPA violations as a
model. ART (Applied Research Today), 2013(3 (april)), 109–121.
Makinwa, Abiola. (2016). Corruption and Security: The Role of Negotiated Settlements. In
Governance and Security Issues of the European Union (pp. 249–270). T.M.C. Asser
Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-144-9_14
Makinwa, Abiola. (2020). Public/private co-operation in anti-bribery enforcement: Non-trial
resolutions as a solution? Negotiated Settlements in Bribery Cases.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788970402/9781788970402.00011.xml

427 

 
Makowski, G. (2012). Diffusion of Corruption in Poland. In The social construction of
corruption in Europe (pp. 165–194). Ashgate Pub.
Makuta, I., & O’Hare, B. (2015). Quality of governance, public spending on health and health
status in Sub Saharan Africa: A panel data regression analysis. Bmc Public Health; BMC
Public Health, 15(Journal Article). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2287-z
Mălăescu, A. (2018). The Role of the Accountancy Profession in Tackling Corruption in
Romania. Revista de Stiinte Politice, 57, 107–117.
Malaj, V., & de Rubertis, S. (2017). Determinants of migration and the gravity model of
migration—Application on Western Balkan emigration flows. Migration Letters, 14(2),
204–220.
Malec, K., & Gardiner, J. (1987). Measurement Issues in the Study of Official Corruption: A
Chicago Example. Corruption and Reform, 2, 267–278.
Malena, C., Forster, R., & Singh, J. (2004). Social Accountability: An Introduction to the
Concept and Emerging Practice (World Bank Social Development Paper No. 76). World
Bank Social Development Paper.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/327691468779445304/pdf/310420PAPER0S
o1ity0SDP0Civic0no1076.pdf
Malesky, E. J., Gueorguiev, D. D., & Jensen, N. M. (2015). Monopoly Money: Foreign
Investment and Bribery in Vietnam, a Survey Experiment. American Journal of Political
Science, 59(2), 419–439. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12126
Malesky, E. J., Nguyen, C. V., & Tran, A. (2014). The Impact of Recentralization on Public
Services: A Difference-in-Differences Analysis of the Abolition of Elected Councils in
Vietnam. 108(1), 144–168. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055413000580
Malesky, E. J., Nguyen, T. V., Bach, T. N., & Ho, B. D. (2020). The effect of market
competition on bribery in emerging economies: An empirical analysis of Vietnamese
firms. World Development, 131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104957
Malesky, E., & Samphantharak, K. (2008). Predictable Corruption and Firm Investment:
Evidence from a Natural Experiment and Survey of Cambodian Entrepreneurs. Quarterly
Journal of Political Science, 3(3), 227–267.
Malesky, E., Schuler, P., & Tran, A. (2012). The Adverse Effects of Sunshine: A Field
Experiment on Legislative Transparency in an Authoritarian Assembly. 106(4), 762–786.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055412000408
Malhotra, S., Zhu, P., & Locander, W. (2010). Impact of host-country corruption on U.S. and
Chinese cross-border acquisitions. Thunderbird International Business Review, 52(6),

428 

 
491–507. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.20375
Malik, A. S. (1990). Avoidance, screening and optimum enforcement. The Rand Journal of
Economics, 21(3), 341–353.
Malik, R. (2020). Transparency, Elections, and Pakistani Politicians’ Tax Compliance.
Comparative Political Studies, 53(7), 1060–1091.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414019879964
Malinowska, A. P. (2019). Corruption versus societal trust—New evidence from Poland’s
limited liability companies. Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance, 30(4), 85–98.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.22405
Maljević, A., Budimlić, M., Datzer, D., & Muratbegović, E. (2008). Professional Police in
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Case Study – Police Corruption. European Journal of Crime,
Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 16(2), 209–224.
https://doi.org/10.1163/157181708X308452
Mallik, G., & Saha, S. (2016). Corruption and growth: A complex relationship. International
Journal of Development Issues, 15(2), 113–129.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDI-01-2016-0001
Man, W. Y. N., Worth, H., Kelly, A., Wilson, D. P., & Siba, P. (2014). Is endemic political
corruption hampering provision of ART and PMTCT in developing countries? 17(1).
https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.1.18568
Manacorda, S., & Grasso, C. (2018). Fighting Fraud and Corruption at the World Bank: A
Critical Analysis of the Sanctions System. Springer International Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73824-6
Manandhar, N. (2015). Anti-Corruption Lessons from Nepal. In Government Anti-Corruption
Strategies (Vol. 1–0, pp. 77–102). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b18560-6
Mancini, P., Mazzoni, M., Cornia, A., & Marchetti, R. (2017). Representations of Corruption in
the British, French, and Italian Press. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 22(1),
67–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161216674652
Mandal, B. (2014). Traded Goods, Tax and Intermediation-the Role of Corrupt Nontraded
Sector [Working Paper].
Mandal, B., & Marjit, S. (2010). Corruption and wage inequality? International Review of
Economics and Finance, 19(1), 166–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2009.01.001
Mandel, D. (2020). Corruption in Russian higher education. Journal of Contemporary Central
and Eastern Europe, 28(1), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/25739638.2020.1812935

429 

 
Manea, T. (2015). Medical bribery and the ethics of trust: The romanian case. The Journal of
Medicine and Philosophy, 40(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhu049
Mangafić, J., & Veselinović, L. (2020). The determinants of corruption at the individual level:
Evidence from Bosnia-Herzegovina. Ekonomska Istraživanja,
ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2020.1723426
Manion, M. (1996). Corruption by Design: Bribery in Chinese Enterprise Licensing. 12(1),
167–195.
Manion, M. (1998). Correction to “Corruption by Design.” 14(1), 180–182.
Manion, M. (2004). Corruption by design: Building clean government in mainland China and
Hong Kong. Harvard University Press.
Manion, M. (2014). What Is Corrupt? A Model of Unacceptable International Business
Practices in China [Working Paper].
Manion, M. (2015). Institutional Design and Anti-Corruption in Mainland China. In Routledge
handbook of political corruption (pp. 242–252). Routledge.
Manirabona, A., & Diniz, E. (2016). Towards Efficiency in Attributing Criminal Liability to
Corporations: Canadian and Brazilian Regimes Compared. Criminal Law Forum, 27(3),
331–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10609-016-9285-4
Mann, H., Garcia-Rada, X., Hornuf, L., Tafurt, J., & Ariely, D. (2016). Cut From the Same
Cloth: Similarly Dishonest Individuals Across Countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural
Psychology, 47(6), 858.
Manna, R., & Palumbo, R. (2019). How to fight public corruption? Capturing evidence from a
fixed effects model for Western European countries. International Journal of
Organization Theory & Behavior, 22(4), 313–330.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOTB-11-2018-0123
Manning, P. K. (2009). Bad cops. Criminology & Public Policy, 8(4), 787–794.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00594.x
Manning, T. J. (2015). Private equity and the FCPA: deal-making as reform mechanism.(Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act of 1977). Pepperdine Law Review, 42(2), 377–391.
Mano, L. (2020). Understanding the Spirit of the Constitution on Corruption: Emoluments,
Impeachment, and the Primacy of Political Virtue. The William and Mary Bill of Rights
Journal, 28(3), 767–801.
Manoli, A. E., Bandura, C., & Downward, P. (2020). Perceptions of integrity in sport: Insights
into people’s relationship with sport. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics,

430 

 
12(2), 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2020.1747101
Manow, P. (2003). Low-Trust and High-Trust Equilibria in Politics: Party Patronage and
Political Corruption as Coordination Games. In Jahrbuch für Handlungs- und
Entscheidungstheorie (pp. 7–30). VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-97555-3_2
Mansour, S., Sadiraj, V., & Wallace, S. (n.d.). Political Institutions and Corruption: An
Experimental Examination of the Right to Recall. Working paper.
http://excen.gsu.edu/workingpapers/GSU_EXCEN_WP_2014-05.pdf
Mantzaris, E., Tsekeris, C., & Tsekeris, T. (2016). Interrogating Corruption: Lessons From South
Africa. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 7(1), 1.
Manz, C. C., Anand, V., Joshi, M., & Manz, K. P. (2008). Emerging paradoxes in executive
leadership: A theoretical interpretation of the tensions between corruption and virtuous
values. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), 385–392.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.03.009
Manzetti, L. (2014). Accountability and Corruption in Argentina During the Kirchners’ Era.
Latin American Research Review, 49(2), 173–195. https://doi.org/10.1353/lar.2014.0030
Manzetti, L., & Blake, C. (1996). Market reforms and corruption in Latin America: New means
for old ways. Review of International Political Economy, 3(4), 662–697.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09692299608434376
Manzetti, L., & Wilson, C. J. (2006). Corruption, Economic Satisfaction, and Confidence in
Government: Evidence from Argentina. Latin Americanist, 49(2), 131–139.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-203X.2006.tb00078.x
Manzetti, L., & Wilson, C. J. (2007). Why do corrupt governments maintain public support?
Comparative Political Studies, 40(8), 949.
Mao, Y., Wong, C.-S., & Peng, K. (2013). Breaking institutionalized corruption: Is the
experience of the Hong Kong Independent Commission Against Corruption
generalizable? Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 30(4), 1115–1124.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-013-9351-y
Maor, M. (2004). Feeling the Heat? Anticorruption Mechanisms in Comparative Perspective.
Governance, 17(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0952-1895.2004.00235.x
Marat, E. (2015). Global money laundering and its domestic political consequences in
Kyrgyzstan. Central Asian Survey, 34(1), 46–56.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2015.1010854
Marberg, S. (2012). Promises of leniency: Whether companies should self-disclose violations of
431 

 
the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 45(2), 557.
Marceau, J. F. (2006). A little less conversation, a little more action: Evaluating and forecasting
the trend of more frequent and severe prosecutions under the Foreign Corrupt Practices
Act. Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law, 12(2), 285–310.
Marcelo, S. (2007). Combating Corruption in the Philippines. In Controlling Corruption in Asia
and the Pacific (pp. 37–43). Asian Development Bank.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.OECD_batch:9789264041363en
Marché, G. E. (2009). Integrity, culture, and scale: An empirical test of the big bad police
agency. Crime, Law and Social Change, 51(5), 463–486.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-008-9184-7
Marcouiller, D., & Young, L. (1995). The Black Hole of Graft: The Predatory State and the
Informal Economy. The American Economic Review, 85(3), 630–646.
Marengo, F. D. (1986). The Link Between Political Corruption and Political Scandal. Corruption
& Reform, 3, 65–79.
Mares, I., & Young, L. (2016). Buying, Expropriating, and Stealing Votes. Annual Review of
Political Science, 19(1), 267–288.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-060514-120923
Maria Gordeychuk. (2019). Shadow Economy: Positive and Negative Effects. Traektoriâ Nauki,
5(3), 2001–2007. https://doi.org/10.22178/pos.44-3
Mariani, P. (n.d.). How Damages Recovery Actions Can Improve the Fight Against Corruption:
The Crisis of Criminal Law Policies and the Role of Private Enforcement in an Italian
Case of Judicial Corruption (Bocconi University Legal Studies Research Paper No.
2007241).
http://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=68710106700810301702502900407708409
009605505804702304303108800710908710702908803112106105300000003309705211
607812603101909706600909401004501411611900412612307402509508704100110403
0021121084121088085106122082031105105004001105122064065011126103092124&
EXT=pdf
Marien, S., & Werner, H. (2019). Fair treatment, fair play? The relationship between fair
treatment perceptions, political trust and compliant and cooperative attitudes
cross‐nationally. European Journal of Political Research, 58(1), 72–95.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12271
Marinescu, C., & Jora, O.-D. (2013). Assessment on the “institutional economics” of corruption.
Business and development in Romania, between formal and informal practices.
Amfiteatru Economic, 15, 603–616.
432 

 
Maringira, G. (2017). Military corruption in war: Stealing and connivance among Zimbabwean
foot soldiers in the Democratic Republic of Congo (1998-2002). Review of African
Political Economy, 44(154), 611–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2017.1406844
Marique, Y. (2014). Integrity in English and French Public Contracts: Changing Administrative
Cultures? In Corruption and conflicts of interest: A comparative law approach (pp.
85–112). Edward Elgar PubLtd.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:ELGAR01620140507
Marjit, S, Seidel, A., & Thum, M. (2017). Tax Evasion, Corruption and Tax Loopholes. German
Economic Review, 18(3), 283–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/geer.12107
Marjit, Sugata, Mandal, B., & Roy, S. (2014). Trade Openness, Corruption and Factor
Abundance: Evidence from a Dynamic Panel. Review of Development Economics, 18(1),
45–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12068
Marjit, Sugata, Mukherjee, V., & Mukherjee, A. (2000). Harassment, corruption and tax policy.
European Journal of Political Economy, 16(1), 75–94.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(99)00048-8
Marjit, Sugata, Mukherjee, V., & Mukherjee, A. (2003). Harassment, corruption and tax policy:
Reply. European Journal of Political Economy, 19(4), 899–900.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(03)00047-8
Marjit, Sugata, & Shi, H. (1998). On controlling crime with corrupt officials. Journal of
Economic Behavior and Organization, 34(1), 163–172.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2681(97)00040-1
Mark, G. (2012). Private FCPA Enforcement. American Business Law Journal, 49(3), 419–506.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1714.2012.01137.x
Markovic Khaze, N. (2020). Corruption and Democratic Transition in Eastern Europe. The Role
of Political Scandals in Post-Milosevic Serbia. Europe - Asia Studies, 72(1), 142–143.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2019.1700704
Markovska, A., & Adams, N. (2015). Political corruption and money laundering: Lessons from
Nigeria. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 18(2), n/a.
Markovska, A., Serdyuk, A., & Sokurenko, V. (2019). Corruption, Policing and Migration:
Exploring the Interaction Between Migrant Workers and Police in Russia, Ukraine and
the UK. International Migration, 57(1), 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12475
Markussen, T., & Tyran, J.-R. (2017). Choosing a public-spirited leader: An experimental
investigation of political selection. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 144,
204–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.09.006

433 

 
Marong, A. B. M. (2002). Toward a normative consensus against corruption: Legal effects of the
principles to combat corruption in Africa. The Denver Journal of International Law and
Policy, 30(2), 99–130.
Maroun, W., Ram, A. J., & Kok, M. (2019). A review of mining taxes in Africa: Tax burden, the
strength of democratic systems and levels of corruption. South African Journal of
Business Management, 50(1), e1–e15. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v50i1.941
Marquette, H., & Doig, A. (2004). Drilling down to the detail: A case study into anti-corruption
project records and record-keeping. Crime, Law and Social Change, 41(1), 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CRIS.0000015322.44525.86
Marquette, Heather. (2001). Corruption, democracy and the World Bank. Crime, Law and Social
Change, 36(4), 395–407. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012045700314
Marquette, Heather. (2004). The Creeping Politicisation of the World Bank: The Case of
Corruption. Political Studies, 52(3), 413–430.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2004.00488.x
Marquette, Heather. (2007). Civic education for combating corruption: Lessons from Hong Kong
and the US for donor‐funded programmes in poor countries. Public Administration and
Development, 27(3), 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.461
Marquette, Heather. (2011). Donors, State Building and Corruption: Lessons from Afghanistan
and the implications for aid policy. Third World Quarterly, 32(10), 1871–1890.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2011.610587
Marquette, Heather. (2012). “Finding God” or “Moral Disengagement” in the Fight Against
Corruption in Developing Countries? Evidence from India and Nigeria. Public
Administration and Development, 32(1), 11–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1605
Marquette, Heather. (2013). Corruption, Religion and Moral Development in Developing
Countries. In Handbook of research on development and religion. Edward Elgar, 2013.
Marquette, Heather. (2015). Religion, Ethics and Corruption: Field Evidence from India and
Nigeria. In Routledge handbook of political corruption (pp. 315–327). Routledge.
Marquette, Heather, Pavarala, V., & Malik, K. K. (2014). Religion and attitudes towards
corruption in India: A collective action problem? Development in Practice, 24(7),
854–866. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2014.942215
Marquette, Heather, & Peiffer, C. (2015). Corruption and Collective Action: Shifting the
Equilibrium? (Birmingham Developmental Leadership Program Research Paper 32).
http://publications.dlprog.org/CorruptionandCollectiveAction.pdf
Marquette, Heather, & Peiffer, C. (2018). Grappling with the “real politics” of systemic
434 

 
corruption: Theoretical debates versus “real-world” functions. Governance, 31(3),
499–514. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12311
Marquette, Heather, & Peiffer, C. (2019). Thinking politically about corruption as
problem‐solving: A reply to Persson, Rothstein, and Teorell. Governance, 32(4),
811–820. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12444
Márquez, M., Salinas‐Jiménez, J., & Salinas‐Jiménez, M. D. M. (2011). Exploring differences in
corruption: The role of neighboring countries. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 14(1),
11–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2011.534287
Marshall, A. (n.d.). What’s Yours Is Mine: New Actors and New Approaches to Asset Recovery
in Global Corruption Cases (Center for Global Development Policy Paper 018).
http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/whats-yours-is-mine_0.pdf
Martha Garcia-Murillo. (2010). The effect of internet access on government corruption.
Electronic Government, an Int. J., 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1504/EG.2010.029889
Martí, C., & Kasperskaya, Y. (2015). Public Financial Management Systems and Countries’
Governance: A Cross-Country Study. Public Administration & Development, 35(3), 165.
Martimort, D., & Straub, S. (2009). Infrastructure Privatization and Changes in Corruption
Patterns: The Roots of Public Discontent. Journal of Development Economics, 90(1),
69–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.08.002
Martin, A. T. (1998). Corruption and Improper Payments: Global Trends and Applicable Laws.
Alberta Law Review, 36, 416–1039.
Martin, A. T. (1999). The Development of International Bribery Law. Natural Resources &
Environment, 14(2), 95–102.
Martin, A. T. (2002). International arbitration and corruption: An evolving
standard.(International Energy and Minerals Arbitration). Mineral Law Series: Rocky
Mountain Mineral Law Foundation, 2002(2), CH12.
Martin, C. (2018). Maximum scrutiny. Public Finance, 10, 17–17.
Martin, K., Cullen, J., Johnson, J., & Parboteeah, K. (2007). Deciding to bribe: A cross-level
analysis of firm and home country influences on bribery activity. Academy Of
Management Journal, 50(6), 1401–1422.
Martin, K. D., Johnson, J. L., & Cullen, J. B. (2009). Organizational change, normative control
deinstitutionalization, and corruption.(Author abstract)(Report). Business Ethics
Quarterly, 19(1), 105.
Martin, M. (2016). External quality assurance in higher education: How can it address corruption

435 

 
and other malpractices? Quality in Higher Education, 22(1), 49–63.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13538322.2016.1144903
Martin, S. (1989). A Decade Of Branti Decisions: A Government Official’s Guide To Patronage
Dismissals. American University Law Review, 39(1), 11–58.
Martinez, C. R. (2020). The Curious Case of Lawrence Hoskins: Evaluating the Scope of
Agency Under the Anti-Bribery Provisions of the FCPA.(Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
of 1977). Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems, 53(2), 245.
Martinez i Coma, F. (2016). Turnout Determinants in Democracies and in Non-Democracies.
Electoral Studies, 41, 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2015.11.002
Martinez I Coma, F., & Werner, A. (2018). Compulsory voting and ethnic diversity increase
invalid voting while corruption does not: An analysis of 417 parliamentary elections in
73 countries. Democratization, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2018.1524879
Martinez, V. R. (2019). The Outsized Influence of the FCPA? University of Illinois Law Review,
2019(4), 1205–1225.
Martínez, W. C., & Jetter, M. (2016). Isolating causality between gender and corruption: An IV
approach (No. 014438; DOCUMENTOS DE TRABAJO CIEF). UNIVERSIDAD
EAFIT. https://ideas.repec.org/p/col/000122/014438.html
Martins, L., Cerdeira, J., & Teixeira, A. (2020). Does corruption boost or harm firms’
performance in developing and emerging economies? A firm‐level study. World
Economy, 43(8), 2119–2152. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12966
Martins, P. (n.d.). Cronyism (IZA Discussion Paper 5349). http://ftp.iza.org/dp5349.pdf
Maruichi, D., & Abe, M. (2019). Corruption and the business environment in Vietnam:
Implications from an empirical study. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 6(2), 222–245.
https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.275
Marwah, H. (2018). Untangling government, market, and investment failure during the Nigerian
oil boom: The Cement Armada scandal 1974–1980. Business History, 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2018.1458839
Maryudi, A. (2016). Choosing timber legality verification as a policy instrument to combat
illegal logging in Indonesia. Forest Policy and Economics, 68, 99–104.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2015.10.010
Mashaba, M. (2005). Organised Crime and Corruption – Fighting the Problem within the
NEPAD Framework. African Security Review, 14(4), 109–112.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2005.9627595

436 

 
Mashali, B. (2012). Analyzing the relationship between perceived grand corruption and petty
corruption in developing countries: Case study of Iran. International Review of
Administrative Sciences, 78(4), 775–787. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852312455991
Maskály, J., Kutnjak Ivković, S., Haberfeld, M., Donner, C., Chen, T., & Meyers, M. (2020).
Assessing the validity of police integrity scale in a comparative context. Policing &
Society, 30(6), 618–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2019.1576675
Masron, T. A., & Subramaniam, Y. (2018). The environmental Kuznets curve in the presence of
corruption in developing countries. Environmental Science And Pollution Research,
25(13), 12491–12506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1473-9
Masron, Tajul Ariffin, & Nor, E. (2013). FDI in ASEAN-8: Does institutional quality matter?
Applied Economics Letters, 20(2), 186–189.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2012.687090
Masters, A. (2015). Corruption in sport: From the playing field to the field of policy. Policy and
Society, 34(2), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2015.04.002
Masters, A. B., & Graycar, A. (2016). Making Corruption Disappear in Local Government.
Public Integrity, 18(1), 42–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2015.1093400
Masters, A., & Graycar, A. (2015). Media reporting of corruption: Policy implications. Crime,
Law and Social Change, 64(2–3), 153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-015-9595-1
Mastruzzi, M. (2010). The worldwide governance indicators: Methodology and analytical issues.
The World Bank. http://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:5430
Masud, Md. A. K., Bae, S. M., Manzanares, J., & Kim, J. D. (2019). Board Directors’ Expertise
and Corporate Corruption Disclosure: The Moderating Role of Political Connections.
Sustainability, 11(16), 4491. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164491
Matei, A., & Matei, L. (2006). Economics of Corruption. The Equilibrium, Political and Social
Determinations. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 6.
https://doaj.org/article/360ed7f124494b7fa2da0f227c4fc017
Matei, A., & Matei, L. (2008). “Globalisation of Corruption” and Development of the Binom
“Corruption – Public Integrity” in the Context of Romania Integration into the European
Union. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 02(519)(02(519)), 9–18.
Matei, A., & Matei, L. (2011). Assessing the anti-corruption strategies: Theoretical and empirical
models.(Author abstract)(Report). Journal of Management and Strategy, 2(1), 23.
Matei, A., Matei, L., & Savulescu, C. (2010). Public Integrity, Economic Freedom and
Governance Performance. A Comparative Study for the EU Member States and Acceding
Countries. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 11(552)(11(552)), 21–52.
437 

 
Matei, L., & Matei, A. (2009). Public Integrity and Performance of Governance. A Comparative
Study for South-Eastern Europe. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 7(7), 3–28.
Matheus, R., & Janssen, M. F. W. H. A. (2019). A Systematic Literature Study to Unravel
Transparency Enabled by Open Government Data: The Window Theory. Public
Performance and Management Review, urn:issn:1530–9576.
Mathis, J. (2016). Protecting the brave: Why Congress should amend the Dodd-Frank Act to
better protect FCPA whistleblowers. John Marshall Law Review, 49(3), 856.
Mathur, A., & Singh, K. (2013). Foreign direct investment, corruption and democracy. Applied
Economics, 45(8), 991–1002. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.613786
Mathy, P. (2011). Honest services fraud after Skilling. St. Mary’s Law Journal, 42(3), 645–724.
Matsushima, M., & Yamada, H. (2016). Impacts of Bribery in Healthcare in Vietnam. The
Journal of Development Studies, 52(10), 1479–1498.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2015.1121241
Mattarella, B. G. (2014). The Conflicts of Interests of Public Officers: Rules, Checks and
Penalties. In Corruption and conflicts of interest: A comparative law approach (pp.
30–38). Edward Elgar PubLtd.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:ELGAR01620140507
Matthew M. Taylor. (2019). The Troubling Strength of Brazilian Institutions in the Face of
Scandal. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, 15(1), 91–111.
Matti, J. (2014). Corruption, Income Inequality, and Subsequent Economic Growth.
Undergraduate Economic Review, 11(1).
http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1293&context=uer
Mattoni, A. (2020). The grounded theory method to study data-enabled activism against
corruption: Between global communicative infrastructures and local activists’
experiences of big data. European Journal of Communication (London), 35(3), 265–277.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323120922086
Matukhno, N. (2015). Corruption, Contention, and Reform: The Power of Deep
Democratization. Journal of Politics, 77(2), e11–e12.
Mauk, M. (2020). Rebuilding Trust in Broken Systems? Populist Party Success and Citizens’
Trust in Democratic Institutions. Politics and Governance, 8(3), 45–58.
https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i3.2896
Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(3), 681.
Mauro, P. (1997). Why worry about corruption? Washington, DC.

438 

 
Mauro, P. (1998a). Corruption and the composition of government expenditure. Journal of
Public Economics, 69(2), 263–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(98)00025-5
Mauro, P. (1998b). Corruption: Causes, consequences, and agenda for further research. Finance
& Development, 35(1), 11.
Mauro, P. (2004). The Persistence of Corruption and Slow Economic Growth. IMF Staff Papers,
51(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.2307/30035860
Mauro, P., Medas, P., & Fournier, J.-M. (2019). The Cost Of Corruption. Finance &
Development, 26–29.
Mawejje, J., & Okumu, I. M. (2016). Tax Evasion and the Business Environment in Uganda.
South African Journal of Economics, 84(3), 440–460. https://doi.org/10.1111/saje.12132
Maxim, S.-T. (2017). Is Corruption an Inevitable Social Phenomenon in a Changing Society.
Postmodern Openings, 1, 33–39. https://doi.org/10.18662/po/2017.0801.03
Maxwell, A., & Winters, R. (2004). A Quarter Century of (Data on) Corruption in the American
States [Working Paper]. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rwinters/AM&RW2004.pdf
Maxwell, A., & Winters, R. (2005). Political Corruption in America [Working Paper].
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.372.2930&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Maxwell, D., Walker, P., church, C., Harvey, P., Savage, K., Bailey, S., Hees, R., & Ahlendorf,
M.-L. (2008). Preventing Corruption in Humanitarian Assistance: Final Research
Report.
https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/1836.pdf
May, J. W., Pyle, W., & Sommers, P. M. (2002). Does governance explain unofficial activity?
Applied Economics Letters, 9(8), 537–539. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850110100858
May, O. (2016). Fighting Fraud and Corruption in the Humanitarian and Global Development
Sector. Routledge.
Mayfield, L. (1993). Voting Fraud in Early Twentieth-Century Pittsburgh. The Journal of
Interdisciplinary History, 24(1), 59–84. https://doi.org/10.2307/205101
Mayo, R. L. (2013). Does Bribery Grease the Wheels of Economic Growth? (SSRN Scholarly
Paper ID 2903338). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2903338
Mays, L. (2016). The Trickle Down Effect of Privacy Shield Uncertainty: Fluctuating Lines for
Anti-Bribery Compliance. Journal of Internet Law, 19(10), 1–10.
Mazák, J., & Diviák, T. (2018). Transactional activism without transactions: Network
perspective on anti-corruption activism in the Czech Republic. Social Movement Studies,
439 

 
17(2), 203–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2017.1404904
Mažar, N. (2008). The dishonesty of honest people a theory of self-concept maintenance.
Journal of Marketing Research : JMR, 45(6), 633–644.
Mazar, N., & Aggarwal, P. (2011). Greasing the palm: Can collectivism promote bribery?
Psychological Science, 22(7), 843–848. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611412389
Mazar, N., & Ariely, D. (2006). Dishonesty in Everyday Life and Its Policy Implications.
Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 25(1), 117–126.
Mazza, C. (2016). How Criminals Infiltrate Public Procurement. Central European Journal of
International & Security Studies, 10(1), 60–78.
Mazzacuva, F. (2014). Justifications and Purposes of Negotiated Justice for Corporate Offenders:
Deferred and Non-Prosecution Agreements in the UK and US Systems of Criminal
Justice. The Journal of Criminal Law, 78(3), 249–262.
https://doi.org/10.1350/jcla.2014.78.3.921
Mazzi, F., Slack, R., Tsalavoutas, I., & Tsoligkas, F. (2019). Country-level corruption and
accounting choice: Research & development capitalization under IFRS. The British
Accounting Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2019.02.003
Mbaku, J. (1991). Military expenditures and bureaucratic competition for rents. Public Choice,
71(1), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00138447
Mbaku, J. (1996). Bureaucratic Corruption in Africa: The Futility of Cleanups. The Cato
Journal, 16(1), 99.
Mbaku, J. M. (1999). Corruption cleanups in developing societies: The public choice
perspective. International Journal of Public Administration, 22(2), 309–345.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01900699908525385
Mbaku, J. M. (2000). Bureaucratic and political corruption in Africa: The public choice
perspective (Original ed.). Krieger PubCo.
Mbaku, J. M. (2016). International Law And The Fight Against Bureaucratic Corruption In
Africa. Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law, 33(3), 661.
Mbaku, J. M. (2018). Corruption and Democratic Institutions in Africa. Transnational Law &
Contemporary Problems, 27(2), 311.
Mbaku, J., & Paul, C. (1989). Political instability in Africa: A rent-seeking approach. Public
Choice, 63(1), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00223272
Mbara, G. (2019). Corruption and Good Governance in Nigeria: Zooming the Lens on the Buhari
Anti-Corruption Crusade. Journal of Gender, Information & Development in Africa,
440 

 
195–219. https://doi.org/10.31920/2050-4284/2019/s1n1a12
Mbate, M. (2018). Who bears the burden of bribery? Evidence from public service delivery in
Kenya. Development Policy Review, 36, O321–O340. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12311
Mcadam, P., & Rummel, O. (2004). Corruption: A non-parametric analysis. Journal of
Economic Studies, 31(5), 509–523.
Mcallister, I. (2000). Keeping them Honest: Public and Elite Perceptions of Ethical Conduct
among Australian Legislators. Political Studies, 48(1), 22–37.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00248
Mcallister, I. (2014). Corruption and confidence in Australian political institutions. Australian
Journal of Political Science, 49(2), 174–185.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2014.880401
McAllister, I., & White, S. (2015). Electoral Integrity and Support for Democracy in Belarus,
Russia, and Ukraine. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties, 25(1), 78–96.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2014.911744
McArthur, J., & Teal, F. (2002). Corruption and firm performance in Africa [Working Paper].
University of Oxford.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Francis_Teal/publication/23742343_Corruption_and
_Firm_Performance_in_Africa/links/54da6edc0cf2ba88a68d3309.pdf
McCabe, A., Ingram, R., & Dato-on, M. (2006). ‘The Business of Ethics and Gender.’ Journal of
Business Ethics, 64(2), 101–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-3327-x
McCann, J. A. (2007). Corruption in the Eyes of American Citizens: Can it Ever be Justified?
Does it Always Elicit Anger? (pp. 8–9) [Working Paper].
McCann, J. A., & Domı́nguez, J. I. (1998). Mexicans react to electoral fraud and political
corruption: An assessment of public opinion and voting behavior. Electoral Studies,
17(4), 483–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3794(98)00026-2
McCann, J., & Redlawsk, D. (2006). As Voters Go to the Polls, Will They Perceive a “Culture of
Corruption”? PS: Political Science & Politics, 24(4), 797–802.
McCarthy, B. (1984). Keeping An Eye On The Keeper: Prison Corruption And Its Control. The
Prison Journal, 64(2), 113–125.
McCarthy, K. J., van Santen, P., & Fiedler, I. (2015). Modeling the money launderer:
Microtheoretical arguments on anti-money laundering policy. International Review of
Law & Economics, 43, 148–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2014.04.006
McChesney, F. (2000). Ever the Twain Shall Meet. Michigan Law Review, 99, 1348.

441 

 
McChesney, F. S. (1987). Rent Extraction and Rent Creation in the Economic Theory of
Regulation. The Journal of Legal Studies, 16(1), 101–118.
https://doi.org/10.1086/467825
McCloud, N., & Kumbhakar, S. C. (2012). Institutions, foreign direct investment and growth: A
hierarchical Bayesian approach. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, 175(1),
83–105.
McCoy, J. L. (2001). The Emergence of a Global Anti-corruption Norm. International Politics,
38(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ip.8892613
McCurley, C., & Mondak, J. J. (1995). Inspected by #1184063113: The influence of incumbents’
competence and integrity in U.S. House elections. American Journal of Political Science,
39(4), 864.
McCusker, R. (2006). Review of anti-corruption strategies [Monograph].
http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tbp/21-40/tbp023.html
McFarlane, J. (2000). Corruption and the financial sector: The strategic impact.(Asia-Pacific
region)(The 18th Cambridge International Symposium on Economic Crime). Dickinson
Journal of International Law, 19(1), 47–76.
McFerson, H. M. (2009). Governance and Hyper-corruption in Resource-rich African Countries.
Third World Quarterly, 30(8), 1529–1547. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590903279257
McGee, R. W., & Benk, S. (2014). The Ethics of Accepting a Bribe: An Empirical Case Study of
Turkey. Business & Law, 2(Journal Article), 58–63.
McGirr, S. (2013). Deliberate Indiscretion: Why Bureaucratic Agencies are Differently Corrupt
(SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2299504). Social Science Research Network.
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2299504
Mcgreal, P. E. (2019). Implications of Extrajudicial Enforcement of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act for Anti-Corruption Compliance and Ethics Programs. University of Illinois
Law Review, 2019(4), 1151–1172.
McKenzie, J. F. (2013). Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Compliance Issues for Import/Export
Operations. The International Lawyer, 47(1), 43–64. JSTOR.
McKinney, J., & Moore, C. (2008). International Bribery: Does a Written Code of Ethics Make a
Difference in Perceptions of Business Professionals. Journal of Business Ethics, 79(1),
103–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9395-3
McLaren, J. (2003). Corruption and the Organization of Tax Administration: Non-Smithian
Benefits from Specialization, in Institutional Elements of Tax Design and Reform. The
World Bank. http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/0-8213-5394-2
442 

 
McLean, N. M. (2012). Cross-National Patterns in FCPA Enforcement. Yale Law Journal, 121,
1970–2405.
McLeod, R. H. (2005). The struggle to regain effective government under democracy in
Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 41(3), 367–386.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00074910500117289
McMann, K. M. (2014). Corruption as a last resort: Adapting to the market in Central Asia.
Cornell University Press.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.PMUSE_batch:muse3765620151126
Mcmann, K. M., Seim, B., Teorell, J., & Lindberg, S. I. (2019). Why Low Levels of Democracy
Promote Corruption and High Levels Diminish It. Political Research Quarterly.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912919862054
McManus-Czubińska, C., Miller, W., Markowski, R., & Wasilewski, J. (2004). Why is
corruption in Poland ``a serious cause for concern’’? Crime, Law and Social Change,
41(2), 107–132. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CRIS.0000016222.40146.4e
McMillan, J. (1991). Dango: Japan’s Price-Fixing Conspiracies. Economics & Politics, 3(3),
201–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.1991.tb00047.x
McMillan, J., & Zoido, P. (2002). How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru. Journal of
Economic Perspectives, 18(4), 69–92. https://doi.org/10.1257/0895330042632690
Mcnally, D. (2016). Norms, Corruption, and Voting for Berlusconi. Politics & Policy, 44(5),
976–1008. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12173
McPake, B., Asiimwe, D., Mwesigye, F., Ofumbi, M., Ortenblad, L., Streefland, P., & Turinde,
A. (1999). Informal economic activities of public health workers in Uganda: Implications
for quality and accessibility of care. Social Science & Medicine, 49(7), 849–865.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00144-6
McWilliams, J. N. (2007). Tug of war: The World Bank’s new governance and anticorruption
efforts. The Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy, 17(1), 1–27.
Meagher, P. (2004). Anti-Corruption Agencies: A Review of Experience. U4.
http://www.u4.no/recommended-reading/anti-corruption-agencies-a-review-of-experienc
e/
Meagher, P. (2005). Anti‐corruption agencies: Rhetoric Versus reality. The Journal of Policy
Reform, 8(1), 69–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/1384128042000328950
Meagher, P. (2006). Prescription for abuse?: Pharmaceutical selection in Bulgarian healthcare. In
Susan Rose-Ackerman (Ed.), International handbook on the economics of corruption (pp.
546–596). Edward Elgar.
443 

 
Mebane, W. (2011). Comment on “Benford’s Law and the Detection of Election Fraud.”
Political Analysis, 19(3), 269.
Mebane, W. R., Jr. (2008). Electoral Forensics: The Second-Digit Benford’s Law Test and
Recent American Presidential Elections. In R. M. Alvarez, T. E. Hall, & S. D. Hyde
(Eds.), Election fraud: Detecting and deterring electoral manipulation. Brookings
Institution Press.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.PMUSE_batch:PMUSE350920151124
Mechtenberg, L., Muehlheusser, G., & Roider, A. (2020). Whistleblower protection: Theory and
experimental evidence. European Economic Review, 126, 103447-.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103447
Medard, F. H. (1986). Public Corruption in Africa: A Comparative Perspective. 1(2), 115–132.
Medard, J.-F. (2002). Corruption in the Neo-Patrimonial States of Sub-Saharan Africa. In A. J.
Heidenheimer & M. Johnston, Political corruption: Concepts & contexts (3rd ed.).
Transaction Publishers.
Medina, L. F., & Stokes, S. (2007). Monopoly and monitoring: An approach to political
clientelism. In H. Kitschelt & S. I. Wilkinson (Eds.), Patrons, Clients, and Policies:
Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Meehan, F., & Tacconi, L. (2017). A framework to assess the impacts of corruption on forests
and prioritize responses. Land Use Policy, 60, 113–122.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.10.021
Meessen, K. M. (1995). Fighting corruption across the border. Fordham International Law
Journal, 18(5), 1647–1652.
Mehlum, H., Moene, K., & Torvik, R. (2006a). Cursed by Resources or Institutions? World
Economy, 29(8), 1117–1131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2006.00808.x
Mehlum, H., Moene, K., & Torvik, R. (2006b). Institutions and the Resource Curse. Economic
Journal, 116(508), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2006.01045.x
Mehta, M. C. (2006). The accountability principle: Legal solutions to break corruption’s impact
on India’s environment. Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation, 21(1), 141–156.
Meier, K. J., & Holbrook, T. M. (1992). “I Seen My Opportunities and I Took 'Em:” Political
Corruption in the American States. The Journal of Politics, 54(1), 135–155.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2131647
Meier, K. J., & O’Toole, L. J. (2013). Subjective organizational performance and measurement
error: Common source bias and spurious relationships. Journal of Public Administration
444 

 
Research and Theory, 23(2), 429.
Meier, K. J., & Schlesinger, T. (2002). Variations in corruption among the American states. In
Political corruption: Concepts and contexts (pp. 627–644). Transaction Publishers.
Meinert, M. (2019). Countering Corruption. American Bankers Association. ABA Banking
Journal, 111(3), 32–34.
Mejía Acosta, A. (2013). The Impact and Effectiveness of Accountability and Transparency
Initiatives: The Governance of Natural Resources. Development Policy Review, 31,
s89–s105. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12021
Melgar, N., Rossi, M., & Smith, T. W. (2010). The Perception of Corruption. International
Journal of Public Opinion Research, 22(1), 120–131.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edp058
Melki, M., & Pickering, A. (2020). Polarization and corruption in America. European Economic
Review, 124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103397
Melnikov, E. G., Miietskiy, V. P., & S. D. Savin. (2020). Systemic Policy as a Factor in the
Formation of an Anti-Corruption Climate in Modern Russian Society. Дискурс, 5(6),
72–90. https://doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2019-5-6-72-90
Melo, L., & Quinn, M. A. (2015). Oil, Foreign Direct Investment and Corruption. The
International Journal of Business and Finance Research, 9(1), 33–49.
Melo, M. (2016). Crisis and Integrity in Brazil. Journal of Democracy, 27(2), 50–65.
Melo, M. A., Leite, A. B., & Rocha, E. (2012). Competitive Corruption: Evidence from
Randomized Brazilian Municipal Audits [Working Paper].
Melo, M. A., Leite, A. B., & Rocha, E. (2013). Muncipal Corruption: Multilevel Estimates of the
Effects of Checks and Political Competition in Brazil [Working Paper].
Melo, M. A., Pereira, C., & Figueiredo, C. M. (2009). Political and institutional checks on
corruption: Explaining the performance of Brazilian audit institutions. Comparative
Political Studies, 42(9), 1217–1244.
Melville, A., Stukal, D., & Mironiuk, M. (2014). “King of the Mountain,” or Why
Postcommunist Autocracies Have Bad Institutions. Russian Social Science Review, 55(4),
16–38.
Memoli, V., & Pellegata, A. (2014). Corruption and EU Institutions: The Italians’ Opinion.
Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 15(2), 165–182.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15705854.2014.885771
Menaker, A. J. (2010). The Determinative Impact of Fraud and Corruption on Investment
445 

 
Arbitrations. ICSID Review, 25(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1093/icsidreview/25.1.67
Menard, A.-R., & Weill, L. (2016). Understanding the Link Between Aid and Corruption: A
Causality Analysis. Economic Systems, 40(2), 260–272.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2016.01.001
Mendelski, M. (n.d.). 15 years of anti-corruption in Romania: Augmentation, aberration and
acceleration. European Politics and Society, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2020.1729051
Mendes, A. (2016). The fundamentals of corruption-fighting within the accountability program
of the Brazilian Federal Government. Revista Do Servico Publico, 67(3), 291–318.
https://doi.org/10.21874/rsp.v67i3.641
Mendes, C. M., & Porto, Jr., S. (2012). Deforestation, economic growth and corruption: A
nonparametric analysis on the case of Amazon forest. Applied Economics Letters, 19(13),
1285–1291. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2011.619487
Mendez, F. (2014). Can corruption foster regulatory compliance? Public Choice, 158(1–2), 189.
Méndez, F., & Sepúlveda, F. (2006). Corruption, growth and political regimes: Cross country
evidence. European Journal of Political Economy, 22(1), 82–98.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2005.04.005
Méndez, F., & Sepúlveda, F. (2010). What Do We Talk About When We Talk About
Corruption? The Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, 26(3), 493–514.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewp003
Mendonça, H. F. de, & Fonseca, A. O. da. (2012). Corruption, income, and rule of law:
Empirical evidence from developing and developed economies. Revista de Economia
Política, 32(2), 305–314. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-31572012000200009
Mendoza, R. U., Lim, R. A., & Lopez, A. O. (2015). Grease Or Sand in the Wheels of
Commerce? Firm Level Evidence on Corruption and SMEs. Journal of International
Development, 27(4), 415–439. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3077
Menes, R. (2006). Limiting the Reach of the Grabbing Hand: Graft and Growth in American
Cities, 1880 to 1930. University of Chicago Press.
Menezes, B. S. (2015). Bureaucratic corruption and entrepreneurship: An empirical analysis of
Brazilian states. Revista de Administração Contemporanea, 19(3), 374–397.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac20151611
Menezes, F. M., & Monteiro, P. K. (2006). Corruption and auctions. The Journal of
Mathematical Economics, 42(1), 97.

446 

 
Mensah, Y. M. (2014). An Analysis of the Effect of Culture and Religion on Perceived
Corruption in a Global Context. Journal of Business Ethics, 121(2), 255–282.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1696-0
Meny, Y. (1996). “Fin de siecle” corruption: Change, crisis and shifting values. International
Social Science Journal, 48(3), 309.
Méon, P.-G., & Sekkat, K. (2005). Does corruption grease or sand the wheels of growth? Public
Choice, 122(1), 69–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-005-3988-0
Méon, P.-G., & Weill, L. (2010). Is Corruption an Efficient Grease? World Development, 38(3),
244–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.06.004
Meričková, B., Bašteková, A., Stejskal, J., & Pekár, B. (2017). Economic, Political, Social
Factor of Corruption in the Slovak Republic. The NISPAcee Journal of Public
Administration and Policy, 10(1), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1515/nispa-2017-0005
Meschi, P.-X. (2009). Government corruption and foreign stakes in international joint ventures in
emerging economies. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 26(2), 241–261.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-007-9067-y
Mesmer-Magnus, J., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). Whistleblowing in Organizations: An
Examination of Correlates of Whistleblowing Intentions, Actions, and Retaliation.
Journal of Business Ethics, 62(3), 277–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-0849-1
Messick, D., & Bazerman, M. (1996). Ethical Leadership and Psychology of Decision Making.
Sloan Management Review, 37(2), 9.
Messick, R. (2011). Curbing fraud, corruption, and collusion in the roads sector (No. 64283; pp.
1–61). The World Bank.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2011/06/14893212/curbing-fraud-corruption-
collusion-roads-sector
Messick, R. E. (n.d.-a). Income and assets declarations: Issues to consider in developing a
disclosure regime (U4 Issues Paper 2009:6). Retrieved June 29, 2016, from
http://www.u4.no/publications/income-and-assets-declarations-issues-to-consider-in-deve
loping-a-disclosure-regime/
Messick, R. E. (n.d.-b). Policy considerations when drafting conflict of interest legislation. In
J.-B. Auby, E. Breen, & T. Perroud (Eds.), Corruption and Conflicts of Interest: A
Comparative Law Approach (pp. 112–123). Edward Elgar.
Mestre, J. (2015). A bribe new world: The federal government gets creative in chasing foreign
officials for taking bribes. University of Florida Journal of Law and Public Policy, 26(1),
1–25.

447 

 
Metzger, M., Dalton, D., & Hill, J. (1993). The Organization of Ethics and the Ethics of
Organizations. Business Ethics Quarterly : The Journal of the Society for Business Ethics,
3(1), 27.
Mevina Nora, Ismansyah Ismansyah, & Yuslim Yuslim. (2019). The Role Model of Guiding
Team of Regional Government and Development in the Prosecutor District of Padang
Panjang in the Prevention Attempt of Corruption. International Journal of Multicultural
and Multireligious Understanding, 6(2), 563–575.
https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i2.745
Meyer, A. L., Kooten, G. C. V., & Wang, S. (2003). Institutional, Social and Economic Roots of
Deforestation: Further Evidence of an Environmental Kuznets Relation?
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.198.6680
Meyer, B., van Roomen, T., & Sikkema, E. (2014). Corporate Criminal Liability for Corruption
Offences and the Due Diligence Defence: A Comparison of the Dutch and English Legal
Frameworks. Utrecht Law Review, 10(3), 37–54.
Meyer, M. E., Steyn, J., & Gopal, N. (2013). Exploring the public parameter of police integrity.
Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 36(1), 140–156.
https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511311302515
Meyer, O. (2013). The Formation of a Transnational Order Public against Corruption: Lessons
for and from Arbitral Tribunals. In Susan Rose-Ackerman & P. D. Carrington,
Anti-Corruption Policy: Can International Actors Play a Constructive Role? (pp.
229–246). Carolina Academic Press, 2013.
Meyers, G. (2018). Ethics in the Tanzanian Public Service Reform Program during President
Benjamin Mkapa’s Reign (1995-2005). Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics,
15(3), 109–121.
Mi, Z., & Liu, Q. (2014). Income inequality, fiscal redistribution, and governmental corruption:
Evidence from Chinese provincial data. Journal of Developing Areas, 48(4), 119.
Mialtu, M., Nedelcu, C., & Banacu, C. (2015). The Balance of Accessing European Funds the
End of 2014: The Influence of Corruption on Absorbed E.U. Funds in Romania.
Management Research and Practice, 7(2), 34–46.
Miceli, M. P., & Near, J. P. (2002). What makes whistle-blowers effective? Three field studies.
Human Relations, 55(4), 455–479.
Michael, B. (2004). The Rise and Fall of the Anti-Corruption Industry: Toward Second
Generation Anti-Corruption Reforms in Central and Eastern Europe. Open Society
Institute.

448 

 
Michael, B. (2014). Can the Hong Kong ICAC Help Reduce Corruption on the Mainland? 2,
78–119.
Michael, Bryane. (2004a). Explaining organizational change in international development: The
role of complexity in anti‐corruption work. Journal of International Development, 16(8),
1067–1088. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1126
Michael, Bryane. (2004b). What Do African Donor‐sponsored Anti‐corruption Programmes
Teach Us about International Development in Africa? Social Policy & Administration,
38(4), 320–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.2004.00394.x
Michael, Bryane. (2006). Depoliticizing Anti-Corruption in Bolivia: Local International
Intervention and the State. International Journal of Public Administration, 29(13),
1311–1336. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900690600928136
Michael, Bryane. (2010). Issues in Anti-Corruption Law: Drafting Implementing Regulations for
Anti-Corruption Conventions in Central Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Journal of
Legislation, 36(2), 272–296.
Michael, Bryane. (2012). Activist Regulatory Practices in Corruption Prevention: A Case Study
from Montenegro. In A. Graycar & R. G. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of Global Research
and Practice in Corruption. Edward Elgar.
Michael, Bryane. (2015). Making Hong Kong companies liable for foreign corruption. Journal of
Financial Crime, 22(1), 126.
Michael, Bryane, & Carr, I. (2015). How can the ICAC help foster the widespread adoption of
company anticorruption programs in Hong Kong? North Carolina Journal of
International Law and Commercial Regulation, 40(2), 355–441.
Michael, Bryane, Ferguson, F., & Karimov, A. (2012). Do Customs Trade Facilitation Programs
Help Reduce Customs-Related Corruption? International Journal of Public
Administration, 35(2), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2011.635491
Michael, Bryane, & Hajredini, H. (2010). What Does Kosovo Teach Us about Using Human
Rights Law to Prosecute Corruption Offences? (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 1549467).
Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1549467
Michael P. Van Alstine. (2012). Treaty Double Jeopardy: The OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
and the FCPA. Ohio State Law Journal, 73, 1321–1485.
Michailova, J., & Melnykovska, I. (2009). Gender, Corruption and Sustainable Growth in
Transition Countries. Journal of Applied Economic Sciences (JAES), 4(3).
Michener, G. (2015). Policy Evaluation via Composite Indexes: Qualitative Lessons from
International Transparency Policy Indexes. World Development; World Dev., 74(Journal
449 

 
Article), 184–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.04.016
Michener, Gregory, & Pereira, C. (2016). A Great Leap Forward for Democracy and the Rule of
Law? Brazil’s Mensalão Trial. Journal of Latin American Studies, 48(03), 477–507.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X16000377
Midoun, S. (2017). The Algerian Economy Governed By Black Corruption: An Empirical Study
From 2002 To 2015. Studies and Scientific Researches: Economics Edition, 24.
https://doaj.org/article/dcd122a7553641d886551c4fb79abc08
Miettinen, T., & Poutvaara, P. (2014). A market for connections. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF
POLITICAL ECONOMY, 33(Journal Article), 37–52.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2013.11.003
Mietzner, M. (2015). Dysfunction by Design: Political Finance and Corruption in Indonesia.
Critical Asian Studies, 47(4), 587–610. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2015.1079991
Migliorisi, S., & Wescott, C. (2011). Review of World Bank Support for Accountability
Institutions in the Contract of Governance and Anti-Corruption (IEG Working Paper
2011/5). World Bank.
https://www.google.com/search?q=Review+of+World+Bank+Support+for+Accountabilit
y+Institutions+in+the+Contract+of+Governance+and+Anti-Corruption&ie=utf-8&oe=utf
-8
Miguel, E., & Gugerty, M. K. (2005). Ethnic diversity, social sanctions, and public goods in
Kenya. Journal of Public Economics, 89(11), 2325–2368.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.09.004
Mijiyawa, A. (2017). Drivers of Structural Transformation: The Case of the Manufacturing
Sector in Africa. World Development, 99, 141.
Mikhailov, A., & Gorbatikov, E. (2016). Analysis of anticorruption strategies in a modified
Power–Society model. Mathematical Models and Computer Simulations, 8(6), 709–724.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S2070048216060132
Mikkelsen, K. S. (2013). In murky waters: A disentangling of corruption and related concepts.
Crime, Law and Social Change, 60(4), 357–374.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-013-9474-6
Mikkelsen, K. S. (2015). Getting to Denmark, More or Less. Forlaget Politica.
http://findresearcher.sdu.dk/portal/en/publications/getting-to-denmark-more-or-less(a79df
d1e-be80-4497-958d-c093d975b7ab).html
Mikkelsen, K. S., & Meyer-Sahling, J.-H. (2016). Civil service laws, merit, politicization, and
corruption. Public Administration.

450 

 
http://findresearcher.sdu.dk/portal/en/publications/civil-service-laws-merit-politicization-
and-corruption(e35c87b6-e141-471e-ab41-b18157a030a2).html
Mikkers, M. (2017). Healthcare fraud, corruption and waste in Europe. National and academic
perspectives. Eleven International Publishing.
Milanovic, B., Hoff, K., & Horowitz, S. (2010). Turnover in Power as a Restraint on Investing in
Influence: Evidence from the Postcommunist Transition. Economics & Politics, 22(3),
329–361. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2010.00365.x
Miles, C. A. (2012). Corruption, Jurisdiction and Admissibility in International Investment
Claims. Journal of International Dispute Settlement, 3(2), 329–369.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jnlids/idr017
Miles, M. R. (2015). Turnout as Consent: How Fair Governance Encourages Voter Participation.
Political Research Quarterly, 68(2), 363–376.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912915573282
Miller, A. (2004). Corruption Between Morality and Legitimacy in the Context of Globalization.
In I. Pardo, Between morality and the law: Corruption, anthropology and comparative
society (pp. 53–68). Ashgate.
Miller, G. P. (2018). An economic analysis of effective compliance programs. Research
Handbook on Corporate Crime and Financial Misdealing.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781783474462/9781783474462.00019.xml
Miller, K. D. (2002). The Hobbs Act, the interstate commerce clause, and United States v.
McFarland: The irrational aggregation of independent local robberies to sustain federal
convictions. Tulane Law Review, 76(5 6), 1761–1774.
Miller, M. (2016). MORE THAN JUST A POTTED PLANT: A COURT’S AUTHORITY TO
REVIEW DEFERRED PROSECUTION AGREEMENTS UNDER THE SPEEDY
TRIAL ACT AND UNDER ITS INHERENT SUPERVISORY POWER. Michigan Law
Review, 115(1), 135–170.
Miller, M. J. (2011). Persistent Illegal Logging in Costa Rica: The Role of Corruption Among
Forestry Regulators. The Journal of Environment & Development, 20(1), 50–68.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496510394319
Miller, R. (2008). The Erotics of Corruption: Law, Scandal, and Political Perversion. State
University of New York Press.
Miller, S. V. (2018). External Territorial Threats and Tolerance of Corruption: A
Private/Government Distinction. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy,
24(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2017-0043

451 

 
Miller, W. (2006). Perceptions, Experience and Lies: What Measures Corruption and What Do
Corruption Measures Measure? In C. J. G. Sampford, Measuring corruption (pp.
169–185). Ashgate.
Miller, William L. (2006). Corruption and corruptibility. World Development, 34(2), 371–380.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.03.008
Miller, William L., Grødeland, Å. B., & Koshechkina, T. Y. (2002). Values & norms versus
extortion & temptation. In D. Della Porta & S. Rose-Ackerman (Eds.), Corrupt
Exchanges: Empirical Themes in the Politics and the Political Economy of Corruption
(pp. 165–193).
Miller, William Lockley, Grødeland, Å. B., & Koshechkina, T. Y. (2001). A culture of
corruption?: Coping with government in post-communist Europe. Central European
University Press.
Millington, A., Eberhardt, M., & Wilkinson, B. (2005). Gift Giving, Guanxi and Illicit Payments
in Buyer–Supplier Relations in China: Analysing the Experience of UK Companies.
Journal of Business Ethics, 57(3), 255–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-004-6712-y
Mills, D., & Weisberg, R. (2008). Corrupting the Harm Requirement in White Collar Crime.
Stanford Law Review, 60(5), 1371–1446.
Mills, L. C. (2017). Catching the "big fish’: The (ab)use of corruption-related prosecutions
across sub-Saharan Africa. Development Policy Review, 35(s2), O160–O177.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12326
Milner, H. V., Nielson, D. L., & Findley, M. G. (2016). Citizen Preferences and Public Goods:
Comparing Preferences for Foreign Aid and Government Programs in Uganda. Review Of
International Organizations, 11(2), 219–245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-016-9243-2
Milojević, A., & Krstić, A. (2018). Hierarchy of influences on transitional journalism –
Corrupting relationships between political, economic and media elites. European Journal
of Communication, 33(1), 37–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323117750674
Milovanovitch, M., Denisova-Schmidt, E., & Anapiosyan, A. (2020). Conflict of Interest in
Eastern Europe: Academic Capture. In Corruption in Higher Education (pp. 70–74). Brill
Sense. https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004433885/BP000013.xml
Milyo, J. (2014). Corporate Influence and Political Corruption. Independent Review, 19(1),
19–36.
Min, B., & Golden, M. (2014). Electoral cycles in electricity losses in India. Energy Policy,
65(C), 619–625.
Minchew, A. F. (2017). Who put the quo in quid pro quo? Why courts should apply
452 

 
McDonnell’s “official act” definition narrowly. Fordham Law Review, 85(4), 1825.
Mingo, I., & Faggiano, M. P. (2020). Trust in Institutions Between Objective and Subjective
Determinants: A Multilevel Analysis in European Countries. Social Indicators Research.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02400-0
Minkov, M. (2016). Predictors of Societal Accident Proneness Across 92 Countries. 50(2),
103–122. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397115626139
Minovic, M., Milovanovic, M., Stavljanin, V., Draskovic, B., & Lazic, D. (2014). Semantic
technologies on the mission: Preventing corruption in public procurement. Computers in
Industry, 65(5), 878–890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2014.02.003
Minto, A. (2020). Characterising Corruption by Adopting a Systemic Risk Perspective:
Importing Macro Prudential Financial Regulation into the Policy Debate. European
Journal of Risk Regulation : EJRR, 11(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2020.1
Mironov, M. (2005). Bad Corruption, Good Corruption and Growth [Working Paper].
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228374181_Bad_Corruption_Good_Corruption
_and_Growth
Mironov, M. (2015). Should one hire a corrupt CEO in a corrupt country? Journal of Financial
Economics, 117(1), 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.03.002
Mironov, M., & Zhuravskaya, E. (2016). Corruption in Procurement and the Political Cycle in
Tunneling: Evidence from Financial Transactions Data. American Economic Journal:
Economic Policy, 8(2), 287–321. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20140188
Misangyi, V. F. (2008). Ending corruption the interplay among institutional logics, resources,
and institutional entrepreneurs. The Academy of Management Review : AMR, 33(3),
750–770.
Mishra, A. (2002). Hierarchies, incentives and collusion in a model of enforcement. Journal of
Economic Behavior and Organization, 47(2), 165–178.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2681(01)00201-3
Mishra, A. (2005). The economics of corruption. Oxford University Press.
Mishra, A. (2006a). Corruption, hierarchies and bureaucratic structure. In Susan Rose-Ackerman
(Ed.), International handbook on the economics of corruption (pp. 189–215).
Mishra, A. (2006b). Persistence of corruption: Some theoretical perspectives. World
Development, 34(2), 349–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.03.010
Mishra, A., & Samuel, A. (2016). Corruption and hold-up: The role of intermediaries. European
Journal of Law and Economics, 41(3), 575–599.

453 

 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-015-9503-2
Mishra, A., & Samuel, A. (2017). Preemptive bribery and incomplete information: Does prior
knowledge matter? Journal of Public Economic Theory, 19(3), 658–673.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12238
Mishra, P., Subramanian, A., & Topalova, P. (2008). Tariffs, enforcement, and customs evasion:
Evidence from India. Journal of Public Economics, 92(10), 1907–1925.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.04.017
Mishra, S. S., & Abdullahi, M. M. (2020). Citizens’ Satisfaction with Government in a Highly
Corrupt Public Life: Role of Trust in Democracy and Civil Society Participation in
Somalia. Journal of Asian and African Studies (Leiden), 55(5), 002190961990019–779.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909619900193
Mispansyah, M. (2018). A Comparison Approach in Corruption Eradication: An Empirical
Examination. Hasanuddin Law Review, 4(2), 219–232.
https://doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v4i2.1077
Mistree, D. (2015). Party-Directed Corruption in the Developing World. Comparative Politics,
47(3), 1.
Mistry, J. J., & Jalal, A. (2012). An Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between
e-government and Corruption. International Journal of Digital Accounting Research,
12(18), 145–176.
Mitchell, P. (2000). Voters and their representatives: Electoral institutions and delegation in
parliamentary democracies. European Journal of Political Research, 37(3), 335–351.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007025105144
Mitchell, Z., Merrington, S., & Bell, P. (2014). A Comparative Analysis of the OECD
Anti-Corruption Models (Asia & Europe) And Australia’s Existing Anti-Corruption
Platform. International Journal of Business and Commerce, 4(3), 1–23.
Mitra, A., & Shahriar, Q. (2020). Why is dishonesty difficult to mitigate? The interaction
between descriptive norm and monetary incentive. Journal of Economic Psychology, 80,
102292-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2020.102292
Mitra, S. (2012). Corruption Re-examined. Trade and Development Review, 5(1).
http://www.tdrju.net/index.php/tdr/article/view/61
Mitsilegas, V. (2013). The aims and limits of European Union anti-corruption law. In J. Horder
& P. Alldridge (Eds.), Modern Bribery Law (pp. 160–195). Cambridge University Press.
http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139088398A017
Mitsopoulos, M., & Pelagidis, T. (2009). Vikings in Greece: Kleptocratic Interest Groups in a
454 

 
Closed, Rent-Seeking Economy. Cato Journal, 29(3), 399–416.
Mixon, F., Laband, D., & Ekelund, R. (1994). Rent seeking and hidden in-kind resource
distortion: Some empirical evidence. Public Choice, 78(2), 171–185.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01050393
Mizoguchi, T., & Van Quyen, N. (2014). Corruption in Public Procurement Market. Pacific
Economic Review, 19(5), 577–591. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0106.12084
Mo, P. H. (2001). Corruption and Economic Growth. Journal of Comparative Economics, 29(1),
66–79. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcec.2000.1703
Mobarak, A. M., & Purbasari, D. (2006). Political Trade Protection in Developing Countries:
Firm Level Evidence from Indonesia (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 770949). Social Science
Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=770949
Mocan, N. (2008). What Determines Corruption? International Evidence from Microdata.
Economic Inquiry, 46(4), 493–510. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2007.00107.x
Mocetti, S., & Orlando, T. (2019). Corruption, workforce selection and mismatch in the public
sector. European Journal of Political Economy.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2019.07.007
Mock, G. (2003). Undue Influence: Corruption and Natural Resources.
www.ibrarian.net/.../Undue_Influence__Corruption_and_Natural_Resources.pdf?
Modesto, J. G., Keller, V. N., Saraiva, R. B., & Pilati, R. (2020). Belief in a corrupt world: A
cross-cultural mediation model of beliefs about justice, punishment, and corruption.
Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 110127-.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110127
Modlish, C. (2017). The Yates Memo: DOJ public relations move or meaningful reform that will
end impunity for corporate criminals?(Department of Justice). Boston College Law
Review, 58(2), 774.
Moene, K., & Soreide, T. (2015). Good Governance Facades. In Susan Rose-Ackerman, Greed,
corruption, and the modern state: Essays in political economy (pp. 46–70). Edward Elgar
PubLimited.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:978178471470320151028
Mogalakwe, M., & Nyamnjoh, F. (2017). Botswana at 50: Democratic deficit, elite corruption
and poverty in the midst of plenty. Journal of Contemporary African Studies : JCAS,
35(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636
Mohamadi, A., Peltonen, J., & Wincent, J. (2017). Government efficiency and corruption: A
country-level study with implications for entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing
455 

 
Insights, 8, 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2017.06.002
Mohamadi, M., Rafiey, H., Mousavi, M. T., & Hosseinzadeh, S. (2020). Which institutions are
most corrupt? Prevalence and social determinants of bribery in Tehran. Crime, Law, and
Social Change, 74(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-020-09886-2
Mohamed, M. R., Kaliappan, S. R., Ismail, N. W., & Azman-Saini, W. N. W. (2015). Effect of
foreign aid on corruption: Evidence from Sub-Saharan African countries. International
Journal of Social Economics, 42(1), 47.
Mohamedbhai, G. (2020). The Scourge of Fraud and Corruption in Higher Education. In
Corruption in Higher Education (pp. 138–143). Brill Sense.
https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004433885/BP000025.xml
Mohammad, A. R., Bin Hidthiir, M. H., & Nor, A. B. M. (2019). Impact of Corruption on
Banking Sector Stability: Evidence from Middle East and North African Countries.
Academic Journal of Economic Studies, 5(2), 125–132.
Mohammed, M. A., Eman, Y., Hussein, A. H., & Hasson, A. R. (2015). E-government Factors to
Reduce Administrative and Finance Corruption in Arab Countries: Case Study Iraqi Oil
Sector. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1691(Journal Article), 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4937040
Mohtadi, H., & Roe, T. L. (2003). Democracy, rent seeking, public spending and growth.
Journal of Public Economics, 87(3), 445–466.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00135-9
Moiseienko, A. (2016). Territorial Criminal Jurisdiction Over Bribery in the UK: The Limits of
the Bribery Act of 2010. Criminal Law Review, 6, 405–417.
Moiseienko, A. (2018). The Ownership of Confiscated Proceeds of Corruption Under The UN
Convention Against Corruption. International & Comparative Law Quarterly, 67(3),
669–694. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002058931800012X
Moiseienko, Anton. (2015). “No safe haven”: Denying entry to the corrupt as a new anti-
corruption policy. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 18(4), 400–410.
Mokhtari, M., & Ashtari, M. (2012). Reducing informal payments in the health care system:
Evidence from a large patient satisfaction survey. Journal of Asian Economics, 23(2),
189–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2011.11.008
Mokhtari, M., & Grafova, I. (2007). Corruption: Theory and evidence from the Russian
Federation. Economic Systems, 31(4), 412–422.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2007.04.003
Moldogaziev, T. T., Liu, C., & Luby, M. J. (2017). Public Corruption in the U.S. States and Its
456 

 
Impact on Public Debt Pricing. Kyklos, 70(2), 306–329.
Moldovan, A., & Van de Walle, S. (2013). Gifts or Bribes?: Attitudes on Informal Payments in
Romanian Health Care. Public Integrity, 15(4), 385–402.
https://doi.org/10.2753/PIN1099-9922150404
Molina, E., Carella, L., Pacheco, A., Cruces, G., & Gasparini, L. (2017). Community monitoring
interventions to curb corruption and increase access and quality in service delivery: A
systematic review. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 9(4), 462–499.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2017.1378243
Molinari, M. (2014). A Second Best Theory of Institutional Quality. Public Organization
Review, 14(4), 545–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-013-0244-9
Møller, J., & Skaaning, S.-E. (2009). Post-Communist Corruption: In a League of its Own?
Australian Journal of Political Science, 44(4), 721–730.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10361140903296610
Moloney, K., & Chu, H.-Y. (2016). Linking Jamaica’s Public Service Motivations and Ethical
Climate. American Review of Public Administration, 46(4), 436.
Mombeuil, C. (2020). Institutional conditions, sustainable energy, and the UN sustainable
development discourse: A focus on Haiti. Journal of Cleaner Production, 254, 120153-.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120153
Monahan, S., & Quinn, B. (2006). Beyond “bad apples” and “weak leaders”: Toward a
neo-institutional explanation of organizational devia. Theoretical Criminology, 10(3),
361–385.
Mondak, J. J. (1995). Competence, Integrity, and the Electoral Success of Congressional
Incumbents. The Journal of Politics, 57(4), 1043–1069. https://doi.org/10.2307/2960401
Mondo, B. V. (2016). Measuring Political Corruption from Audit Results: A New Panel of
Brazilian Municipalities. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 22(3),
477–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-016-9306-1
Monteiro, J., & Ferraz, C. (2010). Does Oil Make Leaders Unaccountable? Evidence from Brazil
s offshore oil boom [Working Paper].
http://docplayer.net/116682-Does-oil-make-leaders-unaccountable-evidence-from-brazil-
s-offshore-oil-boom.html
Monteiro, M. de S., Viana, F. L. E., & Sousa-Filho, J. M. de. (2018). Corruption and supply
chain management toward the sustainable development goals era. Corporate
Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 18(6), 1207–1219.
https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-01-2018-0031

457 

 
Monteith, C. (2013). Bribery and corruption: The UK framework for enforcement. In J. Horder
& P. Alldridge (Eds.), Modern Bribery Law (pp. 251–266). Cambridge University Press.
http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139088398A021
Montes, G. C., & Paschoal, P. C. (2015). Corruption: What are the effects on government
effectiveness? Empirical evidence considering developed and developing countries.
Applied Economics Letters, Journal Article, 1–5.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2015.1058900
Montes, Gabriel Caldas, Oliveira, D. S. P., & Mendonça, H. F. (2016). Sovereign Credit Ratings
in Developing Economies: New Empirical Assessment. International Journal of Finance
& Economics, 21(4), 382–397. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1551
Monteverde, V. (2020). Great corruption – theory of corrupt phenomena. Journal of Financial
Crime, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-07-2019-0104
Monteverde, V. H. (2019). The cost of corruption. Journal of Financial Crime, 26(2), 568–582.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-04-2018-0046
Monteverde, V. H. (2020). Microeconomics of corruption based on behavioural economics.
Journal of Financial Crime, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print).
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-03-2020-0043
Montiel, I., Husted, B. W., & Christmann, P. (2012). Using private management standard
certification to reduce information asymmetries in corrupt environments. Strategic
Management Journal, 33(9), 1103–1113. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.1957
Montinola, Gabriella, Weingast, B. R., & Qian, Y. (1995). Federalism, Chinese Style: The
Political Basis for Economic Success in China. World Politics, 48(1), 50–81.
Montinola, Gabriellar. (1994). The foundations of political corruption: Insights from the
Philippine case. Asian Journal of Political Science, 2(1), 86–113.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02185379408434035
Montinola, Gr, & Jackman, R. W. (2002). Sources of corruption: A cross-country study. British
Journal Of Political Science, 32, 147–170.
Monyake, M., & Hough, D. (2019). Citizens, bribery and the propensity to protest.
Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 57(3), 282–302.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2019.1621040
Moo, F., & Eyiah, A. (2020). Factors Influencing the Growth of Small and Medium Construction
Firms in Northern Ghana. Journal of African Business, 21(3), 416–431.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2019.1641306
Moody-Stuart, G. (1994). The Good Business Guide to Bribery: Grand Corruption in Third
458 

 
World Development.
Moohr, G. (1994). Mail fraud and the intangible rights doctrine: Someone to watch over us.
Harvard Journal on Legislation, 31, 153–209.
Mookherjee, D. (1992). Monitoring vis-à-vis investigation in enforcement of law. American
Economic Review, 82(3), 556–556.
Mookherjee, D. (1995). Corruptible law enforcers: How should they be compensated? The
Economic Journal : The Journal of the Royal Economic Society, 105(428), 145–159.
Moon, Y.-L., & McLean, G. N. (2003). The Nature of Corruption Hidden in Culture: The Case
of Korea. In J. Kidd & F.-J. Richter, Fighting Corruption in Asia (pp. 297–315).
WORLD SCIENTIFIC.
http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789812795397_0012
Moore, C. (2008). Moral Disengagement in Processes of Organizational Corruption. Journal of
Business Ethics, 80(1), 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9447-8
Moore, D., Tetlock, P., Tanlu, L., & Bazerman, M. (2006). Conflicts of interest and the case of
auditor independence: Moral seduction and strategic issue cycling. Academy Of
Management Review, 31(1), 10–29.
Moore, E. C. (n.d.). Causes of Demand for International Bribery. Electronic Journal of Business
Ethics & Organization Studies, 12(2), 18–23.
Moore, J. (2018). Corruption and the Ethical Standards of British Public Life: National Debates
and Local Administration, 1880–1914. In Anti-corruption in History: From Antiquity to
the Modern Era. Oxford University Press.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.001.0001/oso-978
0198809975-chapter-19
Moore, M. (2001). Political Underdevelopment: What causes ‘bad governance.’ Public
Management Review, 3(3), 385–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616670110050020
Moore, M. (2004). Revenues, State Formation, and the Quality of Governance in Developing
Countries. International Political Science Review/Revue Internationale de Science
Politique, 25(3), 297–319. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512104043018
Moradi, S., Van Quaquebeke, N., & Hunter, J. (2018). Flourishing and prosocial behaviors: A
multilevel investigation of national corruption level as a moderator. PLoS One, 13(7),
e0200062. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200062
Moran, J. (2001). Democratic transitions and forms of corruption. Crime, Law and Social
Change, 36(4), 379–393. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012072301648

459 

 
Moran, Jon. (1999). Bribery and Corruption: The OECD Convention on Combating the Bribery
of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. Business Ethics: A
European Review, 8(3), 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8608.00142
Moran, Jonathan. (n.d.). Corruption and NIC development: A case study of South Korea. Crime,
Law and Social Change, 29(2–3), 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008344718274
Morck, R., & Yeung, B. (2004). Family Control and the Rent-Seeking Society. Entrepreneurship
Theory and Practice, 28(4), 391–409. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2004.00053.x
Moreira, A., Araújo, E., & Sousa, H. (2019). Corruption and the media – a journalists’ look
about the relevance of time. Revista Comunicação e Sociedade, 35, 193–210.
https://doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.35(2019).3138
Moreno, A. (2002). Corruption and Democracy: A Cultural Assessment. Comparative Sociology,
1(3–4), 495–507. https://doi.org/10.1163/156913302100418556
Moreno, E. (2016). Improving the Democratic Brand Through Institution Building: Ombudsmen
and Corruption in Latin America, 2000–2011. Latin American Policy, 7(1), 126–146.
https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12094
Moreno Zacarés, J. (2020). The Iron Triangle of Urban Entrepreneurialism: The Political
Economy of Urban Corruption in Spain. Antipode, 52(5), 1351–1372.
https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12637
Moreno‐Enguix, M. D. R., & Lorente Bayona, L. V. (2017). Factors Affecting Public
Expenditure Efficiency in Developed Countries. Politics & Policy, 45(1), 105–143.
https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12194
Mornah, D., & Macdermott, R. J. (2018). A Non-Proxied Empirical Investigation of Cultures
Effect on Corruption.(Report). Business and Society Review, 123(2), 269–301.
https://doi.org/10.1111/basr.12142
Moro, S. F. (2018). Preventing Systemic Corruption in Brazil. Daedalus, 147(3), 157–168.
https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00508
Moroff, H. (2004). A polychromatic turn in corruption research? Crime, Law and Social Change,
42(1), 83–97. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CRIS.0000041037.22694.0b
Moroff, H., & Schmidt-Pfister, D. (2010). Anti-corruption movements, mechanisms, and
machines – an introduction. Global Crime, 11(2), 89–98.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17440571003669118
Morris, C. (2015). An international study on public confidence in police. Police Practice and
Research, 16(5), 416–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2014.951935

460 

 
Morris, J., & Polese, A. (2016). Informal health and education sector payments in Russian and
Ukrainian cities: Structuring welfare from below. European Urban and Regional Studies,
23(3), 481–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776414522081
Morris, S. (1991). Corruption and politics in contemporary Mexico.
Morris, S. D. (n.d.). Corruption in Latin America: An Empirical Overview. SECOLAS Annals,
36, 74–92.
Morris, S. D. (2008). Disaggregating Corruption: A Comparison of Participation and Perceptions
in Latin America with a Focus on Mexico. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 27(3),
388–409. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.2008.00276.x
Morris, S. D. (2011). Forms of corruption. CESifo DICE Report : Journal for Institutional
Comparisons ; the International Platform of Ludwig-Maximilians University’s Center for
Economic Studies and the Ifo Institute for Economic Research, 9(2), 10–14.
Morris, S. D., & Blake, C. H. (2009). Corruption and Democracy at the State Level in Mexico. In
Corruption and democracy in Latin America (pp. 169–192). University of Pittsburgh
Press.
Morris, S. D., & Klesner, J. L. (2010). Corruption and trust: Theoretical considerations and
evidence from Mexico. Comparative Political Studies, 43(10), 1258–1285.
Morrison, P. J. (2016). An Anti-Corruption Checkup: Capability Maturity Models Can Help
Organizations Assess the Effectiveness of Anti-Corruption Programs. Internal Auditor,
73(3), 47.
Morrissey, D. (2007). The fight against corruption by international organizations. The George
Washington International Law Review, 39(1), 165–198.
Morrissey, O., & Udomkerdmongkol, M. (2012). Governance, Private Investment and Foreign
Direct Investment in Developing Countries. World Development, 40(3), 437–445.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.07.004
Morrow, J. D., & Bueno de Mesquita, B. (2003). The logic of political survival. MIT Press.
Morse, S. (2006). Is Corruption Bad for Environmental Sustainability? A Cross-National
Analysis. Ecology and Society, 11(1), 1.
Moschovis, G. (2010). Public Spending Allocation, Fiscal Performance and Corruption.
Economic Papers: A Journal of Applied Economics and Policy, 29(1), 64–79.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.2010.00048.x
Moser, C. (n.d.). Conflict of interests of government members and the risk of corruption: An
assessment of pre-revolutionary Tunisia and Egypt. In J.-B. Auby & B (Eds.), Corruption

461 

 
and Conflicts of Interest: A Comparative Law Approach.
Mosikari, T., Eita, J., & Nthebe, T. (2019). Does Corruption Hamper Inward FDI in South Africa
from other African Countries? A Gravity Model Analysis. Economia Internazionale,
72(4), 513.
Moss, T., Pettersson, G., & van de Walle, N. (2006). An Aid-Institutions Paradox? A Review
Essay on Aid Dependency and State Building in Sub-Saharan Africa [IDEAS Working
Paper Series from RePEc].
Mostert, S., & Kaspers, G. (2019). All It Takes for Corruption in Health Systems to Triumph, Is
Good People Who Do Nothing Comment on “We Need to Talk About Corruption in
Health Systems”. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 8(10),
610–612. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.53
Moyer, H. (2004). The Role of Law in Combating Official Corruption: Recent U.S. Enforcement
and Evolving International Standards. American Society of International Law.
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, 169–179.
Moyo, K. (2017). An analysis of the impact of corruption on the realisation of the right to
development. South African Journal on Human Rights, 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02587203.2017.1357320
Moyo, S. (2014). Corruption in Zimbabwe: An Examination of the Roles of the State and Civil
Society in Combating Corruption. University of Central Lancashire.
https://books.google.com/books/about/Corruption_in_Zimbabwe.html?id=XHUJogEAC
AAJ
Msughter, A. E. (2019). Good Governance and Accountability: An Assessment of the Media’s
Role in Achieving Transparency in the 2019 General Elections in Nigeria. Brazilian
Journal of African Studies, 4(7). https://doi.org/10.22456/2448-3923.91505
Mtapuri, O. (2016). Corruption and Citizen Participation: A Critical Analysis. Bangladesh
E-Journal of Sociology, 13(1), 6.
Mtetwa, E. (2018). Corruption, Institutional Decay and Social Capital: The Case of Zimbabwe
Republic Police. Review of Human Factor Studies, 24(1), 66–80.
Muazu Ibrahim, Emmanuel Kumi, & Yeboah, T. (2015). Greasing or sanding the wheels? Effect
of corruption on economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. African J.of Economic and
Sustainable Development, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1504/AJESD.2015.069858
Mubangizi, J. C., & Sewpersadh, P. (2017). A Human Rights-based Approach to Combating
Public Procurement Corruption in Africa. African Journal of Legal Studies, 10(1), 66–90.
https://doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12340015

462 

 
Mudambi, R., Navarra, P., & Delios, A. (2013). Government regulation, corruption, and FDI.
Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 30(2), 487–511.
Mudassaar, K., & Ur Rehman, H. (2019). Human Capital and Economic Growth Nexus: Does
Corruption Matter? Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 13(2), 409–418.
Mudhai, F. (n.d.). Time to Harvest? Media, Corruption and Elections in Kenya. International
Journal of Communication Ethics, 4(4), 30–35.
Muellner, J., Klopf, P., & Nell, P. C. (2017). Trojan Horses or Local Allies: Host-country
National Managers in Developing Market Subsidiaries. Journal of International
Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2016.12.001
Muffler, S. (1995). Proposing a treaty on the prevention of international corrupt payments:
Cloning the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act is not the answer. ILSA Journal of
International & Comparative Law, 1(1), 3–39.
Mugarura, N. (2016). Uncoupling the relationship between corruption and money laundering
crimes. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 24(1), 74–89.
Mugellini, G. (2019). Monitoring the Risk of Corruption at International Level: The Case of the
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. European Journal of Risk Regulation :
EJRR, 10(1), 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2019.16
Mugellini, G., & Heide, M. (2019). International Anti-Corruption Initiatives: A Classification of
Policy Interventions. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 1–25.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-019-09410-w
Muhumuza, W. (2016). The politics of anti-corruption reforms and reversals in Uganda’s
changing political terrain. Economic and Political Studies, 4(1), 62–84.
https://doi.org/10.1080/20954816.2016.1152095
Muir, S. (2016). On Historical Exhaustion: Argentine Critique in an Era of “Total Corruption.”
58(1), 129–158. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417515000596
Muir, S., & Gupta, A. (2018). Rethinking the Anthropology of Corruption: An Introduction to
Supplement 18. Current Anthropology, 59(S18), S4–S15. https://doi.org/10.1086/696161
Mujtaba, B. (2013). Bribery and Wealth in the ASEAN Community. In Capitalism and Its
Challenges Across Borders: Perspectives from the Asian, African and American
Continent.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256995770_Bribery_and_Wealth_in_the_ASE
AN_Community
Mujtaba, B. G., Cavico, F. J., Mcclelland, R. J., & Williamson, P. (2013). A Study of Bribery
and Wealth in the ASEAN Community Based on the Corruption Perception Index Scores
463 

 
and GNP per Capita. ResearchGate, 3(1), 576–597.
Mujtaba, B., Williamson, P., Cavico, F., & Mcclelland, B. (2013). Managing the Link Between
Bribery and Wealth Based on Corruption Perception Index (CPI) and Gross National
Product (GNP) per Capita. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 14(3), 100–115.
Mukherjee, D. (2018). Corruption in International Business: Does Economic Globalization
Help? Global Business Review, 19(3), 623–634.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150917713841
Mukoro, D. O., Faboyede, O. S., & Yamusa, O. (2013). The Role of Forensic Accountants in
Fraud Detection And National Security in Nigeria. Change and Leadership, 17, 90–106.
Mukwiri, J. (2015). British law on corporate bribery. Journal of Financial Crime, 22(1), 16–16.
Mulgan, R., & Wanna, J. (2012). Developing Cultures of Integrity in the Public and Private
Sectors. In A. Graycar & R. G. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of Global Research and Practice
in Corruption. Edward Elgar.
Mulyaman, D., & Ismail, A. (2020). Decentralization and Corruption in Post-1998 Crisis Asia in
IMF Assistance Receiver Country. Jurnal Asia Pacific Studies, 3(2), 108–120.
Mulyana, A., Iskandarsyah, A., Siswadi, A. G. P., & Srisayekti, W. (2019). Social Value
Orientation On Corruption Prisoners. Mimbar: Jurnal Sosial Dan Pembangunan, 35(1).
https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v35i1.4479
Muma, M. W. (2014). Toward greater guidance: Reforming the definitions of the Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act.(defining a “foreign official”). Michigan Law Review, 112(7),
1337.
Mundle, S., Chakraborty, P., Chowdhury, S., & Dikdar, S. (2012). The Quality of Governance.
Economic and Political Weekly, 47(49), 41–52.
Munger, M. (2018). Tullock and the welfare costs of corruption: There is a “political Coase
Theorem.” Public Choice, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-018-0610-9
Munger, M. C. (2018). On The Contingent Vice of Corruption. Social Philosophy and Policy,
35(2), 158–181. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265052519000153
Mungiu‐Pippidi, A. (2005). Deconstructing Balkan particularism: The ambiguous social capital
of Southeastern Europe. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 5(1), 49–68.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1468385042000328367
Mungiu-Pippidi, A. (2013). Becoming Denmark: Historical Designs of Corruption Control.
Social Research, 80(4), 1259–1286.
Mungiu‐Pippidi, A. (2016). Public Integrity and Trust in Europe.
464 

 
https://www.government.nl/documents/reports/2016/01/18/public-integrity-and-trust-in-e
urope
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. (2006). Corruption: Diagnosis and Treatment. Journal of Democracy,
17(3), 86–99.
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. (2011). Contextual Choices in Fighting Corruption: Lessons Learned.
Norwegian Agency for International Development.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2042021
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. (2013a). Controlling Corruption Through Collective Action. Journal of
Democracy, 24(1), 101–115.
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. (2013b). FOIA as an Anticorruption Tool [Working Paper].
www.againstcorruption.eu/wp-content/.../WP-34-FOIA-as-an-anti-corruption-tool1.pdf.
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. (2013c). The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Controlling Corruption in the
European Union [Working Paper].
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296624715_The_Good_the_Bad_and_the_Ugly
_Controlling_Corruption_in_the_European_Union
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. (2014). Of Virtuous Circles: Modeling Control of Corruption Beyond
Modernization [Working Paper]. Social Science Research Network.
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2452615
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. (2015a). Corruption: Good governance powers innovation. Nature,
518(7539), 295–297.
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. (2015b). The quest for good governance: How societies develop control
of corruption. Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. (2016a). For a New Generation of Objective Indicators in Governance
and Corruption Studies. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 22(3),
363–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-016-9322-1
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. (2016b). Learning from Virtuous Circles. Journal of Democracy, 27(1),
95–109.
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. (2016c). The Quest for Good Governance: Learning from Virtuous
Circles. Journal of Democracy, 27(1), 95–109.
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. (2018a). Romania’s Italian-Style Anticorruption Populism. Journal of
Democracy, 29(3), 104–116. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2018.0048
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. (2018b). Seven Steps to Control of Corruption: The Road Map.
Daedalus, 147(3), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00500

465 

 
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. (2020). The Rise and Fall of Good-Governance Promotion. Journal of
Democracy, 31(1), 88–102. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2020.0007
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina, & Dadašov, R. (2016). Measuring Control of Corruption by a New Index
of Public Integrity. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 22(3), 415–438.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-016-9324-z
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina, & Dadašov, R. (2017). When do anticorruption laws matter? The
evidence on public integrity enabling contexts. Crime, Law and Social Change, 68(4),
387–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9693-3
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina, & Dusu, A. E. (2011). Civil society and control of corruption: Assessing
governance of Romanian public universities. International Journal of Educational
Development, 31(5), 526–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2010.03.016
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina, & Hartmann, T. (2019). Corruption and Development: An Overview.
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.237
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina, & Johnston, M. (2017). Transitions to Good Governance: Creating
Virtuous Circles of Anti-corruption. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Muno, W. (2013). Clientelist corruption networks: Conceptual and empirical approaches.
Zeitschrift Für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft, 7(1), 33–56.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-013-0156-7
Muñoz, J., Anduiza, E., & Gallego, A. (2016). Why do voters forgive corrupt mayors? Implicit
exchange, credibility of information and clean alternatives. Local Government Studies,
1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2016.1154847
Muntean, N., Plotnikov, V., Anghel, I., & Cişmaşu, I. (2019). The Impact of Corruption on
Corporate Insolvencies in the Central and Eastern Europe Countries. Calitatea, 20(S2),
408–415.
Muralidharan, K., Das, J., Holla, A., & Mohpal, A. (2017). The fiscal cost of weak governance:
Evidence from teacher absence in India. Journal Of Public Economics, 145, 116–135.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.11.005
Muralidharan, Karthik, Niehaus, P., & Sukhtankar, S. (2016). Building State Capacity: Evidence
from Biometric Smartcards in India. American Economic Review, 106(10), 2895–2929.
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20141346
Muralidharan, Karthik, & Sundararaman, V. (2011). Teacher Performance Pay: Experimental
Evidence from India. Journal of Political Economy, 119(1), 39–77.
https://doi.org/10.1086/659655

466 

 
Muratbekova-Touron, M., & Umbetalijeva, T. (2019a). Human Resource Management Patterns
of (Anti) Corruption Mechanisms within Informal Networks. Business & Professional
Ethics Journal, 38(2), 177. https://doi.org/10.5840/bpej201961880
Muratbekova-Touron, M., & Umbetalijeva, T. (2019b). Human Resource Management Patterns
of (Anti) Corruption Mechanisms within Informal Networks. Business & Professional
Ethics Journal, 38(2), 177. https://doi.org/10.5840/bpej201961880
Murphy, K. M., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1993). Why is rent-seeking so costly to growth?
American Economic Review, 83(2), 409–414.
Murphy, M. J. (1995). International bribery: An example of an unfair trade practice? Brooklyn
Journal of International Law, 21(2), 385–424.
Murray, C. K., & Frijters, P. (2015). Clean Money in a Dirty System: Relationship Networks and
Land Rezoning in Queensland (IZA Discussion Paper No. 9028). Institute for the Study
of Labor (IZA). https://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp9028.html
Murray, C. K., Frijters, P., & Schaffner, M. (2017). Is Transparency an Anti-Corruption Myth?
(SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2949119). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2949119
Murray, C. K., Frijters, P., & Vorster, M. (2017). The back-scratching game. Journal of
Economic Behavior and Organization, 142, 494–508.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.07.018
Murtazashvili, J. (2015). Gaming the state: Consequences of contracting out state building in
Afghanistan. Central Asian Survey, 34(1), 78–92.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2015.1014162
Musa, P., Meso, P., & Mbarika, V. (2005). Toward Sustainable Adoption of Technologies for
Human Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: Precursors, Diagnostics, and Prescriptions.
Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 15, 1.
Musaraj, S. (2018). Corruption, Right On!: Hidden Cameras, Cynical Satire, and Banal
Intimacies of Anti-corruption. Current Anthropology, 59(S18), S105–S116.
https://doi.org/10.1086/696162
Musila, Jacob W. (2013). Does Democracy Have a Different Impact on Corruption in Africa?
Journal of African Business, 14(3), 162–170.
Musila, Jacob W. (2019). Anticorruption Strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from
Experience and Ingredients of a Successful Strategy. Journal of African Business, 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2019.1583980
Musila, Jacob Wanjala, & Sigué, S. P. (2010). Corruption and International Trade: An Empirical
467 

 
Investigation of African Countries. World Economy, 33(1), 129–146.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2009.01208.x
Mustapha, M., & others. (2010). Corruption in Nigeria: Conceptual and empirical notes.
Information, Society and Justice Journal, 3(2), 165–175.
Mutalib, H. M. (2017). The other side of Malaysia’s enviable economic and multiethnic stability:
The obstinate resilience of “money politics.” Asian Ethnicity, 18(1), 54–73.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2015.1038777
Mutascu, M. (2010). Corruption, Social Welfare, Culture and Religion in European Union 27.
Transition Studies Review, 16(4), 908–917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11300-009-0118-6
Mutebi, A. M. (2008). Explaining the Failure of Thailand’s Anti‐corruption Regime.
Development and Change, 39(1), 147–171.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2008.00472.x
Muzila, L. (2012). On the take: Criminalizing illicit enrichment to fight corruption. International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.
Mwanahewa, S. A. (2006). Bribery: An Exploration of Uganda Perspectives. Ethics &
Economics, 4(2).
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41202881_Bribery_An_Exploration_of_Ugand
a_Perspectives
Mwangi, M., Njuguna, A., & Achoki, G. (2019). Relationship between corruption and capital
flight in Kenya: 1998-2018. International Journal of Research In Business and Social
Science, 8(5), 237–250. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v8i5.318
Myers, R. E. I. (2012). Who Watches the Watchers in Public Corruption Cases? University of
Chicago Legal Forum, 2012, 13–463.
Myerson, R. B. (1993). Effectiveness of Electoral Systems for Reducing Government
Corruption: A Game-Theoretic Analysis. Games and Economic Behavior, 5(1), 118–132.
https://doi.org/10.1006/game.1993.1006
Myerson, R. B. (2006). Bipolar Multicandidate Elections with Corruption. Scandinavian Journal
of Economics, 108(4), 727–742. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9442.2006.00469.x
Myint. (2002). Corruption: Causes, Consequences and Cures. Journal of the Social Sciences,
30(2), 257–284.
Myklebust, J. P. (2020). Rigging of Academic Positions in the Most Democratic Country in the
World. In Corruption in Higher Education (pp. 57–64). Brill Sense.
https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004433885/BP000011.xml

468 

 
Myles, G. D., & Yousefi, H. (2015). Corruption and Seigniorage. Journal of Public Economic
Theory, 17(4), 480–503. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12119
Myles, G. D., & Yousefi, H. (2020). Corruption as an Occupational Choice: Endogenous
Corruption and Tax Policy. Southern Economic Journal, 86(4), 1446–1474.
https://doi.org/10.1002/soej.12421
Myrdal, G. (1968). Corruption—Its Causes and Effects. In Asian drama: An inquiry into the
poverty of nations. (pp. 937–958). Pantheon.
Na, K., Kang, Y.-H., & Kim, Y. S. (2018). The Effect of Corporate Governance on the
Corruption of Firms in BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India & China). Social Sciences, 7(6),
<xocs:firstpage xmlns:xocs=""/>. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7060085
Nabaho, L., & Turyasingura, W. (2019). Battling Academic Corruption in Higher Education:
Does External Quality Assurance (EQA) Offer a Ray of Hope? Higher Learning
Research Communications, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.18870/hlrc.v9i1.449
Nabin, M., & Bose, G. (2008). Partners in crime: Collusive corruption and search. B.E. Journal
of Economic Analysis and Policy, 8(1).
Nadakavukaren Schefer, K. (2010). Causation in the Corruption ? Human Rights Relationship.
Rechtswissenschaft, 1(4), 397–425. https://doi.org/10.5771/1868-8098-2010-4-397
Nadeau-Séguin, S. (2013). Commercial Arbitration and Corrupt Practices: Should Arbitrators Be
Bound By A Duty to Report Corrupt Practices? Transnational Dispute Management
(TDM), 10(3). https://www.transnational-dispute-management.com/article.asp?key=1963
Nadipuram, A. (n.d.). Is the OECD the Answer? It’s Only Part of the Solution. Journal of
Corporation Law, 38, 635–657.
Nagavarapu, S., & Sekhri, S. (2016). Informal monitoring and enforcement mechanisms in
public service delivery: Evidence from the public distribution system in India. Journal of
Development Economics; J.Dev.Econ., 121(Journal Article), 63–78.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.01.006
Nageri, K. I., & Gunu, U. (2020). Corruption and Ease of Doing Business: Evidence from
ECOWAS. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae. Economics and Business, 8(1), 19–37.
https://doi.org/10.2478/auseb-2020-0002
Nagin, D. S., & Pogarsky, G. (2003). An Experimental Investigation of Deterrence: Cheating,
Self-Serving Bias, and Impulsivity. Criminology, 41(1), 167–194.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb00985.x
Nagle, L. E. (2010). Corruption of politicians, law enforcement, and the judiciary in Mexico and
complicity across the border. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 21(1), 95–122.
469 

 
https://doi.org/10.1080/09592310903561544
Naidoo, L., Naidoo, V., & Ambe, M. (2017). Open Contracting: A new frontier for information
disclosure in public procurement. Public and Municipal Finance, 6(1), 24–36.
https://doi.org/10.21511/pmf.06(1).2017.03
Naidoo, V. (2013). The politics of anti-corruption enforcement in South Africa. Journal of
Contemporary African Studies, 31(4), 523–542.
Naidu, S., & Chand, A. (2014). Exploring the relationship between freedom from corruption and
business governance in the Oceania region. Quality and Quantity, 48(6), 3489–3509.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-013-9969-3
Naim, M. (2005). Bad medicine: The war on corruption is leaving the world worse than we
found it. Foreign Policy, 147, 96.
Nakahara, S. (2015). Light in the darkness: Understanding the future directions of organizational
corruption. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 18(1), 104.
Nakayama, Y. (2006). The Development of Political Clientalism in 20th-Century France: Party
Networks and Patterns of ‘Voter Loyalization.’ In Junʼichi Kawata, Comparing political
corruption and clientelism (pp. 171–200). Ashgate.
Nana, C. N. (2013). West Africa: The Actions of the OHADA Arbitral Tribunal in the Face of
Corruption. Transnational Dispute Management (TDM), 10(3).
https://www.transnational-dispute-management.com/article.asp?key=1961
Nannicini, T., Stella, A., Tabellini, G., & Troiano, U. (2010). Social capital and political
accountability [Working Paper].
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1622136
Napal, G. (2006). An assessment of the ethical dimensions of corruption. Electronic Journal of
Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 11(1), 5–9.
Nappert, S. (2012). Nailing Corruption: Thoughts for a Gardener – A Comment on World Duty
Free Company Ltd v. The Republic of Kenya. In P. Wautelet, T. Kruger, & G. Coppens,
The practice of arbitration: Essays in honour of Hans Van Houtte. Portland, Or; Hart
Pub.
Nas, T. F. (1986). A policy-oriented theory of corruption. American Political Science Review,
80(1), 107–119.
Nasarre, C. a. S. (2013). International Commercial Arbitration and Corruption: The Role and
Duties of the Arbitrator. Transnational Dispute Management (TDM), 10(3).
https://www.transnational-dispute-management.com/article.asp?key=1965

470 

 
Nasuti, P. (n.d.). The Determinants of Anti-Corruption Reform in the Republic of Georgia
[Working Paper]. Retrieved July 5, 2016, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265742011_The_Determinants_of_Anti-Corrup
tion_Reform_in_the_Republic_of_Georgia
Nasuti, P. (2016). Administrative Cohesion and Anti-Corruption Reforms in Georgia and
Ukraine. Europe - Asia Studies, 68(5), 847–867.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2016.1192107
Naudé, W. A. (2004). The Effects of Policy, Institutions and Geography on Economic Growth in
Africa: An Econometric Study Based on Cross-section and Panel Data. Journal of
International Development, 16(6), 821–849.
Naudé, W. A., & Krugell, W. F. (2007). Investigating geography and institutions as determinants
of foreign direct investment in Africa using panel data. Applied Economics, 39(10),
1223–1233. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840600567686
Navarro, N. C. (2006). Fighting Corruption The Peruvian Experience. Journal of International
Criminal Justice, 4(3), 488–509. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mql034
Navot, D. (2016). Real Politics and the Concept of Political Corruption. Political Studies Review,
14(4), 544–554. https://doi.org/10.1111/1478-9302.12079
Navot, D., Reingewertz, Y., & Cohen, N. (2016). Speed or Greed? High Wages and Corruption
Among Public Servants. Administration & Society, 48(5), 580–601.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399715623313
Navot, Doron. (2014). The Concept of Political Corruption. Public Integrity, 16(4), 357–374.
https://doi.org/10.2753/PIN1099-9922160403
Navot, Doron, & Beeri, I. (2017). Conceptualization of Political Corruption, Perceptions of
Corruption, and Political Participation in Democracies. Lex Localis, 15(2), 199–219.
https://doi.org/10.4335/15.2.199-219(2017)
Navot, Doron, & Beeri, I. (2018). The public’s conception of political corruption: A new
measurement tool and preliminary findings. European Political Science: EPS, 17(1),
93–110. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-016-0079-2
Navot, Doron, & Cohen, N. (2015). How policy entrepreneurs reduce corruption in Israel.
Governance, 28(1), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12074
Nawawi, A. (2018). Whistle blowing intentions – evidence from Malaysian PLC. International
Journal of Law and Management, 60(5), 1111–1125.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-04-2017-0096
Nawaz, S. (2015). Growth effects of institutions: A disaggregated analysis. Economic Modelling,
471 

 
45(Journal Article), 118.
Nayeri, R. (2014). No longer the sleeping dog, the FCPA is awake and ready to bite: Analysis of
the increased FCPA enforcements, the implications, and recommendations for reform.
New York International Law Review, 27, 73-.
Ncube, L. (2017). Sports Journalists and Corruption in Zimbabwean Football: Reflections on the
Asiagate Scandal. Communicatio, 43(3–4), 19–35.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02500167.2017.1385499
Ndaguba, E. A., Ndaguba, O. J., Tshiyoyo, M. M., & Shai, K. B. (2018). Rethinking corruption
in contemporary African philosophy: Old wine cannot fit. The Journal for
Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa, 14(1), e1–e10.
https://doi.org/10.4102/td.v14i1.465
Ndangam, L. N. (2006). ‘Gombo’: Bribery and the corruption of journalism ethics in Cameroon.
Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies, 27(2), 179–199.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02560054.2006.9653350
Ndedi, A., & Mua, K. K. (2015). The Role of Forensic Investigation Professionals in the
Prevention of Fraud and Corruption in Developing Countries (Working Paper ID
2545274). Social Science Research Network. http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2545274
Ndikumana, Leonce. (2007). Corruption and Pro-Poor Growth Outcomes: Evidence and Lessons
for African Countries. In AERC Senior Policy Seminar & African Economic Research
Consortium (Eds.), Governance and pro-poor growth in sub-Saharan Africa (pp.
184–219). African Economic Research Consortium.
Ndikumana, Léonce. (2013). The Private Sector as Culprit and Victim of Corruption in Africa
[Working Paper]. Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts at
Amherst. http://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:uma:periwp:wp330
Ndikumana, Léonce, & Boyce, J. K. (2003). Public Debts and Private Assets: Explaining Capital
Flight from Sub-Saharan African Countries. World Development, 31(1), 107–130.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00181-X
Ndulu, B. J., & O’Connell, S. A. (1999). Governance and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Journal of Economic Perspectives, 13(3), 41–66. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.13.3.41
Neal, M., Finlay, J., Karkoulian, S., Catana, D., & Pellegrino, R. (2015). How Business Students
View Corruption, and Why This Should Concern Us: Insights from Lebanon, Romania
and the United States. Tertiary Education and Management, 21(2), 140–159.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13583883.2015.1036109
Neal, M. W., & Tansey, R. (2010). The dynamics of effective corrupt leadership: Lessons from

472 

 
Rafik Hariri’s political career in Lebanon. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(1), 33–49.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.10.003
Neanidis, K., Rana, M., & Blackburn, K. (2017). An empirical analysis of organized crime,
corruption and economic growth. Annals of Finance, 13(3), 273–298.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10436-017-0299-7
Near, J. P., Rehg, M. T., Van Scotter, J. R., & Miceli, M. P. (2004). Does type of wrongdoing
affect the whistle-blowing process? Business Ethics Quarterly, 14(2), 219.
Neeman, Z., Paserman, M., & Simhon, A. (2008). Corruption and openness. B.E. Journal of
Economic Analysis and Policy, 8(1).
Negin, V., Abd Rashid, Z., & Nikopour, H. (2010). The Causal Relationship between Corruption
and Poverty: A Panel Data Analysis [MPRA Paper]. University Library of Munich,
Germany. https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/pramprapa/24871.htm
Negro, I. (2015). “Corruption is Dirt”: Metaphors for Political Corruption in the Spanish Press.
Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, 92(3), 213–238. https://doi.org/10.3828/bhs.2015.15
Neild, R. R. (2002). Public corruption: The dark side of social evolution. Anthem.
Neiva de Figueiredo, J. (2013). Are corruption levels accurately identified? The case of U.S.
states. Journal of Policy Modeling, 35(1), 134–149.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2012.01.006
Nekovee, M., & Pinto, J. (2019). Modeling the impact of organization structure and
whistle-blowers on intra-organizational corruption contagion. Physica A: Statistical
Mechanics and Its Applications, 522, 339–349.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.01.140
Nel, P. (2019). When bribery helps the poor. Review of Social Economy, 78(4), 1–25.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00346764.2019.1618482
Neli Kouneva-Loewenthal, & Goran Vojvodic. (2012). Corruption and its Effect on Foreign
Direct Investment in the Energy Sector of Emerging and Developing Economies. In New
Policy Challenges for European Multinationals (Vol. 7, pp. 339–363). Emerald Group
Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1745-8862(2012)0000007017
Nelken, D., & Levi, M. (1996). The Corruption of Politics and the Politics of Corruption: An
Overview. Journal of Law and Society, 23(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/1410464
Nell, M. (2008a). Contracts Induced by Means of Bribery: Should they be Void or Valid?
[IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc].
Nell, M. (2008b). Strategic Aspects of Voluntary Disclosure Programs for Corruption Offences:

473 

 
Towards a Design of Good Practice [IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc].
Nelson, M. A. (2013). Corruption and the size of local governments: Are they related? In S.
Lago-Penas & J. Martinez-Vazquez (Eds.), The Challenge of Local Government Size:
Theoretical Perspectives, International Experience and Policy Reform (pp. 83–120).
Edward Elgar.
Nemeroff, M. A. (2006). The Limited Role of Campaign Finance Laws in Reducing Corruption
by Elected Public Officials. Howard Law Journal, 49(3), 687–715.
Németh, E., Körmendi, G., & Kiss, B. (2011). Corruption and Publicity. Public Finance
Quarterly, 56(1), 58–66.
Neoh, A. (2010). An Impartial and Uncorrupted Civil Service: Hong Kong’s Fight Against
Corruption in the Past 35 Years. In C. F. Forsyth, Effective judicial review: A cornerstone
of good governance. Oxford University Press.
Nesbit, J. B. (1998). Transnational bribery of foreign officials: A new threat to the future of
democracy. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 31(5), 1273.
Nesti, L. (2014). The 2010 “Agreement on Mutual Enforcement of Debarrment Decisions” and
Its Impact for the Fight against Fraud and Corruption in Public Procurement. Journal of
Public Procurement, 14(1), 62–95.
Neu, D., Everett, J., & Rahaman, A. S. (2013). Internal Auditing and Corruption within
Government: The Case of the Canadian Sponsorship Program. Contemporary Accounting
Research, 30(3), 1223–1250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1911-3846.2012.01195.x
Neu, D., Everett, J., & Rahaman, A. S. (2014). Preventing corruption within government
procurement: Constructing the disciplined and ethical subject. Critical Perspectives on
Accounting, Journal Article. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2014.03.012
Neu, D., Everett, J., Shiraz Rahaman, A., & Martinez, D. (2013). Accounting and networks of
corruption [Post-Print]. HAL.
http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/haljournl/hal-00980294.htm
Neudorfer, B., & Neudorfer, N. S. (2015). Decentralization and Political Corruption:
Disaggregating Regional Authority. Publius, 45(1), 24.
Neudorfer, N. S. (2015). Development, democracy and corruption: How poverty and lack of
political rights encourage corruption. 35(3), 421–457.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X14000282
Neudorfer, N. S. (2016). Gender and Graft: A Political Economy Argument about the Influence
of Working Women on Political Corruption. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 37(2),
190–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477X.2016.1153337
474 

 
Neudorfer, N. S. (2018). Commodities and corruption – How the middle class and democratic
institutions lead to less corruption in resource-rich countries. Resources Policy,
<xocs:firstpage xmlns:xocs=""/>. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.05.003
Neudorfer, N. S., & Theuerkauf, U. G. (2014). Buying War Not Peace: The Influence of
Corruption on the Risk of Ethnic War. Comparative Political Studies, 47(13),
1856–1886. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414013516919
Neumayer, E. (2002). Is Good Governance Rewarded? A Cross-national Analysis of Debt
Forgiveness. World Development, 30(6), 913–930.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00018-9
Neumayer, E. (2003). The Determinants of Aid Allocation by Regional Multilateral
Development Banks and United Nations Agencies. International Studies Quarterly,
47(1), 101–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2478.4701005
Neupane, A., Soar, J., & Vaidya, K. (2012a). Evaluating the anti-corruption capabilities of public
e-procurement in developing countries. EJISDC: The Electronic Journal on Information
Systems in Developing Countries, 55.
http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/oaiart?codigo=5061692
Neupane, A., Soar, J., & Vaidya, K. (2012b). The potential of e-procurement technology for
reducing corruption. Int. J. of Information Technology and Management, 11(4).
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJITM.2012.049997
Neupane, A., Soar, J., & Vaidya, K. (2014). An Empirical Evaluation Of The Potential Of Public
E-Procurement To Reduce Corruption. Ajis: Australasian Journal of Information
Systems, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v18i2.780
Neupane, A., Soar, J., Vaidya, K., & Yong, J. (2014). Willingness to adopt e-procurement to
reduce corruption. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 8(4), 500.
Neverova, E. G., & Malafeyef, O. A. (2015). A Model of Interaction between Anticorruption
Authority and Corruption Groups. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1648(1), 1–4.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4912671
Neville, F., Byron, K., Post, C., & Ward, A. (2019). Board Independence and Corporate
Misconduct: A Cross-National Meta-Analysis. Journal of Management, 45(6),
2538–2569. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206318801999
Newbury, C. (2016). The Semantics of Corruption: Political Science Perspectives on Imperial
and Post-Imperial Methods of State-Building. Journal Of Imperial And Commonwealth
History; J.Imp.Commonw.Hist., 44(1), 163–194.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2015.1123544

475 

 
Nezlek, J., Newman, D., Schütz, A., Baumeister, R., Schug, J., Joshanloo, M., Lopes, P., Alt, N.,
Cypryańska, M., Depietri, M., Gorbaniuk, O., Huguet, P., Kafetsios, K., Koydemir, S.,
Kuppens, P., Park, S., Schaafsma, J., Simunovic, D., & Yokota, K. (2019). An
international survey of perceptions of the 2014 FIFA World Cup: National levels of
corruption as a context for perceptions of institutional corruption. PLoS One, 14(9),
e0222492. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222492
Ng, D. (2006). The impact of corruption on financial markets. Managerial Finance, 32(10),
822–836. https://doi.org/10.1108/03074350710688314
Ng, D., Qian, K., & Dix, A. (2008). CORRUPTION AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: A
CROSS-NATIONAL STUDY. Corporate Ownership and Control, 5(3).
https://doi.org/10.22495/cocv5i3c2p6
Ngendakuriyo, F., & Zaccour, G. (2017). Should civil society organizations cooperate or
compete in fighting a corrupt government? Mathematical Social Sciences, 85, 30–36.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2016.11.001
Ngira, D. O. (2015). Accelerating the ‘War’ Against Corruption: A Sociological Perspective.
(SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2671373). Social Science Research Network.
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2671373
Ngo, T.-W. (2008). Rent-seeking and economic governance in the structural nexus of corruption
in China. Crime, Law and Social Change, 49(1), 27–44.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-007-9089-x
Ngo, T.-W. (2009). Rent Seeking under the Licensing State: The Institutional Sources of
Economic Corruption in China. In Ting Gong & S. K. Ma, Preventing corruption in Asia:
Institutional design and policy capacity. Routledge.
Ngobo, P. V., & Fouda, M. (2012). Is ‘Good’ governance good for business? A cross-national
analysis of firms in African countries. Journal of World Business, 47(3), 435–449.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2011.05.010
Ngumbi, E. (2019). Viability of Lifestyle Audits as an Anti-Corruption Strategy in Kenya: A
Critical Assessment of the Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3600509
Ngumbi, E. (2020). Reconstructing the Elusive Fight against Corruption in Africa: The Quest to
Re-characterize Political Corruption As an International Crime. International Journal of
Business And Management, 8(2), 98–106.
Ngumbi, E., & Owiny, P. (2020). From Paper to Practice: Enhancing Public Sector
Accountability in Africa through Reform of Wealth Declaration Systems.
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3579514
476 

 
Nguyen, C. V. (2019). Problems of developing and transition economies. The International
Trade Journal, 33(1), 80–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2018.1523762
Nguyen, N., Doan, Q., & Tran-Nam, B. (2016). The impact of petty corruption on firm
innovation in Vietnam. Crime, Law and Social Change, 65(4–5), 377–394.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-016-9610-1
Nguyen, Q. (2017). Do Natural Disasters Open a Window of Opportunity for Corruption? The
Journal of Development Studies, 53(1), 156–172.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1187724
Nguyen, T. D. (2019). Does firm growth increase corruption? Evidence from an instrumental
variable approach. Small Business Economics.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00160-x
Nguyen, T. V., Bach, T. N., Le, T. Q., & Le, C. Q. (2017). Local governance, corruption, and
public service quality: Evidence from a national survey in Vietnam. The International
Journal of Public Sector Management, 30(2), 137–153.
Nguyen, T. V., Le, N. T. B., Dinh, H. L. H., & Pham, H. T. L. (2020a). Do entrepreneurial firms
suffer more from bribery? An empirical study of businesses in Vietnam. Post-Communist
Economies, 32(7), 877–903. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2020.1722585
Nguyen, T. V., Le, N. T. B., Dinh, H. L. H., & Pham, H. T. L. (2020b). Greasing, rent-seeking
bribes and firm growth: Evidence from garment and textile firms in Vietnam. Crime,
Law, and Social Change, 74(3), 227–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-020-09893-3
Nguyen, Thang, Ho, B., Le, C., & Nguyen, H. (2016). Strategic and transactional costs of
corruption: Perspectives from Vietnamese firms. Crime, Law and Social Change,
65(4–5), 351–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-016-9609-7
Nguyen, Thuy, & van Dijk, M. (2012). Corruption, growth, and governance: Private vs.
state-owned firms in Vietnam. Journal of Banking & Finance, 36(11), 2935–2948.
Nguyen, V.-H. (2009). Social Interactions and the Spread of Corruption: Evidence from the
Health Sector of Vietnam. In Empirical essays in health economics (pp. 4–48). ProQuest
Dissertations Publishing. http://search.proquest.com/docview/607045670/
Ni, S., & Van, P. H. (2006). High corruption income in Ming and Qing China. Journal of
Development Economics, 81(2), 316–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.05.004
Ni, W., Sutrisno, S., Nurkholis, N., & Andayani, W. (2019). Fraud triangle in public
procurement: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Financial Crime, 26(4), 951–968.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-11-2018-0121
Niaz, I. (2014). Corruption and the Bureaucratic Elite in Pakistan: The 1960s and 1970s
477 

 
Revisited. 24(1), 97–113. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1356186313000631
Nicaise, G. (2019). Local power dynamics and petty corruption in Burundi. Journal of Eastern
African Studies, 13(4), 698–717. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2019.1655880
Nice, D. (1986). The policy consequences of political corruption. Political Behavior, 8(3),
287–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01002102
Nice, D. C. (1983). Political Corruption in the American States. American Politics Quarterly,
11(4), 507–517. https://doi.org/10.1177/004478083011004007
Nichilo, B. (2011). Honest services fraud: Constancy in change. Temple Law Review, 83(4),
1065–1095.
Nichols, P. (1996). Corruption in the World Trade Organization: Discerning the Limits of the
World Trade Organization’s Authority. New York University Journal of International
Law and Politics, 28(4), 711.
Nichols, P. (1997). Outlawing transnational bribery through the World Trade Organization. Law
and Policy in International Business, 28(2), 305–381.
Nichols, P. (1999). Are extraterritorial restrictions on bribery a viable and desirable international
policy goal under the global conditions of the late twentieth century? Increasing global
security by controlling transnational bribery. Michigan Journal of International Law,
20(3), 451–476.
Nichols, P. (2009). Multiple Communities and Controlling Corruption. Journal of Business
Ethics, 88(4), 805–813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0320-9
Nichols, P., & Dowden, P. (2018). Maximizing stakeholder trust as a tool for controlling
corruption. Crime, Law and Social Change, 1–25.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9767-2
Nichols, P. M. (1999). Regulating transnational bribery in times of globalization and
fragmentation. The Yale Journal of International Law, 24(1), 257–303.
Nichols, P. M. (2000). The myth of anti-bribery laws as transnational intrusion. Cornell
International Law Journal, 33(3), 627.
Nichols, P. M. (2001). The fit between changes to the international corruption regime and
indigenous perceptions of corruption in Kazakhstan. Journal of International Economic
Law, 22(4), 863–973.
Nichols, P. M. (2004). Corruption as an assurance problem. American University International
Law Review, 19(6), 1037–1349.
Nichols, P. M. (2011). The perverse effect of campaign contribution limits: Reducing the
478 

 
allowable amounts increases the likelihood of corruption in the federal legislature.
American Business Law Journal : The Official Publication of the American Business Law
Association, 48(1), 77–118.
Nichols, P. M. (2012a). The Business Case for Complying with Bribery Laws. American
Business Law Journal, 49(2), 325–368.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1714.2012.01134.x
Nichols, P. M. (2012b). The psychic costs of violating corruption laws. Vanderbilt Journal of
Transnational Law, 45(1), 145.
Nichols, P. M. (2012c). United States v. Lazarenko: The trial and conviction of two former
Prime Ministers of Ukraine. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 41–89.
Nichols, P. M. (2016). The neomercantilist fallacy and the contextual reality of the Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act. Harvard Journal on Legislation, 53(1), 203–246.
Nichols, P. M., Siedel, G. J., & Kasdin, M. (2004). Corruption as a pan-cultural phenomenon: An
empirical study in countries at opposite ends of the former Soviet empire. Texas
International Law Journal, 39(2), 215–256.
Nicholson, P. (2002). The Vietnamese Courts and Corruption. In Timothy Lindsey & H. W. Dick
(Eds.), Corruption in Asia: Rethinking the governance paradigm. Federation Press.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=P0sz_EvRLu8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=
%E2%80%9CThe+Vietnamese+Courts+and+Corruption%E2%80%9D,+in+T.+Lindsey
+%26+H.+Dick,+eds.+Corruption+in+Asia:+Rethinking+the+Governance+Paradigm&ot
s=nxJnN_5oKV&sig=CvdZA5kMcaalD0thKwkg_idgQmE
Nichter, S. (2008). Vote Buying or Turnout Buying? Machine Politics and the Secret Ballot.
American Political Science Review, 102(1), 19–31.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055408080106
Nichter, S. (2011). Electoral Clientelism or Relational Clientelism? Healthcare and Sterilization
in Brazil (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 1903104). Social Science Research Network.
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1903104
Nichter, S. (2014). Conceptualizing vote buying. Electoral Studies, 35, 315–327.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2014.02.008
Niehaus, P., Atanassova, A., Bertrand, M., & Mullainathan, S. (2013). Targeting with Agents.
American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 5(1), 206–238.
https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.5.1.206
Niehaus, P., & Sukhtankar, S. (2013a). Corruption Dynamics: The Golden Goose Effect.
American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 5(4), 230–269.

479 

 
https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.5.4.230
Niehaus, P., & Sukhtankar, S. (2013b). The marginal rate of corruption in public programs:
Evidence from India. Journal of Public Economics, 104, 52–64.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.05.001
Nielsen, R. (2000). The politics of long-term corruption reform: A combined social movement
and action-learning approach. Business Ethics Quarterly, 10(1), 305–318.
Nielsen, R. (2003). Corruption networks and implications for ethical corruption reform. Journal
of Business Ethics, 42(2), 125–149.
Nielsen, R., & Ballas, A. (2000). The Politics of Resisting and Reforming Systematic Extortion
by Tax Auditors-inspectors. Business Ethics: A European Review, 9(2), 76–85.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8608.00177
Nieto, N. (2014). Corruption in Mexico: A Historical Legacy. Social Science Diliman, 10(1),
101–116.
Nieva, R. (2018). Corruption and paradoxes in alliances. Economics of Governance, 1–31.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-018-0213-4
Nigrini, M. (2019). The patterns of the numbers used in occupational fraud schemes. Managerial
Auditing Journal, 34(5), 602–622. https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-11-2017-1717
Nikolaev, P. (2014). Corruption Suppression Models: The Role of Inspectors’ Moral Level.
Computational Mathematics and Modeling, 25(1), 87–102.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10598-013-9210-1
Nikolova, E., & Marinov, N. (2017). Do Public Fund Windfalls Increase Corruption? Evidence
From a Natural Disaster. Comparative Political Studies, 50(11), 1455–1488.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414016679109
Nilsson. (2008). Asymmetric effects of corruption on FDI: Evidence from Swedish multinational
firms. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(4), 627–642.
Nisha, C. (2015). Corruption in the health sector; ethical response. International Journal of
Health System and Disaster Management, 3(5), 16.
Nishizaki, Y. (2005). The moral origin of Thailand’s provincial strongman: The case of Banharn
Silpa-archa. South East Asia Research, 13(2), 184–234.
Nitschka, T. (2018). Did China’s anti-corruption campaign affect the risk premium on stocks of
global luxury goods firms? IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc.
http://search.proquest.com/docview/2069695668/?pq-origsite=primo
Nivette, A. E., & Akoensi, T. D. (2017). Determinants of satisfaction with police in a developing
480 

 
country: A randomised vignette study. Policing and Society, 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2017.1380643
Nkyabonaki, J. (2019). Effectiveness of the Public Service Code of Ethics in Controlling Corrupt
Behaviour in The Public Service: Opinion from the Grassroots at Toangoma
Ward-Temeke Municipal Council. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 54(8),
1195–1212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909619862835
Noble, R. (2006). Interpol’s Role in the World’s Fight Against Corruption. In M. Kreutner, The
corruption monster: Ethik, Politik und Korruption (pp. 265-276.). Czernin.
Nolan, B. (1992). Public Interest, Private Income: Conflicts and Control Limits on the Outside
Income of Government Officials. Northwestern University Law Review, 87(1), 57.
Noller, L. M. (2012). A modest practitioner proposal: Striking a balance in whistleblower
lawsuits. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 129–150.
Noonan, J. T. (1984). Bribes. Macmillan ; London.
Norad. (n.d.). Joint evaluation of support to anti-corruption efforts: 2002-2009. Retrieved July 7,
2016, from
http://www.u4.no/recommended-reading/joint-evaluation-of-support-to-anti-corruption-ef
forts-2002-2009/
Normala, M. A. (2015). Combatting corruption: Understanding anti-corruption initiatives in
Malaysia. By Anis Yusal Yusoff, Sri Murniati, and Jenny Gryzelius. Intellectual
Discourse, 23(1).
Norris, Pippa. (2012). Making democratic governance work: How regimes shape prosperity,
welfare, and peace. Cambridge University Press.
Norris, Pippa. (2014). Watchdog Journalism (By M. Bovens, R. E. Goodin, & T. Schillemans).
Oxford University Press.
http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199641253.001.0001/oxfordhb
-9780199641253-e-015
Norris, Pippa, & Nai, A. (2017). Election watchdogs: Transparency, accountability and
integrity. Oxford University Press.
North, C. M., Orman, W. H., & Gwin, C. R. (2013). Religion, Corruption, and the Rule of Law.
Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 45(5), 757–779.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jmcb.12024
Norton, P. (2006). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Dilemma. The China Business Review,
33(6), 22–27,39.

481 

 
Novotná, Z., & Laputková, A. (2016). Evaluation of the Quality of Governance in African
Countries using Aggregate Indicators. International Journal of Economics and Financial
Issues, 6(2).
http://search.proquest.com/openview/9f8178bf540a21663ce0d7d47438006d/1?pq-origsit
e=gscholar&cbl=816338
Nowrousian, B. (2019). Combatting public procurement criminality or simple rules for complex
cases. Journal of Financial Crime, 26(1), 203–210.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-11-2017-0114
Ntayi, J., Ngoboka, P., & Kakooza, C. (2013). Moral Schemas and Corruption in Ugandan
Public Procurement. Journal of Business Ethics, 112(3), 417–436.
Nte, N. D. (2011). Police corruption and the national security challenge in Nigeria: A study of
Rivers State Police Command. International Journal of Human Sciences, 8(1), 545–575.
Nugent, D. (2018). Corruption Now and Then: Managing Threats to the Nation in
Twentieth-Century Peru. Current Anthropology, 59(S18), S28–S36.
https://doi.org/10.1086/695830
Nugraha, I. W. Y. (2013). The Impact of Corruption and Money Laundering on Foreign Direct
Investment in ASEAN. Jurnal Ekonomi Kuantitatif Terapan, 6(2).
https://doaj.org/article/adcdd0609e7941bf82a7e48aeb7558a6
Nugroho, H., Raharjo, A., & Pranoto. (2015). The Optimization Of Corruption Prevention
Towards Indonesia Corruption-Free. Journal of Dinamika Hukum, 15(3), 239–244.
Numerato, D. (2016). Corruption and public secrecy: An ethnography of football match-fixing.
Current Sociology, 64(5), 699–717. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392115599815
Nunan, F., Cepić, D., Yongo, E., Salehe, M., Mbilingi, B., Odongkara, K., Onyango, P.,
Mlahagwa, E., & Owili, M. (2018). Compliance, corruption and co-management: How
corruption fuels illegalities and undermines the legitimacy of fisheries co-management.
International Journal of the Commons, 12(2), 58–79. https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.827
Nunkoo, R., Ribeiro, M. A., Sunnassee, V., & Gursoy, D. (2018). Public trust in mega event
planning institutions: The role of knowledge, transparency and corruption. Tourism
Management, 66, 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.11.010
Nurgaliyev, B., Ualiyev, K., & Simonovich, B. (2015). Police Corruption in Kazakhstan: The
Preliminary Results of the Study. Review of European Studies, 7(3), 140–148.
Nurhidayat, I., & Kusumasari, B. (2018). Strengthening the effectiveness of whistleblowing
system. Journal of Financial Crime, 25(1), 140–154.
Nurhidayat, I., & Kusumasari, B. (2019). Why would whistleblowers dare to reveal
482 

 
wrongdoings? International Journal of Law and Management, 61(3/4), 505–515.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-11-2018-0253
Nuristani, S., & Vanhove, A. J. (2018). A Model of the Institutionalization of Corruption During
the Rebuilding Process. Public Integrity, 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2018.1544018
Nur-Tegin, K. (2008). Determinants of business tax compliance. B.E. Journal of Economic
Analysis and Policy, 8(1).
Nur-Tegin, K. (2013). Bribing behaviour by firm attributes: An empirical analysis. International
Journal of Public Policy, 9(3), 231. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2013.055706
Nur-Tegin, K., & Czap, H. J. (2012). Corruption: Democracy, Autocracy, and Political Stability.
Economic Analysis and Policy, 42(1), 51–66.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0313-5926(12)50004-4
Nuryyev, G., & Hickson, C. (2020). Economics of trickle-down corruption. International
Journal of Development Issues, 19(1), 93–102.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDI-09-2019-0164
Nwabuzor, A. (2005). Corruption and Development: New Initiatives in Economic Openness and
Strengthened Rule of Law. Journal of Business Ethics, 59(1), 121–138.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-3402-3
Nwapi, C. (2015). Corruption vulnerabilities in local content policies in the extractive sector: An
examination of the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act, 2010.
Resources Policy, 46(Journal Article), 92.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2015.09.001
Nyamu,-Musembi. (2007). Gender and corruption in the administration of justice. In
Transparency International, Global Corruption Report (pp. 121–128). Cambridge
University Press.
http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/25377719/gender-corruption-administration-ju
stice
Nyblade, B., & Reed, S. R. (2008). Who Cheats? Who Loots? Political Competition and
Corruption in Japan, 1947–1993. American Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 926–941.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00351.x
Nye Jr., J. S. (1967). Corruption and political development: A cost-benefit analysis. American
Political Science Review, 61(2), 417–427.
Nyendu, M. (2017). Fighting the Cancer of Corruption and “Hostage-Taking” in the District
Assemblies in Ghana. Journal Of Asian And African Studies, 52(2), 217–231.

483 

 
https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909615570956
Nyhan, B. (2017). Media Scandals Are Political Events: How Contextual Factors Affect Public
Controversies over Alleged Misconduct by US Governors. Political Research Quarterly,
70(1), 223–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912916684034
Nyhan, Brendan. (2015). Scandal potential: How political context and news congestion affect the
president’s vulnerability to media scandal. British Journal of Political Science, 45(2),
435–466.
Nyhan, Brendan. (2017). Media Scandals Are Political Events. Political Research Quarterly,
70(1), 223–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912916684034
Nyhan, Brendan, & Rehavi, M. M. (2013). Tipping the Scales? Testing for Political Influence on
Public Corruption Prosecutions [Working Paper].
Nystrand, M. J. (2014). Petty and grand corruption and the conflict dynamics in Northern
Uganda. Third World Quarterly, 35(5), 821–835.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2014.921432
Oarhe, O. (2014). Whither the ivory tower? Corruption and development of higher education in
Nigeria. Africa Education Review, 11(3), 311.
Obaidy, Z. (2017). The power of access to information: How involving civil society in
Afghanistan could support sustainable transparency and accountability to fight
corruption. The Indonesian Journal of International & Comparative Law: Socio-Political
Perspectives, 4(2), 317.
Obala, L. M., & Mattingly, M. (2014). Ethnicity, corruption and violence in urban land conflict
in Kenya. Urban Studies, 51(13), 2735–2751. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013513650
Obamuyi, T., & Olayiwola, S. (2019). Corruption and economic growth in India and Nigeria.
Journal of Economics & Management, 35, 80–105.
https://doi.org/10.22367/jem.2019.35.05
Oberoi, R. (2014). Mapping the Matrix of Corruption: Tracking the Empirical Evidences and
Tailoring Responses. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 49(2), 187–214.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909613479319
Obidzinski, K., & Kusters, K. (2015). Formalizing the Logging Sector in Indonesia: Historical
Dynamics and Lessons for Current Policy Initiatives. Society & Natural Resources,
28(5), 530–542. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2015.1014605
Obolo, I. A. O. (2013). Examining the Normative and Institutional Framework Put in Place to
Fight Corruption in Nigeria (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2946301). Social Science
Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2946301
484 

 
Obolonskii, A., & Barabashev, A. (2014). How to Clean Out the Augean Stable of Our
Bureaucracy. Russian Politics & Law, 52(2), 77–94.
https://doi.org/10.2753/RUP1061-1940520205
O’Brien, T. (2020). Corruption: An intractable issue. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics,
58(2), 250–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2020.1732607
Obydenkova, A., & Libman, A. (2015). Understanding the survival of post-Communist
corruption in contemporary Russia: The influence of historical legacies. Post-Soviet
Affairs, 31(4), 304–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2014.931683
Ocheje, P. D. (2001). Law and Social Change: A Socio-Legal Analysis of Nigeria’s Corrupt
Practices and Other Related Offences Act, 2000. Journal of African Law, 45(2), 173–195.
Ocheje, P. D. (2002). Refocusing International Law on the Quest for Accountability in Africa:
The Case Against the Other Impunity. Leiden Journal of International Law, 15(4),
749–779. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156502000341
Ocheje, P. D. (2018). Norms, law and social change: Nigeria’s anti-corruption struggle,
1999–2017. Crime, Law and Social Change, 70(3), 363–381.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9736-9
Ocheni, S., & Nwankwo, B. C. (2012). The effectiveness of anti-corruption agencies in
enhancing good governance and sustainable developmental growth in Africa: The Nigeria
paradox under Obasanjo administration, 2003-2007.(Olusegun Obasanjo)(Report).
Canadian Social Science, 8(3), 16.
Ochoa, R., & Graycar, A. (2016). Tackling Conflicts of Interest: Policy Instruments in Different
Settings. Public Integrity, 18(1), 83–100.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2015.1093398
Ochonu, M. E. (2011). Corruption and Political Culture in Africa: History, Meaning, and the
Problem of Naming. The Law and Development Review, 4(3).
https://doi.org/10.2202/1943-3867.1115
Ochrana, F., & Pavel, J. (2014). Analysis of the Impact of Transparency, Corruption, Openness
in Competition and Tender Procedures on Public Procurement in the Czech Republic.
Central European Journal of Public Policy, 7(2), 114–134.
Ochulor, L. C. (2011). Ethical and moral implications of corruption. Canadian Social Science,
7(5), 223.
Ockey, J. (2003). Change and Continuity in the Thai Political Party System. Asian Survey, 43(4),
663–680. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2003.43.4.663
O’Connor, S., & Fischer, R. (2012). Predicting Societal Corruption Across Time. Journal of
485 

 
Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(4), 644–659. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111402344
Oded, S. (2016). Coughing up executives or rolling the dice? Individual accountability for
corporate corruption. Yale Law & Policy Review, 35(1), 86.
Oded, S. (2020). The DOJs Anti-Piling On Policy: Time to reflect? Negotiated Settlements in
Bribery Cases.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788970402/9781788970402.00018.xml
Odemba, A. S. (2012). Corruption in sub‐Saharan Africa: A phenomenological study. Journal of
Psychological Issues in Organizational Culture, 3(1), 21–40.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jpoc.20093
O’Donnell. (2008). Corruption: A Rule of Law Agenda? In A. G. Hurwitz & R. Huang, Civil
war and the rule of law: Security, development, human rights. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Odumosu, I. T. (2011). International Investment Arbitration and Corruption Claims: An Analysis
of World Duty Free v. Kenya. The Law and Development Review, 4(3), 88–129.
https://doi.org/10.2202/1943-3867.1118
Oduor, J. A. (2014). Left out of the bargain: Settlements in foreign bribery cases and
implications for asset recovery. The World Bank, 2014.
OECD, & African Development Bank. (2012). Stocktaking of Business Integrity and
Anti-Bribery Legislation, Policies and Practices in Twenty African Countries. OECD
Publishing.
OECD/StAR. (2012). Identification and Quantification of the Proceeds of Bribery: A joint
OECD-StAR analysis—OECD.
http://www.oecd.org/corruption/identificationandquantificationoftheproceedsofbriberyajo
intoecd-staranalysis.htm
O’Fallon, M., & Butterfield, K. (2005). A Review of The Empirical Ethical Decision-Making
Literature: 1996–2003. Journal of Business Ethics, 59(4), 375–413.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-2929-7
Offe, C. (2004). Political Corruption. Conceptual and Practical Issues. In Susan Rose-Ackerman,
Building a trustworthy state in post-socialist transition (1st ed., pp. 77–99). Palgrave
Macmillan.
Offer, A. (1996). Between the gift and the market: The economy of regard. Economic History
Review, 50, 450–476.
Ofori, J., & Lujala, P. (2015). Illusionary Transparency? Oil Revenues, Information Disclosure,
and Transparency. Society & Natural Resources; Soc.Nat.Resour., 28(11), 1187–1202.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2015.1024806
486 

 
Ofosu-Amaah, W. P. (1999). Combating corruption: A comparative review of selected legal
aspects of state practices and major international initiatives. World Bank.
Ogan, P. (1995). Predicting Noncompliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Business &
Professional Ethics Journal, 14(1), 65–103.
Ogawa, A. (2006). Anti-Fraud Politics in the European Union: Multi-Level Disjuncture of
Legitimacy and Effectiveness. In Junʼichi Kawata, Comparing political corruption and
clientelism (pp. 63–76). Ashgate.
Öge, K. (2014). The Limits of Transparency Promotion in Azerbaijan: External Remedies to
‘Reverse the Curse.’ Europe-Asia Studies, 66(9), 1482–1500.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2014.956448
Oge, K. (2016). To disclose or not to disclose: How global competition for foreign direct
investment influences transparency reforms in extractive industries. Energy Policy, 98,
133–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.08.019
Öge, K. (2016). Which transparency matters? Compliance with anti- corruption efforts in
extractive industries. Resources Policy, 49(Journal Article), 41–50.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2016.04.001
Ogun, O. (2018). Corruption and Growth: The Productivity Growth Nexus. Singapore Economic
Review, 63(5), 1227–1244. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217590816500016
Ogun, Oluremi. (2014). Corruption and Long-run Growth: A Framework. International
Advances in Economic Research, 20(2), 245–246.
Ogungbamila, B., & Bola Udegbe, I. (2014). Gender Differences in the Effects of Perception of
Organizational Injustice on Workplace Reactivity. Europe’s Journal of Psychology,
10(1), 150–167. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v10i1.575
Ogunlana, O. F., Bakare, I. A. O., & Omobitan, O. A. (2016). Government Spending, Corruption
and Output Growth in Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 12(16), 291–312.
Ogunmuyiwa, H. O., & Antia, B. E. (2020). Corruption in a diachronic corpus of Nigerian
presidential speeches. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 38(2),
95–108. https://doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2020.1763813
Ogunniyi, A. I., Mavrotas, G., Olagunju, K. O., Fadare, O., & Adedoyin, R. (2020). Governance
quality, remittances and their implications for food and nutrition security in Sub-Saharan
Africa. World Development, 127, 104752-.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104752
Ogunyemi, A. O. (2016). Historical Evidence of Corruption in Colonial Nigeria: An Analysis of
Financial Records in the Decolonisation Period, 1950–1960. 51(1), 60–76.
487 

 
https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909614541250
Ogunyemi, K. (2014). How extortion works (evidence from Nigeria): The extortion cycle.
Business & Professional Ethics Journal, 33(1).
Ogus, A. I. (2004). Corruption and Regulatory Structures. Law and Policy, 26, 329–346.
Ogwang, T., & Cho, D. (2014). A Conceptual Framework for Constructing a Corruption
Diffusion Index. Journal of Business Ethics, 125(1), 1–9.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1904-y
Oh, K.-S., & Ryu, Y.-S. (2019). FDI, Institutional Quality, and Bribery: An Empirical
Examination in China. Sustainability, 11(15), 4023. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154023
O’Hara, P. A. (2014). Political economy of systemic and micro-corruption throughout the world.
Journal of Economic Issues, 48(2), 279.
O’Hara, P., & Sainato, V. A. (2015). Monetizing the police: Corruption vectors in
agency-managed off-duty work. Policy and Society, 34(2), 151–164.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2015.05.002
O’Higgens. (2006). Corruption, Underdevelopment, and Extractive Resource Industries:
Addressing the Vicious Cycle. Business Ethics Quarterly, 16(2), 235–254.
Ohnesorge, J. K. M. (1999). “Ratch”eting up the anti-corruption drive: Could a look at recent
history cure a case of theory-determinism? Connecticut Journal of International Law,
14(2), 467–473.
Ojeka, S., Adegboye, A., Adegboye, K., Umukoro, O., Dahunsi, O., & Ozordi, E. (2019).
Corruption perception, institutional quality and performance of listed companies in
Nigeria. Heliyon, 5(10), e02569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02569
Ojha, A., & Palvia, S. (2012). E-Government and the Fight Against Corruption: Conceptual
Modeland Five Case Studies from India. Journal of Information Technology Case and
Application Research, 14(4), 11–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2012.10845710
Ojha, A., Palvia, S., & Gupta, M. P. (2008). A Model for Impact of E-Government on
Corruption: Exploring Theoretical Foundations. In Critical Thinking in Governance (pp.
160–170).
Ojo, E. (2016). Underdevelopment in Africa: Theories and Facts. The Journal of Social,
Political, and Economic Studies, 41(1), 89–103.
Ojo, J. S. (2019). Weep for the One Who Descends? African Democracies, Politics of Stomach
Infrastructure, and Homology of Corruption. International Journal of Public
Administration, 42(3), 240–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2018.1426008

488 

 
Ojo, J. S., Lamidi, K. O., Odewale, A. D., Shiyanbade, B., & Ihemeje, G. (2020). Enemy within
the State: The Pathology of Boko Haram Insurgency, Military Corruption, and Fallacy of
Arms Procurement in Nigeria. International Journal of Public Administration, 43(12),
1068–1082. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2019.1665068
Okada, K., & Samreth, S. (2012). The effect of foreign aid on corruption: A quantile regression
approach. Economics Letters, 115(2), 240–243.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.12.051
Okada, K., & Samreth, S. (2014). How Does Corruption Influence the Effect of Foreign Direct
Investment on Economic Growth? Global Economic Review, 43(3), 207–220.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1226508X.2014.930671
Okafor, C., Smith, L. M., & Ujah, N. U. (2014). Kleptocracy, nepotism, kakistocracy: Impact of
corruption in Sub-Saharan African countries. Int. J. of Economics and Accounting, 5(2).
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEA.2014.063736
Okafor, G. (2015). Locational Determinants of US Outward FDI into Sub-Saharan Africa. The
Journal of Developing Areas, 49(1), 187–205.
Okafor, G. (2017). The Determinants of Firm Performance and Bribery: Evidence from
Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria. International Economic Journal, 1–23.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2017.1380678
Okafor, O., & Opara, M. (2020). Whistleblowing and the fight against corruption and fraud in
Nigeria: Perceptions of anti-corruption agents (ACAs). Crime, Law and Social Change,
73(2), 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-019-09855-4
Okanazu, O. O., Madu, M. A., & Igboke, S. A. (2019). A Recipe for Efficient and
Corruption-Free Public Sector. Central European Journal of Labour Law and Personnel
Management, 2(1), 29–46.
Oke, T. (2016). Money laundering regulation and the African PEP: Case for tougher civil
remedy options. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 19(1), 32–57.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-01-2015-0001
Okeahalam, C. C., & Bah, I. (1998). Perceived Corruption and Investment in Sub‐Saharan
Africa. South African Journal of Economics, 66(3), 176–186.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.1998.tb01258.x
O’Kelly, C., & Dubnick, M. J. (2006). Taking Tough Choices Seriously: Public Administration
and Individual Moral Agency. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,
16(3), 393–415. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mui050
Okogbule, N. S. (2006). An appraisal of the legal and institutional framework for combating

489 

 
corruption in Nigeria. Journal of Financial Crime, 13(1), 92–106.
https://doi.org/10.1108/13590790610641251
Okojie, P., & Momoh, A. (2007). Corruption and reform in Nigeria. In S. Bracking (Ed.),
Corruption and Development: The Anti-Corruption Campaigns (pp. 103–120). Palgrave
Macmillan.
Okole, H., & Kavanamur, D. (2003). Political Corruption in Papua New Guinea; Some Causes
and Policy Lessons. http://philpapers.org/rec/OKOPCI
Okolie, O. R. (2014). The Relevance of Forensic Accounting in Curbing Financial Crimes and
Corruption in Developing Countries such as Nigeria: An Empirical Analysis. Asian
Journal of Business and Management, 2(5).
http://www.ajouronline.com/index.php/AJBM/article/view/1453
Olaniyan, K. (2014). Corruption and human rights law in Africa. Hart Publishing.
Olaoye, O., & Aderajo, O. (2020). Institutions and economic growth in ECOWAS: An
investigation into the hierarchy of institution hypothesis (HIH). International Journal of
Social Economics, 47(9), 1081–1108. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-10-2019-0630
Olar, O., & Academy, R. (2018). Corruption and Anticorruption in the Romanian Principalities:
Rules of Governance, Exceptions and Networks, Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century.
In Anti-corruption in History: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford University
Press.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.001.0001/oso-978
0198809975-chapter-16
Olatunde, J. O. (2014). Does democracy breed accountability? The role of state executives in
Nigeria, 1999-2007. Int.J.of Critical Accounting, 4(3).
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCA.2012.047366
Olaya, D. J., Attisso, K., & Roth, A. (2010). Repairing Social Damage Out of Corruption Cases:
Opportunities and Challenges as Illustrated in the Alcatel Case in Costa Rica (SSRN
Scholarly Paper ID 1779834). Social Science Research Network.
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1779834
Oldenburg, P. (1987). Middlemen in Third World corruption: Implications of an India case.
World Politics : A Quarterly Journal of Internat. Relations, 39(4), 508–535.
O’Leary, C. (1962). The elimination of corrupt practices in British elections, 1868-1911. Oxford,
Clarendon Press.
Oleinik, A. (2016). Corruption on the road: A case study of Russian traffic police. IATSS
Research, 40(1), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2015.12.001

490 

 
Olen, J. W. (2012). The devil’s in the intent: Does 18 U.S.C. 666 require proof of quid-pro-quo
intent? Southwestern Law Review, 42(1), 229–261.
Oliva, P. (2015). Environmental Regulations and Corruption: Automobile Emissions in Mexico
City. Journal of Political Economy, 123(3), 686–724. https://doi.org/10.1086/680936
Oliver, D. (n.d.). Regulating the conduct of MPs. The British experience of combating
corruption. Political Studies, xlv(3), 539–558.
Oliveros, V., & Schuster, C. (2018). Merit, Tenure, and Bureaucratic Behavior: Evidence From a
Conjoint Experiment in the Dominican Republic. Comparative Political Studies, 51(6),
759–792. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414017710268
Oliveros, Virginia, & Gingerich, D. W. (2019). Lying About Corruption in Surveys: Evidence
from a Joint Response Model. International Journal of Public Opinion Research.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edz019
Olivier de Sardan, J. P. (1999). A Moral Economy of Corruption in Africa? The Journal of
Modern African Studies, 37(1), 25–53.
Olivieri, C., Martinelli, B., & Massucatto, P. (2018). Municipal administration and corruption in
the implementation of federal educational programs. Revista de Administração Pública,
52(1), 169–179.
Olken, B. a, & Barron, P. (2009). The Simple Economics of Extortion: Evidence from Trucking
in Aceh. Journal of Political Economy, 117(3), 417–452. https://doi.org/10.1086/599707
Olken, B. A. (2006). Corruption and the costs of redistribution: Micro evidence from Indonesia.
Journal of Public Economics, 90(4), 853–870.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.05.004
Olken, B. A. (2007). Monitoring Corruption: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia.
Journal of Political Economy, 115(2), 200–249. https://doi.org/10.1086/517935
Olken, B. A. (2009a). Corruption perceptions vs. Corruption reality. Journal of Public
Economics, 93(7), 950–964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.03.001
Olken, B. A. (2009b). Do television and radio destroy social capital?: Evidence from Indonesian
villages. American Economic Journal : A Journal of the American Economic Association,
1(4), 1–33.
Olken, B. A. (2010). Direct Democracy and Local Public Goods: Evidence from a Field
Experiment in Indonesia. American Political Science Review, 104(2), 243–267.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055410000079
Olken, B. A., & Pande, R. (2012). Corruption in Developing Countries. 4(1 1), 479–509.

491 

 
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080511-110917
Olney, W. (2016). Impact of Corruption on Firm-Level Export Decisions. Economic Inquiry,
54(2), 1105.
Ololajulo, B. (2016). “Eating with One Spoon”: Zoning, Power Rotation and Political Corruption
in Nigeria. African Studies; Afr.Stud., 75(1), 153–169.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2015.1129139
Olowu, D. (1992). Roots and remedies of governmental corruption in Africa. Corruption and
Reform, 7(3), 227–227.
Olsen, A. L., Hjorth, F., Harmon, N., & Barfort, S. (2019). Behavioral Dishonesty in the Public
Sector. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 29(4), 572–590.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muy058
Olsen, T. E., & Torsvik, G. (1998). Collusion and renegotiation in hierarchies: A case of
beneficial corruption. International Economic Review, 39(2), 413–438.
Olson, M., Sarna, N., & Swamy, A. V. (2000). Governance and Growth: A Simple Hypothesis
Explaining Cross-Country Differences in Productivity Growth. Public Choice, 102(3/4),
341–364.
Olsson, S. A. (2014). Corruption and Political Participation: A Multilevel Analysis. QoG
Working Paper Series, 2014(12), 12.
Oluwaniyi, O. (2011). Police and the institution of corruption in Nigeria. Policing and Society,
21(1), 67–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2010.541245
Oluyitan, F. E. (2017). Combatting corruption at the grassroots level in Nigeria. Palgrave
Macmillan.
Omilusi, M. (2019). Blowing the Anti-Graft Whistle with Rewarding Rigour and Legal
Vulnerability: A Turning Pointin Nigeria’s Democratic Space? Bangladesh E-Journal of
Sociology, 16(2), 206.
Omilusi, M. O. (2019). Justice for the Rich, Judgement for the Poor: ‘Elite Immunity’, Rampant
Impunity and the Administration of Criminal Justice in Nigeria. Brazilian Journal of
African Studies, 4(7). https://doi.org/10.22456/2448-3923.90464
Omodero, C. (2019a). Effect of Corruption on Foreign Direct Investment Inflows in Nigeria.
Studia Universitatis “Vasile Goldis” Arad. Seria Stiinte Economice, 29(2), 54–66.
https://doi.org/10.2478/sues-2019-0008
Omodero, C. (2019b). The Consequences of Shadow Economy and Corruption on Tax Revenue
Performance in Nigeria. Studia Universitatis “Vasile Goldis” Arad. Seria Stiinte

492 

 
Economice, 29(3), 64–79. https://doi.org/10.2478/sues-2019-0012
Omotola, J. (2006). “Through a Glass Darkly”: Assessing the “New” War Against Corruption in
Nigeria. Africa Insight, 36(3).
Omotoso, F. (2014). Public-Service Ethics and Accountability for Effective Service Delivery in
Nigeria. Africa Today, 60(3), 119–139. https://doi.org/10.2979/africatoday.60.3.119
Onbaşı, N. (2020). The role of populist strategies in differing outcomes of corruption scandals in
Brazil and Turkey. Turkish Studies, 21(2), 188–207.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2019.1619175
Ones, D. S., Viswesvaran, C., & Schmidt, F. L. (1993). Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of
Integrity Test Validities: Findings and Implications for Personnel Selection and Theories
of Job Performance.
Onodugo, V. A., & Olufemi Isijola, D. (2020). Natural resources, fuel exports and corruption
policy in Africa. Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 11(1), 103–125.
https://doi.org/10.14267/CJSSP.2020.1.6
Onoshchenko, O., & Williams, C. C. (2014). Evaluating the role of blat in finding graduate
employment in post-Soviet Ukraine The “dark side” of job recruitment? EMPLOYEE
RELATIONS, 36(3), 254–265. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-06-2013-0070
Onwujekwe, O., Agwu, P., Orjiakor, C., Mckee, M., Hutchinson, E., Mbachu, C., Odii, A.,
Ogbozor, P., Obi, U., Ichoku, H., & Balabanova, D. (2019). Corruption in Anglophone
West Africa health systems: A systematic review of its different variants and the factors
that sustain them. Health Policy and Planning, 34(7), 529–543.
https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz070
Onyango, G. (2018). Whistleblowing and Anti-Corruption Behaviors in Public Administration in
Developing Contexts: A Case of Local-Governance in Kenya (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID
3242774). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3242774
Onyango, G. (2019). Organizational Trust and Accountability Reforms in Public Management:
Analysis of Inter-agency Implementation Relations in Kenya. International Journal of
Public Administration, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2019.1575856
Onyango, G. (2020). Inter-Institutional Trust and Multi-Agency Networks in Anti-Corruption
Efforts in Public Administration in Kenya. African Studies Quarterly, 19(2), 17–36.
Onyiloha, C. A. (2015). An ethical appraisal of Nigerian policy on corruption vis-à-vis global
anti-corruption practices. Journal of Religion and Human Relations, 7(1), 17–31.
Oquendo, A. R. (1999). Corruption and legitimate crises in Latin America. Connecticut Journal
of International Law, 14(2), 475–494.
493 

 
Oral, B., & Sayin, F. (2015). Can Corruption be Prevented by Increasing Tax Auditing in
Turkey? Journal of Economic Cooperation & Development, 36(1), 1.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2008). Mutual Legal Assistance,
Extradition and Recovery of Proceeds of Corruption in Asia and the Pacific:
Frameworks and Practices in 27 Asian and Pacific Jurisdictions – Final Report. OECD
Publishing. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.OECD_batch:9789264043701en
Organisation For Economic Co-Operation And Development. (2008). Specialised
anti-corruption institutions: Review of models. OECD.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.OECD_batch:9789264039803en
Organisation For Economic Co-Operation And Development. (2013). Specialised
Anti-Corruption Institutions: Review of Models: Second Edition. Paris: OECD
Publishing.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Ed.). (2015). Consequences of
corruption at the sector level and implications for economic growth and development.
OECD. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264230781-en
Orjuela, C. (2014). Corruption and identity politics in divided societies. Third World Quarterly,
35(5), 753–769. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2014.921426
Orjuela, C., Herath, D., & Lindberg, J. (2016). Corrupt Peace? Corruption and Ethnic Divides in
Post-war Sri Lanka. Journal of South Asian Development, 11(2), 149–174.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0973174116648818
Orlova, A. V., & Boichev, V. (2017). “Corruption Is Us”: Tackling Corruption by Examining the
Interplay Between Formal Rules and Informal Norms Within the Russian Construction
Industry. Journal of Developing Societies, 33(4), 401–427.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X17735238
Ormerod, P. (2016). Corruption and economic resilience: Recovery from the financial crisis in
western economies. Economic Affairs, 36(3), 348–355.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ecaf.12198
Ortega, B., Casquero, A., & Sanjuan, J. (2016). Corruption and Convergence in Human
Development: Evidence from 69 Countries During 1990-2012. Social Indicators
Research; Soc.Indic.Res., 127(2), 691–719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0968-8
Ortega, Bienvenido, Casquero, A., & Sanjuán, J. (2014). Growth in Human Development: The
Role of Corruption. Journal of International Development, 26(7), 974.
Ortiz Pradillo, J. C. (2016). Whistleblowing and criminal proceedings in Spain: Roma
traditoribus non praemiat.(Rome does not pay traitors). The Indonesian Journal of

494 

 
International & Comparative Law: Socio-Political Perspectives, 3(1), 43.
Ortmann, A., & Richamnova, J. (2008). A Generalization of the Buccirossi &amp; Spagnolo
(2006) Model. CERGE-EI Discussion Paper.
http://www.academia.edu/2879888/A_Generalization_of_the_Buccirossi_and_Spagnolo_
2006_Model
Orudzheva, L., Salimath, M., & Pavur, R. (2018). Vortex of Corruption: Longitudinal Analysis
of Normative Pressures in Top Global Companies. Journal of Business Ethics, 1–23.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-4022-z
Osabutey, E., & Okoro, C. (2015). Political Risk and Foreign Direct Investment in Africa: The
Case of the Nigerian Telecommunications Industry. Thunderbird International Business
Review, 57(6), 417.
Osburg, J. (2018). Making Business Personal: Corruption, Anti-corruption, and Elite Networks
in Post-Mao China. Current Anthropology, 59(S18), S149–S159.
https://doi.org/10.1086/695831
Osei, P. (2007). Corruption scandals and anti-corruption institution-building interventions in
Jamaica. In S. Bracking (Ed.), Corruption and Development: The Anti-Corruption
Campaigns (pp. 167–181). Palgrave Macmillan.
Osei, P. D. (2011). The Nexus Between Economic Resilience and Corruption. Bank of Valletta
Review, 44, 36–51.
Osei-Assibey, E., Domfeh, K. O., & Danquah, M. (2018). Corruption, institutions and capital
flight: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Economic Studies, 45(1), 59–76.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-10-2016-0212
Osei-Hwedie, B. Z., & Osei-Hwedie, K. (2000). The Political, Economic, and Cultural Bases of
Corruption in Africa. In K. R. H. Sr & B. C. Chikulo (Eds.), Corruption and
Development in Africa (pp. 40–56). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333982440_3
Osei-Tutu, E., Offei-Nyako, K., Ameyaw, C., & Ampofo, K. T. (2014). Conflict of Interest and
Related Corrupt Practices in Public Procurment in Ghana. International Journal of Civil
Engineering Construction and Estate Management, 1(2), 1.
Osifo, O. C. (2014). An Ethical Governance Perspective on Anti-Corruption Policies and
Procedures: Agencies and Trust in Cameroon, Ghana, and Nigeria Evaluation.
International Journal of Public Administration, 37(5), 308–327.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2013.836663
Osipian, A. (2009). Corruption and Reform in Higher Education in Ukraine. Canadian and

495 

 
International Education, 38(2), 104.
Osipian, A. (2010). Corrupt Organizational Hierarchies in the Former Soviet Bloc. Transition
Studies Review, 17(4), 822–836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11300-010-0174-y
Osipian, A. L. (2014). Will bribery and fraud converge? Comparative corruption in higher
education in Russia and the USA. COMPARE-A JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE AND
INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION, 44(2), 252–273.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2012.728374
Osipian, Ararat L. (2009). Corruption Hierarchies in Higher Education in the Former Soviet
Bloc. International Journal of Educational Development, 29(3), 321–330.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2008.08.006
Osipian, Ararat L. (2012). Economics of corruption in doctoral education: The dissertations
market. Economics of Education Review, 31(1), 76–83.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.08.011
Osipian, Ararat L. (2016). Protesting Putin or protecting rights? Media reflections on reflective
student activism. Contemporary Politics, 22(2), 215–231.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2016.1153288
Osipian, Ararat L. (2017). University autonomy in Ukraine: Higher education corruption and the
state. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 50(3), 233–243.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2017.06.004
Osipian, Ararat L. (2020). Nepotism in American Universities Starts Resembling Ukraine. In
Corruption in Higher Education (pp. 65–69). Brill Sense.
https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004433885/BP000012.xml
Oskenbayev, Y., Yilmaz, M., & Abdulla, K. (2013). Resource concentration, institutional quality
and the natural resource curse. Economic Systems, 37(2), 254.
Osoba, S. O. (1996). Corruption in Nigeria: Historical perspectives. Review of African Political
Economy, 23(69), 371–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056249608704203
Osrecki, F. (2017). A Short History of the Sociology of Corruption: The Demise of
Counter-Intuitivity and the Rise of Numerical Comparisons. The American Sociologist,
48(1), 103–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-016-9320-2
Osterfeld, D. (1988). The impact of corruption on Third World development. Economic Affairs,
9, 36–37.
Ostergaard, C., & Petersen, C. (1991). Official profiteering and the Tiananmen Square
demonstrations in China. Corruption and Reform, 6(2), 87–108.

496 

 
Ostler, J. (2014). Corrupt Business Practices as a Market Entry Strategy. Academy of
Management Proceedings, 2014(1). https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2014.17321abstract
Ostrov, B. (2009). Corruption in chinese sports culture. In S. Eicher (Ed.), Corruption in
International Business: The Challenge of Cultural and Legal Diversity (pp. 91–98).
Gower.
Osuji, O. (2011). Fluidity of Regulation-CSR Nexus: The Multinational Corporate Corruption
Example. Journal of Business Ethics, 103(1), 31–57.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0840-y
O’Sullivan, J. (1996). The independent counsel statute: Bad law, bad policy. American Criminal
Law Review, 33(3), 463–509.
O’Sullivan, J. (2016). “Private Justice” and FCPA Enforcement: Should the SEC Whistleblower
Program Include a Qui Tam Provision? The American Criminal Law Review, 53(1), 67.
Otahal, T. (2014). Mises, Hayek and Corruption. Journal of Business Ethics, 119(3), 399–404.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1646-x
O’Toole, C. M., & Tarp, F. (2014). Corruption and the Efficiency of Capital Investment in
Developing Countries. Journal of International Development, 26(5), 567.
Oto‐Peralías, D., & Romero‐Ávila, D. (2013). Tracing the Link between Government Size and
Growth: The Role of Public Sector Quality. Kyklos, 66(2), 229–255.
https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12019
Oto-Peralías, D., Romero-Ávila, D., & Usabiaga, C. (2013). Does fiscal decentralization mitigate
the adverse effects of corruption on public deficits? European Journal of Political
Economy, 32, 205–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2013.07.005
O’Trakoun, J. (2017). New perspectives on corruption contagion. The Journal of International
Trade & Economic Development, 26(5), 552–565.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2017.1281340
Ott, J. (2010). Good Governance and Happiness in Nations: Technical Quality Precedes
Democracy and Quality Beats Size. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11(3), 353–368.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-009-9144-7
Otusanya, O. J., Lauwo, S., Ige, O. J., & Adelaja, O. S. (2015). Sweeping it under the carpet: The
role of legislators in corrupt practice in Nigeria. Journal of Financial Crime, 22(3),
354–377.
Ouma, S. O. A. (1991). Corruption in public policy and its impact on development: The case of
Uganda since 1979. Public Administration and Development, 11(5), 473–490.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230110505
497 

 
Ouziel, L. M. (2018). The Regulatory Challenge of Public Corruption. Journal of Criminal Law
and Criminology, 108(3), 15.
Overstreet, D. (2020). The negative impact of barriers to entry on income inequality. Economic
Affairs (Harlow), 40(3), 344–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecaf.12426
Owoye, O. (1996). The macroeconomic analysis of the effects of corruption on economic growth
of developing economies. Rivista Internazionale Di Scienze Economiche e Commerciali :
RiSEC ; Pubblicazione Trimestrale, 43(1).
Owusu, E. K., Chan, A. P. C., & Ameyaw, E. (2019). Toward a cleaner project procurement:
Evaluation of construction projects’ vulnerability to corruption in developing countries.
Journal of Cleaner Production, 216, 394–407.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.124
Owusu, E. K., Chan, A. P. C., Degraft, O.-M., Ameyaw, E. E., & Robert, O.-K. (2019).
Contemporary Review of Anti-Corruption Measures in Construction Project
Management. Project Management Journal, 50(1), 40–56.
https://doi.org/10.1177/8756972818808983
Owusu, E. K., Chan, A. P. C., Hosseini, M. R., & Nikmehr, B. (2020). Assessing procurement
irregularities in the supply-chain of Ghanaian construction projects: A soft-computing
approach. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 26(1).
https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2020.11659
Owusu, E. K., Chan, A. P. C., & Shan, M. (2017). Causal Factors of Corruption in Construction
Project Management: An Overview. Science and Engineering Ethics.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-0002-4
Oyamada, E. (2005). President Gloria Macapagal‐Arroyo’s anti‐corruption strategy in the
Philippines an evaluation. Asian Journal of Political Science, 13(1), 81–107.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02185370508434251
Oyamada, E. (2015). Anti-corruption measures the Japanese way: Prevention matters. Asian
Education and Development Studies, 4(1), 24.
Oyamada, E. (2017). Combating corruption in Rwanda: Lessons for policy makers. Asian
Education and Development Studies, 6(3), 249–262.
Oye, N. D. (2013). Reducing Corruption in African Developing Countries: The Relevance of
E-Governance. Greener Journal of Social Sciences, 3(1), 006–013.
https://doi.org/10.15580/GJSS.2013.1.103112183
Oyelana, A., & Kang’Ethe, S. M. (2016). Exploring the Role of Ethics in Fostering Strong Public
Servants in Selected African Countries. Journal of Social Sciences, 47(2), 98.

498 

 
Oyolola, F. (2019). The Demand For Corruption: A Case of Nigeria. EuroEconomica, 38(2).
http://search.proquest.com/docview/2319823277/?pq-origsite=primo
Ozdemir, E. (2019). Deteriorating Proximity between Liberal Peacebuilding and
Counterinsurgency: Warlordism and Corruption in Afghanistan. Interventions, 21(2),
188–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801X.2018.1487321
Ozigis, R. (2019). Adapting Nigeria’s Whistleblower Policy to Procurement Frauds: A Cue from
the False Claims Act’s Qui Tam Provision. Public Contract Law Journal, 48(2),
337–353.
Ozounov, N. A. (2004). Facing the challenge: Corruption, state capture and the role of
multinational business. John Marshall Law Review, 37(4), 1181–1203.
Ozturk, I., & Al-Mulali, U. (2015). Investigating the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve
hypothesis in Cambodia. Ecological Indicators, 57(Journal Article), 324–330.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.05.018
Ozturk, I., Al-Mulali, U., & Solarin, S. A. (2019). The control of corruption and energy
efficiency relationship: An empirical note. Environmental Science and Pollution
Research International, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05016-1
Paasche, E. (2016). The role of corruption in reintegration: Experiences of Iraqi Kurds upon
return from Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Journal Article, 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2016.1139445
Pablo J. Davis. (2016). “To Return the Funds at All”: Global Anticorruption, Forfeiture, and
Legal Frameworks for Asset Return. University of Memphis Law Review, 47, 291–391.
Pacek, A. C., Pop-Eleches, G., & Tucker, J. A. (2009). Disenchanted or Discerning: Voter
Turnout in Post-Communist Countries. The Journal of Politics, 71(2), 473–491.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381609090409
Pacini, C. (2012). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Taking a bite out of bribery in
international business transactions. Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law,
17(2), 545–589.
Pacini, C., Swaleheen, M., & Barker, K. (2012). Enhanced Enforcement of the Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act: Improving the Ethics of U.S. Business Practices Abroad. In Research on
Professional Responsibility and Ethics in Accounting (Vol. 16, pp. 57–91). Emerald
Group Publishing Limited.
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/S1574-0765(2012)0000016006
Pacini, C., Swingen, J. A., & Rogers, H. (2002). The Role of the OECD and EU Conventions in
Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials. Journal of Business Ethics, 37(4),

499 

 
385–405. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015235806969
Pacoy, E. P. (2008). Tracking Anti-Corruption Initiatives: Perceptions and Experiences in the
Philippines.
Padmanabhan, P., Wang, C.-H., & Huang, C.-H. (2020). Did the 2008 global financial crisis
influence the host country corruption and inward foreign direct investments relationship?
An empirical examination. The Journal of International Trade & Economic
Development, 29(5), 566–603. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2019.1706624
Padró I Miquel, G. (2007). The Control of Politicians in Divided Societies: The Politics of Fear.
Review of Economic Studies, 74(4), 1259–1274.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2007.00455.x
Pagano, M. S. (2002). Crises, Cronyism, and Credit. Financial Review, 37(2), 227–256.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6288.00013
Pagano, M. S. (2008). Credit, cronyism, and control: Evidence from the Americas. Journal of
International Money and Finance, 27(3), 387–410.
Pagotto, L., & Bartol Teixeira, A. P. (2016). The Brazilian Anti-Corruption Policy in Motion.
Business Law International, 17(2).
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype
=crawler&jrnl=1467632X&AN=115827173&h=FYMB8ZEfU9f7Lv0sUWFrBxvJtCdN1
FopUPnTI8TU1HRVJX%2BCHNz5Z0QlRrMGYqsuSkspKjSjk0WFGvaBGPeG0A%3
D%3D&crl=c
Pahis, S. (2009). Corruption in Our Courts: What It Looks like and Where It Is Hidden. The Yale
Law Journal, 118(8), 1900–1943.
Paik, W., & Baum, R. (2014). Clientelism with Chinese Characteristics: Local Patronage
Networks in Post-Reform China. Political Science Quarterly, 129(4), 675–701.
https://doi.org/10.1002/polq.12250
Paik, Y., & Huse, M. (2019). In search of an institutional framework for anticorruption: Lessons
from Scandinavia. Thunderbird International Business Review, 61(2), 105–118.
https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22028
Paine, L. (1996). Moral thinking in management: An essential capability. Business Ethics
Quarterly, 6(4), 477–492.
Paine, L. S. (1994). Managing for Organizational Integrity. Harvard Business Review, 72(2),
106–17.
Painter, M. (2006). Thaksinisation or managerialism? Reforming the Thai bureaucracy. Journal
of Contemporary Asia, 36(1), 26–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472330680000031
500 

 
Painter, M. (2014). Myths of Political Independence, or How Not to Solve the Corruption
Problem: Lessons for V ietnam. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 1(2), 273–286.
https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.22
Painter, R. W. (2009). Getting the government America deserves: How ethics reform can make a
difference. Oxford University Press.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:EDZ0000073123
Pajaziti, A. (2018). Higher Education and Corruption: Macedonian Alumni Experiences. ILIRIA
International Review, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.21113/iir.v8i1.389
Pakstaitis, L. (2019). Private sector corruption: Realities, difficulties of comprehension, causes
and perspectives. The Lithuanian approach. Crime, Law and Social Change, 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-019-09815-y
Pal, L. A., & Spence, J. (2020). Event-focused network analysis: A case study of anti-corruption
networks. Policy and Society, 39(1), 91–112.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2020.1716559
Pal, S. (2013). Corruption, Networking and Foreign Ownership: Recent Evidence from CEE
Countries (No. 7636; IZA Discussion Papers). Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
https://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp7636.html
Palanski, M. E., & Yammarino, F. J. (2009). Integrity and leadership: A multi-level conceptual
framework. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(3), 405–420.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.03.008
Paldam, M. (2001). Corruption and Religion Adding to the Economic Model. Kyklos, 54(2‐3),
383–413. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6435.00160
Paldam, M. (2002). The cross-country pattern of corruption: Economics, culture and the seesaw
dynamics. European Journal of Political Economy, 18(2), 215–240.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(02)00078-2
Paldam, M., & Gundlach, E. (2008). Two Views on Institutions and Development: The Grand
Transition vs the Primacy of Institutions. Kyklos, 61(1), 65–100.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2008.00393.x
Paldam, M., & Svendsen, G. (2000). Missing social capital and the transition in Eastern Europe.
IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc.
Paler, L. (2013). Keeping the Public Purse: An Experiment in Windfalls, Taxes, and the
Incentives to Restrain Government. American Political Science Review, 107(4), 706.
Palguta, J., & Pertold, F. (2017). Manipulation of Procurement Contracts: Evidence from the
Introduction of Discretionary Thresholds. American Economic Journal-Economic Policy,
501 

 
9(2), 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20150511
Palmer, D. (2008). Extending the process model of collective corruption. Research in
Organizational Behavior, 28, 107–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2008.04.005
Palmier, L. (2000). Corruption and probity. Asian Journal of Political Science, 8(1), 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02185370008434156
Palmier, L. (2003). Corruption in Context. In J. Kidd & F.-J. Richter, Fighting Corruption in
Asia (pp. 73–89). WORLD SCIENTIFIC.
http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789812795397_0004
Pambo, K. O. (2020). Designating lawyers as reporting entities under the Kenya’s anti-money
laundering regime. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 23(3), 637–649.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-07-2019-0063
Pan, C., Wei, W. X., Muralidharan, E., Liao, J., & Andreosso-O’Callaghan, B. (2020). Does
China’s Outward Direct Investment Improve the Institutional Quality of the Belt and
Road Countries? Sustainability (Basel, Switzerland), 12(1), 415-.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010415
Pan, J., & Chen, K. (2018). Concealing Corruption: How Chinese Officials Distort Upward
Reporting of Online Grievances. The American Political Science Review, 112(3),
602–620. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055418000205
Pan, X., & Tian, G. G. (2017). Political connections and corporate investments: Evidence from
the recent anti-corruption campaign in China. Journal of Banking and Finance.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2017.03.005
Pan, X., & Xiao, E. (2016). It’s not just the thought that counts: An experimental study on the
hidden cost of giving. Journal of Public Economics, 138(Journal Article), 22–31.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.04.005
Panayırcı, U. C., İşeri, E., & Şekercioğlu, E. (2016). Political agency of news outlets in a
polarized media system: Framing the corruption probe in Turkey. European Journal of
Communication, 31(5), 551–567. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323116669455
Pande, R. (2008). Understanding political corruption in low income countries.
Pande, R. (2011). Can informed voters enforce better governance?: Experiments in low-income
democracies. Annual Review of Economics, 215–237.
Pandit, R., & Laband, D. N. (2009). Economic Freedom, Corruption, and Species Imperilment:
A Cross-Country Analysis. Society & Natural Resources, 22(9), 805–823.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920802102024

502 

 
Pangalangan, R. C. (2010). The Philippines ‘Sandiganbayan’: Anti-Graft Courts and the Illusion
of Self-Contained Anti-Corruption Regimes. In A. Harding & P. Nicholson, New courts
in Asia (pp. 299–314). Routledge.
Pangia, M. (2018). Developing an Organizational Conflicts of Interest Framework: The U.S.
System as a Starting Point. Public Contract Law Journal, 47(4), 539–560.
Panhoca, L. (2019). Information on the fight against corruption and corporate governance
practices: Evidence of organized hypocrisy. International Journal of Disclosure and
Governance, 16(2–3), 145–160. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41310-019-00060-2
Pani, M. (2011). Hold your nose and vote: Corruption and public decisions in a representative
democracy. Public Choice, 148(1), 163–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-010-9651-4
Pani, N. (2016). Historical insights into modern corruption: Descriptive moralities and
cooperative corruption in an Indian city. Griffith Law Review, 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10383441.2016.1165644
Panizza, U. (2001a). Electoral Rules, Political Systems, and Institutional Quality. Economics &
Politics, 13(3), 311–342. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0343.00095
Panizza, U. (2001b). Public Sector Wages and Bureaucratic Quality: Evidence from Latin
America. Economía, 2(1), 97–139.
Panizza, U. (2017). The Use of Corruption Indicators in Sovereign Ratings (IDB Technical Note
IDB-TN-1318). Inter-American Development Bank. https://doi.org/10.18235/0000849
Panov, S. (2018). Pecunia non olet? Legal norms and anti-corruption judicial frameworks of
preventive confiscation. Crime, Law and Social Change, 70(3), 315–329.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9734-y
Pante, M. (2017). Quezon’s City: Corruption and contradiction in Manila’s prewar suburbia,
1935-1941. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 48(1), 91–112.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463416000497
Pantzalis, C., & Park, J. C. (2014). Too close for comfort? Geographic propinquity to political
power and stock returns. Journal of Banking & Finance, 48(Journal Article), 57.
Pantzalis, C., Park, J. C., & Sutton, N. (2008). Corruption and valuation of multinational
corporations. Journal of Empirical Finance, 15(3), 387–417.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jempfin.2007.09.004
Papaconstantinou, P., Tsagkanos, A. G., & Siriopoulos, C. (2013). How bureaucracy and
corruption affect economic growth and convergence in the European Union. Managerial
Finance. https://doi.org/10.1108/MF-12-2009-0143

503 

 
Papageorgiou, T., Savvakis, G., & Kenourgios, D. (n.d.). Is political risk a driver of listed SMEs
leverage? Applied Economics Letters, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1–4.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2020.1819949
Papaioannou, K., & Van Zanden, J. (2015). The dictator effect: How long years in office affect
economic development. Journal of Institutional Economics, 11(1), 111–139.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137414000356
Papathanassis, A. (2016a). Combating Tourism-related Corruption: Effective Countermeasures
Derived from Analysing Tourists’ Perceptions and Experiences. Ovidius University
Annals: Economic Sciences Series, 2, 248–255.
Papathanassis, A. (2016b). Curing the ‘Beach Disease’: Corruption and the Potential of
Tourismled Transformation for Developing Countries and Transitional Economies.
Ovidius University Annals: Economic Sciences Series, 1, 75–80.
Papathanassis, A. (2019). The impact of corruption on travelers’ perceptions and preferences.
Tourism Review, 74(4), 795–814. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-05-2018-0065
Pappa, E., Sajedi, R., & Vella, E. (2014). Fiscal consolidation with tax evasion and corruption.
Journal of International Economics, Journal Article.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2014.12.004
Papyrakis, E., & Gerlagh, R. (2004). The Resource Curse Hypothesis and its Transmission
Channels. Journal of Comparative Economics, 32(1), 181–193.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2003.11.002
Papyrakis, E., & Mo, P. H. (2014). Fractionalization, Polarization, and Economic Growth:
Identifying the Transmission Channels. Economic Inquiry, 52(3), 1204–1218.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12070
Papyrakis, E., Rieger, M., & Gilberthorpe, E. (2017). Corruption and the Extractive Industries
Transparency Initiative. The Journal of Development Studies, 53(2), 295–309.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1160065
Paquot, T. (2018). Is transparency a guarantee for honesty? Revue Française d’éthique
Appliquée, 2, 32–43.
Parboteeah, K. P., Seriki, H. T., & Hoegl, M. (2014). Ethnic diversity, corruption and ethical
climates in sub-Saharan Africa: Recognizing the significance of human resource
management. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(7),
979–1001. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.815251
Parchomovsky, G., & Siegelman, P. (2009). Bribes vs. bombs: A study in Coasean warfare.
International Review of Law & Economics, 29(3), 179–190.

504 

 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2009.02.007
Pardo, I. (2004a). Introduction: Corruption, Morality and the Law. In Between morality and the
law: Corruption, anthropology and comparative society (pp. 1–18). Ashgate.
Pardo, I. (2004b). Where it Hurts: An Italian Case of Graded and Stratified Corruption. In
Between morality and the law: Corruption, anthropology and comparative society (pp.
33–52). Ashgate.
Pardo, I. (2018). Corrupt, Abusive, and Legal: Italian Breaches of the Democratic Contract.
Current Anthropology, 59(S18), S60–S71. https://doi.org/10.1086/695804
Paris, T. (2014). Is (French) Continental Law Efficient at Fighting Conflicts of Interest? In J.-B.
Auby, E. Breen, & T. Perroud (Eds.), Corruption and conflicts of interest: A comparative
law approach (pp. 139–149). Edward Elgar PubLtd.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:ELGAR01620140507
Park, A. W. (2013). Keep your eye on the bribe: Focusing FCPA enforcement. Journal of Law,
Economics & Policy, 9(2), 305–324.
Park, B., & Khanoi, O. (2017). How does the globalization of firms affect corruption in
developing economies? Journal of Korea Trade, 21(3), 256–270.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JKT-02-2017-0022
Park, B.-S. (1995). Political corruption in South Korea: Concentrating on the dynamics of party
politics. Asian Perspective, 19, 163–193.
Park, C. H. (2006). Clientalism’s Electoral Connection and its Policy Effects: Comparison
Between Korea and Japan. In Junʼichi Kawata, Comparing political corruption and
clientelism (pp. 201–222). Ashgate.
Park, Heungsik, Blenkinsopp, J., Oktem, M., & Omurgonulsen, U. (2008). Cultural Orientation
and Attitudes Toward Different Forms of Whistleblowing: A Comparison of South
Korea, Turkey, and the U.K. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(4), 929–939.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9603-1
Park, Heungsik, Rehg, M., & Lee, D. (2005). The Influence of Confucian Ethics and
Collectivism on Whistleblowing Intentions: A Study of South Korean Public Employees.
Journal of Business Ethics, 58(4), 387–403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-004-5366-0
Park, Hoon. (2003). Determinants of Corruption: A Cross-National Analysis. The Multinational
Business Review, 11(2), 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1108/1525383X200300010
Park, J. (2012). Corruption, soundness of the banking sector, and economic growth: A
cross-country study. Journal of International Money and Finance, 31(5), 907–929.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2011.07.007
505 

 
Park, N. E. (1997). Corruption in eighteenth-century China. The Journal of Asian Studies, 56(4),
967–1005.
Parker, C. (2009). Corporate compliance systems: Could they make any difference?
Administration &amp; Society, 41(1), 3–37.
Parker, C., & Nielsen, V. (2009). The Challenge of Empirical Research on Business Compliance
in Regulatory Capitalism. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 5, 45–70.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annrevlawsosci.093008131555
Parrado, S., Dahlström, C., & Lapuente, V. (2018). Mayors and Corruption in Spain: Same
Rules, Different Outcomes. South European Society & Politics, 23(3), 303–322.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2018.1528692
Parry. (2000). The Crisis of Corruption and the Idea of India – a Worm’s Eye View. In I. Pardo,
Morals of legitimacy: Between agency and system. Berghahn Books.
Parsons, C. A. and S., Johan and Titman, Sheridan. (2014). Swimming Upstream: Struggling
Firms in Corrupt Cities [Working Paper]. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2526585;
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2526585
Partasides, C. (2010). Proving Corruption in International Arbitration: A Balanced Standard for
the Real World. ICSID Review, 25(1), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/icsidreview/25.1.47
Partridge, H. (1995). Can the leopard change its spots? Sleaze in Italy.(Sleaze: Politics, Private
Interests and Public Reaction). Parliamentary Affairs, 48(4), 711.
Pascual-Ezama, D., Fosgaard, T. R., Cardenas, J. C., Kujal, P., Veszteg, R., Liaño, B. G.-G. de,
Gunia, B., Weichselbaumer, D., Hilken, K., Antinyan, A., Delnoij, J., Proestakis, A.,
Tira, M. D., Pratomo, Y., Jaber-López, T., & Brañas-Garza, P. (2015).
Context-dependent cheating: Experimental evidence from 16 countries. Journal of
Economic Behavior and Organization, Journal Article.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2015.04.020
Paserman, M. (2017). Comovement or safe haven? The effect of corruption on the market risk of
sovereign bonds of emerging economies during financial crises. Journal of International
Money and Finance, 76, 106–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2017.06.001
Pashev, K. V. (2011). Corruption and accession: Evidence from public procurement in Bulgaria.
Public Management Review, 13(3), 409–432.
Pashev, K., Valev, N., & Pasheva, V. (2010). Corruption in the Tax Administration: Is there
Scope for Wage Incentives? (No. 1023; International Center for Public Policy Working
Paper Series, at AYSPS, GSU). https://ideas.repec.org/p/ays/ispwps/paper1023.html
Passas, N. (2006). A Comparative Analysis of National Anti-Corruption Legislation and
506 

 
Programmes. UNDP.
Passas, N. (2010). Anti-corruption agencies and the need for strategic approaches. Crime, Law
and Social Change, 53(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-009-9230-0
Passas, N., & Claro, J. (2013). Effects of the Anti-Corruption Agenda on Government
Procurement [Working Paper].
Patel, C. (2003). Some cross-cultural evidence on whistle-blowing as an internal control
mechanism. Journal of International Accounting Research, 2, 69–96.
Pathak, R., Singh, G., Belwal, R., & Smith, R. (2007). E-governance and
Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia. Public Organization Review, 7(3),
195–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-007-0031-6
Pathak, Raghuvar D., Singh, G., Belwal, R., Naz, R., & Smith, R. F. I. (2008). E-governance,
corruption and public service delivery: A comparative study of Fiji and Ethiopia. Journal
of Administration and Governance, 3(1), 65–79.
Pathak, Raghuvar Dutt, Naz, R., Rahman, M. H., Smith, R. F. I., & Nayan Agarwal, K. (2009).
E-Governance to Cut Corruption in Public Service Delivery: A Case Study of Fiji.
International Journal of Public Administration, 32(5), 415–437.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01900690902799482
Pathak, S., Xavier-Oliveira, E., & Laplume, A. (2015). Entrepreneurship in transition economies:
The role of corruption and individual attributes. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern
Studies, 17(4), 427–446. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2015.1063307
Pattanayak, S., & Verdugo-Yepes, C. (2020). Protecting Public Infrastructure from
Vulnerabilities to Corruption: A Risk-Based Approach. In Well Spent: How Strong
Infrastructure Governance Can End Waste in Public Investment (pp. 175–200).
International Monetary Fund.
https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF071/28328-9781513511818/28328-97815135118
18/ch10.xml?highlight=true
Pattie, C., & Johnston, R. (2012). The Electoral Impact of the UK 2009 MPs’ Expenses Scandal.
60(4), 730–750. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00943.x
Paul, B. P. (2010). Does corruption foster growth in Bangladesh? International Journal of
Development Issues, 9(3), 246–262. https://doi.org/10.1108/14468951011073325
Paulus, M., & Kristoufek, L. (2015). Worldwide clustering of the corruption perception. Physica
A, 428(Journal Article), 351–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2015.01.065
Paunov, C. (2016). Corruption’s asymmetric impacts on firm innovation. Journal of
Development Economics, 118(Journal Article), 216–231.
507 

 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.07.006
Pauwelyn, J. (2013). Different Means, Same End: The Contribution of Trade and Investment
Treaties to Anti-Corruption Policy. In Susan Rose-Ackerman & P. D. Carrington,
Anti-corruption policy: Can international actors play a constructive role? Carolina
Academic Press, 2013.
Pavao, N. (2018). Corruption as the Only Option: The Limits to Electoral Accountability.
Journal of Politics, 80(3), 996–1010. https://doi.org/10.1086/697954
Pavao, Nara. (2016). Conditional Cash Transfer Programs and Electoral Accountability:
Evidence from Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society, 58(2), 74–99.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2016.00311.x
Pavel, J., & Risticová, S. (2015). Analysis of Relationship between Indicators of the Public
Procurement Market and the Level of Perceived Corruption in EU Member States.
Economicky Casopis, 63(4), 372–394.
Pavlidis, G. (2017). Asset recovery: A Swiss leap forward? Journal of Money Laundering
Control, 20(2), 150–158.
Pavlik, J. (2017a). Political importance and its relation to the federal prosecution of public
corruption. Constitutional Political Economy, 28(4), 346–372.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10602-017-9243-0
Pavlik, J. (2017b). The Quest for Good Governance: How Societies Develop Control of
Corruption. The Independent Review, 22(2), 303–306.
Pavlova, E. (2015). The Russian Federation and European Union against Corruption: A Slight
Misunderstanding? Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 16(1), 111.
Pavlovska-Hilaiel, S. (2015). The EU’s Losing Battle Against Corruption in Bulgaria. Hague
Journal of the Rule of Law, 7(2), 199–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40803-015-0015-5
Paweenawat, S. (2018). The gender‐corruption nexus in Asia. Asian - Pacific Economic
Literature, 32(1), 18–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/apel.12214
Paxton, P., & Knack, S. (2012). Individual and country-level factors affecting support for foreign
aid. International Political Science Review, 33(2), 171–192.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512111406095
Payne, J. E., & Saunoris, J. W. (2020). Corruption and Firm Tax Evasion in Transition
Economies: Results from Censored Quantile Instrumental Variables Estimation. Atlantic
Economic Journal, 48(2), 195–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11293-020-09666-2
Pazmandy, M. (2011). Socio-Economic Influences on Corruption Perception—Empirical

508 

 
Evidence from 27 European Countries. Hamburg Review of Social Sciences, 5(3), 52–80.
Peacock, R., & Cordner, G. (2016). “Shock Therapy” in Ukraine: A Radical Approach to
Post‐Soviet Police Reform. Public Administration and Development, 36(2), 80–92.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1748
Pearce, C. L., Manz, C. C., & Sims, H. P. (2008). The roles of vertical and shared leadership in
the enactment of executive corruption: Implications for research and practice. The
Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), 353–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.03.007
Pearlman, S. (2014). Officials Versus Thieves: Is Public or Private Expropriation More Harmful
to Small Firms? Journal of Development Studies, 50(6), 773–788.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2014.895819
Pearson, Z. (2001a). An International Human Rights Approach to Corruption. In Peter Larmour
& N. Wolanin, Corruption and anti-corruption. Asia Pacific Press.
Pearson, Z. (2001b). Human Rights and Corruption. Centre for Democratic Instutions.
Pečarič, M. (2020). Competitive Examinations, Special Competitions for Senior Servants or
Open Market Competitions-Which of Them Determine Merit the Most? Lex Localis,
18(2), 311–333. https://doi.org/10.4335/18.2.311-333(2020)
Pechlivanos, L. (2005). Self-Enforcing Corruption: Institutional Transmission and
Organizational Response. In J. Lambsdorff, M. Taube, & M. Schramm, The new
institutional economics of corruption. Routledge.
Pecorino, P. (1992). Rent Seeking and Growth: The Case of Growth through Human Capital
Accumulation. The Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue Canadienne d’Economique,
25(4), 944–956. https://doi.org/10.2307/135773
Pecujlija, M., Cosic, I., Nesic-Grubic, L., & Drobnjak, S. (2015). Corruption: Engineers are
Victims, Perpetrators or Both? Science and Engineering Ethics, 21(4), 907–923.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-014-9569-1
Pedauga, L., Pedauga, L., & Delgado-Marquez, B. (2017). Relationships between corruption,
political orientation, and income inequality: Evidence from Latin America. Applied
Economics, 49(17), 1689–1705. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2016.1223830
Pedersen, E. M. (2008). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Its Application to U.S. Business
Operations in China. 7, 13–167.
Pedigo, K. L., & Marshall, V. (2009). Bribery: Australian Managers’ Experiences and Responses
When Operating in International Markets. Journal of Business Ethics, 87(1), 59–74.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9870-5

509 

 
Pedroza, D. (2018). The Poverty-Corruption Nexus. Finance & Development, 55(3), 42–43.
Peebles, D. (2018). Standing up for what’s right. Public Finance, 12, 42–42.
Peerthum, S., Gunputh, R. P., & Luckho, T. (2020a). A survey dataset on the perception of
public-sector corruption in Mauritius and a framework analysis of corruption court cases.
Data in Brief, 32, 106057-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.106057
Peerthum, S., Gunputh, R. P., & Luckho, T. (2020b). Assessing the effectiveness of the fight
against public-sector corruption in Mauritius: Perception v reality. International Journal
of Law, Crime and Justice, 100419-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2020.100419
Pei, M. (2017). Author’s Response: A Corruption Market More Sophisticated Than You Think.
Asia Policy, 23(1), 166–173.
Pei, M. (2018). How Not to Fight Corruption: Lessons from China. Daedalus, 147(3), 216–230.
https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00512
Peiffer, C. (2012). From Islands of Integrity to Understanding the Politics of Corruption
Reduction (DLP Research Paper 21).
Peiffer, C., & Alvarez, L. (2016). Who Will Be the “Principled-Principals”? Perceptions of
Corruption and Willingness to Engage in Anticorruption Activism. Governance, 29(3),
351–369. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12172
Peiffer, C., & Armytage, R. (2019). Searching for success: A mixed methods approach to
identifying and examining positive outliers in development outcomes. World
Development, 121, 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.04.013
Peiffer, C., & Marquette, H. (2015). Theoretical (Mis)understanding? Applying Principal-Agent
and Collective Action Theories tot eh Problem of Corruption in Systemically Corrupt
Countries. In Routledge Companion to Ethics, Politics and Organizations. Taylor and
Francis.
Peiffer, C., & Rose, R. (2013). Why Do Africans Differ in Paying Bribes? [Working Paper].
Peiffer, C., & Rose, R. (2014). Why Do Some Africans Pay Bribes While Other Africans Don’t?
(Afrobarometer Working Paper No. 148). http://ssrn.com/abstract=2505997;
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2505997
Peiffer, C., & Rose, R. (2018). Why Are the Poor More Vulnerable to Bribery in Africa? The
Institutional Effects of Services. The Journal of Development Studies, 54(1), 18–29.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1257121
Peirone, F. (2018). Corruption as a Violation of International Human Rights: A Reply to Anne
Peters. European Journal of International Law, 29(4), 1297–1302.

510 

 
https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chy069
Peisakhin, L. (2012). Transparency and Corruption: Evidence from India. Journal of Law and
Economics, 55(1), 129–149. https://doi.org/10.1086/663727
Peisakhin, L., & Pinto, P. (2010). Is transparency an effective anti‐corruption strategy? Evidence
from a field experiment in India. Regulation & Governance, 4(3), 261–280.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5991.2010.01081.x
Peisakhin, L. V. (2006). Field Experimentation and the Study of Corruption. In Susan
Rose-Ackerman, International handbook on the economics of corruption (pp. 335–355).
Edward Elgar.
Pelizzo, R., Araral, E., Pak, A., & Xun, W. (2016). Determinants of Bribery: Theory and
Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. African Development Review, 28(2), 229–240.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12192
Pellegata, A. (2009). Democracy, Government Alternation and Political Corruption [GSSEPS
Working Paper Series].
http://www.academia.edu/1328623/Democracy_Government_Alternation_and_Political_
Corruption
Pellegata, A. (2013). Constraining political corruption: An empirical analysis of the impact of
democracy. Democratization, 20(7), 1195–1218.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2012.688031
Pellegata, A., & Memoli, V. (2013). Electoral Systems, Corruption and Satisfaction with
Democracy. Social Science Research Network. http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2225120
Pellegata, A., & Memoli, V. (2016). Can Corruption Erode Confidence in Political Institutions
Among European Countries? Comparing the Effects of Different Measures of Perceived
Corruption. Social Indicators Research, 128(1), 391–412.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1036-0
Pellegata, A., & Memoli, V. (2018). Corruption and satisfaction with democracy: The
conditional role of electoral disproportionality and ballot control. 10(3), 393–416.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773917000200
Pellegrini, L. (2011). Corruption, Development and the Environment. Springer Netherlands:
Dordrecht.
Pellegrini, L., & Gerlagh, R. (2004). Corruption’s Effect on Growth and its Transmission
Channels. Kyklos, 57(3), 429–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-5962.2004.00261.x
Pellegrini, L., & Gerlagh, R. (2006a). Corruption and environmental policies: What are the
implications for the enlarged EU? European Environment, 16(3), 139–154.
511 

 
https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.414
Pellegrini, L., & Gerlagh, R. (2006b). Corruption, democracy, and environmental policy: An
empirical contribution to the debate. Journal of Environment & Development, 15(3), 332.
Pellegrini, L., & Gerlagh, R. (2008). Causes of corruption: A survey of cross-country analyses
and extended results. Economics of Governance, 9(3), 245–263.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-007-0033-4
Pelletier, K., & Bligh, M. (2006). Rebounding from Corruption: Perceptions of Ethics Program
Effectiveness in a Public Sector Organization. Journal of Business Ethics, 67(4),
359–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9027-3
Pelletier, K., & Bligh, M. (2008). The Aftermath of Organizational Corruption: Employee
Attributions and Emotional Reactions. Journal of Business Ethics, 80(4), 823–844.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9471-8
Pelly, R. D. M. (2017). The Story of Captain Baby Face and the Coffee Maker: An
Entrepreneurial Narrative Perspective on Corruption. Journal of Management Inquiry,
26(4), 390–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492616675977
Pelto, M. (2007). Civil society and the national integrity system in Papua New Guinea. Pacific
Economic Bulletin, 22(1), 54–69.
Peluso, D. (2018). Traversing the margins of corruption amidst informal economies in
Amazonia. Culture, Theory and Critique, 59(4), 400–418.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14735784.2018.1499433
Peña Miguel, N., & Cuadrado-Ballesteros, B. (2018). Is Privatization Related to Corruption? An
Empirical Analysis of European Countries. Public Management Review, 21(1), 69–95.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2018.1444192
Pendergast, S. M., Clarke, J. A., & Van Kooten, G. C. (2011). Corruption, Development and the
Curse of Natural Resources. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 44(2), 411–437.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423911000114
Peng, M. W., Wang, D. Y. L., & Jiang, Y. (2008). An institution-based view of international
business strategy: A focus on emerging economies. Journal of International Business
Studies, 39(5), 920–936.
Penn, & Klašnja, M. (2016). Increasing rents and incumbency disadvantage. Journal of
Theoretical Politics, 28(2), 225–265.
Pensute, C. (2014). Vote Buying and Violence in Thai Provincial Elections (SSRN Scholarly
Paper ID 2489920). Social Science Research Network.
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2489920
512 

 
Peoples, C. D., & Sutton, J. E. (2015). Congressional bribery as state-corporate crime: A social
network analysis.(Report). 64(2–3), 103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-015-9584-4
Pepinsky, H. (1992). Corruption, bribery and patriarchy in Tanzania. Crime, Law and Social
Change, 17(1), 25–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00190170
Pereira, C. (2015). Reelecting Corrupt Incumbents in Exchange for Public Goods: Rouba mas faz
in Brazil. Latin American Research Review, 50(4), 88–115.
Pereira, C., & Barros, L. S. G. (2014). Tolerance of Corruption or Ideological Blindness?
Journal Article. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2531881
Pereira, C., Melo, M. A., & Figueiredo, C. M. (2009). The Corruption-Enhancing Role of
Re-Election Incentives? Counterintuitive Evidence from Brazil’s Audit Reports. Political
Research Quarterly, 62(4), 731–744. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912908320664
Pereira, M., & Cruz Vieira, W. (2010). Corruption in a neoclassical growth model with a
non-convex production function. International Review of Economics, 57(3), 335–346.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12232-010-0091-8
Pereira, V., & Temouri, Y. (2018). Impact of institutions on emerging European high-growth
firms. Management Decision, 56(1), 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-03-2017-0279
Peres, M., Ameer, W., & Xu, H. L. (2018). The impact of institutional quality on foreign direct
investment inflows: Evidence for developed and developing countries. Economic
Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 31(1), 626–644.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2018.1438906
Perez, M. F., Brada, J. C., & Drabek, Z. (2011). Illicit money flows as motives for FDI. Journal
of Comparative Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2011.03.007
Persily, N., & Lammie, K. (2004). Perceptions of corruption and campaign finance: When public
opinion determines constitutional law.(Symposium: The Law of Democracy). University
of Pennsylvania Law Review, 153(1), 119.
Persson, A., & Rothstein, B. (2015). It’s My Money: Why Big Government May Be Good
Government. Comparative Politics, 47(2), 1.
Persson, A., Rothstein, B., & Teorell, J. (2012). Rethinking the nature of the grabbing hand. In S.
Holmberg & B. Rothstein (Eds.), Good Government: The Relevance of Political Science
(pp. 251–273). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Persson, A., Rothstein, B., & Teorell, J. (2013). Why Anticorruption Reforms Fail—Systemic
Corruption as a Collective Action Problem. Governance, 26(3), 449–471.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2012.01604.x

513 

 
Persson, A., Rothstein, B., & Teorell, J. (2019). Getting the basic nature of systemic corruption
right: A reply to Marquette and Peiffer. Governance, 0(0).
https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12403
Persson, A., & Sjöstedt, M. (2012). State Legitimacy and the Corruptibility of Leaders. In B.
Rothstein & S. Holmberg (Eds.), Good Government: The Relevance of Political Science.
Edward Elgar Publishing.
Persson, T. (2003). The economic effects of constitutions. MIT Press.
Persson, T., Tabellini, G., & Trebbi, F. (2003). Electoral Rules and Corruption. Journal of the
European Economic Association, 1(4), 958–989.
https://doi.org/10.1162/154247603322493203
Petermann, A., Guzmán, J. I., & Tilton, J. E. (2007). Mining and Corruption. Resources Policy,
32(3), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2007.08.003
Peters, A. (2015). Corruption and Human Rights (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2635443). Social
Science Research Network. http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2635443
Peters, A. (2018). Corruption as a Violation of International Human Rights. European Journal of
International Law, 29(4), 1251–1287. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chy070
Peters, J. G., & Welch, S. (1980). The Effects of Charges of Corruption on Voting Behavior in
Congressional Elections. The American Political Science Review, 74(3), 697–708.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1958151
Petkoski, D., Warren, D. E., & Laufer, W. S. (2009). Collective Strategies in Fighting
Corruption: Some Intuitions and Counter Intuitions. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(S4),
815–822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0321-8
Petrescu, I. (2016). Size Matters: Entrepreneurship and Institutions. Management Dynamics in
the Knowledge Economy, 4(1), 63–80.
Petros, L., Drogalas, G., Karagiorgos, A., & Chlorou, A. (2019). Tax compliance during fiscal
depression periods: The case of Greece. EuroMed Journal of Business, 14(3), 274–291.
https://doi.org/10.1108/EMJB-02-2019-0028
Petrou, A. (2014). Bank Foreign Affiliate Performance in the Face of Pervasive and Arbitrary
Corruption. European Management Review, 11(3–4), 209.
Petrou, A. P. (2015). Arbitrariness of corruption and foreign affiliate performance: A resource
dependence perspective. Journal of World Business, Journal Article.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2015.04.004
Petrou, A. P., & Thanos, I. C. (2014). The “grabbing hand” or the “helping hand” view of

514 

 
corruption evidence from bank foreign market entries. Journal of World Business : JWB,
49(3), 444–454.
Petrovsky, N. (2004). Does Natural Resource Wealth Spoil and Corrupt Governments? A New
Test of the Resource Curse Thesis [Thesis or Dissertation]. University of North Texas.
http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4582/
Petrovsky, N., Avellaneda, C. N., & Saharia, P. (2010). Does Managerial Quality Determine
Whether Easy Money Will Increase Organizational Slack? Testing the Rentier Hypothesis
in Colombian Local Governments [Working Paper].
Petrucelli, J. R. (2017). Preventing fraud and mismanagement in government: Systems and
structures. John Wiley & Sons.
Petty, A. R. (2006). How qui tam actions could fight public corruption. University of Michigan
Journal of Law Reform, 39(4), 851–888.
Peyton, K. (2020). Does Trust in Government Increase Support for Redistribution? Evidence
from Randomized Survey Experiments. American Political Science Review, 114(2),
596–602. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000076
Peyton, K., & Belasen, A. R. (2012). Corruption in Emerging and Developing Economies:
Evidence from a Pooled Cross-Section. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 48(2),
29–43. https://doi.org/10.2753/REE1540-496X480202
Pezzulo, D. (1998). Journalist Training to Curb Corruption. Economic Perspectives, 3(5), 30–33.
Pfarrer, M. D., DeCelles, K. A., Smith, K. G., & Taylor, M. S. (2008). After the fall:
Reintegrating the corrupt organization. The Academy of Management Review, 33(3),
730–749. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159433
Pharr, S. (2002). Public Trust and Corruption in Japan. In A. J. Heidenheimer & M. Johnston
(Eds.), Political Corruption, Concepts and Contexts (3rd ed., pp. 835–862). Transaction
Publishers.
Pharr, S. (2005). Contributions, Covenants, and Corruption: Politicians and Society in Japan. In
Michael Johnston & Colgate University. Center for Ethics and World Societies, Civil
society and corruption: Mobilizing for reform. University Press of America.
Philip Urofsky, H. W. (Marina) M., & Jennifer Rimm. (2012). How Should We Measure the
Effectiveness of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act? Don’t Break What Isn’t Broken-The
Fallacies of Reform. Ohio State Law Journal, 73, 1145–1485.
Philippou, C. (2019). Towards a unified framework for anti-bribery in sport governance.
International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 16(2–3), 83–99.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41310-019-00058-w
515 

 
Phillips, N., de Holan, P. M., Zyglidopoulos, S., Hirsch, P., Castro, A., & Ansari, S. (2017).
Contextual “Readiness” for Institutional Work. A Study of the Fight Against Corruption
in Brazil. Journal of Management Inquiry, 26(4), 351–365.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492617696887
Phillips, N., de Holan, P. M., Zyglidopoulos, S., Hirsch, P., Chowdhury, R., Banerjee, S., &
Nagarkoti, D. S. (2017). Anna Hazare: A Corruption Crusader and His Grassroots
Wisdom. Journal of Management Inquiry, 26(4), 383–389.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492616649441
Phillips, N., de Holan, P. M., Zyglidopoulos, S., Hirsch, P., & Hulpke, J. F. (2017). If All Else
Fails, A Corporate Death Penalty? Journal of Management Inquiry, 26(4), 433–439.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492617706545
Phillips, N., de Holan, P. M., Zyglidopoulos, S., Hirsch, P., & Pelly, R. D. M. (2017). The Story
of Captain Baby Face and the Coffee Maker: An Entrepreneurial Narrative Perspective
on Corruption. Journal of Management Inquiry, 26(4), 390–405.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492616675977
Phillips, N., de Holan, P. M., Zyglidopoulos, S., Hirsch, P., & Slager, R. (2017). The Discursive
Construction of Corruption Risk. Journal of Management Inquiry, 26(4), 366–382.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492616686839
Phillips, T. J. (2014). The Federal Common Law of Successor Liability and the Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act. Forthcoming __ William and Mary Business Law Review __ (2015),
Journal Article.
Philp, M. (1997). Defining Political Corruption. Political Studies, 45(3), 436–462.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00090
Philp, M. (2006). Corruption Definition and Measurement. In C. J. G. Sampford, Measuring
corruption (pp. 46–56). Ashgate.
Philp, M. (2008). Peacebuilding and Corruption. International Peacekeeping, 15(3), 310–327.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13533310802058786
Philp, M. (2014). New Advances in Experimental Research on Corruption. Political Studies
Review, 12(1), 136–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/1478-9302.12041_76
Philp, M. (2015). The Definition of Political Corruption. In P. Heywood, Routledge handbook of
political corruption. Routledge.
Philp, M. (2018). The Corruption of Politics. Social Philosophy and Policy, 35(2), 73–93.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S026505251900013X
Philp, M., & Dávid-Barrett, E. (2015). Realism About Political Corruption. Annual Review of
516 

 
Political Science, 18(Journal Article), 387–402.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-092012-134421
Phiri, J., & Guven-Uslu, P. (2019). Social networks, corruption and institutions of accounting,
auditing and accountability. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 32(2),
508–530. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-07-2017-3029
Pi, J., & Zhou, Y. (2015). The impacts of corruption on wage inequality and rural-urban
migration in developing countries. The Annals of Regional Science, 54(3), 753–768.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-015-0674-0
Piazza, J. (2016). Oil and terrorism: An investigation of mediators. Public Choice, 169(3–4),
251–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-016-0357-0
Picci, L. (2016). The Supply-Side of International Corruption: A New Measure and a Critique
[Working Paper]. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2797143
Picón, C., & Boehm, F. (2019). Do the determinants of corruption differ between countries with
different levels of corruption? A cross-country quantile regression analysis. Revista de
Economía Del Caribe, 88–100. https://doi.org/10.14482/rec.v0i23.11982
Picur, R. D., & Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (2006). The impact of bureaucracy, corruption and tax
compliance. Review of Accounting and Finance, 5(2), 174–180.
https://doi.org/10.1108/14757700610668985
Pierce, S. (2006). Looking like a State: Colonialism and the Discourse of Corruption in Northern
Nigeria. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 48(4), 887–914.
Pierce, S. (2016). The Invention of Corruption: Political Malpractice and Selective Prosecution
in Colonial Northern Nigeria. Journal of West African History, 2(2), 1–27.
Pieroni, L., & D’Agostino, G. (2013). Corruption and the effects of economic freedom.
European Journal of Political Economy, 29, 54–72.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.08.002
Pieroni, Luca. (2019). Modelling Corruption Perceptions: Evidence from Eastern Europe and
Central Asian Countries. Social Indicators Research, 142(1), 311–341.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-1886-3
Pieroni, Luca, & D’Agostino, G. (2008). Military Spending, Corruption and Economic Growth.
Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 14(3).
https://doi.org/10.2202/1554-8597.1141
Pierre, N. (2015). Foreign Direct Investment: Rule of Law and Corruption. Asia-Pacific Journal
of Financial Studies, 44(2), 281–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajfs.12089

517 

 
Pieth, M. (2013). From Talk to Action: The OECD Experience. In Susan Rose-Ackerman & P.
D. Carrington, Anti-corruption policy: Can international actors play a constructive role?
Carolina Academic Press, 2013.
Pieth, M. (2020). Negotiating settlements in a broader law enforcement context. Negotiated
Settlements in Bribery Cases.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788970402/9781788970402.00009.xml
Pieth, M., Low, L. A., & Bonucci, N. (2014). The OECD Convention on bribery: A commentary
(2nd edition.). Cambridge University Press.
Pietra, R., & Melis, A. (2016). “Governance and corruption: Is history repeating itself?”
Fostering a debate and inviting contributions from a multidisciplinary perspective.
Journal of Management & Governance, 20(4), 689–701.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-015-9326-0
Pietrzyk-Reeves, D. (2006). Corruption And Democratization: A Civic Republican View. Acta
Politica, 41(4), 370. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500137
Piga. (2006). A Fighting Chance Against Corruption in Public Procurement? In Susan
Rose-Ackerman & T. Søreide, International handbook on the economics of corruption.
Edward Elgar-c2011.
Piga, G., & Coppier, R. (2006). Why do transparent public procurement and corruption go hand
in hand? Rivista Di Politica Economica, 96(1/2), 185.
Pilapitiya, T. (2004). Impact of Corruption on the Human Rights Based Approach to
Development. United Nations Development Programme.
Pillay, S., & Dorasamy, N. (2010). Linking cultural dimensions with the nature of corruption: An
institutional theory perspective. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management,
10(3), 363–378. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595810389793
Pillay, S., & Kluvers, R. (2014). An Institutional Theory Perspective on Corruption: The Case of
a Developing Democracy. Financial Accountability & Management, 30(1), 95–119.
https://doi.org/10.1111/faam.12029
Pillay, S., Ramphul, N., Dorasamy, N., & Meyer, D. (2018). Predictors of Whistle-Blowing
Intentions: An Analysis of Multi-Level Variables. Administration & Society, 50(2),
186–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399715581621
Pina, V., Torres, L., & Royo, S. (2007). Are ICTs Improving Transparency and Accountability in
the EU Regional and Local Governments?: An Empirical Study. Public Administration,
85(2), 449–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2007.00654.x
Pines, D. (1994). Amending the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act to Include a Private Right of
518 

 
Action. California Law Review, 82(1), 185–229. https://doi.org/10.2307/3480852
Pinkowitz, L., Stulz, R., & Williamson, R. (2006). Does the Contribution of Corporate Cash
Holdings and Dividends to Firm Value Depend on Governance? A Cross-country
Analysis. The Journal of Finance, 61(6), 2725–2751.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2006.01003.x
Pino, N. W., & Johnson, L. M. (2011). Police deviance and community relations in Trinidad and
Tobago. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 34(3),
454–478. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511111157519
Pinto, J., Leana, C. R., & Pil, F. (2008). Corrupt organizations or organizations of corrupt
individuals? Two types of organization-level corruption. Academy Of Management
Review, 33(3), 685–709.
Pinto, P. M., & Zhu, B. (2009). Fortune or Evil? The Effect of Inward Foreign Direct Investment
on Corruption (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 1324750). Social Science Research Network.
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1324750
Piotrowski, S. J., & Ingrams, A. (2016). Linking Corruption with Institutional Failure, Terrorism,
and Religious Extremism. Public Administration Review, 76(2), 360–363.
https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12518
Piplica, D. (2015). Corruption and Political Viewpoint of the Governments in Transition
Countries/EU Members. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 5(1), 73–87.
Piquero, N. L., & Albanese, J. S. (n.d.). The Relationship between Corruption and Financial
Crime.
Pisor, A. C., & Gurven, M. (2015). Corruption and the Other(s): Scope of Superordinate Identity
Matters for Corruption Permissibility. PLoS ONE, 10(12).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144542
Pitlik, H., Frank, B., & Firchow, M. (2010). The demand for transparency: An empirical note.
The Review of International Organizations, 5(2), 177–195.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-009-9073-6
Pitts, M. (2001). Crime and corruption—Does Papua New Guinea have the capacity to control
it? Pacific Economic Bulletin, 16(2), 127–134.
Pjesivac, I. (2016). Do Demographics Matter?: Individual differences in perceived news media
corruption in Serbia. Journalism Practice, 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2016.1172943
Pleines, H., & Wöstheinrich, R. (2016). The International-Domestic Nexus in Anti-corruption
Policy Making: The Case of Caspian Oil and Gas States. Europe - Asia Studies, 68(2),
519 

 
291–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2015.1126232
Pless, J., & Fell, H. (2017). Bribes, bureaucracies, and blackouts: Towards understanding how
corruption at the firm level impacts electricity reliability. Resource And Energy
Economics, 47, 36–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2016.11.001
Plummer, J. (2012). Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia: Perceptions, Realities, and the Way
Forward for Key Sectors. United States: World Bank Publications.
Podobnik, B., Horvatić, D., Kenett, D. Y., & Stanley, H. E. (2012). The competitiveness versus
the wealth of a country. Scientific Reports, 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00678
Podobnik, B., Shao, J., Njavro, D., Ivanov, P., & Stanley, H. (2008). Influence of corruption on
economic growth rate and foreign investment. The European Physical Journal B, 63(4),
547–550. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2008-00210-2
Podobnik, B., Vukovic, V., & Stanley, H. (2015). Does the Wage Gap between Private and
Public Sectors Encourage Political Corruption? PLoS One, 10(10).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141211
Poeschl, G., & Ribeiro, R. (2012). Everyday opinions on grand and petty corruption: A
Portuguese study (OBEGEF Working Paper No. 013). OBEGEF - Observatório de
Economia e Gestão de Fraude & OBEGEF Working Papers on Fraud and Corruption.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/por/obegef/013.html
Pogge, T. (2005). Recognized and Violated by International Law: The Human Rights of the
Global Poor. Leiden Journal of International Law, 18(4), 717–745.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156505002980
Poirson, H. (1998). Economic Security, Private Investment, and Growth in Developing Countries
(SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 882216). Social Science Research Network.
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=882216
Poisson, M. (2014). Grabbing in the education sector.
Polese, A. (2014). Informal Payments in Ukrainian Hospitals: On the Boundary between
Informal Payments, Gifts, and Bribes. Anthropological Forum, 24(4), 381–395.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00664677.2014.953445
Polese, A., Stepurko, T., & Morris, J. (2020). Informality and (Lack of) State Legitimacy in
Ukraine: A View from the Higher Educational Sector. In Corruption in Higher Education
(pp. 123–131). Brill Sense.
https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004433885/BP000023.xml
Policardo, L., & Carrera, E. J. S. (2018). Corruption causes inequality, or is it the other way
around? An empirical investigation for a panel of countries. Economic Analysis and
520 

 
Policy, 59, 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2018.05.001
Polinsky, A. M., & Shavell, S. (2001). Corruption and optimal law enforcement. Journal of
Public Economics, 81(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(00)00127-4
Polishchuk, L. I. (2004). Decentralization in Russia: Impact on Quality of Governance. In M. S.
Kimenyi & P. Meagher, Devolution and development: Governance prospects in
decentralizing states. Ashgate.
Pollack, B. J., & Reisinger, A. W. (2014). Lone Wolf Or the Start of a New Pack: Should the
Fcpa Guidance Represent a New Paradigm in Evaluating Corporate Criminal Liability
Risks? American Criminal Law Review, 51(1), 121–150.
Pollack, B., & Matear, A. (1996). Dictatorship, democracy and corruption in Chile. Crime, Law
and Social Change, 25(4), 371–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00572516
Pollitt, C. (2011). Moderation in All Things: International Comparisons of Governance Quality.
Financial Accountability & Management, 27(4), 437–457.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0408.2011.00532.x
Polo, M. (1998). Electoral competition and political rents [Working Paper].
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=143851
Polzer, T. (2001). Corruption: Deconstructing the World Bank Discourse (Working Paper
01-18). LSE Development Studies Institute.
Pomerantsev. (2014). Revolutionary Tactics: Insights from Police and Justice Reform in
Georgia. Legatum Institute.
Ponemon, L. A. (1992). Ethical reasoning and selection-socialization in accounting. Accounting,
Organizations and Society, 17(3), 239–258.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-3682(92)90023-L
Poniatowicz, M., Dziemianowicz, R., & Kargol-Wasiluk, A. (2020). Good Governance and
Institutional Quality of Public Sector: Theoretical and Empirical Implications. European
Research Studies, 23(2), 529–556.
Ponomariov, B., Balabushko, O., & Kisunko, G. (2017). The decisive impact of tax
administration practices on firms’ corruption Experience and Perceptions: Evidence from
Europe and Central Asia. International Journal of Public Administration, 1–10.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2017.1387144
Ponzo, M., & Scoppa, V. (2011). A simple model of favouritism in recruitment. Research in
Economics, 65(2), 78–88.
Poon, D. (1996). Exposure to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: A guide for the U.S. companies

521 

 
with activities in the People’s Republic of China to minimize liability. Hastings
International and Comparative Law Review, 19(2), 327–355.
Pop, I. A. (2012). Acceptance of corrupt acts: A comparative study of values regarding
corruption in Europe. Journal of Social Research & Policy, 3(1), 27–42.
Popa, M. (2014a). Legislative Bargaining and Open Access: Economic Reform in 19th Century
Britain [Working Paper].
Popa, M. (2014b). The Distributive Effects of Corruption. Political Science Research and
Methods, 2(2), 273–296. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2013.29
Popa, M. (2015). Elites and Corruption. World Politics, 67(2), 313–352.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887115000040
Popa, M. (2020). Political Machines and the Institutional Background of Economic Miracles.
Government and Opposition (London), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2019.33
Pope, J. (2000). Confronting corruption: The elements of a national integrity system.
Transparency International.
Pope, J., & Vogl, F. (2000). Making anticorruption agencies more effective. Finance and
Development, 37(2), 6–9.
Pope, K. S. (2015). Steps to Strengthen Ethics in Organizations: Research Findings, Ethics
Placebos, and What Works. Journal Of Trauma & Dissociation; J.Trauma Dissociation,
16(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2015.995021
Popescu, A., Onofrei, M., & Kelley, C. (2016). An overview of European good practices in
public procurement. Eastern Journal of European Studies, 7(1), 81–91.
Popescu, A.-I. (2015). Financing Democracy or Corruption? Political Party Financing in the
EU’s Southeastern and Eastern Member States. CES Working Papers, 7(2), 573–581.
Popescu, A.-I. (2016). Political Process Drivers Of Corruption In Eastern Europe. CES Working
Papers, 4, 705–715.
Popoola, O. M. J., Che-Ahmad, A., & Samsudin, R. S. (2015). An empirical investigation of
fraud risk assessment and knowledge requirement on fraud related problem
representation in Nigeria. Accounting Research Journal, 28(1), 78–97.
Popov, S. V. (2015). Decentralized bribery and market participation. Scandinavian Journal of
Economics, 117(1), 108–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12081
Popova, M. (2012). Why Doesn’t the Bulgarian Judiciary Prosecute Corruption? Problems of
Post-Communism, 59(5), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.2753/PPC1075-8216590503

522 

 
Popova, M., & Post, V. (2018). Prosecuting high-level corruption in Eastern Europe. Communist
and Post-Communist Studies, <xocs:firstpage xmlns:xocs=""/>.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2018.06.004
Poprawe, M. (2015a). A panel data analysis of the effect of corruption on tourism. Applied
Economics, 47(23), 2399–2412. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2015.1005874
Poprawe, M. (2015b). On the relationship between corruption and migration: Empirical evidence
from a gravity model of migration. Public Choice, 163(3–4), 337–354.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-015-0255-x
Porter, L. E., & Prenzler, T. (2016). The code of silence and ethical perceptions. Policing, 39(2),
370–386.
Porter, L., & Warrender, C. (2009). A multivariate model of police deviance: Examining the
nature of corruption, crime and misconduct. Policing and Society, 19(1), 79–99.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10439460802457719
Porter, R. H., & Zona, J. D. (1993). Detection of bid rigging in procurement auctions. The
Journal of Political Economy, 101(3), 518–538.
Porto, M. (2011). The Media and Political Accountability. In T. J. Power & M. M. Taylor,
Corruption and democracy in Brazil: The struggle for accountability. University of Notre
Dame Press.
Posadas, A. (2000). Combating corruption under international law. Duke Journal of Comparative
& International Law, 10(2), 345–414.
Potrafke, N. (2011). Intelligence and corruption. Economics Letters.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.09.040
Potrafke, N. (2018). Electoral cycles in perceived corruption: International empirical evidence.
Journal of Comparative Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2018.11.003
Pottenger, M. (2014). Incentives and norms in anticorruption reform. Australian Journal of
Public Administration, 73(4), 482–490. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12111
Potter, J. D. (2011). Curbing corruption with political institutions.
Potts, T. (2014). Governance, corruption and Olympic success. Applied Economics, 46(31),
3882–3891. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2014.948672
Pouladi, K. (2016). Role of Good Governance in Reduction of Corruption with a Case Emphasis
on the Islamic Republic of Iran. International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and
Research, 7, 634–644.
Povitkina, M. (2018). The limits of democracy in tackling climate change. Environmental
523 

 
Politics, 27(3), 411–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2018.1444723
Power, T. J., & Taylor, M. M. (2011). Corruption and democracy in Brazil: The struggle for
accountability. University of Notre Dame Press.
Powpaka, S. (2002). Factors Affecting Managers’ Decision to Bribe: An Empirical Investigation.
Journal of Business Ethics, 40(3), 227–246. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020589612191
Pozsgai-Alvarez, J. (2018). The Political Cycle of Fighting Corruption: Peru’s Experience with
its First National Anti-Corruption Commission. Stability: International Journal of
Security and Development, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.600
Pozsgai-Alvarez, J. (2020). The abuse of entrusted power for private gain: Meaning, nature and
theoretical evolution. Crime, Law, and Social Change, 74(4), 433–455.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-020-09903-4
Prabowo, H. Y., Sriyana, J., & Syamsudin, M. (2018). Forgetting corruption: Unlearning the
knowledge of corruption in the Indonesian public sector. Journal of Financial Crime,
25(1), 28–56.
Prabowo, H. Y., & Suhernita, S. (2018). Be like water: Developing a fluid corruption prevention
strategy. Journal of Financial Crime, 25(4), 997–1023.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-04-2017-0031
Praça, S., & Taylor, M. M. (2014). Inching Toward Accountability: The Evolution of Brazil’s
Anticorruption Institutions, 1985–2010. Latin American Politics and Society, 56(2),
27–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2014.00230.x
Pradhan. (2007). The Many Faces of Corruption. The World Bank.
http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/978-0-8213-6725-4
Prado, M. M., & Carson, L. D. (2014). Brazilian Anti-Corruption Legislation and Its
Enforcement: Potential Lessons for Institutional Design (IRIBA Working Paper: 09).
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2497936
Prado, M. M., Carson, L., & others. (2016). Brazilian anti-corruption legislation and its
enforcement: Potential lessons for institutional design. Journal of Self-Governance and
Management Economics, 4(1), 34–71.
Praino, R., & Graycar, A. (2017). Does Corruption Follow Opportunity? A Study of the U.S.
Congress. Public Integrity, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2017.1402169
Prakash, N., Rockmore, M., & Uppal, Y. (2018). Do Criminally Accused Politicians Affect
Economic Outcomes? Evidence from India (No. 2018–08; Working Papers). University
of Connecticut, Department of Economics.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/uct/uconnp/2018-08.html
524 

 
Prasad, A., & Shivarajan, S. (2015). Understanding the role of technology in reducing
corruption: A transaction cost approach. Journal of Public Affairs (14723891), 15(1),
19–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.1484
Prasad, M., & Nickow, A. (2016). Mechanisms of the “Aid Curse”: Lessons from South Korea
and Pakistan. The Journal of Development Studies, 52(11), 1612–1627.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1178382
Prasser, S. (2012). Australian integrity agencies in critical perspective. Policy Studies, 33(1),
21–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2011.637325
Prato, G. (2004). Devil Is Not as Wicked as People Believe, Neither Is the Albanian’: Corruption
Between Moral Discourses and National Identity. In I. Pardo (Ed.), Between morality and
the law: Corruption, anthropology and comparative society. Ashgate.
Precupetu, I. (2012). Systemic Factors of Corruption in Romania: Evidence from Discourses on
Corruption. In D. Tänzler, K. Maras, & A. Giannakopoulos, The social construction of
corruption in Europe. Ashgate Pub.
Prendergast, C. (1999). Investigating Corruption. The World Bank.
http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-2500
Prenzler, T. (2009). Police corruption: Preventing misconduct and maintaining integrity. CRC
Press.
Prenzler, T., Beckley, A., & Bronitt, S. (2013). Police Gifts and Benefits Scandals: Addressing
Deficits in Policy, Leadership and Enforcement. International Journal of Police Science
& Management, 15(4), 294–304. https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2013.15.4.319
Prenzler, T., & Mackay, P. (1995). Police gratuities: What the public think. Criminal Justice
Ethics, 14(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/0731129X.1995.9991985
Previtali, P., & Cerchiello, P. (2017). The determinants of whistleblowing in public
administrations: An analysis conducted in Italian health organizations, universities, and
municipalities. Public Management Review, 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2017.1417468
Price, M. (2006). Case Study: Integrity Due Diligence. In Business Against Corruption: Case
Stories and Examples (Vol. 1, pp. 119–126).
Price, P. (1999). Cosmologies and Corruption in (South) India—Thinking Aloud. Forum for
Development Studies, 2, 315–327.
Price, R., Román, F. J., & Rountree, B. (2011). The impact of governance reform on
performance and transparency. Journal of Financial Economics, 99(1), 76–96.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2010.08.005
525 

 
Priess, H.-J. (2013). Questionable Assumptions: The Case for Updating the Suspension and
Debarment Regimes at the Multilateral Development Banks. The George Washington
International Law Review, 45(2), 271–289.
Priks, M. (2011). Judiciaries in corrupt societies. Economics of Governance, 12(1), 75–88.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-010-0082-y
Priks, M. (2012). Competition among officials and the abuse of power. Public Choice, 150(3),
425–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-010-9709-3
Primakov, D. (2019). Role of government’s legal adviser in curbing corruption in Israel. Journal
of Financial Crime, 26(1), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-12-2017-0125
Priyatno, D. (2018). Non Conviction Based (NCB) Asset Forfeiture for Recovering the
Corruption Proceeds in Indonesia. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics,
9(1(31)), 219–233. https://doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v9.1(31).27
Profiroiu, M., Andrei, T., Popescu, G., & Profiroiu, A. (2006). Local Governance and
Corruption. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 2(17), 62–68.
Proskuryakova, L., Abdrakhmanova, G., & Pitlik, H. (2013). Public Sector E-Innovations:
E-Government and Its Impact on Corruption (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2206964). Social
Science Research Network. http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2206964
Prud’Homme, R. (1995). The Dangers of Decentralization. The World Bank Research Observer,
10(2), 201.
Prykhodko, A., & Oksin, V. (2020). Corruption Factor as a Destabilizing Element of
Development of the Space Industry. Advanced Space Law, 5, 71–82.
https://doi.org/10.29202/asl/2020/5/7
Pržulj, Ž., & Kostadinović, S. (2014). Cultural Roots Of Corruption—The Case Of Western
Balkans. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(22), 467.
Puckett, B. (2008). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, OPIC, and the Retreat from
Transparency. 15(1), 149–176. https://doi.org/10.2979/GLS.2008.15.1.149
Puckett, B. (2010). Clans and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Individualized corruption
prosecution in situations of systemic corruption. Georgetown Journal of International
Law, 41(4), 815.
Puffer, S. M., McCarthy, D. J., & Peng, M. W. (2013). Managing favors in a global economy.
Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 30(2), 321–326.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-012-9340-6
Puglisi, R., & James M. Snyder, Jr. (2008). Media Coverage of Political Scandals (Working

526 

 
Paper No. 14598). National Bureau of Economic Research.
http://www.nber.org/papers/w14598
Puiu, M. A., & Nistor, C. N. (2014). Investigation Of Corruption Within Multinationals. SEA:
Practical Application of Science, 1, 487–498.
Pulok, M. H. (2010). The impact of corruption on economic development of Bangladesh:
Evidence on the basis of an extended Solow model [Working Paper].
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/28755
Pulok, M. H., & Ahmed, M. U. (2017). Does corruption matter for economic development? Long
run evidence from Bangladesh. International Journal of Social Economics, 44(3),
350–361.
Punch, M. (2000). Police Corruption and its Prevention. European Journal on Criminal Policy
and Research, 8(3), 301–324. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008777013115
Pupović, E. (2012). Corruption’s Effect On Foreign Direct Investment – The Case Of
Montenegro. Economic Review : Journal of Economics and Business, 2, 13–28.
Purcell, A. J. (2016). Australian local government corruption and misconduct. Journal of
Financial Crime, 23(1), 102–118. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-10-2013-0060
Purohit. (2007). Corruption in Tax Administration. In Anwar Shah, Performance accountability
and combating corruption. World Bank.
Pushak, T., Tiongson, E. R., & Varoudakis, A. (2007). Public Finance, Governance, and Growth
in Transition Economies: Empirical Evidence from 1992-2004.
https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4255
Pusok, K. (2016). Public-Private Partnerships and Corruption in the Water and Sanitation Sectors
in Developing Countries. Political Research Quarterly, 69(4), 678–691.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912916658552
Pustoviit, R., Kuklin, O., & Kryvoruchko, M. (2019). An Institutional Approach to the Analysis
of Kleptocratic Economy in the Context of Europeanization. Baltic Journal of Economic
Studies, 5(4), 203–211. https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-4-203-211
Putra, A. M., Pagalung, G., & Habbe, A. H. (2018). Level of agency cost driven by cultural and
corruption and earnings management: Evidence of South East Asia countries. Intangible
Capital, 14(4), 499–517. https://doi.org/10.3926/ic.1289
Putra, A. S., Ismansyah, I., & Zurnetti, A. (2020). Authority of Commission of Corruption
Eradication in Prosecution of Money Laundering. International Journal of Multicultural
and Multireligious Understanding, 6(6), 809–819.
https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i6.1308
527 

 
Pyman, M. (2017). Addressing Corruption in Military Institutions. Public Integrity, 19(5),
513–528. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2017.1285267
Pyman, M. J. (2012). Arresting Corruption in the Police: The Global Experience of Police
Corruption Reform Efforts. Transparency International UK.
Pyman, M., Scott, D., Waldron, A., & Voika, I. (2008). Building Integrity and Reducing
Corruption Risk in Defense Establishments. Connections: The Quarterly Journal, 7(2),
21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/Connections.07.2.03
Pyman, M., Wilson, R., & Scott, D. (2009). The Extent of Single Sourcing in Defence
Procurement and Its Relevance as a Corruption Risk: A First Look. Defence and Peace
Economics, 20(3), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690802016506
Qazi, T., Ali, I., & Rashid, A. (2020). Prioritizing determinants of effective whistle blowing
(WB). International Journal of Law and Management, 62(3), 213–230.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-10-2017-0244
Qerimi, Q., & Sergi, B. S. (2012). The effects of economic freedom on institutional performance
in the Western Balkans countries. Int. J. of Business Governance and Ethics, 7(1).
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBGE.2012.046103
Qi, S., & Ongena, S. (2019). Will Money Talk? Firm Bribery and Credit Access. Financial
Management, 48(1), 117–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/fima.12218
Qian, Nancy, & Wen, J. (2015). Xi Jinping’s Anti-Corruption Campaign and the Import of
Luxury Goods in China [Working Paper].
Qian, Ningyu. (2018). Anti-corruption effects on the credit risk of local financing vehicles and
the pricing of Chengtou bonds: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China.
Finance Research Letters, 26, 162–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2018.01.001
Qian, Ningyu. (2019). How does anti-corruption affect firm labour inputs? Evidence from a
quasi-natural experiment in China. Applied Economics Letters, 26(8), 707–711.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2018.1489497
Qian, X., & Sandoval-Hernandez, J. (2016). Corruption Distance and Foreign Direct Investment.
Emerging Markets Finance And Trade; Emerg.Mark.Financ.Trade, 52(2), 400–419.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2015.1047301
Qizilbash, M. (2001). Corruption and Human Development: A Conceptual Discussion. Oxford
Development Studies, 29(3), 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600810120088868
Qu, G., Slagter, B., Sylwester, K., & Doiron, K. (2019). Explaining the standard errors of
corruption perception indices. Journal of Comparative Economics.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2019.07.003
528 

 
Qu, G., Sylwester, K., & Wang, F. (2018). Anticorruption and growth: Evidence from China.
European Journal of Political Economy, 55, 373–390.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.02.003
Quade, E. A. (2007). The Logic of Anticorruption Enforcement Campaigns in Contemporary
China. Journal of Contemporary China, 16(50), 65–77.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10670560601026751
Quah. (2009). Benchmarking for Excellence: A Comparative Analysis of Seven Asian
Anti-Corruption Agencies. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 31(2),
171–195.
Quah, J. (n.d.). Minimizing Corruption in China: Is This an Impossible Dream? (Maryland
Series in Contemporary Asian Studies, No. 4.). Retrieved July 11, 2016, from
https://www.law.umaryland.edu/programs/international/eastasia/MSCAS2013_4.html
Quah, J. (1994). Controlling corruption in city-states: A comparative study of Hong Kong and
Singapore. Crime, Law and Social Change, 22(4), 391–414.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01302927
Quah, J. (2004). Democratization and political corruption in the Philippines and South Korea: A
comparative analysis. Crime, Law and Social Change, 42(1), 61–81.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CRIS.0000041038.66924.8b
Quah, J. (2009). Curbing Corruption in a One-Party Dominant System: Learning from
Singapore’s Experience. In Ting Gong & S. K. Ma, Preventing corruption in Asia:
Institutional design and policy capacity. Routledge.
Quah, J. (2010). Defying institutional failure: Learning from the experiences of anti-corruption
agencies in four Asian countries. Crime, Law and Social Change, 53(1), 23–54.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-009-9213-1
Quah, J. S. (2017a). Five success stories in combating corruption: Lessons for policy makers.
Asian Education and Development Studies, 6(3), 275–289.
Quah, J. S. (2017b). Singapore’s success in combating corruption: Lessons for policy makers.
Asian Education and Development Studies, 6(3), 263–274.
Quah, J. S. T. (1999). Comparing anti-corruption measures in Asian countries: Lessons to be
learnt. Published by Pagesetters Services PTE Ltd. for Center for Advanced Studies,
National University of Singapore.
Quah, J. S. T. (2003). Curbing corruption in Asia: A comparative study of six countries. Eastern
Universities Press.
Quah, J. S. T. (2009). Combating corruption in the Asia-Pacific countries: What do we know and
529 

 
what needs to be done?
Quah, J. S. T. (2010a). Curbing Corruption in the Philippines: Is this an Impossible Dream?
Philippine Journal of Public Administration, 54(1–2), 1–43.
Quah, J. S. T. (2010b). Trust and Governance in the Philippines and Singapore: A comparative
Analysis. International Public Management Review, 11(2), 4–37.
Quah, J. S. T. (2015a). Evaluating the effectiveness of anti- corruption agencies in five Asian
countries. Asian Education and Development Studies, 4(1), 143–143.
Quah, J. S. T. (2015b). Singapore’s Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau. Asian Education and
Development Studies, 4(1), 76–76.
Quah, J. S. T. (2016a). Combating corruption in six Asian countries: A comparative analysis.
Asian Education and Development Studies, 5(2), 244–262.
Quah, J. S. T. (2016b). Minimising corruption in Myanmar: An impossible dream? Asian
Education and Development Studies, 5(2), 175–194.
Quah, J. S. T. (2017). Learning from Singapore’s effective anti-corruption strategy. Asian
Education and Development Studies, 6(1), 17–29.
Quah, J. S. T. (2018). Combating Corruption in Asian Countries: Learning from Success &
Failure. Daedalus, 147(3), 202–215. https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00511
Quazi, R., Alam, A., & Tandon, S. (2015). Impact of Foreign Aid on Corruption: An
Econometric Case Study of South Asia and East Asia. Global Journal of Business
Research, 9(4), 17–30.
Quazi, R. M. (2014). Corruption and Foreign Direct Investment in East Asia and South Asia: An
Econometric Study. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 4(2),
231–242.
Quazi, R., Vemuri, V., & Soliman, M. (2014). Impact of Corruption on Foreign Direct
Investment in Africa. International Business Research, 7(4), 1.
https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v7n4p1
Querubin, P., & Snyder, J. (2013). The Control of Politicians in Normal Times and Times of
Crisis: Wealth Accumulation by U.S. Congressmen, 1850-1880. Quarterly Journal of
Political Science, 8(4), 409–450. https://doi.org/10.1561/100.00012104
Querubin, P., & Snyder Jr, J. M. (2009). The returns to US congressional seats in the mid-19th
century. In The political economy of democracy (pp. 255–240).
https://www.law.yale.edu/system/files/documents/pdf/Intellectual_Life/Snyder_Returnsto
USCongressionalSeats.pdf

530 

 
Quibria, M. G. (2006). Does Governance Matter? Yes, No or Maybe: Some Evidence from
Developing Asia. Kyklos, 59(1), 99–114.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2006.00322.x
Quinones, E. (2000). What is corruption? Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development. The OECD Observer, 220, 23–24.
Quinones, E. (2003). The OECD Convention and Asia. In J. Kidd & F.-J. Richter, Fighting
Corruption in Asia (pp. 27–45). WORLD SCIENTIFIC.
http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789812795397_0002
Quiroz, A. W. (2008). Corrupt circles: A history of unbound graft in Peru. Woodrow Wilson
Center Press ; Baltimore.
Rabbiosi, L., & Santangelo, G. (2019). Host country corruption and the organization of
HQ–subsidiary relationships. Journal of International Business Studies, 50(1), 111–124.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-018-0169-1
Rabl, T. (2006). What Makes Decision-Makers in Companies to Act Corruptly? - An Action
Model. International Journal of Knowledge, Culture & Change Management, 6(2),
103–110.
Rabl, T. (2008). Private corruption and its actors: Insights into the subjective decision making
processes. Pabst Science Publishers.
Rabl, T. (2011). The Impact of Situational Influences on Corruption in Organizations. Journal of
Business Ethics, 100(1), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0768-2
Rabl, T. (2015). When allegedly corrupt organizations are attractive. Journal of Managerial
Psychology, 30(7), 771–785.
Rabl, T., & Kühlmann, T. (2008). Understanding Corruption in Organizations – Development
and Empirical Assessment of an Action Model. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(2),
477–495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9898-6
Rabl, T., & Kühlmann, T. M. (2009). Why or why not? Rationalizing corruption in
organizations. Cross Cultural Management, 16(3), 268–286.
https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600910977355
Rabnawaz, A. (2015). Corruption, Inequality and Economic Growth. Developing Country
Studies, 5(15), 106–111.
Rachmilevitch, S. (2013). Bribing in first-price auctions. Games and Economic Behavior, 77(1),
214–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2012.10.005
Radeljić, B., & Đorđević, V. (2020). Clientelism and the Abuse of Power in the Western

531 

 
Balkans. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 22(5), 597–612.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2020.1799299
Radin, D. (2016). Why health care corruption needs a new approach. Journal of Health Services
Research & Policy, 21(3), 212–214. https://doi.org/10.1177/1355819615614870
Radu, I., Sabau, M., Sendroiu, C., & Pete, S. (2015). Coercive Economic Diplomacy –
Corruption Trigger or Deterrent. Economic Computation And Economic Cybernetics
Studies And Research; Econ.Comput.Econ.Cybern.Stud., 49(1).
Radu, L. (2017). Corruption In The European Union And The Responsibility Of European
Institutions. Transylvanian Review Of Administrative Sciences, 2017(50E), 164–176.
https://doi.org/10.24193/tras.2017.0010
Radu, Liviu. (2017). Corruption in the European Union and the Responsibility of European
Institutions. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 13(50), 164–176.
https://doi.org/10.24193/tras.2017.0010
Raeschke-Kessler, H., & Gottwald, D. (2008). Corruption in Foreign Investment-Contracts and
Dispute Settlement between Investors, States, and Agents. The Journal of World
Investment & Trade, 9(1), vii–33. https://doi.org/10.1163/221190008X00296
Raganelli, B. (2016). Preventive Anti-Corruption Measures in Public Procurement: Issues and
Challenges [Working Paper].
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2808610
Rahayu, I. P., & Widodo, T. (2013a). The Causal Relationship between Corruption and Poverty
in ASEAN: A General Method of Moments / Dynamic Panel Data Analysis.
Rahayu, I. P., & Widodo, T. (2013b). The Causal Relationship between Corruption and Poverty
in ASEAN: A General Method of Moments/Dynamic Panel Data Analysis. Journal of
Economics, Business, and Accountancy Ventura, 15(3), 527–536.
Rahman, A., Kisunko, G., & Kapoor, K. (2000). Estimating the Effects of Corruption:
Implications for Bangladesh (No. WPS2479; World Bank Policy Research Working
Paper).
https://openknowledge-worldbank-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/handle/10986/19765
Rahman, Md. (2018). Governance matters: Climate change, corruption, and livelihoods in
Bangladesh. Climatic Change, 147(1–2), 313–326.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2139-9
Rahman, Mh, Anbarci, N., Bhattacharya, P. S., & Ulubasoglu, M. A. (2017). Can extreme
rainfall trigger democratic change? The role of flood-induced corruption. Public Choice,
171(3–4), 331–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-017-0440-1

532 

 
Rais, S., Sutopo, S., & Wijaya, M. (2019). Description of Honesty Value in "Sahabat Pemberani
" Part “Main Jujur”, an Animated Series Produced by Indonesia’s Corruption Eradication
Commision (KPK). International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious
Understanding, 6(3), 416–419. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i3.858
Rajagopal, B. (1999). Corruption, legitimacy and human rights: The dialectic of the relationship.
Connecticut Journal of International Law, 14(2), 495–507.
Rajaković, D., & Milovanović, A. (2019). Corruption as a jeopardizing factor of health care
system development in the Republic of Serbia. Megatrend Revija, 16(1), 111–121.
https://doi.org/10.5937/MegRev1901111R
Rajan, R., & Subramanian, A. (2007). Does Aid Affect Governance. American Economic
Review, 97(2), 322–327. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.2.322
Rajkumar, A. S., & Swaroop, V. (2008). Public spending and outcomes: Does governance
matter? Journal of Development Economics, 86(1), 96–111.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2007.08.003
Rakolobe, M. (2019). Politicised Public Service and Corruption in Lesotho. Strategic Review for
Southern Africa, 41(1), 97–121.
Ralchev, P. (2004). The role of civil society in fighting corruption and organized crime in
Southeast Europe. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 4(2), 325–331.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1468385042000247600
Raluca, I. (2018). Brain Drain Phenomenon in Romania: What Comes in Line after Corruption?:
A Quantitative Analysis of the Determinant Causes of Romanian Skilled Migration.
Revista Română de Comunicare Şi Relaţii Publice = Romanian Journal of
Communication and Public Relations, 20(2), 53–78.
https://doi.org/10.21018/rjcpr.2018.2.259
Rama, M. D., & Lester, M. (2019). Anti-corruption commissions: Lessons for the Asia-Pacific
region from a proposed Australian federal anti-corruption watchdog. Asia Pacific
Business Review, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2019.1589971
Ramalho, R. (2007). The persistence of corruption: Evidence from the 1992 presidential
impeachment in Brazil (No. 45250; pp. 1–34). The World Bank.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/01/9831549/persistence-corruption-evid
ence-1992-presidential-impeachment-brazil
Ramamoorthy, N., Kulkarni, S. P., & Gupta, A. (2015). To Bribe or Not to Bribe? Determinants
in the Indian Context. European Management Review, 12(4), 247–259.
https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12053

533 

 
Ramasastry, A. (2007). Odious debt or odious payments? Using anti-corruption measures to
prevent odious debt. North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial
Regulation, 32(4), 819–839.
Ramdani, D., & Witteloostuijn, A. van. (2012). The Shareholder–Manager Relationship and Its
Impact on the Likelihood of Firm Bribery. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(4), 495–507.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1105-5
Ramirez, C. D. (2014). Is corruption in China “out of control”? A comparison with the US in
historical perspective. JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS, 42(1), 76–91.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2013.07.003
Ramkumar, V. (n.d.). Our Money, Our Responsibility: A Citizens’ Guide to Monitoring
Government Expenditures. GSDRC. Retrieved July 11, 2016, from
http://www.gsdrc.org/document-library/our-money-our-responsibility-a-citizens-guide-to
-monitoring-government-expenditures/
Ramkumar, V. (2007). Expanding Collaboration between SAIs and Civil Society. International
Journal of Government Auditing, 34(2), 15–19.
Ramkumar, V., & Krafchik, W. (n.d.). The Role of Civil Society Organizations in Auditing and
Public Finance Management. Retrieved July 11, 2016, from
http://www.u4.no/recommended-reading/the-role-of-civil-society-organizations-in-auditi
ng-and-public-finance-management/
Ramos, M. (2018). Corruption in Latin America. Social Psychological & Personality Science,
9(2), 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617729884
Rand, J., & Tarp, F. (2012). Firm-Level Corruption in Vietnam. Economic Development and
Cultural Change, 60(3), 571–595. https://doi.org/10.1086/664022
Randall, D. M., & Fernandes, M. F. (1991). The social desirability response bias in ethics
research. Journal of Business Ethics, 10(11), 805–817.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00383696
Randall, L. H. (1997). Multilateralization of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Minnesota
Journal of Global Trade, 6, 657–657.
Randrianarisoa, L. M., Bolduc, D., Choo, Y. Y., Oum, T. H., & Yan, J. (2015). Effects of
corruption on efficiency of the European airports. Transportation Research Part A:
Policy and Practice, 79(Journal Article), 65.
Rankin, K. N., Hamal, P., Lewison, E., & Sigdel, T. S. (2019). Corruption as a Diagnostic of
Power: Navigating the Blurred Boundaries of the Relational State. South Asia: Journal of
South Asian Studies, 42(5), 920–936. https://doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2019.1644470

534 

 
Raouf, M. A. (2009). How Should International Arbitrators Tackle Corruption Issues? ICSID
Review, 24(1), 116–136. https://doi.org/10.1093/icsidreview/24.1.116
Raphaelson, I. H. (2019). My “Theory of Everything:” the Evolution of Corporate Governance in
the 40 Years Since Passage of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. University of Illinois
Law Review, 2019(4), 1173–1204.
Rarick, C., Williams, H., Barczyk, C., & James, A. (2018). Walmart de Mexico and the Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act: Stepping Over the Border and Stepping Over the Line. Journal of
Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, 15(1), 43–50.
Rashid, S. (1981). Public Utilities in Egalitarian LDC’s: The Role of Bribery in Achieving
Pareto Efficiency. Kyklos, 34(3), 448.
Rasmusen, E. (1996). Stigma and Self-Fulfilling Expectations of Criminality. The Journal of
Law & Economics, 39(2), 519–543.
Rasmusen, E., & Ramseyer, J. M. (1994). Cheap bribes and the corruption ban: A coordination
game among rational legislators. Public Choice (1986-1998), 78(3–4), 305.
Rasul, I., & Rogger, D. (2017). Management of Bureaucrats and Public Service Delivery:
Evidence from the Nigerian Civil Service. The Economic Journal.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12418
Ratcliffe, R. (2014). The FCPA’s Legacy: A Case for Imposing Aiding-and-Abetting Liability
on Corporations Through an Amended Alien Tort Claims Act. Texas International Law
Journal, 49(1), 83–119.
Ratha, D. (2005). Workers’ Remittances: An Important and Stable Source of External
Development Finance. http://repository.stcloudstate.edu/econ_seminars/9
Rauch, J. E. (1995). Bureaucracy, Infrastructure, and Economic Growth: Evidence from U.S.
Cities During the Progressive Era. The American Economic Review, 85(4), 968–979.
Rauch, J. E. (2001). Leadership selection, internal promotion, and bureaucratic corruption in less
developed polities. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d’économique,
34(1), 240–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/0008-4085.00073
Rauch, J. E., & Evans, P. B. (2000). Bureaucratic structure and bureaucratic performance in less
developed countries. Journal of Public Economics, 75(1), 49–71.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00044-4
Rauh, J. (2015). Predicting Political Influence on State Ethics Commissions: Of Course We Are
Ethical-Nudge Nudge, Wink Wink. Public Administration Review, 75(1), 98–110.
https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12290

535 

 
Rauh, W. J. (2016). Changing Ethics Policies Without Scandal: State Responses to Published
Reports and the Importance of Accurate Information. Public Integrity, 18(3), 308–335.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2016.1139530
Rauschenbach, M., & Paula, K. (2019). Intimidating voters with violence and mobilizing them
with clientelism. Journal of Peace Research, 0022343318822709.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343318822709
Rayner, H. (2012). Corruption in France: Structural and Contextual Conditions. In D. Tanzler,
M. Konstadinos, & A. Giannakopoulos (Eds.), The Social Construction of Corruption in
Europe (pp. 107–132). Ashgate.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HxWgCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA10
7&dq=Rayner,+Herve.+2012.+%E2%80%9CCorruption+in+France:+Structural+and+Co
ntextual+Conditions%E2%80%9D,+in+Dirk+Tanzler,+Konstadinos+Maras+%26+Angel
os+Giannakopoulos+eds.,+The+Social+Construction+of+Corruption+in+Europe+(Ashga
te),+pp.+107-132.&ots=nMrsPkqyU5&sig=QsGgS54jrc4ijgzSf-jcxbbfrsw
Razafindrakoto, M., & Roubaud, F. (2007). Corruption, Institutional Discredit, and Exclusion of
the Poor: A Poverty Trap (Afrobarometer Working Paper 86).
Razafindrakoto, M., & Roubaud, F. (2010). Are International Databases on Corruption Reliable?
A Comparison of Expert Opinion Surveys and Household Surveys in Sub-Saharan
Africa. World Development, 38(8), 1057–1069.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.02.004
Razzano, F. C., & Nelson, T. P. (2008). The expanding criminalization of transnational bribery:
Global prosecution necessitates global compliance. International Lawyer, 42(4), 1259+.
LegalTrac.
Recanatini, F., Wallsten, S., & Xu, C. L. (2002). Surveying Surveys and Questioning Questions:
Learning From the World Bank Experience on Firm Surveys. China Economic Quarterly,
4(006). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-JJXU200204006.htm
Recanatini, Francesca. (2011). Anti-corruption authorities: An effective tool to curb corruption?
In Susan Rose-Ackerman & T. Soreide (Eds.), International Handbook on the Economics
of Corruption, Vol. II. Edward Elgar Publishing.
https://ideas.repec.org/h/elg/eechap/14003_19.html
Recanatini, Francesca. (2012). Assessing Corruption at the Country Level. In A. Graycar & R.
G. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of Global Research and Practice in Corruption. Edward
Elgar.
Recanatini, Francesca. (2013). Tackling Corruption and Promoting Better Governance: The
Road Ahead. In Susan Rose-Ackerman & P. D. Carrington (Eds.), Anti-Corruption

536 

 
Policy: Can International Actors Play a Constructive Role? (pp. 55–74). Carolina
Academic Press.
Record, R. (2005). Corruption, good governance and the economic development of Vietnam
[Working Paper].
http://www.grips.ac.jp/vietnam/VDFTokyo/Doc/1stConf18Jun05/OPP02RichardPPR.pdf
Redlawsk, D. P., & McCann, J. A. (2005). Popular Interpretations of ‘Corruption’ and their
Partisan Consequences. Political Behavior, 27(3), 261–283.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-005-4469-3
Reed, Q. (2008). Conflicts of Interest and How To Regulate Them (U4 Issue 2008:6).
Reed, Q., & Fontana, A. (2011). Corruption and Illicit Financial Flows: The Limits and
possibilities of current approaches (U4 Issue Paper 2011:3).
Reed, S. R. (1996). Political corruption in Japan. International Social Science Journal, 48(149),
395–405.
Reed, S. R. (1999). Punishing corruption: The response of the Japanese electorate to scandals.
Political Psychology in Japan: Behind the Nails Which Sometimes Stick out (and Get
Hammered down). Commack, NY: Nova Science.
Reeder, M. (2016). Bad Math: State-Centric Anti-Corruption Enforcement + International
Information Sharing Agreements = Conflicting Corporate Incentives. International
Lawyer, 49(3), 325–341.
Reeves-Latour, M, & Morselli, C. (2017). Bid-rigging networks and state-corporate crime in the
construction industry. Social Networks, 51, 158–170.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2016.10.003
Reeves-Latour, Maxime, & Morselli, C. (2017). Fighting corruption in a time of crisis: Lessons
from a radical regulatory shift experience. Crime, Law and Social Change, 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9741-z
Rehren, A. (1996). Corruption and local politics in Chile. Crime, Law and Social Change, 25(4),
323–334.
Rehren, A. (2009). The Crisis of the Democratic State. In C. H. BLAKE & S. D. MORRIS
(Eds.), Corruption and Democracy in Latin America (pp. 46–59). University of
Pittsburgh Press; JSTOR. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qh6n2.5
Reichborn-Kjennerud, K., González-Díaz, B., Bracci, E., Carrington, T., Hathaway, J., Jeppesen,
K. K., & Steccolini, I. (2019). Sais work against corruption in Scandinavian,
South-European and African countries: An institutional analysis. The British Accounting
Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2019.100842
537 

 
Reinecke, A., & Schmerer, H.-J. (2018). Redistribution, trade and corruption: An empirical
assessment. Applied Economics, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1436153
Reinikka, R., & Svensson, J. (2004). Local Capture: Evidence from a Central Government
Transfer Program in Uganda. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(2), 679–705.
Reinikka, R., & Svensson, J. (2005). Fighting Corruption to Improve Schooling: Evidence from
a Newspaper Campaign in Uganda. Journal of the European Economic Association,
3(2/3), 259–267.
Reinikka, R., & Svensson, J. (2006a). How corruption affects service delivery and what can be
done about it. In Susan Rose-Ackerman (Ed.), International Handbook on the Economics
of Corruption (p. 441).
http://www.lcis.com.tw/paper_store/paper_store/Edward%20Elgar%20-%20Inter_T-201
4124212462-201412443258515.pdf#page=480
Reinikka, R., & Svensson, J. (2006b). Using Micro-Surveys to Measure and Explain Corruption.
World Development, 34(2), 359–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.03.009
Reinikka, R., & Svensson, J. (2011). The power of information in public services: Evidence from
education in Uganda. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7–8), 956–966.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.02.006
Reisberg, L. (2020). Challenges to Eradicating Academic Corruption: Concluding Thoughts. In
Corruption in Higher Education (pp. 175–182). Brill Sense.
https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004433885/BP000033.xml
Reisinger, W. M., Zaloznaya, M., & Claypool, V. L. H. (2016). Does everyday corruption affect
how Russians view their political leadership? Post-Soviet Affairs, 0(0), 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2016.1227033
Reisman, W. M. (1989). Harnessing International Law to Restrain and Recapture Indigenous
Spoliations. The American Journal of International Law, 83(1), 56–59.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2202791
Reiter, S. L., & Steensma, H. K. (2010). Human Development and Foreign Direct Investment in
Developing Countries: The Influence of FDI Policy and Corruption. World Development,
38(12), 1678–1691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.04.005
Relly, J. E. (2011). Corruption, secrecy, and access-to-information legislation in Africa: A
cross-national study of political institutions. In S. Maret (Ed.), Research in social
problems and public policy–Government secrecy (pp. 325–352).
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/pdf/10.1108/S0196-1152(2011)0000019021
Relly, J. E. (2012). Examining a model of vertical accountability: A cross-national study of the

538 

 
influence of information access on the control of corruption. Government Information
Quarterly, 29(3), 335–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2012.02.011
Relly, J. E., & Cuillier, D. (2010). A comparison of political, cultural, and economic indicators
of access to information in Arab and non-Arab states. Government Information
Quarterly, 27(4), 360–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2010.04.004
Relly, J. E., Rabbi, M. F., Sabharwal, M., Pakanati, R., & Schwalbe, E. H. (2020). More than a
decade in the making: A study of the implementation of India’s Right to Information Act.
World Development, 136, 105088-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105088
Relly, J. E., & Sabharwal, M. (2009). Perceptions of transparency of government policymaking:
A cross-national study. Government Information Quarterly, 26(1), 148–157.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2008.04.002
Remer, J. (2017). Bribery and Its Ethical Implications for Aid Workers in the Developing World.
Science And Engineering Ethics, 23(1), 227–241.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-016-9750-9
Remmer, K. L. (2007). The Political Economy of Patronage: Expenditure Patterns in the
Argentine Provinces, 1983–2003. The Journal of Politics, 69(2), 363–377.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00537.x
Render, M. (2020). Fiduciary Injury and Citizen Enforcement of the Emoluments Clause. The
Notre Dame Law Review, 95(3), 953–1030.
Rennó, L. (2011). Corruption and voting. In T. Power & M. Taylor (Eds.), Corruption and
Democracy in Brazil: The Struggle for Accountability. Notre Dame: University of Notre
Dame Press (pp. 56–78). University of Notre Dame Press.
Reno, W. (1995). Corruption and state politics in Sierra Leone (Vol. 229). Cambridge
University Press Cambridge. http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/clc/975052
Reno, W. (2008). Anti-corruption Efforts in Liberia: Are they Aimed at the Right Targets?
International Peacekeeping, 15(3), 387–404.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13533310802058968
Renoe, C. E. (2002). Institutionalized Corruption: Implications for Legal Reform in Indonesia
and the Need to Make Haste Slowly. Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs, 2, 102–113.
Resane, K. T. (2017). The Church’s prophetic role in the face of corruption in the South African
socio-political landscape. Pharos Journal of Theology, 98(1).
https://doaj.org/article/1d475409a90e46609be13623889de2bd
Reuben, E., & Stephenson, M. (2013). Nobody likes a rat: On the willingness to report lies and
the consequences thereof. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 93, 384–391.
539 

 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2013.03.028
Rey, A., Rothe, J., & Marple, A. (2017). Path-Disruption Games: Bribery and a Probabilistic
Model. Theory Of Computing Systems, 60(2), 222–252.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00224-016-9669-1
Reyes Jr., V. C. (2007). Corruption and Policy Implementation in the Philippines: A
Comparative Analysis of the Teacher Training and Textbook Delivery Programmes.
Asian Journal of Political Science, 15(1), 97–125.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02185370701315657
Reyes, V. C. (2009a). Case study of implementation amidst corruption linkages: The National
Textbook Delivery Program (TDP) of the Philippine Department of Education. Journal of
Education Policy, 24(4), 515–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680930902823021
Reyes, V. C. (2009b). Systemic Corruption and the Programme on Basic Education in the
Philippine Department of Education. Journal of Developing Societies, 25(4), 481–510.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X0902500404
Reyes, V. C. (2010). The Philippine Department of Education: Challenges of policy
implementation amidst corruption. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 30(4), 381–400.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2010.519696
Reyes-Housholder, C. (2019). A Theory of Gender’s Role on Presidential Approval Ratings in
Corrupt Times. Political Research Quarterly, 73(3), 106591291983862–555.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912919838626
Reznik, O., Klochko, A., Pakhomov, V., & Markova, O. (2017). International Aspect of Legal
Regulation of Corruption Offences Commission on the Example of Law Enforcement
Agencies and Banking System of Ukraine. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and
Economics, 8(1(23)), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v8.1(23).19
Rhee, Z. (2001). Efforts to Create an Anti-Corruption Corproate Culture in Korea. In K.
ADB-OECD Conference on Combatting Corruption in the Asia-Pacific Region : Seoul
(Ed.), Progress in the fight against corruption in Asia and the Pacific: Papers presented
at the joint ABD-OECD Conference on Combatting Corruption in the Asia-Pacific
Region, Seoul, Korea, 11-13 December 2000. Asian Development Bank.
Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (2004). Effects of Corruption on Earnings Opacity Internationally. In
Advances in International Accounting (Vol. 17, pp. 73–84).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0897366004170049
Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (2008). Bureaucracy, corruption and tax compliance. In Taxation and public
finance in transition and developing economies (pp. 3–10). Springer.
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-25712-9_1/fulltext.html
540 

 
Riaz, M. F., & Cantner, U. (2020). Revisiting the relationship between corruption and innovation
in developing and emerging economies. Crime, Law, and Social Change, 73(4), 395–416.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-019-09867-0
Ribadu, N. (2010). Show Me the Money: Leveraging Anti-money Laundering Tools to Fight
Corruption in Nigeria: an Insider Story. Center for Global Development.
Ribeiro, D., Cordeiro, N., & Guimarães, D. (2016). Interface Between The Brazilian Antitrust,
Anti-Corruption, And Criminal Organization Laws: The Leniency Agreements. Law and
Business Review of the Americas, 22(3), 195–244.
Richard, S. B. (2014). To Bribe a Prince: Clarifying the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act through
Comparisons to the United Kingdom’s Bribery Act of 2010. Boston College International
& Comparative Law Review, 37(2), 419–450.
Richards, K. (2006). What works and why in community-based anti-corruption programs.
Transparency International Australia.
Richardson, D., & Tepikina, A. (2015). Anti-Corruption Campaign in China-The Privileged
Class. The Banking Law Journal, 132(6), 309.
Richardson, G. (2006). Taxation determinants of fiscal corruption: Evidence across countries.
Journal of Financial Crime, 13(3), 323–338.
https://doi.org/10.1108/13590790610678404
Richey, S. (2010). The Impact of Corruption on Social Trust. American Politics Research, 38(4),
676–690. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X09341531
Richmanova, J. (2006). In Search of Microeconomic Models of Anti-Corruption Measures—A
Review (Discussion Paper No. 2006-157; CERGE-EI Discussion Paper Series). Center
for Economic Research and Graduate Education, Charles University; Economics Institute
of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.
Richter, D., & Uhmeister, P. (2013). Returning “Politically Exposed Persons” Illicit Assets from
Switzerland – International Law in the Force Field of Complexity and Conditionality.
German Yearbook of International Law, 56, 457–499.
Rider, B. A. K. (1995). The wages of sin—Taking the profit out of corruption—A British
perspective. Dickinson Journal of International Law, 13(3), 391–421.
Rider, B. A. K. (2007). Recovering the proceeds of corruption. Journal of Money Laundering
Control, 10(1), 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1108/13685200710721845
Ridge, L. (2019). Expected FCPA Enforcement in Latin America. Criminal Justice, 34(2),
50–56.

541 

 
Ridinger, G. (2018). Cultural Transmission and Extortion. Games, 9(3), 49.
https://doi.org/10.3390/g9030049
Ridley, D. (2020). Game Theoretic Choices Between Corrupt Dictatorship Exit Emoluments and
Nation-Building CDR Benefits: Is There a Nash Equilibrium? American Economist,
65(1), 51–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0569434519878858
Ridley, F. F. (1995). Feet of Clay: Threat to the Temples of Democracy. Parliamentary Affairs,
48(4), 617–631.
Rieder, M. S., & Schoenemann, A. (2013). Suspicion of Corruption in Arbitration: A German
Perspective. Transnational Dispute Management (TDM), 10(3).
https://www.transnational-dispute-management.com/article.asp?key=1954
Riera, P., Barberá, P., Gómez, R., Mayoral, J. A., & Montero, J. R. (2013). The electoral
consequences of corruption scandals in Spain. Crime, Law and Social Change, 60(5),
515–534. http://dx.doi.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1007/s10611-013-9479-1
Rigi, J. (2004). Corruption in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan. In I. Pardo (Ed.), Between morality and
the law: Corruption, anthropology and comparative society (pp. 101–118). Ashgate
Publishing. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/10686/
Rijkers, B., Baghdadi, L., & Raballand, G. (2015). Political Connections and Tariff Evasion:
Evidence from Tunisia (No. 961; Working Papers). Economic Research Forum.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/erg/wpaper/961.html
Rijkers, B., Freund, C., & Nucifora, A. (2017). All in the family: State capture in Tunisia.
Journal of Development Economics, 124, 41–59.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.08.002
Riley, L., & Chilanga, E. (2018). ‘Things are not working now’: Poverty, food insecurity and
perceptions of corruption in urban Malawi. Journal of Contemporary African Studies,
1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2018.1547373
Riley, P., & Roy, R. K. (2016). Corruption and Anticorruption: The Case of India. 32(1), 73–99.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X15609755
Riley, S. P. (1992). Post-independence anti-corruption strategies and the contemporary effects of
democratization. Corruption and Reform, 7(3), 249.
Riley, S. P. (1998). The Political Economy of Anti-Corruption Strategies in Africa. European
Journal of Development Research, 10(1), 129.
Riley, S. P. (1999). Petty corruption and development. Development in Practice, 9(1–2),
189–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614529953368

542 

 
Riley, S. P. (2000). Western Policies and African Realities: The New Anti-Corruption Agenda.
In Corruption and Development in Africa (pp. 137–158). Springer.
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780333982440_8
Rimšaitė, L. (2019). Corruption risk mitigation in energy sector: Issues and challenges. Energy
Policy, 125, 260–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.10.066
Rinaldi, S., Feichtinger, G., & Wirl, F. (1998). Corruption dynamics in democratic societies.
Complexity, 3(5), 53–64.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0526(199805/06)3:5<53::AID-CPLX10>3.0.CO;2-L
Rinnert, D. (2015). The Politics of Civil Service and Administrative Reforms in
Development-Explaining Within-Country Variation of Reform Outcomes in Georgia
After the Rose Revolution. Public Administration and Development, 35(1), 19–33.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1709
Rispel, L., de Jager, P., & Fonn, S. (2016). Exploring corruption in the South African health
sector. Health Policy and Planning, 31(2), 239.
Ristei, M. (2010). The Politics of Corruption: Political Will and the Rule of Law in
Post-Communist Romania. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 26(3),
341–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523279.2010.496324
Rivas, M. F. (2013). An Experiment on Corruption and Gender. Bulletin of Economic Research,
65(1), 10–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2012.00450.x
Rivera-Batiz, F. L. (2001). International Financial Liberalization, Corruption, and Economic
Growth. Review of International Economics, 9(4), 727–737.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00309
Rivera-Batiz, F. L. (2002). Democracy, Governance, and Economic Growth: Theory and
Evidence. Review of Development Economics, 6(2), 225–247.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9361.00151
Rivkin-Fish, M. (2005). Bribes, gifts and unofficial payments: Rethinking corruption in
post-Soviet Russian health care. In Corruption: Anthropological perspectives (pp.
47–64).
http://www.untag-smd.ac.id/files/Perpustakaan_Digital_1/CORRUPTION%20Haller_Co
rruption-Anthropological%20Perspectives.pdf#page=51
Rix, K. (2017). The Second Reform Act and the Problem of Electoral Corruption. Parliamentary
History, 36(1), 64–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-0206.12265
Roath, P. T. (2014). The Abuse of Incumbency on Trial: Limits on Legalizing Politics. Columbia
Journal of Law and Social Problems, 47(3), 285–324.

543 

 
Robbins, P. (2000). The rotten institution: Corruption in natural resource management. Political
Geography, 19(4), 423–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-6298(99)00087-6
Roberts, A. (2008). Hyperaccountability: Economic voting in Central and Eastern Europe.
Electoral Studies, 27(3), 533–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2008.01.008
Roberts, J. (2015). The “subject” of corruption. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 28(Journal
Article), 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2015.01.010
Roberts Kennedy, S. I. K. (2019). Analysis of Criminal Responsibility Misuse of Administration
Authority Viewed from Corruption Criminal Enforcement Aspect in Indonesia.
International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 6(4), 526–536.
https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i4.1039
Roberts, R. (2018). The Search for Accountability: United States v. McDonnell and the
Fundamental Right to Honest Government. Public Integrity, 20(1), 13–33.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2016.1269276
Roberts, S., Chadwick, S., & Anagnostopoulos, C. (2018). Sponsorship programmes and
corruption in sport: Management responses to a growing threat. Journal of Strategic
Marketing, 26(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2017.1344292
Robertson, C. J., & Watson, A. (2004). Corruption and change: The impact of foreign direct
investment. Strategic Management Journal, 25(4), 385–396.
https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.382
Robertson, C. T., Winkelman, D. A., Bergstrand, K., & Modzelewski, D. (2016). The
Appearance and the Reality of Quid Pro Quo Corruption: An Empirical Investigation
(SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2740615). Social Science Research Network.
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2740615
Robertson, D. C., & Anderson, E. (1993). Control System and Task Environment Effects on
Ethical Judgment: An Exploratory Study of Industrial Salespeople. Organization Science,
4(4), 617–644. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.4.4.617
Robertson, G., & Rummery, C. (2018). Why Australia needs a Magnitsky law. AQ - Australian
Quarterly, 89(4), 19–27.
Robertson-Snape, F. (1999). Corruption, collusion and nepotism in Indonesia. Third World
Quarterly, 20(3), 589–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436599913703
Robinson, A. L., & Seim, B. (2018). Who is Targeted in Corruption? Disentangling the Effects
of Wealth and Power on Exposure to Bribery. Quarterly Journal of Political Science,
13(3), 313–331. https://doi.org/10.1561/100.00017067
Robinson, I. (2015). Truth Commissions and Anti-Corruption: Towards a Complementary
544 

 
Framework? International Journal of Transitional Justice, 9(1), 33–50.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/iju022
Robinson, J. A., & Torvik, R. (2005). White elephants. Journal of Public Economics, 89(2–3),
197–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.05.004
Robinson, J. A., Torvik, R., & Verdier, T. (2006). Political foundations of the resource curse.
Journal of Development Economics, 79(2), 447–468.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.01.008
Robinson, J. A., & Verdier, T. (2013). The Political Economy of Clientelism. The Scandinavian
Journal of Economics, 115(2), 260–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12010
Robinson, Mark. (1998). Corruption and Development: An Introduction. European Journal of
Development Research, 10(1), 1.
Robinson, Matthew, & Rogers, J. (2018). Applying Contextual Anomie and Strain Theory to
Recent Acts of Corporate Deviance. Journal of Theoretical & Philosophical
Criminology, 10(2), 71–92.
Robinson, Misty. (2012). Global approach to anti-bribery and corruption, an overview: Much
done, but a lot more to do... Thurgood Marshall Law Review, 37(2), 303–327.
Robinson, S. L., & O’Leary-Kelly, A. M. (1998). Monkey See, Monkey Do: The Influence of
Work Groups on the Antisocial Behavior of Employees. The Academy of Management
Journal, 41(6), 658–672. https://doi.org/10.2307/256963
Roca, T. (2010). Assessing Corruption: Expert Surveys versus Household Surveys, Filling the
Gap (Universite Montesquieu-Bordeauz Working Paper No. DT/160/2010).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1703665
Roca, T. (2011). Measuring corruption: Perception surveys or victimization surveys? Towards a
better comprehension of populations’ perception mechanisms: press freedom, confidence
and gossip [Working Paper].
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1909860
Roca, T., Orme, W., & Brown, J. (2010). Fear and Loathing of the Corruption Perception Index:
Does Transparency International Penalize Press Freedom? [Working Paper].
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1694211
Roca, T., & others. (2010). Corruption Perceptions: The Trap of Democratization, a Panel Data
Analysis (Group d’economie Lare-Efi du Développement Working Paper No.
DT/161/2010). http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1725434
Rocca, J. (1992). Corruption and Its Shadow: An Anthropological View of Corruption in China.
China Quarterly, 130, 402–416.
545 

 
Rocha, L. J., Brown, E., & Cloke, J. (2011). Of legitimate and illegitimate corruption:
Bankruptcies in Nicaragua. Critical Perspectives on International Business, 7(2),
159–176.
Rock, M. T. (2009). Corruption and Democracy. The Journal of Development Studies, 45(1),
55–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380802468579
Rock, M. T., & Bonnett, H. (2004). The Comparative Politics of Corruption: Accounting for the
East Asian Paradox in Empirical Studies of Corruption, Growth and Investment. World
Development, 32(6), 999–1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.12.002
Rød, E. G., Knutsen, C. H., & Hegre, H. (2020). The determinants of democracy: A sensitivity
analysis. Public Choice, 185(1–2), 87–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-019-00742-z
Rodino, P. W. (1994). The case for the independent counsel. Seton Hall Legislative Journal,
19(1), 5–31.
Rodreck, D. (2017). Contribution of records management to audit opinions and accountability in
government. South African Journal of Information Management, 19(1), e1–e14.
https://doi.org/10.4102/sajim.v19i1.771
Rodrigues-Neto, J. (2014). On corruption, bribes and the exchange of favors. Economic
Modelling, 38(Journal, Electronic), 152–162.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.12.010
Rodríguez, F., & Sachs, J. D. (1999). Why Do Resource-Abundant Economies Grow More
Slowly? Journal of Economic Growth, 4(3), 277–303.
Rodriguez, P., Siegel, D. S., Hillman, A., & Eden, L. (2006). Three lenses on the multinational
enterprise: Politics, corruption, and corporate social responsibility. Journal of
International Business Studies, 37(6), 733–746.
http://dx.doi.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400229
Rodriguez, P., Uhlenbruck, K., & Eden, L. (2005). Government Corruption and the Entry
Strategies of Multinationals. The Academy of Management Review, 30(2), 383–396.
https://doi.org/10.2307/20159125
Rodríguez-Martínez, C. C., García-Sánchez, I. M., Vicente-Galindo, P., & Galindo-Villardón, P.
(2019). Exploring Relationships between Environmental Performance, E-Government
and Corruption: A Multivariate Perspective. Sustainability, 11(22), 6497.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226497
Rodríguez-Pose, A., & Garcilazo, E. (2015). Quality of government and the returns of
investment: Examining the impact of cohesion expenditure in European regions.
Regional Studies, 49(8), 1274–1290.

546 

 
Rodríguez-Pose, A., & Maslauskaite, K. (2011). Can policy make us happier? Individual
characteristics, socio-economic factors and life satisfaction in Central and Eastern
Europe. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 5(1), 77–96.
Rodríguez-Pose, A., & Storper, M. (2006). Better Rules or Stronger Communities? On the Social
Foundations of Institutional Change and Its Economic Effects. Economic Geography,
82(1), 1–25.
Rodríguez-Pose, A., & Zhang, M. (2020). The cost of weak institutions for innovation in China.
Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 153, 119937-.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.119937
Roebuck, J., & Barker, T. (1974). A typology of police corruption. Social Problems, 21(3),
423–437.
Rogelja, T., & Shannon, M. (2017). Structural power in Serbian anti-corruption forest policy
network. Forest Policy and Economics, 82, 52.
Rogers, M. (2008). Directly unproductive schooling: How country characteristics affect the
impact of schooling on growth. European Economic Review, 52(2), 356–385.
Rogers, S. B. (2008). The World Bank voluntary disclosure program (VDP): A distributive
justice critique. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 46(3), 709–731.
Rogowski, R. (1987). Trade and the variety of democratic institutions. International
Organization, 41(2), 203–223.
Rohac, D., Kumar, S., & Johansson Heinö, A. (2017). The wisdom of demagogues: Institutions,
corruption and support for authoritarian populists. Economic Affairs, 37(3), 382–396.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ecaf.12264
Rohde, C. (2014). A New Affirmative Defense to the FCPA for Countries Exiting Major Internal
Strife. Richmond Journal of Global Law and Business, 13(Journal Article), 545.
Rohitarachoon, P., & Hossain, F. (2012). Decentralized Recruitment and Selection in Thailand:
Friend or Foe to Local Public Administration? International Journal of Public
Administration, 35(8), 553–561. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2011.653513
Rohlfsen, R. J. (2012). Recent developments in foreign and domestic criminal commercial
bribery laws. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 151–193.
Rohozinska, J., & Shpak, V. (2019). Ukraine’s Post-Maidan Struggles: The Rise of an
“Outsider” President. Journal of Democracy, 30(3), 33–47.
https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2019.0040
Rohrer, I. (2020). Informal accountability. Street-level bureaucrats’ tactics to defy bad reputation

547 

 
in agencies of the Argentinian justice system. Oxford Development Studies, 48(3),
209–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2020.1787368
Rohwer, A. (2009). Measuring corruption: A comparison between the Transparency
International’s Corruption Perceptions Index and the World Bank’s Worldwide
Governance Indicators. CESifo DICE Report, 7(3), 42–52.
Røiseland, A., Pierre, J., & Gustavsen, A. (2015). Accountability by professionalism or
managerialism? Exploring attitudes among Swedish and Norwegian local government
leaders. International Journal of Public Administration, 38(10), 689–700.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2014.955196
Roldan, A. C. (1991). A Brief Psychology of Corruption. Psychology: A Journal of Human
Behavior, 26(4), 53–55.
Roldán, J. (2018). Do Tolerant Societies Demand Better Institutions? Social Indicators
Research, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-2002-4
Roman, A. (2014). The multi-shade paradox of public corruption: The Moldovan case of dirty
hands and collective action. Crime, Law and Social Change, 62(1), 65.
Roman, A. V., & Miller, H. T. (2014). Building Social Cohesion: Family, Friends, and
Corruption. ADMINISTRATION & SOCIETY, 46(7), 775–795.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399712473987
Roman, Alexandru Vasile. (2014). Refocusing Perspectives on Public Corruption Away from the
Individual: Insights from the Moldovan Social Matrix. Transylvanian Review of
Administrative Sciences, 43, 214–231.
Romer, P. (1994). New goods, old theory, and the welfare costs of trade restrictions. Journal of
Development Economics, 43(1), 5–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(94)90021-3
Romer, P. (2010). Cutting the corruption tax in Greece [Working Paper].
Ronderos, J. G., Rincon, A. O. R., & Ratpan, M. (2015). Corruption and Development: The
Need for International Investigations with a Multijurisdictional Approach Involving
Multilateral Development Banks and National Authorities. Osgoode Hall Law Journal,
53, 334–387.
Roniger, L. (2004). Political Clientelism, Democracy, and Market Economy. Comparative
Politics, 36(3), 353–375. https://doi.org/10.2307/4150135
Ronit, K., & McMenamin, I. (2015). If money talks, what does it say? Corruption and business
financing of political parties. West European Politics, 38(1), 248–249.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2014.962832

548 

 
Ronnerstrand, B., & Lapuente, V. (2017). Corruption and use of antibiotics in regions of Europe.
Health Policy, 121(3), 250–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2016.12.010
Rontos, K., Vavouras, I., Ciommi, M., & Salvati, L. (2019). Two faces of the same coin? A
comparative, global approach to corruption and socioeconomic development. Quality and
Quantity, 53(4), 1875–1894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-019-00846-0
Root, H. (1996). Corruption in China: Has It Become Systemic? Asian Survey, 36(8), 741–757.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2645436
Root, H. L. (1996). Small countries, big lessons: Governance and the rise of East Asia / Hilton
L. Root. Oxford University Press.
Roper, S. D. (2002). The Influence of Romanian Campaign Finance Laws on Party System
Development and Corruption. Party Politics, 8(2), 175–192.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068802008002002
Rosas, G., & Manzetti, L. (2015). Reassessing the trade-off hypothesis: How misery drives the
corruption effect on presidential approval. Electoral Studies, 39(Journal Article), 26–38.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2015.03.002
Rose, C. (2011). The Application of Human Rights Law to Private Sector Complicity in
Governmental Corruption. Leiden Journal of International Law, 24(3), 715–740.
http://dx.doi.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1017/S0922156511000306
Rose, C. (2012). The Corner House case and the incomplete incorporation of the OECD
Anti-Bribery Convention in the United Kingdom. Tulane Journal of International and
Comparative Law, 20(2), 351–383.
Rose, C. (2014a). Corruption and Conflicts of Interests in the United Kingdom. In J.-B. Auby, E.
Breen, & T. Perroud (Eds.), Corruption and conflicts of interest: A comparative law
approach (pp. 150–166). Edward Elgar Publishing.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4JrqAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq
=%E2%80%9CCorruption+and+Conflicts+of+Interests+in+the+United+Kingdom%E2%
80%9D,+in+Jean-Bernard+Auby,+Emmanuel+Breen+%26+Thomas+Perroud+eds.,+Cor
ruption+and+Conflicts+of+Interest:+A+Comparative+Law+Approach+&ots=HU1F7nK
_2g&sig=YdR6EJDpyaIwObTN3OzUx1Od9WA
Rose, C. (2014b). Questioning the role of international arbitration in the fight against corruption.
Journal of International Arbitration, 31(2), 183–264.
Rose, C. (2016). The Limitations of a Human Rights Approach to Corruption. International &
Comparative Law Quarterly, 65(2), 405–438.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589316000038

549 

 
Rose, J. (2014). Corruption and the Problem of Perception. In Paul M. Heywood (Ed.),
Routledge handbook of political corruption (pp. 172–182). Routledge.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=wWzfBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&
dq=%E2%80%9CCorruption+and+the+Problem+of+Perception%E2%80%9D+,+in+Pau
l+M.+Heywood+ed.,+The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Political+Corruption+&ots=C8Rfu
ZNG4S&sig=liF5yetwAZm-eoCaAeXXwTFM1w8
Rose, J. (2017). The Meaning of Corruption: Testing the Coherence and Adequacy of Corruption
Definitions. Public Integrity, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2017.1397999
Rose, J., & Heywood, P. (2013). Political science approaches to integrity and corruption. Human
Affairs, 23(2), 148–159. https://doi.org/10.2478/s13374-013-0116-6
Rose, P. (2012). State Capitalism and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Ohio State Law
Journal, 73, 1069–1485.
Rose, R. (2013). The Other Face of Bureaucracy. Perception of Bribery is Worse than the
Practice. WZB Mitteilungen, 140.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2497968
Rose, R., & Mishler, W. (2008). Bridging the gap between the experience and the perception of
corruption. Global Corruption Report, 328–332.
Rose, R., & Mishler, W. (2010). Experience versus perception of corruption: Russia as a test
case. Global Crime, 11(2), 145–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440571003669175
Rose, R., & Peiffer, C. (2013). Contact comes first: A two-step model of paying bribes (No. 508).
University of Strathclyde Studies in Public Policy.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2497980
Rose, R., & Peiffer, C. (2015). Paying Bribes for Public Services: A Global Guide to
Grass-Roots Corruption. Basingstoke, GB: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rose, R., & Peiffer, C. (2016). Integrating Institutional and Behavioural Measures of Bribery.
European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 22(3), 525–542.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-016-9309-y
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (1975). The economics of corruption. Journal of Public Economics,
4(2), 187–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(75)90017-1
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (1978). Corruption: A study in political economy. Academic Press.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (1996). Democracy and “grand” corruption. International Social
Science Journal, 48(3), 365.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (1997). The role of the World Bank in controlling corruption. Law and

550 

 
Policy in International Business, 29(1), 93–114.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (1999). Corruption and government: Causes, consequences, and reform.
Cambridge University Press.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (2001a). Political corruption and democratic structures. In Arvind K.
Jain (Ed.), The political economy of corruption (pp. 35–62). Routledge.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=CNyAAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA35
&dq=Political+Corruption+and+Democratic+Structures,%E2%80%9D+in+Arvind+K.+J
ain,+ed.+The+Political+Economy+of+Corruption+&ots=956qwTQgJn&sig=Ga3EE3I7
MUYZfwEfMMf79lTzJlM
Rose‐Ackerman, S. (2001). Trust and Honesty in Post‐Socialist Societies. Kyklos, 54(2‐3),
415–443. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6435.00161
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (2001b). Trust, honesty and corruption: Reflection on the state-building
process. European Journal of Sociology, 42(3), 526–570.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975601001084
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (2002a). Corruption and the criminal law. Forum on Crime and Society,
2, 3–21.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (2002b). “Grand” corruption and the ethics of global business. Journal
of Banking and Finance, 26(9), 1889–1918.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4266(02)00197-8
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (2006). Political corruption and reform in democracies: Theoretical
perspectives. In J. Kawata (Ed.), Comparing Political Corruption and Clientalism (pp.
45–62). Ashgate.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=X3Tb0Glw3G0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA45&d
q=%E2%80%9CPolitical+Corruption+and+Reform+in+Democracies:+Theoretical+Pers
pectives%E2%80%9D,+in+Juichi+Kawata+ed.,+Comparing+Political+Corruption+and+
Clientalism&ots=-YDtqGqGAZ&sig=PVTjdiMHdfzyKlzrHSa3232vy-g
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (2007). International handbook on the economics of corruption. Edward
Elgar Publishing.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=P60nmWlJWEoC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&d
q=International+Handbook+on+the+Economics+of+Corruption&ots=j9baBLX_Ih&sig=
NfzWdsoYq5CxaNo99VYoct4W3EY
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (2008). Corruption. In C. K. Rowley & F. G. Schneider (Eds.), Readings
in Public Choice and Constitutional Political Economy (pp. 551–566). Springer US.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75870-1_30
Rose–Ackerman, S. (2008). Corruption and Government. International Peacekeeping, 15(3),
551 

 
328–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533310802058802
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (2009). Corruption in the wake of domestic national conflict. In R. I.
Rotberg (Ed.), Corruption, Global Security, and World Order (pp. 66–95). Brookings
Institution Press.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (2010a). Corruption: Greed, Culture, and the State. Yale Law Journal,
120, 125–421.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (2010b). The institutional economics of corruption. In Gjalt de Graaf, P.
von Maravic, & P. Wagenaar (Eds.), The Good Cause: Theoretical Perspectives on
Corruption (pp. 47–63). B. Budrich.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (2010c). The Law and Economics of Bribery and Extortion. Annual
Review of Law and Social Science, 6, 217–238.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102209-152942
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (2013). Introduction: The role of international actors in fighting
corruption. In Susan Rose-Ackerman & P. D. Carrington (Eds.), Anti-Corruption Policy:
Can International Actors Play a Constructive Role (pp. 3–38).
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (2014). Corruption and Conflicts of Interest. In J.-B. Auby, E. Breen, &
T. Perroud (Eds.), Corruption and conflicts of interest: A comparative law approach (pp.
3–14). Edward Elgar Publishing.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4JrqAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq
=%E2%80%9CCorruption+and+Conflicts+of+Interest%E2%80%9D,+in+Jean-Bernard+
Auby,+Emmanuel+Breen+%26+Thomas+Perroud+eds.,+Corruption+and+Conflicts+of+
Interest:+A+Comparative+Law+Approach&ots=HU1F7nNW9i&sig=2WDlGSDY7UOQ
OZhrNuDnl-JAHys
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (2015). Are Corrupt Elites Necessary for Corrupt Countries? In C.
Dahlström & L. Wängnerud (Eds.), Elites, Institutions and the Quality of Government
(pp. 33–47). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137556288_3
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (2018). Corruption & Purity. Daedalus, 147(3), 98–110.
https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00505
Rose-Ackerman, Susan, & Billa, B. (2007). Treaties and national security. NYUJ Int’l L. & Pol.,
40, 437.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan, & Hunt, S. (2011). Transparency and Business Advantage: The Impact
of International Anti-Corruption Policies on the United States National Interest. NYU
Ann. Surv. Am. L., 67, 433.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan, & Palifka, B. J. (2016). Corruption and government: Causes,

552 

 
consequences, and reform (Second edition.). Cambridge University Press.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan, & Palifka, B. J. (2018). Corruption, Organized Crime, and Money
Laundering. In Institutions, Governance and the Control of Corruption (pp. 75–111).
Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65684-7_4
Rose-Ackerman, Susan, & Truex, R. (2013). Corruption and Policy Reform. In B. Lomborg
(Ed.), Global problems, smart solutions: Costs and benefits. Cambridge University Press.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=g9tRAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR8&dq
=%E2%80%9CCorruption+and+Policy+Reform%E2%80%9D,+in+Bjorn+Lomborg+ed.
,+Global+Problems,+Smart+Solutions:+Costs+and+Benefits+&ots=XM5F6dFp6g&sig=
066mVCzBgH8EXy-duWRYp0ucNJc
Rosenbaum, S. M., Billinger, S., & Stieglitz, N. (2013). Private virtues, public vices: Social
norms and corruption. International Journal of Development Issues, 12(3), 192–212.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDI-06-2013-0044
Rosenblatt, V. (2012). Hierarchies, Power Inequalities, and Organizational Corruption. Journal
of Business Ethics, 111(2), 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1204-y
Rosenfeld, B., Imai, K., & Shapiro, J. N. (2016). An Empirical Validation Study of Popular
Survey Methodologies for Sensitive Questions. American Journal of Political Science,
60(3), 783–802. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12205
Rosenmüller, C. (2017). Corruption in the Iberian empires: Greed, custom, and colonial
networks. University of New Mexico Press.
Rosenson, Beth A. (2003). Against Their Apparent Self-Interest: The Authorization of
Independent State Legislative Ethics Commissions, 1973-96. State Politics & Policy
Quarterly, 3(1), 42–65.
Rosenson, Beth A. (2005). The Shadowlands of Conduct: Ethics and State Politics. Georgetown
University Press.
Rosenson, Beth Ann. (2009). The effect of political reform measures on perceptions of
corruption. Election Law Journal, 8(1), 31.
Roser, W. G. (1992). The Independent Commission Against Corruption: The new Star Chamber?
Criminal Law Journal, 16(4), 225–245.
Rose-Sender, S. K., & Goodwin, M. (2010). Linking Corruption and Human Rights: An
Unwelcome Addition to the Development Discourse (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID
1623225). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1623225
Rosid, A., Evans, C., & Tran-Nam, B. (2016). Do perceptions of corruption influence personal
income taxpayer reporting behaviour? Evidence from Indonesia. EJournal of Tax
553 

 
Research, 14(2), 387–425.
Rosid, A., Evans, C., & Tran-Nam, B. (2017). Perceptions of Corruption and Tax
Non-compliance Behaviour: Policy Implications for Developing Countries. Bulletin of
Indonesian Economic Studies, 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2017.1364349
Rosidah. (2012). Analysis of Social Marketing for Anti-corruption Campaign: Case study of
Film Kita versus Korupsi. Humaniora, 3(1), 181–193.
Ross, L. A. (2012). Using foreign relations law to limit extraterritorial application of the Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act. Duke Law Journal, 62(2), 445.
Ross, M. (1999). The political economy of the resource curse. World Politics, 50(2), 297–322.
Ross, Michael L. (2015). What Have We Learned about the Resource Curse? Annual Review of
Political Science, 18, 239–259. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-052213-040359
Ross, Michael Lewin. (2001). Does Oil Hinder Democracy? World Politics, 53(3), 325–361.
Ross, S. N. (2014). A Developmental Behavioral Analysis of Dual Motives’ Role in Political
Economies of Corruption. Integral Review, 10(1), 91–121.
Rossbacher, H. H., & Young, T. W. (1997). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Within the
American Response to Domestic Corruption. Journal of Money Laundering Control,
1(2), 125–137.
Rosser, A. (2006). The political economy of the resource curse: A literature survey.
http://mobile.opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/4061
Rosser, A., & Kartika, W. (2020). Conflict, contestation, and corruption reform: The political
dynamics of the EITI in Indonesia. Contemporary Politics, 26(2), 147–164.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2019.1693244
Rotaru, C., Bod, D.-A., & Georgescu, R. (2016). A review of corruption based on the social and
economic evolution of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Theoretical and Applied
Economics, 2, 239–248.
Rotberg, R. I. (2009a). How corruption compromises world peace and stability. In Corruption,
global security, and world order (pp. 1–26). Brookings Institution Press.
Rotberg, R. I. (2009b). Leadership Alters Corrupt Behavior. In Corruption, global security, and
world order (pp. 341–358). Brookings Institution Press.
Rotberg, R. I. (2017). The corruption cure: How citizens and leaders can combat graft.
Princeton University Press.
Rotberg, R. I. (2018). Accomplishing Anticorruption: Propositions & Methods. Daedalus,

554 

 
147(3), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00513
Rothrock, J. (2008). Striking a Balance: The Speech or Debate Clause’s Testimonial Privilege
and Policing Government Corruption. Touro Law Review, 24, 739–849.
Rothstein, B. (2009). Creating Political Legitimacy: Electoral Democracy Versus Quality of
Government. American Behavioral Scientist, 53(3), 311–330.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764209338795
Rothstein, B., & Eek, D. (2009). Political Corruption and Social Trust: An Experimental
Approach. Rationality and Society, 21(1), 81–112.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463108099349
Rothstein, Bo. (2010). Corruption, happiness, social trust and the welfare state: A causal
mechanisms approach (QoG Working Paper Series No. 9).
http://www.sahlgrenska.gu.se/digitalAssets/1350/1350166_2010_9_rothstein.pdf
Rothstein, Bo. (2011a). The Quality of Government: Corruption, Social Trust, and Inequality in
International Perspective. University of Chicago Press.
http://www.bibliovault.org/BV.landing.epl?ISBN=9780226729572
Rothstein, Bo. (2011b). Anti-corruption: The indirect ‘big bang’ approach. Review of
International Political Economy, 18(2), 228–250.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09692291003607834
Rothstein, Bo. (2013). Corruption and Social Trust: Why the Fish Rots from the Head Down.
Social Research: An International Quarterly, 80(4), 1009–1032.
Rothstein, Bo. (2014). What is the opposite of corruption? Third World Quarterly, 35(5),
737–752. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2014.921424
Rothstein, Bo. (2015). The Chinese Paradox of High Growth and Low Quality of Government:
The Cadre Organization Meets Max Weber: The Chinese Paradox. Governance, 28(4),
533–548. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12128
Rothstein, Bo. (2017). Making sense of corruption. Cambridge University Press.
Rothstein, Bo. (2018). Fighting Systemic Corruption: The Indirect Strategy. Daedalus, 147(3),
35–49. https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00501
Rothstein, Bo. (2019). Epistemic democracy and the quality of government. European Politics
and Society, 20(1), 16–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2018.1515873
Rothstein, Bo, Samanni, M., & Teorell, J. (2012). Explaining the welfare state: Power resources
vs. the Quality of Government. European Political Science Review, 4(01), 1–28.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773911000051

555 

 
Rothstein, Bo, & Solevid, M. (2013). Perceptions of corruption and political participation (pp.
11–14) [Working Paper].
Rothstein, Bo, & Tannenberg, M. (2015). Making Development Work: The Quality of
Government Approach. Report.
http://eba.se/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Making_development_work_07.pdf
Rothstein, Bo, & Tegnhammar, M. (2006). The Mechanisms of Corruption: Interest vs.
Cognition [Working Paper]. https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/39175
Rothstein, Bo, & Teorell, J. (2008). What Is Quality of Government? A Theory of Impartial
Government Institutions. Governance, 21(2), 165–190.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2008.00391.x
Rothstein, Bo, & Teorell, J. (2014). Causes of Corruption. In Paul M. Heywood (Ed.), Routledge
handbook of political corruption (pp. 79–94). Routledge.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=wWzfBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&
dq=Rothstein+%E2%80%9CCauses+of+Corruption%E2%80%9D+The+Routledge+Han
dbook+of+Political+Corruption+&ots=C8RfuZVE0O&sig=9AIj3wObZNTXMEi_hfW0-
L4CyD8
Rothstein, Bo, & Teorell, J. (2015). Getting to Sweden, Part II: Breaking with Corruption in the
Nineteenth Century: Getting to Sweden, Part II: Breaking with Corruption in the
Nineteenth Century. Scandinavian Political Studies, 38(3), 238–254.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.12048
Rothstein, Bo, & Torsello, D. (2013). Is Corruption Understood Differently in Different
Cultures? Anthropology meets Political Science [Quality of Government Working Paper
2013: 5].
Rothstein, Bo, & Torsello, D. (2014). Bribery in Preindustrial Societies: Understanding the
Universalism-Particularism Puzzle. Journal of Anthropological Research, 70(2),
263–284. https://doi.org/10.3998/jar.0521004.0070.205
Rothstein, Bo, & Uslaner, E. M. (2005). All for All: Equality, Corruption, and Social Trust.
World Politics, 58(01), 41–72. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2006.0022
Rothstein, Bo, & Varraich, A. (2017). Making Sense of Corruption. Cambridge University Press.
Rothwell, G. R., & Baldwin, J. N. (2007). Whistle-Blowing and the Code of Silence in Police
Agencies: Policy and Structural Predictors. Crime &amp; Delinquency, 53(4), 605–632.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128706295048
Rotondi, V., & Stanca, L. (2015). The effect of particularism on corruption: Theory and
empirical evidence. Journal of Economic Psychology, 51, 219–235.

556 

 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2015.09.008
Rousso, A., & Steves, F. (2007). The effectiveness of anti-corruption programs: Preliminary
evidence from the post-communist transition countries. In Susan Rose-Ackerman (Ed.),
International handbook on the economics of corruption (p. 247).
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=P60nmWlJWEoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA247
&dq=%E2%80%9CThe+Effectiveness+of+Anti-Corruption+Programs:+Preliminary+Evi
dence+from+the+Post-Communist+Transition+Countries%E2%80%9D,+in+Susan+Rose
-Ackerman,+ed.,+International+Handbook+on+the+Economics+of+Corruption+&ots=j9
baCI_WEe&sig=JV6vh5FAX2RsTgvR2i39jZlk-sc
Rowbottom, J. (2016). Corruption, Transparency, and Reputation: The Role of Publicity in
Regulating Political Donations. The Cambridge Law Journal, 75(02), 398–425.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008197316000234
Rowe, M. (2009). Notes on a Scandal: The Official Enquiry Into Deviance and Corruption in
New Zealand Police. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 42(1),
123–138. https://doi.org/10.1375/acri.42.1.123
Roy, Abhijit, & Goll, I. (2014). Predictors of various facets of sustainability of nations: The role
of cultural and economic factors. International Business Review, 23(5), 849–861.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2014.01.003
Roy, Achinto, & Singer, A. E. (2006). Reducing corruption in international business:
Behavioural, managerial and political approaches. Journal of Economic and Social
Policy, 10(2), 2.
Rožič, P., & Nisnevich, Y. (2016). Lustration Matters: A Radical Approach to the Problem of
Corruption. Studies in Comparative International Development, 51(3), 257–285.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-015-9179-1
Ruan, J. (2019). “Bribery with Chinese characteristics” and the use of guanxi to obtain admission
to prestigious secondary schools in urban China. Critical Asian Studies, 51(1), 120–130.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2018.1548906
Ruan, W., Xiang, E., & Ma, S. (2018). Lending to Private Firms: Evidence from China on the
Role of Firm Openness and Bribery. The Chinese Economy, 51(1), 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10971475.2017.1368905
Rubin, N. M. (1998). Convergence of 1996 and 1997 Global Efforts to Curb Corruption and
Bribery in International Business Transactions: The Legal Implications of the OECD
Recommendations and Convention for the United States, Germany, and Switzerland. Am.
U. Int’l L. Rev., 14, 257.
Rubin, P. H. (2016). Crony Capitalism. Supreme Court Economic Review, 23(1), 105–120.
557 

 
https://doi.org/10.1086/686474
Rubinstein, W. D. (1983). The End of “Old Corruption” in Britain, 1780-1860. Past and Present,
101(1), 55–86. https://doi.org/10.1093/past/101.1.55
Rudi, L. M., Azadi, H., Witlox, F., & Lebailly, P. (2014). Land rights as an engine of growth?
An analysis of Cambodian land grabs in the context of development theory. Land Use
Policy, 38(Journal Article), 564–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.12.016
Rudolph, L., & Däubler, T. (2016). Holding Individual Representatives Accountable: The Role
of Electoral Systems. The Journal of Politics, 78(3), 746–762.
https://doi.org/10.1086/685378
Rueda, M. (2017). Small Aggregates, Big Manipulation: Vote Buying Enforcement and
Collective Monitoring. American Journal of Political Science, 61(1), 163–177.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12260
Rueda, M. R. (2015). Buying votes with imperfect local knowledge and a secret ballot. Journal
of Theoretical Politics, 27(3), 428–456. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629814533841
Rueda, Miguel R., & Ruiz, N. A. (2020). Political Agency, Election Quality, and Corruption. The
Journal of Politics, 82(4), 1256–1270. https://doi.org/10.1086/708243
Ruengdet, K., & Wongsurawat, W. (2015). The mechanisms of corruption in agricultural price
intervention projects: Case studies from Thailand. Social Science Journal, 52(1), 22.
Rumyantseva, N. L. (2005). Taxonomy of Corruption in Higher Education. Peabody Journal of
Education, 80(1), 81–92.
Rumyantseva, N. L. (2015). Kazakhstan: The Issue of Corruption. International Higher
Education, 0(37). https://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/ihe/article/view/7437
Rumyantseva, N. L., & Denisova-Schmidt, E. (2015). Institutional Corruption in Russian
Universities. International Higher Education, 0(82), 18–19.
https://doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2015.82.8871
Runde, D. F., & Hameed, S. (2014). The Costs of Corruption: Strategies for Ending a Tax on
Private-sector Growth. Rowman & Littlefield.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=b5EEAwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&d
q=Runde,+Daniel+F.+%26+Sadika+Hameed+with+Jeremiah+Magpile.+2014.+The+Cos
ts+of+Corruption:+Strategies+for+Ending+a+Tax+on+Private-Sector-Led+Growth.+(W
ashington,+D.C.:+Center+for+Strategic+%26+International+Studies).&ots=6wasWl2tHs
&sig=jjSXrsfTS7_gjyG6b1GeBR_SQgk
Runnels, M. B., & Burton, A. M. (2012). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and new
governance: Incentivizing ethical foreign direct investment in China and other emerging
558 

 
economies. Cardozo Law Review, 34(1), 295–328.
Rus, H. (2014). Corruption, conflict and the management of natural resources. Economics of
Governance, 15(4), 355–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-014-0148-3
Ruske, R. (2015). Does Economics Make Politicians Corrupt? Empirical Evidence from the
United States Congress: Does Economics Make Politicians Corrupt? Kyklos, 68(2),
240–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12082
Russell, C. (2018). Friendly Governance: Assessing Sociopolitical Factors in Allegations of
Corruption. Public Integrity, 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2018.1446630
Rustad, S. A., Billon, P., & Lujala, P. (2017). Has the Extractive Industries Transparency
Initiative been a success? Identifying and evaluating EITI goals. Resources Policy, 51,
151–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2016.12.004
Ruud, A. E. (2000). Corruption as Everyday Practice. The Public—Private Divide in Local
Indian Society. Forum for Development Studies, 27(2), 271–294.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2000.9666142
Ruziev, K., & Midmore, P. (2015). Connectedness and SME Financing in Post-Communist
Economies: Evidence from Uzbekistan. Journal Of Development Studies; J.Dev.Stud.,
51(5), 586–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2014.989991
Ruzindana, A., Langseth, P., & Gakwandi, A. (1998). Fighting Corruption in Uganda: The
Process of Building a National Integrity System. Fountain Publishers.
Ryan, A., Schmit, M., Daum, D., Brutus, S., McCormick, S., & Brodke, M. (1997). Workplace
Integrity: Differences in Perceptions of Behaviors and Situational Factors. Journal of
Business and Psychology, 12(1), 67–83. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025014217174
Ryan, L. V. (2000). Combating Corruption: The 21st-Century Ethical Challenge. Business Ethics
Quarterly, 10(1), 331. https://doi.org/10.2307/3857717
Ryvkin, D., & Serra, D. (2012). How corruptible are you? Bribery under uncertainty. Journal of
Economic Behavior & Organization, 81(2), 466–477.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.07.004
Ryvkin, D., & Serra, D. (2018). Corruption and Competition among Bureaucrats: An
Experimental Study. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.12.026
Ryvkin, D., & Serra, D. (2019). Is More Competition Always Better? An Experimental Study of
Extortionary Corruption. Economic Inquiry, 57(1), 50–72.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12703

559 

 
Ryvkin, D., Serra, D., & Tremewan, J. (2017). I paid a bribe: An experiment on information
sharing and extortionary corruption. European Economic Review, 94, 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.02.003
Ryznar, M., & Korkor, S. (2011). Anti-bribery legislation in the United States and United
Kingdom: A comparative analysis of scope and sentencing. Missouri Law Review, 76(2),
415.
Saar, J. (2019). Tackling Corruption in Western and Russian Legal Cultures. Trames : A Journal
of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 23(4), 455–470.
https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2019.4.05
Saastomoinen, A., & Kuosmanen, T. (2014). Is corruption grease, grit or a gamble? Corruption
increases variance of productivity across countries. Applied Economics, 46(23), 2833.
Saba, R. P., & Manzetti, L. (1996). Privatization in Argentina: The implications for corruption.
Crime, Law and Social Change, 25(4), 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00572515
Sabato, L., & Simpson, G. (1996). Dirty little secrets: The persistence of corruption in American
politics.
Sabet, D. M. (2013). Corruption or Insecurity? Understanding Dissatisfaction with Mexico’s
Police. Latin American Politics and Society, 55(1), 22–45.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2012.00182.x
Sabet, D. M., & Tazreen, A. (2015). Governing Growth: Understanding Problems in Real Estate
Development in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Journal of South Asian Development, 10(1), 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0973174114567367
Sabharwal, N. S., & Tierney, W. G. (2020). Analyzing the Culture of Corruption in Indian
Higher Education. In Corruption in Higher Education (pp. 111–116). Brill Sense.
https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004433885/BP000021.xml
Sabic-El-Rayess, A. (2014). Acting and Reacting: Youth’s Behavior in Corrupt Educational
Settings. Peabody Journal of Education (0161956X), 89(1), 70–85.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956X.2014.862473
Sabic-El-Rayess, A., & Mansur, N. N. (2016). Favor reciprocation theory in education: New
corruption typology. International Journal of Educational Development, 50(Journal
Article), 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.04.005
Sabir, S., Qayyum, U., & Majeed, T. (2020). FDI and environmental degradation: The role of
political institutions in South Asian countries. Environmental Science and Pollution
Research International, 27(26), 32544–32553.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09464-y

560 

 
Sabry, M. I. (2017). Taming cronyism!: The role of Public Private Dialogues. International
Journal of Social Economics, 44(12), 1622–1638.
Sachet-Milliat, A. (2016). Complicity in Organizational Deviance: The Role of Internal and
External Unethical Pressures. In M. Dion, D. Weisstub, & J.-L. Richet (Eds.), Financial
Crimes: Psychological, Technological, and Ethical Issues (pp. 201–217). Springer
International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32419-7_9
Sacks, A. (2011). The Antecedents of Approval, Trust and Legitimating Beliefs in sub-Saharan
Africa, Latin America and six Arab Countries [Working Paper]. World Bank.
Sadanandan, A. (2012). Patronage and Decentralization: The Politics of Poverty in India.
Comparative Politics, 44(2), 211–228. https://doi.org/10.5129/001041512798837996
Sadigov, T. (2014). Corruption and social responsibility: Bribe offers among small entrepreneurs
in Azerbaijan. East European Politics, 30(1), 34–53.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2013.861351
Sadigov, T. (2017). Localization, Formalism, and Passivity: Symbols Shaping Bribe Offers in
Azerbaijan. Journal of Civil Society, 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17448689.2017.1387716
Sadowsky, J. M. (2005). The Transparency Myth: A Conceptual Approach to Corruption and the
Impact of Mandatory Disclosure Laws. Connecticut Public Interest Law Journal, 4,
308–347.
Safavian, M. S., Graham, D. H., & Gonzalez-Vega, C. (2001). Corruption and Microenterprises
in Russia. World Development, 29(7), 1215–1224.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00036-5
Safonchyk, O., & Ripenko, A. (2019). Government Administration as the Main Prerequisite for
Narrowing the Corruption Space. Baltic Journal of Economic Studies, 5(3), 193–202.
https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-3-193-202
Sah, R. (2007). Corruption across countries and regions: Some consequences of local osmosis.
Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 31(8), 2573–2598.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2006.09.002
Sah, R. K. (1991). Social Osmosis and Patterns of Crime. Journal of Political Economy, 99(6),
1272–1295. https://doi.org/10.1086/261800
Sah, S., & Loewenstein, G. (2010). Effect of Reminders of Personal Sacrifice and Suggested
Rationalizations on Residents’ Self-Reported Willingness to Accept Gifts: A
Randomized Trial. JAMA, 304(11), 1204. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1310
Saha, B. (2001). Red tape, incentive bribe and the provision of subsidy. Journal of Development
561 

 
Economics, 65(1), 113–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(01)00130-4
Saha, B. (2003). Harassment, corruption and tax policy: A comment on Marjit, Mukherjee and
Mukherjee [Eur. J. Political Economy 16 (2000) 75–94]. European Journal of Political
Economy, 19(4), 893–897. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(03)00046-6
Saha, B., & Thampy, T. (2004). Corruption, default and optimal credit in welfare programs.
East Asian Bureau of Economic Research.
http://202.54.18.156/faculty/babu/law2004/slides/BIBHAS.pdf
Saha, B., & Thampy, T. (2006). Extractive bribe and default in subsidized credit programs.
Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 60(2), 182–204.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2004.05.004
Saha, S., & Ben Ali, M. S. (2017). Corruption and economic development new evidence from
the Middle Eastern and North African countries. Economic Analysis and Policy.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2017.02.001
Saha, S., & Gounder, R. (2013). Corruption and economic development nexus: Variations across
income levels in a non-linear framework. Economic Modelling, 31(1), 70–79.
Saha, S., Gounder, R., Campbell, N., & Su, J. (2014). Democracy and corruption: A complex
relationship. Crime, Law and Social Change, 61(3), 287–308.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-013-9506-2
Saha, S., Gounder, R., & Su, J.-J. (2009). The interaction effect of economic freedom and
democracy on corruption: A panel cross-country analysis. Economics Letters, 105(2),
173–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2009.07.010
Saha, S., & Sen, K. (undefined/ed). The corruption–growth relationship: Does the political
regime matter? Journal of Institutional Economics, 1–24.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137420000375
Saha, S., & Su, J.-J. (2012). Investigating the Interaction Effect of Democracy and Economic
Freedom on Corruption: A Cross-Country Quantile Regression Analysis. Economic
Analysis and Policy, 42(3), 389–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0313-5926(12)50036-6
Saha, S., & Yap, G. (2015). Corruption and Tourism: An Empirical Investigation in a Non-linear
Framework. The International Journal of Tourism Research, 17(3), 272.
Sahebe, A. (2020). The Tax Collection and Anti-Corruption Strategy to Reform Afghanistan’s
Legal Code. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3591664
Sahgal, V., Pelizzo, R., Stapenhurst, R., & Woodley, W. (2005). Scrutinizing public
expenditures: Assessing the performance of public accounts committees (No. WPS3613;
Policy Research Working Paper Series). The World Bank.
562 

 
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/300811468176047128/Scrutinizing-public-ex
penditures-assessing-the-performance-of-public-accounts-committees
Sahnoun, M., & Abdennadher, C. (2019). Education and Corruption: A Stochastic Frontier
Analysis: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries. Journal of the
Knowledge Economy, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-019-00589-1
Saisana, M., & Saltelli, A. (2012). Corruption Perceptions Index 2012 Statistical Assessment.
JRC Scientific and Policy Reports.
Sajo, A. (1998). Corruption, clientelism, and the future of the constitutional state in Eastern
Europe. E. Eur. Const. Rev., 7, 37.
Sajó, A. (2003). From corruption to extortion: Conceptualization of post-communist corruption.
Crime, Law and Social Change, 40(2), 171–194.
Sakib, N. H. (2019). One size does not fit all: An analysis of the corruption preventative
approach of the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) in Bangladesh. Asian Journal of
Political Science, 27(2), 211–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185377.2019.1642773
Salahuddin, M., Vink, N., Ralph, N., & Gow, J. (2020). Globalisation, poverty and corruption:
Retarding progress in South Africa. Development Southern Africa (Sandton, South
Africa), 37(4), 617–643. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2019.1678460
Sala-i-Martin, X., & Subramanian, A. (2013). Addressing the Natural Resource Curse: An
Illustration from Nigeria. Journal of African Economies, 22(4), 570–615.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejs033
Salbu, S. R. (1994). True codes versus voluntary codes of ethics in international markets:
Toward the preservation of colloquy in emerging global communities. Journal of
International Business Law, 15(3), 327–371.
Salbu, S. R. (1997). Bribery in the global market: A critical analysis of the Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act. Washington and Lee Law Review, 54(1), 229–287.
Salbu, S. R. (1999a). Extraterritorial restriction of bribery: A premature evocation of the
normative global village. The Yale Journal of International Law, 24(1), 223–255.
Salbu, S. R. (1999b). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act as a threat to global harmony. Michigan
Journal of International Law, 20(3), 419–449.
Salbu, S. R. (2000a). A delicate balance: Legislation, institutional change, and transnational
bribery. Cornell International Law Journal, 33(3), 657.
Salbu, S. R. (2000b). Transnational bribery: The big questions. Nw. J. Int’l L. & Bus., 21, 435.
Salbu, Sr. (2001). Information technology in the war against international bribery and corruption:
563 

 
The next frontier of institutional reform? Harvard Journal On Legislation, 38(1), 67–102.
Salbu, Steven. (1999). Battling global corruption in the new millennium. Law and Policy in
International Business, 31(1), 47–79.
Saleem, H., Jiandong, W., & Khan, M. B. (2020). Determinants of corruption in China: A policy
perspective. Journal of Chinese Governance, 5(3), 297–321.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23812346.2018.1516388
Saleh, S. (2014). Challenges in Combating Corruption and Fixing Accountability: In Iraq’s
Perspective. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(13), n/a.
Salihu, H. A. (2020). Combating corruption in the Nigerian Civil Service. Journal of Money
Laundering Control, 23(1), 267–280. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-05-2019-0039
Salihu, H. A., & Gholami, H. (2018). Mob justice, corrupt and unproductive justice system in
Nigeria: An empirical analysis. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 55,
40–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2018.09.003
Salihu, H. A., & Jafari, A. (2020). Corruption and anti-corruption strategies in Iran. Journal of
Money Laundering Control, 23(1), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-01-2019-0001
Salinas-Jiménez, M. del M., & Salinas-Jiménez, J. (2007). Corruption, efficiency and
productivity in OECD countries. Journal of Policy Modeling, 29(6), 903–915.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2007.07.002
Salinas-Jiménez, M. del M., & Salinas-Jiménez, J. (2011). Corruption and total factor
productivity: Level or growth effects? Portuguese Economic Journal, 10(2), 109–128.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10258-010-0059-3
Salmon, T. C., & Serra, D. (2017). Corruption, social judgment and culture: An experiment.
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 142, 64–78.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.06.004
Salmon, T., & Serra, D. (2014). Does Social Judgment Diminish Rule Breaking? (CSAE
Working Paper WPS/2013-05).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2383903
Salvatore, D. (2004). Growth and poverty in a globalizing world. Journal of Policy Modeling,
26(4), 543–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2004.04.009
Salvatore, D. (2007). Growth, international inequalities, and poverty in a globalizing world.
Journal of Policy Modeling, 29(4), 635–641.
Salvatoriello, P. (2001). The practical necessity of federal intervention versus the ideal of
federalism: An expansive view of section 666 in the prosecution of state and local

564 

 
corruption. Georgetown Law Journal, 89(7), 2393–2417.
Salzman, R. (2009). Differentiated Corruption: Splitting the Variable in the Latin American
Context.
http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/8/2/2/9/p282294_in
dex.html
Samadi, A. H., & Farahmandpour, B. (2013). The Effect of Income Inequality on Corruption in
Selected Countries (1995-2007). Journal of Emerging Issues in Economics, Finance and
Banking, 1(3), 214–231.
Samanni, M., & Holmberg, S. (2010). Quality of government makes people happy [Working
Paper]. The Quality of Government Institute, University of Gothenburg.
Samanta, S. K., & Sanyal, R. N. (2010). National Competitiveness and Perception of Corruption.
Journal of Competitiveness Studies, 18(1/2), 89.
Samanta, S., & Sanyal, R. (2016). The Effect of the OECD Convention in Reducing Bribery in
International Business. Global Business and Management Research, 8(1), 68–76.
Sampath, V., & Rahman, N. (2018). Bribery in MNEs: The Dynamics of Corruption Culture
Distance and Organizational Distance to Core Values. Journal of Business Ethics, 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3827-0
Sampford, C. J. G. (2006). Measuring corruption. Ashgate.
Sampson, S. (1983). Bureaucracy and corruption as anthropological problems: A case study from
Romania. Folk, 25, 63–96.
Sampson, Steven. (2005). Integrity warriors: Global morality and the anti-corruption movement
in the Balkans. In D. Haller & C. Shore (Eds.), Corruption: Anthropological perspectives
(pp. 103–30). Pluto Press.
http://www.untag-smd.ac.id/files/Perpustakaan_Digital_1/CORRUPTION%20Haller_Co
rruption-Anthropological%20Perspectives.pdf#page=107
Sampson, Steven. (2007). Can the World Bank do the right thing? When anti-corruption
movements become anti-corruption budget lines [Working Paper].
http://lup.lub.lu.se/record/1146197
Sampson, Steven. (2010a). Diagnostics: Indicators and transparency in the anti-corruption
industry. In S. Jansen, E. Schroeter, & N. Stehr (Eds.), Transparenz: Multidisxiplanre
Durchsichten Durch Phoenomene und Theorien des Undurchsichtigen (pp. 97–111). VS
Verlag. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-531-92466-3_7
Sampson, Steven. (2010b). The anti-corruption industry: From movement to institution. Global
Crime, 11(2), 261–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440571003669258
565 

 
Sampson, Steven. (2015). The audit juggernaut. Social Anthropology, 23(Journal Article),
80–82.
Sampson, Steven. (2016). Corruption, anticorruption, uncorruption. Revue Du M.A.U.S.S., 43,
1–10.
Sampson, Steven. (2019). Citizen duty or Stasi society? Whistleblowing and disclosure regimes
in organizations and communities. Ephemera: Theory And Politics In Organization,
1–24.
Samuel, A. (2009). Preemptive collusion among corruptible law enforcers. Journal of Economic
Behavior & Organization, 71(2), 441–450.
Samuel, A., Farmer, A., & Mendez, F. (2020). Optimal regulation under imperfect enforcement:
Permits, tickets, or both? Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 67(4), 420–441.
https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12242
Samuel, A., & Lowen, A. (2010). Bribery and inspection technology. Economics of Governance,
11(4), 333–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-010-0080-0
Sanchez, A. (2015). Criminal entrepreneurship: A political economy of corruption and organised
crime in India. In Routledge handbook of political corruption (pp. 67–76). Routledge.
http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/faces/viewItemOverviewPage.jsp?itemId=escidoc:1
877536
Sanchez, C. M. (1999). Ties That Bind: A Social Contracts Approach to Business Ethics.
Academy of Management Perspectives, 13(4), 109–110.
https://doi.org/10.5465/AME.1999.2570564
Sanchez, J. I., Gomez, C., & Wated, G. (2008). A Value-based Framework for Understanding
Managerial Tolerance of Bribery in Latin America. Journal of Business Ethics, 83(2),
341–352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9623-x
Sánchez-Martín, M. E., de Arce, R., & Escribano, G. (2014). Do changes in the rules of the game
affect FDI flows in Latin America? A look at the macroeconomic, institutional and
regional integration determinants of FDI. European Journal of Political Economy,
34(Supplement C), 279–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2014.02.001
Sancino, A., Sicilia, M., & Grossi, G. (2018). Between patronage and good governance:
Organizational arrangements in (local) public appointment processes. International
Review Of Administrative Sciences, 84(4), 785–802.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852316675944
Sandgren, C. (2005). Combating Corruption: The Misunderstood Role of Law. International
Lawyer, 39(3), 717–731.

566 

 
Sandholtz, W., & Gray, M. M. (2003). International Integration and National Corruption.
International Organization, 57(04). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818303574045
Sandholtz, W., & Koetzle, W. (2000). Accounting for Corruption: Economic Structure,
Democracy, and Trade. International Studies Quarterly, 44(1), 31–50.
https://doi.org/10.1111/0020-8833.00147
Sandholtz, W., & Taagepera, R. (2005). Corruption, Culture, and Communism. International
Review of Sociology, 15(1), 109–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906700500038678
Sandoval-Ballesteros, I. (2014). Rethinking accountability and transparency: Breaking the public
sector bias in Mexico. American University International Law Review, 29(2), 399–439.
Sands, B. N. (1990). Decentralizing an economy: The role of bureaucratic corruption in China’s
economic reforms. Public Choice, 65(1), 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00139292
Sandu, A. M., & Nitu, M. L. (2014). The Perception of Corruption in Public Administration.
Contemporary Readings in Law & Social Justice, 6(1), 426–431.
Sanghera, B., & Satybaldieva, E. (2020). The other road to serfdom: The rise of the rentier class
in post-Soviet economies. Social Science Information, 59(3), 505–536.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018420943077
Santiso, C. (2006a). Improving fiscal governance and curbing corruption: How relevant are
autonomous audit agencies? International Public Management Review, 7(2).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=951844
Santiso, C. (2006b). Banking on Accountability? Strengthening Budget Oversight and Public
Sector Auditing in Emerging Economies. Public Budgeting & Finance, 26(2), 66–100.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5850.2006.00847.x
Santiso, C. (2008). Eyes wide shut? Reforming and defusing checks and balances in Argentina.
Public Administration and Development, 28(1), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.468
Santos, N., Pereira, L., & Rodrigues, D. (2018). Relationship Between Performance of the
FUNDEB Municipal Board and Active and Passive Waste. Brazilian Business Review,
15(5), 460–474. https://doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2018.15.5.4
Sanyal, A. (2002). Audit Hierarchy in a Corrupt Tax Administration: A Note with Qualifications
and Extensions. Journal of Comparative Economics, 30(2), 317–324.
https://doi.org/10.1006/jcec.2002.1771
Sanyal, A., Gang, I., & Goswami, O. (2000). Corruption, Tax Evasion and the Laffer Curve.
Public Choice, 105(1), 61–78. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005105822911
Sanyal, R. (2005). Determinants of Bribery in International Business: The Cultural and

567 

 
Economic Factors. Journal of Business Ethics, 59(1–2), 139–145.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-3406-z
Sanyal, R., & Guvenli, T. (2009). The propensity to bribe in international business: The
relevance of cultural variables. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal,
16(3), 287–300. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600910977364
Sanyal, R. N., Samanta, S. K., & Public Interest Enterprises, Inc. (2002). Corruption Across
Countries: The Cultural and Economic Factors. Business and Professional Ethics
Journal, 21(1), 21–46. https://doi.org/10.5840/bpej20022119
Sanyal, R., & Samanta, S. (2004). Correlates of bribe giving in international business.
International Journal of Commerce and Management, 14(2), 1.
Sanyal, R., & Samanta, S. (2008). Effect of perception of corruption on outward US Foreign
Direct Investment. Global Business and Economics Review, 10(1), 123.
https://doi.org/10.1504/GBER.2008.016831
Sanyal, R., & Samanta, S. (2010). Relationship Between Bribery and Economic Growth: An
Empirical Analysis. Indian Journal of Economics & Business, 9(1).
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype
=crawler&jrnl=09725784&AN=86021297&h=vGo%2FuWlmlcvyXphPpa8fM5MpffYIb
XJv0aZ82QmLcB5rDqRBvAPaDHQM4G2N2xDHGAuVg8pp7L%2Frrd0zW%2BzPdQ
%3D%3D&crl=c
Sanyal, R., & Samanta, S. (2017). Bribery in International Business in Post-Soviet Union
Countries. Journal of East-West Business, 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10669868.2017.1361883
Sanyal, R., & Samanta, S. (2020). Bribery in International Business in European Union
Countries: Patterns and Explanations. Journal of East-West Business, 26(2), 193–212.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10669868.2019.1704337
Saputra, P. M. A. (2019). Corruption perception and bilateral trade flows: Evidence from
developed and developing countries. Journal of International Studies, 12(1), 65–78.
https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2019/12-1/4
Sarabia, M., Crecente, F., Del Val, M. T., & Giménez, M. (2019). The Human Development
Index (HDI) and the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) 2013-2017: Analysis of social
conflict and populism in Europe. Ekonomska Istraživanja, 1–13.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1697721
Sarayev, N., Antipova, N., & Polyanichko, N. (2019). Regulatory and pedagogical aspects of the
formation of anti-corruption legal awareness in educational institutions. SHS Web of
Conferences, 70. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20197011012
568 

 
Sargiacomo, M., Ianni, L., D’Andreamatteo, A., & Servalli, S. (2015). Accounting and the fight
against corruption in Italian government procurement: A longitudinal critical analysis
(1992-2014). Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 28(Journal Article), 89–96.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2015.01.006
Sari, A. (2017). E-Government Attempts in Small Island Developing States: The Rate of
Corruption with Virtualization. Science And Engineering Ethics, 23(6), 1673–1688.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-016-9848-0
Sarkar, H., & Hasan, M. A. (2001). Impact of corruption on the efficiency of investment:
Evidence from a cross-country analysis. Asia-Pacific Development Journal, 8(2),
111–116.
Sarkissian, H. (2020). Do Filial Values Corrupt? How Can We Know? Clarifying and Assessing
the Recent Confucian Debate. Dao : A Journal of Comparative Philosophy, 19(2),
193–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11712-020-09718-z
Sarlak, Z. (2012). Corruption in Turkey: A Systemic Problem. In D. Tänzler, K. Maras, & A.
Giannakopoulos (Eds.), The Social Construction of Corruption in Europe (pp. 297–320).
Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=69mNX_6cX0wC&oi=fnd&pg=PT18&
dq=%E2%80%9CCorruption+in+Turkey:+A+Systemic+Problem%E2%80%9D,+in+Dir
k+Tanzler,+Konstadinos+Maras+%26+Angelos+Giannakopoulos+eds.,+The+Social+Co
nstruction+of+Corruption+in+Europe+&ots=iHDzaylaMn&sig=9ln1LF5RIGGihN87d-
WcAy4ruAM
Sarlo, P. (2014a). The Global Financial Crisis and the Transnational Anti-Corruption Regime: A
Call for Regulation of the World Bank’s Lending Practices. Georgetown Journal of
International Law, 45(4), 1293.
Sarlo, P. (2014b). The Spaghetti Bowl Revisited in the Context of Corruption: Understanding
How Corrupt Countries Could Subvert the WTO’s Rule-Oriented System through
Preferential Trade Agreements. Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 43,
1–20.
Sarmento, J. M., & Renneboog, L. (2017). Cost Overruns in Public Sector Investment Projects.
Public Works Management & Policy : A Journal for the American Public Works
Association, 22(2), 140–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087724X16668357
Sarte, P.-D. G. (2000). Informality and rent-seeking bureaucracies in a model of long-run
growth. Journal of Monetary Economics, 46(1), 173–197.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(00)00020-9
Sarte, P.-D. G. (2001). Rent-seeking bureaucracies and oversight in a simple growth model.

569 

 
Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 25(9), 1345–1365.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1889(99)00057-3
Sartor, M., & Beamish, P. (2019). Private Sector Corruption, Public Sector Corruption and the
Organizational Structure of Foreign Subsidiaries. Journal of Business Ethics, 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04148-1
Sartor, M., & Beamish, P. (2020). Integration-oriented strategies, host market corruption and the
likelihood of foreign subsidiary exit from emerging markets. Journal of International
Business Studies, 51(3), 414–431. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-019-00297-7
Sassi, S., & Ben Ali, M. S. (2017). Corruption in Africa: What role does ICT diffusion play.
Telecommunications Policy, 41(7–8), 662–669.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2017.05.002
Sassi, S., & Gasmi, A. (2017). The Dynamic Relationship Between Corruption-Inflation:
Evidence From Panelᅡ Vector Autoregression. Japanese Economic Review, 68(4),
458–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/jere.12134
Sassoon, J. (2016). Iraq’s political economy post 2003: From transition to corruption.
International Journal of Contemporary Iraqi Studies, 10(1–2), 17–33.
https://doi.org/10.1386/ijcis.10.1-2.17_1
Sathyamoorthy, V., & Tang, T. C. (2018). Institutional quality and export-led growth: An
empirical study. Journal of Economic Studies, 45(1), 193–208.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-07-2016-0139
Sato, H. (2011). Raising Wages as a Strategy to Reduce Corruption. Journal of Management and
Strategy, 2(4), p56.
Savage, J. D. (1994). Corruption and Virtue at the Constitutional Convention. The Journal of
Politics, 56(01), 174–186.
Savage, K., Delesgues, L., Martin, E., & Ulfat, G. P. (2007). Corruption perceptions and risks in
humanitarian assistance: An Afghanistan case study (pp. 12–13) [Working Paper].
http://www.operationspaix.net/DATA/DOCUMENT/5448~v~Corruption_Perceptions_a
nd_Risks_in_Humanitarian_Assistance___An_Afghanistan_Case_Study.pdf
Savona, E. U. (1995). Beyond criminal law in devising anticorruption policies: Lessons from the
Italian experience. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 3(2), 21–37.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02243082
Saxena, S. (2017). Factors influencing perceptions on corruption in public service delivery via
e-government platform. Foresight : The Journal of Futures Studies, Strategic Thinking
and Policy, 19(6), 628–646. https://doi.org/10.1108/FS-05-2017-0013
570 

 
Sayed, A. (2004). Corruption in international trade and commercial arbitration. Kluwer law
international.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=br3v7-Lg6ocC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=S
ayed,+Abdulhay.+2004.+Corruption+in+International+Trade+and+Commercial+Arbitrat
ion.&ots=c88vBO89xW&sig=wh0KU9--5Bo_XX_xPt2BNYq1-Ak
Sbaouelgi, J. (2019). The Impact of Corruption on Economic Growth in Mena Region.
Romanian Economic and Business Review, 14(2), 40–54.
Scarboro, C., & Wielocha, D. (2018). Role Of Employee Discipline in FCPA Settlements:
Balancing Competing Considerations.(Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977) (Global
Anti-Corruption: Transparency in the Modern Age). New York University Journal of
International Law and Politics, 50(4), 1235.
Schaaf, M., & Freedman, L. P. (2015). Unmasking the open secret of posting and transfer
practices in the health sector. Health Policy and Planning, 30(1), 121–130.
https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czt091
Schaffer, F. C. (2002). Might cleaning up elections keep people away from the polls? Historical
and comparative perspectives. International Political Science Review, 23(1), 69–84.
Schaffer, F. C. (2007). Elections for sale: The causes and consequences of vote buying. Lynne
Rienner Publishers.
Schaffer, F. C. (2008). The hidden costs of clean election reform. Cornell University Press.
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.PMUSE_batch:PMUSE178520150515
Schaffer, F. C., & Schaffer, U. F. C. (2005). Clean Elections and the Great Unwashed Vote
Buying and Voter Education in the Philippines.
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.520.359
Schatz, F. (2013). Fighting Corruption with Social Accountability: A Comparative Analysis of
Social Accountability Mechanisms’ Potential to Reduce Corruption in Public
Administration. Public Administration and Development, 33(3), 161–174.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1648
Scheck, H., Buchanan, G., & Creecy, K. (2019). Uncovering bribes hidden in books and records:
Studying areas flagged in SEC enforcement actions can help companies construct better
fraud controls. Journal of Accountancy, 228(4), 28–33.
Schefer, K. (2009). Corruption and the WTO legal system. Journal of World Trade, 43(4),
737–770.
Scheiner, E. (2005). Pipelines of Pork: Japanese Politics and a Model of Local Opposition Party
Failure. Comparative Political Studies, 38(7), 799–823.

571 

 
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414005277020
Schelker, M. (2012). The influence of auditor term length and term limits on US state general
obligation bond ratings. Public Choice, 150(1/2), 27–49.
Schelling, T. C. (1973). Hockey Helmets, Concealed Weapons, and Daylight Saving: A Study of
Binary Choices With Externalities. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 17(3), 381–428.
https://doi.org/10.1177/002200277301700302
Schembera, S., & Scherer, A. (2017). Organizational strategies in the context of legitimacy loss:
Radical versus gradual responses to disclosed corruption. Strategic Organization, 15(3),
301–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127016685237
Scheppele, K. L. (1999). The inevitable corruption of transition. Connecticut Journal of
International Law, 14(2), 509–532.
Scher, D. (2005). Asset Recovery: Repatriating Africa’s looted billions. African Security Review,
14(4), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2005.9627584
Scherer, M. (2004). Circumstantial Evidence in Corruption Cases Before International Artibral
Tribunals. Transnational Dispute Management (TDM), 1(3).
https://www.transnational-dispute-management.com/article.asp?key=170
Schickora, J. T. (2011). Bringing the four-eyes-principle to the lab [Working Paper].
https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12160/
Schikora, J. T. (2011). Bringing good and bad whistle-blowers to the lab [Working Paper].
https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12161/
Schikora, J. T. (2014). How Do Groups Stabilize Corruption? Journal of International
Development, 26(7), 1071–1091. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.2902
Schilke, O., & Rossman, G. (2018). It’s Only Wrong If It’s Transactional: Moral Perceptions of
Obfuscated Exchange. American Sociological Review, 83(6), 1079–1107.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418806284
Schipani, C., Liu, J., & Xu, H. (2016). Doing business in a connected society the GSK bribery
scandal in China. University Of Illinois Law Review, 1, 63–102.
Schleiter, P., & Voznaya, A. M. (2014). Party system competitiveness and corruption. Party
Politics, 20(5), 675–686. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068812448690
Schluter, W. E. (2017). Soft corruption: How unethical conduct undermines good government
and what to do about it. Rutgers University Press.
Schmidt, D. (2007). Anti-corruption: What Do We Know? Research on Preventing Corruption in
the Post-communist World. Political Studies Review, 5(2), 202–232.
572 

 
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-9299.2007.00129.x
Schmidt, T. (2009). Sweetening the Deal: Strengthening Transnational Bribery Laws Through
Standard International Corporate Auditing Guidelines. Minnesota Law Review, 93(3),
1120–1145.
Schmidtz, D. (2018). An Anatomy of Corruption. Social Philosophy and Policy, 35(2), 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265052519000062
Schneider, B. (1987). The People Make the Place. Personnel Psychology, 40(3), 437–453.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1987.tb00609.x
Schneider, B. A. (1992). Do not go gentle into that good night: The unquiet death of political
patronage. Wisconsin Law Review, 1992(2), 511–546.
Schneider, B., Goldstiein, H. W., & Smith, D. B. (1995). The ASA Framework: An Update.
Personnel Psychology, 48(4), 747–773.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01780.x
Schneider, F., & Dreher, A. (2006). Corruption and the shadow economy–substitutes or
complements? In M. Kreutner (Ed.), The Corruption Monster: Ethik, Politik und
Korruption, Czernin Verlag (pp. 363–370).
Schneider, F. G. (2007). Shadow Economies and Corruption All Over the World: New Estimates
for 145 Countries. Economics - The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 1, 1–66.
Schneider, Friedrich. (2016). Comment on Feige’s Paper “Reflections on the Meaning and
Measurement of Unobserved Economies: What do we really know about the ‘Shadow
Economy’?” (CESifo Working Paper Series No. 5818). CESifo Group Munich.
https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/cesceswps/_5f5818.htm
Schneider, Friedrich, Buehn, A., & Montenegro, C. E. (2010). New Estimates for the Shadow
Economies all over the World. International Economic Journal, 24(4), 443–461.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2010.525974
Schneider, Friedrich, & Enste, D. H. (2000). Shadow Economies: Size, Causes, and
Consequences. Journal of Economic Literature, 38(1), 77–114.
https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.38.1.77
Schneider, J. (2018). Fifty Years of Mafia Corruption and Anti-mafia Reform. Current
Anthropology, 59(S18), S16–S27. https://doi.org/10.1086/695801
Schneider, P., & Bose, G. (2017). Organizational Cultures of Corruption. Journal of Public
Economic Theory, 19(1), 59–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12174
Schnell, S. (2015). Mimicry, Persuasion, or Learning? The Case of Two Transparency and

573 

 
Anti-Corruption Policies in Romania. Public Administration And Development; Public
Adm.Dev., 35(4), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1721
Schoenherr, D. (2019). Political Connections and Allocative Distortions. The Journal of Finance.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12751
Schoeni, D. (2016). Personal Debarment For Non-Distributive Corporate Misconduct: On The
Efficacy Of Debarring The Individual From Government Contracts For Collective
Wrongdoing. Public Contract Law Journal, 46(1), 51–94.
Scholtens, B., & Dam, L. (2007). Cultural Values and International Differences in Business
Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 75(3), 273–284.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9252-9
Schopf, J. (2018). Cutting Corruption without Institutionalized Parties: The Story of Civic
Groups, Elected Local Government, and Administrative Reform in Korea. Korea
Observer, 49(4), 573. https://doi.org/10.29152/KOIKS.2018.49.4.573
Schopf, J. C. (2015). Deterring Extortive Corruption in Korea through Democratization and the
Rule of Law. Journal of Comparative Asian Development, Journal Article, 1–40.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15339114.2015.1059058
Schoultz, I., & Flyghed, J. (2016). Doing business for a “higher loyalty”? How Swedish
transnational corporations neutralise allegations of crime. Crime, Law and Social
Change, 66(2), 183–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-016-9619-5
Schrag, J., & Scotchmer, S. (1997). The self-reinforcing nature of crime. International Review of
Law and Economics, 17(3), 325–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8188(97)00025-2
Schramm, M., & Taube, M. (2003). The Institutional Economics of Legal Institutions, Guanxi,
and Corruption in the PR China. In J. Kidd & F.-J. Richter (Eds.), Fighting Corruption in
Asia (pp. 271–296). WORLD SCIENTIFIC.
http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789812795397_0011
Schroth, P. (2006). Corruption and accountability of the civil service in the United States.
American Journal Of Comparative Law, 54, 553–579.
Schroth, P. W. (2002). The United States and the International Bribery Conventions. The
American Journal of Comparative Law, 50, 593. https://doi.org/10.2307/840891
Schroth, P. W. (2003). National and international constitutional law aspects of African treaties
and laws against corruption. Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems, 13(1),
83–108.
Schroth, P. W., & Bostan, A. D. (2004). International Constitutional Law and Anti-Corruption
Measures in the European Union’s Accession Negotiations: Romania in Comparative
574 

 
Perspective. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 52(3), 625.
https://doi.org/10.2307/4144480
Schroth, P. W., & Sharma, P. (2003). Transnational law and technology as potential forces
against corruption in Africa. Management Decision, 41(3), 296–303.
https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740310469477
Schueth, S. (2011). Assembling International Competitiveness: The Republic of Georgia,
USAID, and the Doing Business Project. Economic Geography, 87(1), 51–77.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2010.01103.x
Schultz, J. J., Johnson, D. A., Morris, D., & Dyrnes, S. (1993). An Investigation of the Reporting
of Questionable Acts in an International Setting. Journal of Accounting Research, 31, 75.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2491165
Schultz, J., & Søreide, T. (2008). Corruption in emergency procurement. Disasters, 32(4),
516–536. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2008.01053.x
Schulze, G. G., & Frank, B. (2003). Deterrence versus intrinsic motivation: Experimental
evidence on the determinants of corruptibility. Economics of Governance, 4(2), 143–160.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s101010200059
Schulze, G. G., Sjahrir, B. S., & Zakharov, N. (2013). Corruption in Russia [Working Paper].
ftp://ftp.repec.org/opt/ReDIF/RePEc/fre/wpaper/DP22_Schulze_Sjahrir_Zakharov_Corru
ption_in_Russia.pdf
Schumacher, I. (2013). Political stability, corruption and trust in politicians. Economic
Modelling, 31, 359–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.11.047
Schuppan, T. (2009). E-Government in developing countries: Experiences from sub-Saharan
Africa. Government Information Quarterly, 26(1), 118–127.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2008.01.006
Schurr, A., & Ritov, I. (2016). Winning a competition predicts dishonest behavior. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(7), 1754.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515102113
Schuster, C., Meyer‐Sahling, J.-H., & Mikkelsen, K. S. (2020). (Un)principled principals,
(un)principled agents: The differential effects of managerial civil service reforms on
corruption in developing and OECD countries. Governance (Oxford), 33(4), 829–848.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12461
Schuttauf, N. (2012). Repeal anti-bribery legislation? A defense of laws promoting clean
business and transparent governments. New England Law Review, 46(3), 617–648.
Schütte, S. A. (2007). The fight against corruption in Indonesia. Journal of Current Southeast
575 

 
Asian Affairs, 26(4), 57–66.
Schütte, S. A. (2011). Appointing top officials in a democratic indonesia: The corruption
eradication commission. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 47(3), 355–379.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2011.619052
Schütte, S. A. (2012). Against the Odds: Anti-Corruption Reform in Indonesia. Public
Administration and Development, 32(1), 38–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.623
Schütte, S. A. (2015). Keeping the New Broom Clean: Lessons in Human Resource Management
from the KPK. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the
Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 171(4), 423–454.
https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-17104001
Schütte, S., & Butt, S. (2013). The Indonesian Court for Corruption Crimes: Circumventing
judicial impropriety? U4 Brief, 5.
http://www.cmi.no/publications/file/4903-the-indonesian-court-for-corruption-crimes.pdf
Schwartz, M. S. (2004). Effective Corporate Codes of Ethics: Perceptions of Code Users.
Journal of Business Ethics, 55(4), 321–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-004-2169-2
Schwenke, S. (2000). The moral critique: Corruption in developing countries. Journal of Public
and International Affairs, 11, 137–156.
Schwickerath, A. K. (2018). Anti-Corruption Norms in Training for United Nations
Peacekeeping Operations. Crime, Law and Social Change, 70(2), 275–291.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9731-1
Schwuchow, S. C. (2017). Gangs of New York: Organized Crime as the Link between Inequality
and Corruption (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2947142). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2947142
Scott, D., & Pyman, M. (2008). Public Perceptions of Corruption in the Military in Europe and
the Rest of the World. European Security, 17(4), 495–515.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09662830802568923
Scott, I. (2011). The Hong Kong ICAC’s approach to corruption control. In A. Graycar & R. G.
Smith (Eds.), Handbook of global research and practice in corruption (p. 401). Edward
Elgar.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=g3GfGTxJNaAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA401&
dq=%22The+Hong+Kong+ICAC%27s+Approach+to+Corruption+Control%22&ots=eD
MYly8Ma2&sig=gFPyhbRa9WKaV39dKBESihCTJZA
Scott, I. (2013). Institutional Design and Corruption Prevention in Hong Kong. Journal of
Contemporary China, 22(79), 77–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2012.716945

576 

 
Scott, I. (2017). The challenge of preserving Hong Kong’s successful anti-corruption system.
Asian Education and Development Studies, 6(3), 227–237.
Scott, J. C. (1969a). The Analysis of Corruption in Developing Nations. Comparative Studies in
Society and History, 11(03), 315. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500005363
Scott, J. C. (1969b). Corruption, Machine Politics, and Political Change. American Political
Science Review, 63(04), 1142–1158. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055400263247
Scott, J. C. (1972). Comparative political corruption. Prentice-Hall.
Scott, K. (2005). The European Union and Romanian Mentalitate: A Case Study of Corruption.
Santa Clara J. Int’l L., 3, i.
Scott, K. W., Powles, J., Thomas, H., & Rechel, B. (2011). Perceived barriers to the development
of modern public health in Bulgaria: A qualitative study. International Journal of Public
Health, 56(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-010-0140-9
Sculli, D. (2003). Culture and Level of Industrialization as Determinants of Corruption in Asia.
In J. Kidd & F.-J. Richter, Fighting Corruption in Asia (pp. 203–219). WORLD
SCIENTIFIC. http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789812795397_0008
Seabright, P. (1996). Accountability and decentralisation in government: An incomplete
contracts model. European Economic Review, 40(1), 61–89.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(95)00055-0
Sebhatu, S. P., & Pei-lin, L. (2016). What is Governance? The Ethical Dilemma for Leaders and
Managers: Multiple Case Studies of Corruption from China. Procedia - Social and
Behavioral Sciences, 224, 467–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.422
Sedlenieks, K. (2004). Rotten talk: Corruption as a part of discourse in contemporary Latvia. In
I. Pardo (Ed.), Between morality and the law: Corruption, anthropology and comparative
society (pp. 119–134).
http://www.academia.edu/download/31996976/Sedlenieks_2005_Rotten_Talk_Corruptio
n_as_a_Part_of_Discourse_in_Cont.pdf
Sedmihradská, L., & Haas, J. (2013). Budget Transparency and Fiscal Performance: Do Open
Budgets Matter? ACTA VSFS, 7(2), 109–122.
Segal, L. (1998). Can we fight the new Tammany Hall? Difficulties of prosecuting political
patronage and suggestions for reform. Rutgers Law Review, 50(2), 507–562.
Segal, L. (1999). Corruption moves to the center: An analysis of New York’s 1996 school
governance law. Harvard Journal On Legislation, 36(2), 323–367.
Segal, L. G. (2004). Battling corruption in America’s public schools. Northeastern University

577 

 
Press.
Segal, Lydia. (1997). The Pitfalls of Political Decentralization and Proposals for Reform: The
Case of New York City Public Schools. Public Administration Review, 57(2), 141.
https://doi.org/10.2307/977062
Segal, Lydia. (2002). Roadblocks in Reforming Corrupt Agencies: The Case of the New York
City School Custodians. Public Administration Review, 62(4), 445–460.
https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-3352.00198
Segal, Lydia. (2010). Independence from Political Influence—A Shaky Shield: A Study of Ten
Inspectors General. Public Integrity, 12(4), 297–314.
https://doi.org/10.2753/PIN1099-9922120401
Segal, P. (2006). Coming clean on dirty dealing: Time for a fact-based evaluation of the Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act. Florida Journal of International Law, 18(1), 169–210.
Sehhat, S., Jafarzadeh kenari, M., & Mijani, M. (2012). An empirical study on relationship
between organizational culture and administrative corruption. Management Science
Letters, 2(5), 1589–1602. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2012.05.008
Seidel, A., & Thum, M. (2016). Tax Evasion, Corruption and Market Entry. Scottish Journal of
Political Economy, 63(4), 377–398. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12100
Seifert, D. L., Sweeney, J. T., Joireman, J., & Thornton, J. M. (2010). The influence of
organizational justice on accountant whistleblowing. Accounting, Organizations and
Society, 35(7), 707–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2010.09.002
Seiler, N., & Madir, J. (2012). Fight Against Corruption: Sanctions Regimes of Multilateral
Development Banks. Journal of International Economic Law, 15(1), 5–28.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgr037
Seim, L. T., & Søreide, T. (2009). Bureaucratic complexity and impacts of corruption in utilities.
Utilities Policy, 17(2), 176–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2008.07.007
Sekalala, S., & Kirya, M. (2015). Challenges in Multi-Level Health Governance: Corruption in
the Global Fund’s Operations in Uganda and Zambia. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law,
7(1), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40803-015-0010-x
Sekalala, S., Masud, H., & Bosco, R. T. (2020). Human rights mechanisms for anti-corruption,
transparency and accountability: Enabling the right to health. Global Health Action,
13(sup1), 1699343. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2019.1699343
Seker, M., & Yang, J. S. (2014). Bribery solicitations and firm performance in the Latin America
and Caribbean region. JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS, 42(1), 246–264.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2013.05.004
578 

 
Seker, Murat, & Yang, J. S. (2012). How bribery distorts firm growth: Differences by firm
attributes (Policy Research Working Paper Series No. 6046). The World Bank.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/wbk/wbrwps/6046.html
Sekreter, A. (2018). Corruption and Macroeconomic Indicators of Turkey: A Comparison of
2011-2012-2013 and 2014-2015-2016. International Journal of Social Sciences &
Educational Studies, 5(1), 206–210. https://doi.org/10.23918/ijsses.v5i1p206
Seldadyo, H., & de Haan, J. (2006, April 20). The Determinants of Corruption: A Literature
Survey and New Evidence. EPCS Conference, Turku, Finland.
Seldadyo, Harry, & De Haan, J. (2011). Is Corruption Really Persistent? Pacific Economic
Review, 16(2), 192–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0106.2011.00542.x
Seldadyo, Harry, Elhorst, J. P., & De Haan, J. (2010). Geography and governance: Does space
matter?: Geography and governance. Papers in Regional Science, 89(3), 625–640.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2009.00273.x
Seldadyo, Harry, Nugroho, E. P., & de Haan, J. (2007). Governance and Growth Revisited.
Kyklos, 60(2), 279–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2007.00372.x
Seleim, A., & Bontis, N. (2009). The relationship between culture and corruption: A
cross‐national study. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 10(1), 165–184.
https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930910922978
Seligson, M. (2001). Corruption and Democratization: What is to be Done? Public Integrity,
3(3), 221–241.
Seligson, M. A. (2002a). On the Measurement of Corruption. APSA-CP, 13(2), 5–6.
Seligson, M. A. (2002b). The Impact of Corruption on Regime Legitimacy: A Comparative
Study of Four Latin American Countries. The Journal of Politics, 64(2), 408–433.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.00132
Seligson, M. A. (2006). The Measurement and Impact of Corruption Victimization: Survey
Evidence from Latin America. World Development, 34(2), 381–404.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.03.012
Sellami, Y. M., & Borgi, H. (2020). Compliance with IFRS for related party transactions across
eight African countries: Do corruption and government quality matter? International
Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Performance Evaluation, 16(1), 81.
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJAAPE.2020.106780
Selmier, W. T. (2013). Stand by me: Friends, relationship banking, and financial governance in
Asia. Business Horizons, 56(6), 733–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2013.07.011

579 

 
Semenescu, A., Catarama, D., Pele, D., Dragota, V., & Obreja Brasoveanu, L. (2008).
Corruption, investments and economic growth. Proceedings Of The Eighth International
Business Research Conference, Dubai, UAE, 27–28.
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.569.7074&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Semukhina, O., & Reynolds, K. M. (2014). Russian citizens’ perceptions of corruption and trust
of the police. Policing and Society, 24(2), 158–188.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2013.784290
Sen, K., & Sinha, C. (2017). The location choice of US foreign direct investment: How do
institutions matter? Journal Of Institutional Economics, 13(2), 401–420.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137416000333
Sena, V., Duygun, M., Lubrano, G., Marra, M., & Shaban, M. (2018). Board independence,
corruption and innovation. Some evidence on UK subsidiaries. Journal of Corporate
Finance, 50, 22–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2017.12.028
Senci, C. (2020). Corruption and externalities: Assessing the role of intentions. Papers, 105(1),
111. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers.2630
Senci, C. M., Hasrun, H., Moro, R., & Freidin, E. (2019). The influence of prescriptive norms
and negative externalities on bribery decisions in the lab. Rationality and Society, 31(3),
287–312. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463119853893
Sengupta, A. (2016). Anti-Corruption Litigation in the Supreme Court of India. Open Society
Foundations.
Sengupta, M. (2014). Anna Hazare’s Anti-Corruption Movement and the Limits of Mass
Mobilization in India. Social Movement Studies, 13(3), 406–413.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2013.860025
Senturia, J. J. (1935). Political corruption. In Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (Vol. 4).
Crowell-Collier-Macmillan.
Senu, O. (2020). A critical assessment of anti‐corruption strategies for economic development in
sub‐Saharan Africa. Development Policy Review, 38(5), 664–681.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12442
Sequeira, S. (2012). Advances in Measuring Corruption. In Danila Serra & L. Wantchekon
(Eds.), New Advances in Experimental Research on Corruption, Emerald Publishing.
Emerald Publishing.
Sequeira, S. (2015). Corruption and Trade Costs. In Susan Rose-Ackerman & P. Lagunes (Eds.),
Greed, Corruption, and the Modern State: Essays in Political Economy (pp. 206–223).
Edward Elgar Publishing.

580 

 
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=47KCCgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&d
q=Corruption+and+Trade+Costs%E2%80%9D,+in+Susan+Rose-Ackerman+%26+Paul+
Lagunes+eds.,+Greed,+Corruption,+and+the+Modern+State+&ots=1hzDn5cItU&sig=xk
-teFYbNHLChmasNBOa_AwDxZw
Sequeira, S. (2016). Corruption, Trade Costs, and Gains from Tariff Liberalization: Evidence
from Southern Africa. American Economic Review, 106(10), 3029–3063.
Sequeira, S., & Djankov, S. (2012). Trade Costs and Corruption in Ports. In T. Cantens, R.
Ireland, & G. Raballand (Eds.), Reform by numbers: Measurement applied to customs
and tax administrations in developing countries (pp. 34–35). World Bank Publications.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=RdEwI5W1mWcC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&d
q=%E2%80%9CTrade+Costs+and+Corruption+in+Ports,%E2%80%9D+Reform+by+Nu
mbers:+Measurement+Applied+to+Customs+and+Tax+Administrations+in+Developing
+Countries&ots=m3fxEmzqrN&sig=nbLYkPqGitaqCrB7UbZovVOrKQ0
Sequeira, S., & Djankov, S. (2014). Corruption and firm behavior: Evidence from African ports.
Journal of International Economics, Journal Article.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2014.08.010
Serafeim, G. (2013). Firm competitiveness and detection of bribery [Harvard Business School
Accounting & Management Unit Working Paper].
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2302589
Seranmadevi, R., & Kumar, A. S. (2019). Experiencing the effect of demonetization on service
sectors in India. Management Science Letters, 9(3), 389–398.
https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2018.12.010
Serfontein, E., & de Waal, E. (2015). The corruption bogey in South Africa: Is public education
safe? South African Journal of Education, 35(1), 1–12.
Serhii Ivanovych Khalymon, Mykhailo Serhiiovych Puzyrov, & Anatolii Mykhailovych Prytula.
(2019). Problems of implementation of whistleblower institution in Ukraine. Juridical
Tribune, 9(2), 436–454.
Serio, M. (2008). Politically exposed persons: AML, taking the profit out of corruption and
problems for the banks. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 11(3), 269–272.
https://doi.org/10.1108/13685200810889416
Serra, D. (2012). Combining Top-Down and Bottom-Up Accountability: Evidence from a
Bribery Experiment. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 28(3), 569–587.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewr010
Serra, Danila. (2006). Empirical determinants of corruption: A sensitivity analysis. Public
Choice, 126(1–2), 225–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-006-0286-4
581 

 
Serra, Danila, Serneels, P., & Barr, A. (2011). Intrinsic motivations and the non-profit health
sector: Evidence from Ethiopia. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(3), 309–314.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.04.018
Serra, Danila, & Wantchekon, L. (2012). New Advances in Experimental Research on
Corruption. Emerald Group Publishing.
Serra, G. (2016). Vote Buying with Illegal Resources: Manifestation of a Weak Rule of Law in
Mexico. Journal of Politics in Latin America, 8(1), 129.
Serritzlew, S., Sønderskov, K. M., & Svendsen, G. T. (2014). Do Corruption and Social Trust
Affect Economic Growth? A Review. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research
and Practice, 16(2), 121–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2012.741442
Setyaningrum, D. (2017). E-Government as an Anti-Corruption Tool: Experience from
Indonesia. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc.
http://search.proquest.com/docview/2059038897/?pq-origsite=primo
Seuntjens, T., Zeelenberg, M., van de Ven, N., & Breugelmans, S. (2019). Greedy bastards:
Testing the relationship between wanting more and unethical behavior. Personality and
Individual Differences, 138, 147–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.09.027
Sevüktekin, M., Nargeleçekenler, M., & Giray, F. (2010). A Cross-Country Comparison of
Corruption and Public Expenditures: A Panel Data Approach. International Journal of
Public Administration, 33(3), 140–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900690903304159
Sewpersadh, P., & Mubangizi, J. (2017). Using the Law to Combat Public Procurement
Corruption in South Africa: Lessons from Hong Kong. Potchefstroom Electronic Law
Journal, 20.
Seyf, A. (2001). Corruption and development: A study of conflict. Development in Practice,
11(5), 597–605. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520120085340
Shabbir, G. (2007). Determinants of corruption in developing countries. The Pakistan
Development Review, 46(4), 751–764.
Shadnam, M., Lawrence, T. B., & Philosophy Documentation Center. (2011). Understanding
Widespread Misconduct in Organizations: An Institutional Theory of Moral Collapse.
Business Ethics Quarterly, 21(3), 379–407. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq201121324
Shafiq, M. N. (2015). Aspects of Moral Change in India, 1990–2006: Evidence from Public
Attitudes toward Tax Evasion and Bribery. World Development, 68, 136–148.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.11.017
Shah, Ajay, Eminson, K., Bogdanovica, I., & Britton, J. (2019). The Relation Between Tobacco
Tax Structure and Corruption in European Union Member States. International Journal
582 

 
of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(16), 2842.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162842
Shah, Anwar. (2006). Corruption and decentralized public governance (World Bank Policy
Research Working Paper 32824).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=877331
Shah, Anwar. (2007). Tailoring the Fight against Corruption to Country Circumstances. In
Anwar Shah (Ed.), Performance Accountability and Combating Corruption. The World
Bank. http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-0-8213-6941-8
Shah, Anwar. (2014). Decentralized Provision of Public Infrastructure and Corruption
[International Center for Public Policy Working Paper 14-18].
http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/icepp/14/
Shah, Anwar, & Schacter, M. (2004). Combating Corruption: Look Before You Leap. Finance &
Development, 41(4), 40–43.
Shah, Anwar, Thompson, T., & Zou, H. (2004). The impact of decentralization on service
delivery, corruption, fiscal management and growth in developing and emerging market
economies: A synthesis of empirical evidence. CESifo DICE Report, 1(2004), 10–14.
Shah, S. H., Ahmad, M. H., & Ahmed, Q. M. (2016). The nexus between sectoral FDI and
institutional quality: Empirical evidence from Pakistan. Applied Economics, 48(17),
1591–1601. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2015.1103039
Shahabuddin, S. (2002). The Causes and Consequences of Bribery in International Business.
International Journal of Management, 19(2), 366–376.
Shahbaz, M., Hye, Q. M., & Shabbir, M. S. (2013). Does Corruption Increase Financial
Development? A Time Series Analysis in Pakistan. International Journal of Economics
and Empirical Research (IJEER), 1(10), 113–124.
Shaheer, N., Yi, J., Li, S., & Chen, L. (2017). State-Owned Enterprises as Bribe Payers: The
Role of Institutional Environment. Journal of Business Ethics, 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3768-z
Shalvi, S., Eldar, O., & Bereby-Meyer, Y. (2012). Honesty Requires Time (and Lack of
Justifications). Psychological Science, 23(10), 1264–1270.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612443835
Shalvi, Shaul. (2016). Corruption corrupts. Nature, 531(7595), 456.
Shan, M, Le, Y., Yiu, K., Chan, A., & Hu, Y. (2017). Investigating the Underlying Factors of
Corruption in the Public Construction Sector: Evidence from China. Science And
Engineering Ethics, 23(6), 1643–1666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-016-9865-z
583 

 
Shan, Ming, Chan, A. P. C., Le, Y., & Hu, Y. (2015). Investigating the Effectiveness of
Response Strategies for Vulnerabilities to Corruption in the Chinese Public Construction
Sector. Science and Engineering Ethics, 21(3), 683–705.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-014-9560-x
Shan, Ming, Chan, A. P. C., Le, Y., Xia, B., & Hu, Y. (2015). Measuring Corruption in Public
Construction Projects in China. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education
and Practice, 141(4), 05015001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000241
Shang, D. (2019). Why are Chinese ethics declining? Time & Society, 28(1), 438–453.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X16658803
Shao, J., Ivanov, P. Ch., Podobnik, B., & Stanley, H. E. (2007). Quantitative relations between
corruption and economic factors. The European Physical Journal B, 56(2), 157–166.
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2007-00098-2
Sharafutdinova, G. (2010). What Explains Corruption Perceptions? The Dark Side of Political
Competition in Russia’s Regions. Comparative Politics, 42(2), 147–166.
https://doi.org/10.5129/001041510X12911363509431
Sharma, A. (2018). New Brooms and Old: Sweeping Up Corruption in India, One Law at a
Time. Current Anthropology, 59(S18), S72–S82. https://doi.org/10.1086/696070
Sharma, C., & Mitra, A. (2015). Corruption, governance and firm performance: Evidence from
Indian enterprises. Journal of Policy Modeling, 37(5), 835–851.
Sharma, D., & Ashat, S. (2014). Corruption: Reasons & Remedy to Sustain Economic
Development. Available at SSRN 2406938.
http://papers.ssrn.com/soL3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2406938
Sharman, J. C. (2010). Shopping for Anonymous Shell Companies: An Audit Study of
Anonymity and Crime in the International Financial System. Journal of Economic
Perspectives, 24(4), 127–140. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.4.127
Sharman, J. C. (2011a). The Money Laundry: Regulating Criminal Finance in the Global
Economy. Cornell University Press.
http://cornell.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7591/cornell/9780801450181.001.
0001/upso-9780801450181
Sharman, J. C. (2011b). Testing the Global Financial Transparency Regime1. International
Studies Quarterly, 55(4), 981–1001. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00693.x
Sharman, J. C. (2012). Chasing kleptocrats’ loot: Narrowing the effectiveness gap. U4 Issue
Paper, 4, U4.
Sharman, J. C., & Chaikin, D. (2009). Corruption and Anti-Money-Laundering Systems: Putting
584 

 
a Luxury Good to Work. Governance, 22(1), 27–45.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2008.01420.x
Sharman, J. C. (Jason C. (2017). The despot’s guide to wealth management: On the international
campaign against grand corruption. Cornell University Press.
Sharpe, N. F. (2019). Prioritizing Process: Empowering the Corporate Ethics and Compliance
Function. University of Illinois Law Review, 2019(4), 1321–1351.
Shaw, B. (2000). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and progeny: Morally unassailable. Cornell
International Law Journal, 33(3), 689.
Shaw, P., Katsaiti, M.-S., & Jurgilas, M. (2011). Corruption and Growth under Weak
Identification. Economic Inquiry, 49(1), 264–275.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2009.00276.x
Shaw, P., Katsaiti, M.-S., & Pecoraro, B. (2015). On the Determinants of Educational
Corruption: The Case of Ukraine. Contemporary Economic Policy, 33(4), 698–713.
https://doi.org/10.1111/coep.12097
Shaxson, N. (2007). Oil, corruption and the resource curse. International Affairs, 83(6),
1123–1140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2007.00677.x
Sheahen, K. (2010). I’m Not Going to Disneyland: Illusory Affirmative Defenses Under the
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Wisconsin International Law Journal, Forthcoming.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1657675
Sheffet, M. J. (1995). The foreign corrupt practices act and the omnibus trade and
competitiveness act of 1988: Did they change corporate behavior? Journal of Public
Policy & Marketing, 290–300.
Shehada, Y. (2015). Does Foreign Aid Accelerate Corruption? The Case of the Palestinian
National Authority. Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies, 14(2), 165–187.
https://doi.org/10.3366/hlps.2015.0116
Shehu, A. Y. (2015). Nigeria: The way through corruption to the well-being of a people.
National Open University of Nigeria. http://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=40752083X
Shekshnia, S., Ledeneva, A., & Denisova-Schmidt, E. (2014). Reflective Leadership vs. Endemic
Corruption in Emerging Markets (INSEAD Working Paper No. 2013/121/EFE).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2373889
Shekshnia, S., Ledeneva, A., & Denisova-Schmidt, E. (2017). Managing Business Corruption:
Targeting Non-Compliant Practices in Systemically Corrupt Environments. The Slavonic
and East European Review, 95(1), 151–174.
https://doi.org/10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.95.1.0151
585 

 
Shelley, L. (2005). Civil society mobilized against corruption: Russia and Ukraine. In Michael
Johnston (Ed.), Civil society and corruption: Mobilizing for reform (pp. 3–22).
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=PGrAc4cMDw8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&d
q=%22Civil+Society+Mobilized+Against+Corruption:+Russia+and+Ukraine%22,+in+M
icheal+Johnston,+ed.,+Civil+Society+and+Corruption:+Mobilizing+for+Reform&ots=qx
ctgfyqco&sig=ThYl4BFoI7oGW3Uli0Xow_65lR4
Shelley, L. (2006). The Unholy Trinity: Transnational Crime, Corruption, and Terrorism. NATO
SECURITY THROUGH SCIENCE SERIES E HUMAN AND SOCIETAL DYNAMICS, 10,
100.
Shelley, L. I. (2018). Corruption & Illicit Trade. Daedalus, 147(3), 127–143.
https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00506
Shelley, L. I., & Picarelli, J. T. (2002). Methods Not Motives: Implications of the Convergence
of International Organized Crime and Terrorism. Police Practice and Research, 3(4),
305–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/1561426022000032079
Shen, C. (2005). Corruption, Democracy, Economic Freedom, and State Strength: A
Cross-national Analysis. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 46(4),
327–345. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715205059206
Shen, P., Betz, R., Ortmann, A., & Gong, R. (2020). Improving Truthful Reporting of Polluting
Firms by Rotating Inspectors: Experimental Evidence from a Bribery Game.
Environmental & Resource Economics, 76(2–3), 201–233.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00417-0
Sheng, J., Han, X., Zhou, H., & Miao, Z. (2016). Effects of corruption on performance: Evidence
from the UN-REDD Programme. Land Use Policy, 59, 344–350.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.09.014
Sheng, J., Zhou, W., & Zhang, S. (2019). The role of the intensity of environmental regulation
and corruption in the employment of manufacturing enterprises: Evidence from China.
Journal of Cleaner Production, 219, 244–257.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.113
Shepherd, A. (2000). Governance, Good Government and Poverty Reduction. International
Review of Administrative Sciences, 66(2), 269–284.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852300662004
Shepherd, B. (2009). Speed Money: Time, Corruption and Trade (MPRA Paper 17337).
http://mpra. ub. uni-muenchen. de/17337
Shepherd, Ben. (2009). More Speed, Less “Speed Money”: Asia-Pacific Firm-Level Evidence on
Border Crossing Times as Corruption Incentives.
586 

 
http://developing-trade.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Working-Paper-DTC-2009-3.p
df
Shepler, S. (2017). “We Know Who is Eating the Ebola Money!”: Corruption, the State, and the
Ebola Response. Anthropological Quarterly, 90(2), 451–473.
Shera, A. (2011). Corruption and the impact on the economic growth. Journal of Information
Technology and Economic Development, 2(1), 39.
Shera, A., Dosti, B., & Grabova, P. (2014). Corruption impact on Economic Growth: An
empirical analysis. Journal of Economic Development, Management, IT, Finance &
Marketing, 6(2), 57–77.
Sherk, D. R., & Johnston, M. (2005). The Cultural Dimension of Corruption: Reflections on
Nigeria. In Civil Society and Corruption: Mobilising for Reform, edited by Michael
Johnston (pp. 61–70).
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=PGrAc4cMDw8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA61&
dq=The+Cultural+Dimensions+of+Corruption:+Reflections+on+Nigeria%22,+in+Miche
al+Johnston,+ed.,+Civil+Society+and+Corruption:+Mobilizing+for+Reform&ots=qxctgf
yrbo&sig=UFTETXE2PduuZsY678jNdK53XG8
Sherlock, S. (2002). Combating Corruption in Indonesia? The Ombudsman and the Assets
Auditing Commission. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 38(3), 367–383.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00074910215532
Sherman, L. W. (1980). Three Models of Organizational Corruption in Agencies of Social
Control. Social Problems, 27(4), 478–491. https://doi.org/10.2307/800176
Sherman, L. W. (1985). Becoming Bent: Moral Careers of Corrupt Policemen. In F. Elliston &
M. Feldberg (Eds.), Moral issues in police work. Rowman & Allanheld.
Sheyn, E. R. (2011). Criminalizing the denial of honest services after Skilling. Wisconsin Law
Review, 2011(1), 27–65.
Shi, J., Liu, R., Jiang, H., Wang, C., Xiao, Y., Liu, N., Wang, Z., & Shi, L. (2018). Moving
towards a better path? A mixed-method examination of China’s reforms to remedy
medical corruption from pharmaceutical firms. BMJ Open, 8(2), e018513.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018513
Shi, S., & Temzelides, T. (2004). A Model of Bureaucracy and Corruption. International
Economic Review, 45(3), 873–908. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-6598.2004.00290.x
Shi, Y., & Pan, M. (2018). Dynamics of Social Tolerance on Corruption: An Economic
Interaction Perspective. Romanian Journal Of Economic Forecasting, 21(2), 135–141.
Shih, V., Adolph, C., & Liu, M. (2012). Getting Ahead in the Communist Party: Explaining the
587 

 
Advancement of Central Committee Members in China. American Political Science
Review, 106(01), 166–187. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055411000566
Shihata, I. F. I. (1997). Corruption: A General Review with an Emphasis on the Role of the
World Bank. Journal of Financial Crime, 5(1), 12–29. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb025812
Shim, D. C., & Eom, T. H. (2008). E-Government and Anti-Corruption: Empirical Analysis of
International Data. International Journal of Public Administration, 31(3), 298–316.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01900690701590553
Shim, D. C., & Eom, T. H. (2009). Anticorruption effects of information communication and
technology (ICT) and social capital. International Review of Administrative Sciences,
75(1), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852308099508
Shimpalee, P. L., & Breuer, J. B. (2006). Currency crises and institutions. Journal of
International Money and Finance, 25(1), 125–145.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2005.10.008
Shin, J. H. (2015). Voter Demands for Patronage: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of East
Asian Studies, 15(01), 127–151. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1598240800004197
Shinar, C. (2016). Organized Crime in Russia. European Review, 24(4), 631–640.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798716000284
Shirazi, M. A. (2011). The impact of corruption on international trade. Denver Journal of
International Law and Policy, 40(1–3), 435.
Shirin, S. S. (2015). Corruption in Higher Education in Russia—First Decade of the 21st
Century. International Education Studies, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v8n2p160
Shiwei Xu, Mingzhe Qiao, Bin Che, & Peng Tong. (2019). Regional Anti-Corruption and CSR
Disclosure in a Transition Economy: The Contingent Effects of Ownership and Political
Connection. Sustainability, 11(9), 2499. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092499
Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1993). Corruption. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3),
599–617. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118402
Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1994). Politicians and Firms. The Quarterly Journal of
Economics, 109(4), 995–1025. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118354
Shleifer, Andrei. (2004). Does Competition Destroy Ethical Behavior? American Economic
Review, 94(2), 414–418. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828041301498
Shockley, B., Ewers, M., Nardis, Y., & Gengler, J. (2018). Exaggerating good governance:
Regime type and score inflation among executive survey informants. Governance-An
International Journal Of Policy Administration And Institutions, 31(4), 643–664.

588 

 
https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12330
Sholderer, O. (2013). The drivers of police reform: The cases of Georgia and Armenia.(Report).
CEU Political Science Journal, 8(3), 323.
Shonchoy, A. S. (2016). Political Institutions, Governance, and Consumption Expenditure in
Developing Countries: A Panel Data Analysis. Contemporary Economic Policy, 34(4),
710–728. https://doi.org/10.1111/coep.12162
Shore, C. (2005). Culture and corruption in the EU: Reflections on fraud, nepotism and cronyism
in the European Commission. In Corruption: Anthropological Perspectives (pp.
131–155).
http://www.untag-smd.ac.id/files/Perpustakaan_Digital_1/CORRUPTION%20Haller_Co
rruption-Anthropological%20Perspectives.pdf#page=135
Shore, C. (2018). How Corrupt Are Universities? Audit Culture, Fraud Prevention, and the Big
Four Accountancy Firms. Current Anthropology, 59(S18), S92–S104.
https://doi.org/10.1086/695833
Shore, C., & Haller, D. (2005). Sharp practice: Anthropology and the study of corruption. In
Corruption: Anthropological Perspectives (pp. 1–26).
Shostko, O. (2020). Promoting the Legal Protection of Anti-Corruption Whistleblowers in
Ukraine. Demokratizatsiya, 28(2), 229–245.
Shrewsbury, D. A. (2012). Degrees of corruption: The current state of “corrupt persuasion” in 18
U.S.C. 1512. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 375–401.
Shu, L. L., Gino, F., & Bazerman, M. H. (2011). Dishonest Deed, Clear Conscience: When
Cheating Leads to Moral Disengagement and Motivated Forgetting. Personality and
Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(3), 330–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211398138
Shu, Lisa L., & Gino, F. (2012). Sweeping dishonesty under the rug: How unethical actions lead
to forgetting of moral rules. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(6),
1164–1177. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028381
Shu, Y., & Cai, J. (2017). “Alcohol Bans”: Can they reveal the effect of Xi Jinping’s
anti-corruption campaign? European Journal of Political Economy, 50, 37–51.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2017.09.004
Shuaib, M., Daud, S. M., Alam, S., & Khan, W. Z. (2020). Blockchain-based framework for
secure and reliable land registry system. Telkomnika, 18(5), 2560–2571.
https://doi.org/10.12928/telkomnika.v18i5.15787
Shu-Chen, C., & Chang, H.-F. (2020). Same Trade Openness Yet Different Environmental
Quality—But Why? Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy, 11(1).
589 

 
https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793993320500027
Shukrala, E., & Allan, W. (2011). Foreign Aid, women in parliament and corruption: Empirical
evidence from the 2000s’. Economics Bulletin, 31(1), 519–533.
Shulman, S. (2014). The criminalization of bribery: Can the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act be
applicable to the anti-bribery provisions of the United Nations Convention Against
Corruption? American University International Law Review, 29(3), 717–753.
Siavelis, P. M. (2000). Disconnected Fire Alarms and Ineffective Police Patrols: Legislative
Oversight in Postauthoritarian Chile. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs,
42(1), 71–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2000.tb00126.x
Sicakova-Beblava, E., & Beblavy, M. (2016). Using government manifestos to analyse the
political salience and shape of anti-corruption policies in the Czech Republic and
Slovakia. Policy Studies, 37(4), 295–313.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2016.1146247
Sidani, Y. M., Thornberry, J., & Philosophy Documentation Center. (2013). Nepotism in the
Arab World: An Institutional Theory Perspective. Business Ethics Quarterly, 23(1),
69–96. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq20132313
Siddiquee, N. A. (2010). Combating Corruption and Managing Integrity in Malaysia: A Critical
Overview of Recent Strategies and Initiatives. Public Organization Review, 10(2),
153–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-009-0102-y
Sidorenko, E., & Lykov, A. (2019). Digital Economy and Anti-Corruption: New Digital Models.
SHS Web of Conferences, 71. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20197103004
Signor, R., Love, P., Oliveira, A., Lopes, A., & Oliveira, P. (2020). Public Infrastructure
Procurement: Detecting Collusion in Capped First-Priced Auctions. Journal of
Infrastructure Systems, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000543
Sik, E. (1999). Some thoughts about the sociology of corruption from an East-European
perspective. Princeton University. CEU Conference on Corruption, Budapest.
Sikka, P., & Lehman, G. (2015). The supply-side of corruption and limits to preventing
corruption within government procurement and constructing ethical subjects. Critical
Perspectives on Accounting, 28, 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2015.01.008
Silva, E. C. D., Kahn, C. M., & Zhu, X. (2007). Crime and Punishment and Corruption: Who
Needs “Untouchables?” Journal of Public Economic Theory, 9(1), 69–87.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9779.2007.00298.x
Silva, P. (2016). ‘A Poor but Honest Country’: Corruption and Probity in Chile. Journal of
Developing Societies, 32(2), 178–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X15609712
590 

 
Silveira, L. (2019). Can the WTO Bring More Teeth to the Global Anticorruption Agenda?
Journal of World Trade, 53(1), 129–151.
Silverman, E. B., Anechiarico, F., & Jacobs, J. B. (1998). The Price of Controlling Corruption.
Public Administration Review, 58(2), 182. https://doi.org/10.2307/976367
Silvestre, B. S., Monteiro, M. S., Viana, F. L. E., & de Sousa-Filho, J. M. (2018). Challenges for
sustainable supply chain management: When stakeholder collaboration becomes
conducive to corruption. Journal of Cleaner Production, 194, 766–776.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.127
Simon, R., & Sweigart, E. (2020). The Risky Politics of Anti–Money Laundering. Americas
Quarterly, 14(2), 11.
Simpser, A. (2008). Cheating big: On the logic of electoral corruption in developing countries
[Working Paper]. University of Chicago, Department of Political Science.
Simpser, A. (2012). Does Electoral Manipulation Discourage Voter Turnout? Evidence from
Mexico. The Journal of Politics, 74(3), 782–795.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381612000333
Simpser, A. (2013). The Intergenerational Persistence of Attitudes Toward Corruption [Working
Paper]. http://qog.pol.gu.se/digitalAssets/1530/1530086_simpser.pdf
Simpser, A. (2020). The Culture of Corruption across Generations: An Empirical Study of
Bribery Attitudes and Behavior. The Journal of Politics, 82(4), 1373–1389.
https://doi.org/10.1086/708501
Simpson, D. (2014). The Art of the Watchdog: Fighting Fraud, Waste, Abuse, and Corruption in
Government by Daniel L.Feldman and David R.Eichenthal. Albany, State University of
New York Press, 2014. 353 pp. $29.95.: BOOK REVIEW. Political Science Quarterly,
129(3), 548–549. https://doi.org/10.1002/polq.12244
Simpson, J. G. (2016). Ghana and the ideal of the citizen-shareholder: A corporate-law response
to the resource curse. Duke Law Journal, 65(6), 1281.
Simpson, M. (2014). Terrorism and Corruption: Alternatives for Goal Attainment Within
Political Opportunity Structures. International Journal of Sociology, 44(2), 87–104.
https://doi.org/10.2753/IJS0020-7659440204
Sims, R. L., Gong, B., & Ruppel, C. P. (2012). A contingency theory of corruption: The effect of
human development and national culture. The Social Science Journal, 49(1), 90–97.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2011.07.005
SINARYATI, N. W., & ARTHA, I. G. (2020). Formulative Policy of Death Penalty for
Corruptors in Indonesia. PRIZREN SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, 4(2), 55–69.
591 

 
https://doi.org/10.32936/pssj.v4i2.151
Sindzingre, A. (2005). States, Networks, and Rents: Contrasting Corruption in Africa and Asia.
In Michael Johnston (Ed.), Civil Society and Corruption: Mobilizing for Reform (pp.
33–60).
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=gHNGPLy_cOwC&oi=fnd&pg=PA33&
dq=+%22States,+Networks,+and+Rents:+Contrasting+Corruption+in+Africa+and+Asia
%22,+in+Micheal+Johnston,+ed.,+Civil+Society+and+Corruption:+Mobilizing+for+Ref
orm&ots=wDtXOGGI-z&sig=5mC8BejQOPFpnFsB5qWZlJ0IaBE
Singer, M. M. (2020). Conditional Accountability for the Economy, Insecurity, and Corruption
Across Latin American Party Systems. Latin American Politics and Society, 62(4),
126–152. https://doi.org/10.1017/lap.2020.18
Singer, S. (2009). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act in the private equity era: Extracting a
hidden element. Emory International Law Review, 23(1), 273–308.
Singh, B. P., & Kannadhasan, M. (2020). Corruption and capital structure in emerging markets:
A panel quantile regression approach. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance,
28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2020.100417
Singh, D. (2016). Anti-corruption Strategies in Afghanistan: An Alternative Approach. Journal
of Developing Societies, 32(1), 44–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X15609714
Singh, Danny. (2015). Explaining varieties of corruption in the Afghan Justice Sector. Journal of
Intervention and Statebuilding, 9(2), 231–255.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2015.1033093
Singh, Danny. (2018). Challenging corruption and clientelism in post-conflict and developing
states. Crime, Law and Social Change, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-018-9807-6
Singh, Gurharpal. (1997). Understanding Political Corruption in Contemporary Indian Politics.
Political Studies, 45(3), 626–638. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00099
Singh, Gurmeet, Pathak, R. D., Naz, R., & Belwal, R. (2010). E‐governance for improved public
sector service delivery in India, Ethiopia and Fiji. International Journal of Public Sector
Management, 23(3), 254–275. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513551011032473
Singh, S. (2016). Competition in Corruptible Markets (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2915595).
Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2915595
Sinha, A., Gupta, M., Shahbaz, M., & Sengupta, T. (2019). Impact of corruption in public sector
on environmental quality: Implications for sustainability in BRICS and next 11 countries.
Journal of Cleaner Production, 232, 1379–1393.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.066

592 

 
Sinlapapiromsuk, T. (2013). The Legal Consequences of Investor Corruption in Investor-State
Disputes: How Should the System Proceed? Transnational Dispute Management (TDM),
10(3).
https://www.transnational-dispute-management.com/article.asp?key=1959&utm_source=
twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter
Sioussiouras, P., & Vavouras, I. (2012). Political Rights, Development, and Corruption in the
Balkan and Arab Mediterranean Countries. Mediterranean Quarterly, 23(1), 89–103.
Sirotkina, N., & Pavlovskaya, S. (2018). Public Procurement in Russia: What Hinders
Innovation? International Journal of Public Administration, 41(5–6), 435–445.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2018.1426009
Sissener, T. K. (2001). Anthropological perspectives on corruption [Working Paper]. Chr.
Michelsen Institute. http://bora.cmi.no/dspace/handle/10202/209
SITNIKOV, P. V., IBRAYEVA, A. S., ALDABERGENOV, A. T., BAIKENZHEYEV, A. S., &
IBRAYEV, N. S. (2020). Forming an Anti-Corruption Culture of Law Enforcement
Agencies: National and International Experience. Journal of Advanced Research in Law
and Economics, 11(2), 598–604. https://doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v11.2(48).30
Sivachenko, I. (2013). Corporate victims of “victimless crime”: How the FCPA’s statutory
ambiguity, coupled with strict liability, hurts businesses and discourages compliance.
Boston College Law Review, 54(1), 393–431.
Siverson, R. M., & Johnson, R. A. I. (2014). Politics and Parasites: The Contribution of
Corruption to Human Misery. International Studies Quarterly, 58(1), 199–206.
https://doi.org/10.1111/isqu.12052
Sjahrir, B. S., Kis-Katos, K., & Schulze, G. G. (2014). Administrative Overspending in
Indonesian Districts: The Role of Local Politics. World Development, 59, 166–183.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.01.008
Sjoberg, F. M. (2014). Autocratic adaptation: The strategic use of transparency and the
persistence of election fraud. Electoral Studies, 33, 233–245.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2013.08.004
Sjoberg, F. M. (2016). Bring the party back in: Institutional design for ‘smart election fraud.’
Electoral Studies, 44, 307–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2016.06.015
Skendaj, E. (2016). Social Status and Minority Corruption in the Western Balkans. Problems of
Post-Communism, 63(2), 108–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2015.1106323
Skidmore, M. J. (1996). Promise and Peril in Combating Corruption: Hong Kong’s ICAC. The
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 547(1), 118–130.

593 

 
https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716296547001010
Skladany, M. (2009). Buying Our Way Out of Corruption: Performance-Based Incentive
Bonuses for Developing Country Politicians and Bureaucrats. Yale Human Rights &
Development Law Journal, 12, 160–283.
Skoblikov, P. (2006). How is Corruption Punished in Present Day Russia? European Journal of
Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 14(4), 440–449.
https://doi.org/10.1163/157181706780132823
Skolnick, J. (2002). Corruption and the Blue Code of Silence. Police Practice and Research,
3(1), 7–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614260290011309
Školník, M. (2020). The Effects of Corruption on Various Forms of Political Participation in
Colombia. Latin American Policy, 11(1), 88–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12180
Skouras, S., & Christodoulakis, N. (2010). Electoral Misgovernance Cycles: Evidence from
wildfires and tax evasion in Greece and elsewhere [Working Paper].
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1709068
Slemrod, J., & Weber, C. (2012). Evidence of the invisible: Toward a credibility revolution in
the empirical analysis of tax evasion and the informal economy. International Tax and
Public Finance, 19(1), 25–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-011-9181-0
Slinko, I. (2005). Laws for Sale: Evidence from Russia. American Law and Economics Review,
7(1), 284–318. https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/ahi010
Slomczynski, K., & Shabad, G. (2012). Perceptions of political party corruption and voting
behaviour in Poland. Party Politics, 18(6), 897–917.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068810393266
Smaila, U., & Jaquet, J. (2017). When bad gets worse: Corruption and fisheries : Corruption,
Natural Resources and Development From Resource Curse to Political Ecology. In
Corruption, Natural Resources, and Development (pp. 93–105). Elgar.
https://www.elgaronline.com/view/9781785361197.00015.xml
Smaltz, D. (1998). The independent counsel: A view from inside. Georgetown Law Journal,
86(6), 2307–2378.
Smart, A. (1993). Gifts, Bribes, and Guanxi: A Reconsideration of Bourdieu’s Social Capital.
Cultural Anthropology, 8(3), 388–408. https://doi.org/10.1525/can.1993.8.3.02a00060
Smart, A. (2018). The Unbearable Discretion of Street-Level Bureaucrats: Corruption and
Collusion in Hong Kong. Current Anthropology, 59(S18), S37–S47.
https://doi.org/10.1086/695694

594 

 
Smart, A., & Hsu, C. L. (2007). Corruption or social capital? Tact and the performance of guanxi
in market socialist China. In Corruption and the secret of law: A legal anthropological
perspective (pp. 167–90).
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=e0bJtdjisCQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA167&dq
=+%22Corruption+or+Social+Capital%3F+Tact+and+the+Performance+of+Guanxi+in+
Market+Socialist+China%22,+in+Monique+Juijten+%26+Gerhard+Anders+eds.,+Corru
ption+and+the+Secret+of+Law:+A+Legal+Anthropological+Perspective&ots=CFbFco8
Bkf&sig=7pgfq-fRoA2cIyDNCXvUStCHd9o
Smarzynska, B. K., & Wei, S.-J. (2000). Corruption and composition of foreign direct
investment: Firm-level evidence (NBER Working Paper No. 7969). National bureau of
economic research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w7969
Smillie, I. (2017). Institutional corruption and Canadian foreign aid. Canadian Foreign Policy,
23(1), 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2016.1250653
Smilov, D. (2010). Anticorruption agencies: Expressive, constructivist and strategic uses. Crime,
Law and Social Change, 53(1), 67–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-009-9215-z
Smilov, D., & Dorosiev, R. (2016). Corruption in Bulgaria: Contested Perceptions, Shared
Disappointment. In The Social Construction of Corruption in Europe (p. 219).
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HxWgCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA21
9&dq=%22Corruption+in+Bulgaria:+Contested+Perceptions,+Shared+Disappointment%
22,+in+Dirk+Tanzler,+Konstadinos+Maras+%26+Angelos+Giannakopoulos+eds.,+The+
Social+Construction+of+Corruption+in+Europe+&ots=nMrwPjtyR4&sig=ycNT7DtlLS
m-LDbtyv4sY7ZIwBI
Smirnova, L. (2014). Political Reform and the Fight Against Corruption in the PRC:
International Experience and the Chinese Model. International Affairs, 60(5), 170.
Smith, B. (2008). Edmund Burke, the Warren Hastings Trial, and the Moral Dimension of
Corruption*. Polity, 40(1), 70–94. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.polity.2300051
Smith, C. F., & Parling, B. D. (2012). “American imperialism”: A practitioner’s experience with
extraterritorial enforcement of the FCPA. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 237–257.
Smith, D. (2007). A culture of corruption: Everyday deception and popular discontent in
Nigeria.
Smith, D. B., Stettler, H., & Beedles, W. (1984). An investigation of the information content of
foreign sensitive payment disclosures. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 6(2),
153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(84)90011-9
Smith, D. J. (2001). Kinship and Corruption in Contemporary Nigeria. Ethnos, 66(3), 344–364.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00141840120095131
595 

 
Smith, D. J. (2009). The Paradoxes of Popular Participation in Corruption in Nigeria. In R. I.
Rotberg (Ed.), Corruption, global security, and world order (pp. 283-309.). Brookings
Institution Press.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=8rRCB7qYuwMC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&d
q=%22The+Paradoxes+of+Popular+Participation+in+Corruption+in+Nigeria%22%22Th
e+Paradoxes+of+Popular+Participation+in+Corruption+in+Nigeria%22,+in+Robert+I.+
Rotberg,+ed.+Corruption,+Global+Security+and+World+Order&ots=x2JMXS5v9-&sig
=KB3mHQFVRxmB8YhntCSIPFrz6uM
Smith, D. J. (2014). Corruption complaints, inequality and ethnic grievances in post-Biafra
Nigeria. Third World Quarterly, 35(5), 787–802.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2014.921430
Smith, D. J. (2018). Corruption and “Culture” in Anthropology and in Nigeria. Current
Anthropology, 59(S18), S83–S91. https://doi.org/10.1086/695714
Smith, E. J. (2012). Resolving ambiguity in the FCPA through compliance with the OECD
Convention on bribery of Foreign Public Officials. Md. J. Int’l L., 27, 377.
Smith, G. (2011). Assessing the effectiveness of ethics legislation in influencing parliamentary
attitudes toward corruption: A cross national comparison between the UK and Ireland:
Influence of ethics legislation on parliament. Journal of Public Affairs, 11(2), 100–110.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.390
Smith, J. D. (2016). US political corruption and firm financial policies. Journal of Financial
Economics, 121(2), 350–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2015.08.021
Smith, J., Obidzinski, K., Subarudi, & Suramenggala, I. (2003). Illegal logging, collusive
corruption and fragmented governments in Kalimantan, Indonesia. International Forestry
Review, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.1505/IFOR.5.3.293.19138
Smith, L. E. (2014). Is Strict Liability the Answer in the Battle against Foreign Corporate
Bribery? Brooklyn Law Review, 79, 1801–1801.
Smith, N., & Thomas, E. (2015). Determinants of Russia’s Informal Economy: The Impact of
Corruption and Multinational Firms. Journal of East-West Business, 21(2), 102–128.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10669868.2015.1004148
Smith, N., Thomas, E., & Antoniou, C. (2014). Multi-National Firms, Corruption and Innovation
in Russia. In Multinational Enterprises, Markets and Institutional Diversity (Vol. 9, pp.
347–371). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
https://doi.org/10.1108/S1745-886220140000009014
Smith, R. C. (2013). Combating FCPA Charges: Is Resistance Futile. Va. J. Int’l L., 54, 157.

596 

 
Smith, R. G., & Jorna, P. (2011). Corrupt misuse of information and communications
technologies. Handbook of Global Research and Practice in Corruption, 255.
Smith, R. J., Muir, R. D. J., Walpole, M. J., Balmford, A., & Leader-Williams, N. (2003).
Governance and the loss of biodiversity. Nature, 426(6962), 67–70.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02025
Smith, R. W. (2003). Enforcement or Ethical Capacity: Considering the Role of State Ethics
Commissions at the Millennium. Public Administration Review, 63(3), 283–295.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6210.00290
Smith, Robert J., Biggs, D., St. John, F. A. V., ‘t Sas-Rolfes, M., & Barrington, R. (2015).
Elephant conservation and corruption beyond the ivory trade. Conservation Biology,
29(3), 953–956. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12488
Smith, Robert J., Muir, R. D. J., Walpole, M. J., Balmford, A., Leader-Williams, N., Barrett, C.
B., Gibson, C. C., Hoffman, B., & McCubbins, M. D. (2007). Revisting the Links
between Governance and Biodiversity Loss. Conservation Biology, 21(4), 899–901.
Smith, Robert J., & Walpole, M. J. (2005). Should conservationists pay more attention to
corruption? Oryx, 39(3), 251–256. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605305000608
Smith, T. (1995). Political sleaze in Britain: Causes, concerns and cures. Parliamentary Affairs,
48(4), 551–562.
Smith, T. B. (2004). Electricity theft: A comparative analysis. Energy Policy, 32(18),
2067–2076.
Smith-Crowe, K., Tenbrunsel, A. E., Chan-Serafin, S., Brief, A. P., Umphress, E. E., & Joseph,
J. (2015). The Ethics “Fix”: When Formal Systems Make a Difference. Journal of
Business Ethics, 131(4), 791–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-2022-6
Smith-Crowe, K., & Warren, D. E. (2014). The Emotion-Evoked Collective Corruption Model:
The Role of Emotion in the Spread of Corruption Within Organizations. Organization
Science, 25(4), 1154–1171. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2014.0896
Smith-Hillman, A. V. (2007). Competition policy, inflation and corruption: Evidence from
African economies. Applied Economics Letters, 14(9), 653–656.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850500461415
Smulovitz, C., & Peruzzotti, E. (2000). Societal Accountability in Latin America. Journal of
Democracy, 11(4), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2000.0087
Smyth, R., & Qian, J. X. (2009). Corruption and left-wing beliefs in a post-socialist transition
economy: Evidence from China’s ‘harmonious society.’ Economics Letters, 102(1),
42–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2008.11.006
597 

 
Sneath, D. (2002). Reciprocity and notions of corruption in contemporary Mongolia. Mongolian
Studies, 25, 85–99.
Sneath, D. (2006). Transacting and enacting: Corruption, obligation and the use of monies in
Mongolia. Ethnos, 71(1), 89–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141840600603228
Snegovaya, M. (2020). Voice or exit? Political corruption and voting intentions in Hungary.
Democratization, 27(7), 1162–1182. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2020.1766447
Snider, T. R., & Kidane, W. (2007). Combating corruption through international law in Africa: A
comparative analysis. Cornell International Law Journal, 40(3), 691–748.
Snow Bailard, C. (2009). Mobile phone diffusion and corruption in Africa. Political
Communication, 26(3), 333–353.
Snow, D., & Prater, J. (2018). Ecosystem Interrupted: How Waste, Culture, and Corruption are
Stifling Economic Development and Entrepreneurship in Eastern Kentucky. The Journal
of Applied Business and Economics, 20(7), 71–88.
Snyder, J. M., & Strömberg, D. (2010). Press Coverage and Political Accountability. Journal of
Political Economy, 118(2), 355–408. https://doi.org/10.1086/652903
Soans, A., & Abe, M. (2016). Bribery, corruption and bureaucratic hassle: Evidence from
Myanmar. Journal of Asian Economics, 44(Journal Article), 41.
Sobrinho, N., & Thakoor, V. (2019). More Sand Than Oil. Finance & Development, 56(3),
35–37.
Soeng, R., & Cuyvers, L. (2017). Domestic institutions and export performance: Evidence for
Cambodia. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2017.1386230
Soest, C. von. (2013). Anhaltende systemische Korruption: Warum Demokratisierung und
ökonomische Liberalisierung ein altes Problem nicht gelöst haben. Zeitschrift Für
Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft, 7(1), 57–87.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-013-0157-6
Sofe, A. A. (2020). Assessment of corruption in the humanitarian assistance in Puntland State of
Somalia. Journal of Financial Crime, 27(1), 104–118.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-02-2019-0017
Sohail, M., & Cavill, S. (2008). Accountability to Prevent Corruption in Construction Projects.
Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 134(9), 729–738.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2008)134:9(729)
Sohmen, H. (1999). Critical Importance of Controlling Corruption. The International Lawyer,

598 

 
33(4), 863–873.
Solaz, H., De Vries, C. E., & de Geus, R. A. (2019). In-Group Loyalty and the Punishment of
Corruption. Comparative Political Studies, 52(6), 896–926.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414018797951
Solé-Ollé, A., & Sorribas-Navarro, P. (2017). Trust no more? On the lasting effects of corruption
scandals. European Journal of Political Economy.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2017.12.003
Solimine, P. C. (2020). Political corruption and the congestion of controllability in social
networks. Applied Network Science, 5(1), 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-020-00263-5
Solis, J. A., & Antenangeli, L. (2017). Corruption Is Bad News for a Free Press: Reassessing the
Relationship Between Media Freedom and Corruption. Social Science Quarterly, 98(3),
1112–1137. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12438
Solovyeva, A. (2020). Student Attitudes and Experience with Academic Corruption in the
Khabarovsk Region of Russia. In Corruption in Higher Education (pp. 15–19). Brill
Sense. https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004433885/BP000003.xml
Soltes, E. (2019). The frequency of corporate misconduct: Public enforcement versus private
reality. Journal of Financial Crime, 26(4), 923–937.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-10-2018-0107
Somlo, M. J. (2015). Historical inefficiencies and future potential: A critical analysis of the
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977. International Journal of Economics and
Accounting, 6(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEA.2015.068975
Sommer, J. (2018). State Spending and Governance: A Cross‐National Analysis of Forest Loss
in Developing Nations*. Sociological Inquiry, 88(4), 696–723.
https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12224
Sommer, J. M. (2017). Grand and petty corruption: A cross-national analysis of forest loss in
low- and middle-income nations. Environmental Sociology, 3(4), 414–426.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2017.1348569
Sommer, J. M. (2020). Corruption and Health expenditure: A Cross-National Analysis on Infant
and Child Mortality. European Journal of Development Research, 32(3), 690–717.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-019-00235-1
Song, B. (2016). Media markets and politicians involved in scandals. Social Science Journal,
53(4), 389–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2016.02.012
Song, X., & Cheng, W. (2012). Perception of Corruption in 36 Major Chinese Cities: Based on
599 

 
Survey of 1,642 Experts. Social Indicators Research, 109(2), 211–221.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9896-4
Song, Y., Wang, M. Y., & Lei, X. (2016). Following the Money: Corruption, Conflict, and the
Winners and Losers of Suburban Land Acquisition in China: Land Acquisition in China:
Corruption and Conflict. Geographical Research, 54(1), 86–102.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-5871.12158
Sööt, M.-L., & Rootalu, K. (2012). Institutional Trust and Opinions of Corruption. Public
Administration and Development, 32(1), 82–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.616
Soper, D. (2007). ICT Investment Impacts on Future Levels of Democracy, Corruption, and
E-Government Acceptance in Emerging Countries. AMCIS 2007 Proceedings, 227.
Soper, D. S., & Demirkan, H. (2012). How ICTs Affect Democracy and Corruption in Emerging
Societies. IT Professional, 14(4), 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1109/MITP.2012.51
Søreide, Tina. (2006a). Corruption in international business transactions: The perspective of
Norwegian firms. In Susan Rose-Ackerman (Ed.), International Handbook on the
Economics of Corruption (pp. 381–417). Edward Elgar.
Søreide, Tina. (2006b). Is it wrong to rank? A critical assessment of corruption indices [Working
Paper]. Chr. Michelsen Institute. http://bora.cmi.no/dspace/handle/10202/51
Søreide, Tina. (2008). Beaten by Bribery: Why Not Blow the Whistle? Journal of Institutional
and Theoretical Economics JITE, 164(3), 407–428.
https://doi.org/10.1628/093245608785363443
Søreide, Tina. (2009). Too risk averse to stay honest? International Review of Law and
Economics, 29(4), 388–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2009.03.001
Søreide, Tina. (2014). Drivers of corruption: A brief review [Working Paper]. World Bank
Publications.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=N1BVBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&
dq=Soreide,+Tina.+2014.+Drivers+of+Corruption:+A+Limited+Review.+Working+pape
r&ots=NB3uXWJXph&sig=jYscrzwZ5yJCb5E2fwu26CDErKk
Søreide, Tina. (2016). Corruption and Criminal Justice. Edward Elgar Publishing.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/9781784715977.xml
Søreide, Tina, Gröning, L., & Wandall, R. H. (2015). An Efficient Anticorruption Sanctions
Regime? The Case of the World Bank. The Case of the World Bank (March 3, 2015).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2602839
Søreide, Tina, & Makinwa, A. (2020). Negotiated Settlements in Bribery Cases: A Principled
Approach. Edward Elgar Publishing.
600 

 
Søreide, Tina, & Rose-Ackerman, S. (2018). Corruption in state administration. Research
Handbook on Corporate Crime and Financial Misdealing.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781783474462/9781783474462.00015.xml
Søreide, Tina, & Truex, R. (2013). Multi-stakeholder Groups for Better Sector Performance: A
Key to Fighting Corruption in Natural-Resource Governance? Development Policy
Review, 31(2), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12003
Søreide, Tina, & Vagle, K. (2020). Prosecutors discretionary authority in efficient law
enforcement systems. Negotiated Settlements in Bribery Cases.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788970402/9781788970402.00015.xml
Søreide, Tine. (2013). Democracy’s shortcomings in anti-corruption. In Susan Rose-Ackerman
& P. D. Carrington (Eds.), Anti-Corruption Policy: Can International Actors Play a
Constructive Role? (pp. 129–150). Carolina Academic Press.
http://www.cmi.no/publications/file/4678-democracys-shortcomings-in-anti-corruption.p
df
Sorensen, J. (2012). Ideals without illusions: Corruption and the future of a democratic North
Africa.(Front Lines: Human Rights in the Middle East and North Africa). Northwestern
University Journal of International Human Rights, 10(4), 202–211.
Sørensen, J., & Magnussen, L. (2020). Whistleblowing in Norwegian Municipalities—Can
Offers of Reward Influence Employees’ Willingness and Motivation to Report
Wrongdoings? Sustainability, 12(8), 3479. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083479
Sosa, L. A. (2004). Wages and Other Determinants of Corruption. Review of Development
Economics, 8(4), 597–605. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9361.2004.00255.x
Soseco, T. (2012). Corruption Pattern In Indonesia: A Geographical Analysis. JEJAK: Jurnal
Ekonomi Dan Kebijakan, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v5i2.3905
Sotande, E. (2018). The regime against money laundering: A call for scientific modelling.
Journal of Money Laundering Control, 21(4), 584–593.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-11-2017-0066
Sotande, E. (2019). Impediments affecting the curbing of illicit financial flows of organised
crime in developing economies. Journal of Financial Crime, 26(1), 5–21.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-11-2017-0108
Soumaila, I. (2017). The Determinants Of Investment Efficiency In West African Economic And
Monetary Union (Waemu). The Journal of Developing Areas, 51(1), 49–61.
https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2017.0003
Sovacool, B. K. (2016). Countering a corrupt oil boom: Energy justice, Natural Resource Funds,

601 

 
and São Tomé e Príncipe’s Oil Revenue Management Law. Environmental Science &
Policy, 55, 196–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.09.015
Sovacool, B. K., & Andrews, N. (2015). Does transparency matter? Evaluating the governance
impacts of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) in Azerbaijan and
Liberia. Resources Policy, 45, 183–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2015.04.003
Sovacool, B., Walter, G., van, de G., & Andrews, N. (2016). Energy Governance, Transnational
Rules, and the Resource Curse: Exploring the Effectiveness of the Extractive Industries
Transparency Initiative (EITI). World Development; World Dev., 83(Journal Article),
179–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.01.021
Soysa, I., & Almas, S. (2019). Does Ethnolinguistic Diversity Preclude Good Governance? A
Comparative Study with Alternative Data, 1990-2015. KYKLOS, 72(4), 604–636.
https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12210
Spagnolo, G. (2004). Divide et impera: Optimal leniency programs (CEPR Discussion Papers
4840). http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=716143
Spahn, E. (2009a). Discovering Secrets: Act of State Defenses to Bribery Cases. Hofstra Law
Review, 38, 163.
Spahn, E. (2009b). International Bribery: The Moral Imperialism Critiques. Minn. J. Int’l L., 18,
155.
Spahn, E. (2010). Nobody Gets Hurt? Georgetown Journal of International Law, 41, 861.
Spahn, E. (2011). Local Law Provisions Under the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2145542
Spahn, E. K. (2012). Multijurisdictional Bribery Law Enforcement: The OECD Anti-Bribery
Convention. Va. J. Int’l L., 53, 1.
Spalding, A. (2017). Restoring pre-existing compliance through FCPA Pilot Program. The
University of Toledo Law Review, 48(3), 550.
Spalding, A. B. (2009). Unwitting sanctions: Understanding anti-bribery legislation as economic
sanctions against emerging markets. Available at SSRN 1429207.
http://papers.ssrn.com/soL3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1429207
Spalding, A. B. (2011). The Irony of International Business Law: US Progressivism, China’s
New Laissez Faire, and Their Impact in the Developing World. UCLA Law Review, 59.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1795563
Spalding, A. B. (2012). Four Uncharterered Corners of Anti-Corruption Law: In Search of
Remedies to the Sanctioning Effecgt. Wis. L. Rev., 661.

602 

 
Spalding, A. B. (2013). Corruption, corporations, and the new Human Right. Wash. UL Rev., 91,
1365.
Spalding, A. B. (2014). Restorative Justice for Multinational Corporations [Working Paper].
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=2403930
Spalding, A., & Murray, M. (2015). Freedom from Official Corruption as a Human Right.
Brookings Institution.
https://www.brookings.edu/research/freedom-from-official-corruption-as-a-human-right/
Sparling, R. A. (2018). Impartiality and the Definition of Corruption. Political Studies, 66(2),
376–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321717722360
Sparrow, M. K. (1996). License to steal: Why fraud plagues America’s health care system.
Westview Press Boulder, CO.
https://www.ncjrs.gov/app/abstractdb/AbstractDBDetails.aspx?id=178189
Sparrow, M. K. (2008). The Character of Harms: Operational Challenges in Control.
Cambridge University Press.
Spatafora, N., & Luca, O. (2012). Capital Inflows, Financial Development, and Domestic
Investment; Determinants and Inter-Relationships (No. 12/120; IMF Working Papers).
International Monetary Fund. https://ideas.repec.org/p/imf/imfwpa/12-120.html
Speck, B. W. (2011). Auditing lnstitutions. In T. Power & M. Taylor (Eds.), Corruption and
Democracy in Brazil: The Struggle for Accountability (pp. 229–264). University of Notre
Dame Press.
http://www.academia.edu/download/35047927/2011_C_SPECK_Auditing_institutions_p
127.pdf
Spector, Bertram I. (2016). The benefits of anti-corruption programming: Implications for low to
lower middle income countries. Crime, Law & Social Change, 65(4–5), 423.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-016-9606-x
Spector, Bertram I., Johnston, M., & Dininio, P. (2005). Learning across cases: Trends in
anticorruption strategies. In Fighting Corruption in Developing Countries: Strategies and
Analysis. Bloomfield, Connecticut: Kumarian.
Spector, Bertram Irwin. (2005). Fighting corruption in developing countries: Strategies and
analysis. Kumarian Press Bloomfield, CT. http://negotiations.org/Fighting.pdf
Spence, M. J. (2005). American Prosecutors as Democracy Promoters: Prosecuting Corrupt
Foreign Officials in US Courts. Yale Law Journal, 1185–1192.
Spencer, J., & Gomez, C. (2011). MNEs and corruption: The impact of national institutions and
subsidiary strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 32(3), 280–300.
603 

 
https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.874
Spiekermann, U. (2018). Cleaning San Francisco, cleaning the United States: The graft
prosecutions of 1906–1909 and their nationwide consequences. Business History, 60(3),
361–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2017.1369963
Spinesi, L. (2009). Rent-seeking bureaucracies, inequality, and growth. Journal of Development
Economics, 90(2), 244–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.09.009
Spinney, L. (2011). The underhand ape: Why we are all corrupt. New Scientist, 212(2837),
42–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(11)62736-X
Sporkin, S. (1997). The Worldwide Banning of Schmiergeld: A Look at the Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act on its Twentieth Birthday. Northwestern Journal of International Law and
Business, 18(2), 269–281.
Srivastava, S. C., Teo, T., & Devaraj, S. (2016). You Can’t Bribe a Computer: Dealing with the
Societal Challenge of Corruption Through ICT. Mis Quarterly; MIS Q., 40(2), 511-+.
Stacchezzini, R., Rossignoli, F., & Corbella, S. (2020). Corporate governance in practice: The
role of practitioners’ understanding in implementing compliance programs. Accounting,
Auditing & Accountability Journal, 33(4), 887–911.
https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-08-2016-2685
Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1997). Business ethics across cultures: A social cognitive
model. Journal of World Business, 32(1), 17–34.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-9516(97)90023-7
Standaert, S. (2015). Divining the level of corruption: A Bayesian state-space approach. Journal
of Comparative Economics, 43(3), 782–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2014.05.007
Standaert, S., & Rayp, G. (2016). Multilateral trade agreements in Africa: Exploring the role of
rent-seeking behavior. Economics of Governance, 17(1), 11–45.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-015-0167-8
Stanig, P. (2015). Regulation of Speech and Media Coverage of Corruption: An Empirical
Analysis of the Mexican Press. American Journal of Political Science, 59(1), 175–193.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12110
Stansbury, J., Barry, B., & Philosophy Documentation Center. (2007). Ethics Programs and The
Paradox of Control: Business Ethics Quarterly, 17(2), 239–261.
https://doi.org/10.5840/beq200717229
Stansbury, J. M., & Victor, B. (2009). Whistle-Blowing Among Young Employees: A
Life-Course Perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 85(3), 281–299.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9770-8
604 

 
Stapenhurst, F., Jacobs, K., & Pelizzo, R. (2014). Corruption and Legislatures: Meso-Level
Solutions for a Macro-Level Problem. Public Integrity, 16(3), 285–304.
https://doi.org/10.2753/PIN1099-9922160304
Stapenhurst, F., Karakas, F., Sarigöllü, E., Jo, M.-S., & Draman, R. (2017). The supply and
demand sides of corruption: Canadian extractive companies in Africa. Canadian Foreign
Policy = La Politique Etrangere Du Canada, 23(1), 60–76.
https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2016.1250655
Stapenhurst, F., Staddon, A., Draman, R., & Imbeau, L. (2018). Parliamentary oversight and
corruption in the Caribbean: Comparing Trinidad & Tobago and Grenada.
Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 1–30.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2018.1444933
Stapenhurst, Rick. (2000). The media’s role in curbing corruption [Working Paper]. World Bank
Institute Washington.
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2000/10/
27/000094946_00101305481312/additional/016824232_200210329034146.pdf
Stapenhurst, Rick, & Kpundeh, S. J. (1999). Curbing corruption: Toward a model for building
national integrity. World Bank Publications.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=eLh72ZUQcssC&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=
Stapenhurst,+Rick+%26+Sahr+J.+Kpundeh+eds.+1999.+Curbing+Corruption:+Toward+
a+Model+for+Building+National+Integrity+&ots=h6tRuVNs2g&sig=cm8RkZl4f9u6W
C2bdyMhhojxIzc
Stapenhurst, Rick*Titsworth. (2002). Features and functions of supreme audit institutions (No.
24812; pp. 1–4). The World Bank.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/293831468003328721/Features-and-function
s-of-supreme-audit-institutions
Stapley, L. (2003). An Exploration of the Dynamics of the ‘Corrupter’ and the ‘Corrupted’:
Developing Cutting Edge Practices to Prevent Seduction. In J. Kidd & F.-J. Richter,
Fighting Corruption in Asia (pp. 377–402). WORLD SCIENTIFIC.
http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789812795397_0015
Stark, A. (2003). Conflict of interest in American public life. Harvard University Press.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=CxjXZkCRAMoC&oi=fnd&pg=PP15&
dq=Stark,+Andrew.+2000.+Conflict+of+Interest+in+American+Public+Life+&ots=ThD
4epQha_&sig=CCTqxZJL2KTYdTOzU-tO2EJtn9E
Starke, C., Naab, T. K., & Scherer, H. (2016). Free to Expose Corruption: The Impact of Media
Freedom, Internet Access and Governmental Online Service Delivery on Corruption.
International Journal of Communication, 10(0), 21.
605 

 
Starr, S. (2007). Extraordinary crimes at ordinary times: International justice beyond crisis
situations. Northwestern University Law Review, 101, 1257.
Stead, D. (2015). What does the quality of governance imply for urban prosperity? Habitat
International, 45, 64–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.06.014
Steele, G. (2017). The Criminal Code’s Procurement Crimes: Underused Tools in Canada’s
Anti-Corruption Effort. Criminal Law Quarterly, 65(1 2), 229.
Stefes, C. H. (2006). Centralized and Decentralized Systemic Corruption: Assessing the
Consequences. In Understanding Post-Soviet Transitions (pp. 118–152). Palgrave
Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230287464_6
Stefes, C. H. (2007). Measuring, conceptualizing, and fighting systemic corruption: Evidence
from post-soviet countries. Perspectives on Global Issues, 2(1), 1–16.
Steidlmeier, P. (1999). Gift Giving, Bribery and Corruption: Ethical Management of Business
Relationships in China. Journal of Business Ethics, 20(2), 121–132.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005960026519
Stein, A. (2012). Corrupt intentions: Bribery, unlawful gratuity, and honest-services fraud. Law
and Contemporary Problems, 75.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1981754
Stein, E. A., & Kellam, M. (2014). Programming Presidential Agendas: Partisan and Media
Environments That Lead Presidents to Fight Crime and Corruption. Political
Communication, 31(1), 25–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2012.762075
Steiner, A., & Petrak-Jones, K. (2018). Corruption in an Anticorruption State?: East Germany
under Communist Rule. In Anti-corruption in History: From Antiquity to the Modern
Era. Oxford University Press.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.001.0001/oso-978
0198809975-chapter-21
Steinitz, M., & Gowder, P. A. (2014). Corruption and the Transnational Litigation Prisoner’s
Dilemma. U Iowa Legal Studies Research Paper, 14–19.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2476386
Stel, N., & Naudé, W. (2016). ‘Public–Private Entanglement’: Entrepreneurship in Lebanon’s
Hybrid Political Order. The Journal of Development Studies, 52(2), 254–268.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2015.1081173
Stensöta, H., Wängnerud, L., & Svensson, R. (2015). Gender and Corruption: The Mediating
Power of Institutional Logics: Gender and Corruption. Governance, 28(4), 475–496.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12120

606 

 
Stephan, P. B. (1999). Rationality and Corruption in the Post-Socialist World. SSRN Electronic
Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.169212
Stephan, P. B. (2012). Regulatory Competition and Anticorruption Law. Va. J. Int’l L., 53, 53.
Stephen Lewandowski, Ahlam Abuawad, Omokhoya Abatu, & Luis E Segura. (2020). The
Global Corruption–Health Nexus. American Journal of Public Health (1971), 110(9),
1254–1254. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305855
Stephenson, K., Gray, L., & Power, R. (2011). Barriers to Asset Recovery: An Analysis of the
Key Barriers and Recommendations for Action. The World Bank.
http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-0-8213-8660-6
Stephenson, M. C. (2015). Corruption and democratic institutions: A review and synthesis. In
Susan Rose-Ackerman & P. Lagunes, Greed, Corruption, and the Modern State (pp.
92–133). Edward Elgar Publishing.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/9781784714697.00010.xml
Stephenson, M. C. (2016). Standing Doctrine and Anticorruption Litigation: A Survey. Open
Society Foundations.
Stephenson, M. C. (2018). Beware blowback: How attempts to strengthen FCPA deterrence
could narrow the statute’s scope. Research Handbook on Corporate Crime and Financial
Misdealing.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781783474462/9781783474462.00014.xml
Stepurko, T., Pavlova, M., Gryga, I., & Groot, W. (2010). Empirical studies on informal patient
payments for health care services: A systematic and critical review of research methods
and instruments. BMC Health Services Research, 10(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-10-273
Stessens, G. (2001). The international fight against corruption’: General report. Revue
internationale de droit pénal, 72(3), 891. https://doi.org/10.3917/ridp.723.0891
Stevens, P. (2003). Resource impact: Curse or blessing? A literature survey. Journal of Energy
Literature, 9(1), 3–42.
Stevenson, D. D., & Wagoner, N. J. (2011). FCPA Sanctions: Too Big to Debar? SSRN
Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1811126
Steves, F., & Rousso, A. (2003). Anti-corruption programmes in post-communist transition
countries and changes in the business environment, 1999-2002 (EBRD Working Paper
No. 85). http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=478821
Stevulak, C., & Brown, M. P. (2011). Activating Public Sector Ethics in Transitional Societies:
The Promise of Integrity. Public Integrity, 13(2), 97–112.
607 

 
https://doi.org/10.2753/PIN1099-9922130201
Stewart, C. (2012). The FCPA Is Just as Relevant and Necessary Today as Thirty-Five Years
ago. Ohio State Law Journal, 73, 1039.
Stinson, P. M., Liederbach, J., Brewer, S. L., Schmalzried, H. D., Mathna, B. E., & Long, K. L.
(2013). A study of drug‐related police corruption arrests. Policing: An International
Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 36(3), 491–511.
https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-06-2012-0051
Stober, E. O. (2019). Nigeria’s Corruption Score Card. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge
Economy, 7(2), 165. https://doi.org/10.25019/MDKE/7.2.03
Stockemer, D., LaMontagne, B., & Scruggs, L. (2013). Bribes and ballots: The impact of
corruption on voter turnout in democracies. International Political Science Review, 34(1),
74–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512111419824
Stockemer, Daniel. (2011). Women’s Parliamentary Representation in Africa: The Impact of
Democracy and Corruption on the Number of Female Deputies in National Parliaments.
Political Studies, 59(3), 693–712. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00897.x
Stockemer, Daniel. (2013). Corruption and Turnout in Presidential Elections: A Macro-Level
Quantitative Analysis: Stockemer / Corruption and Turnout in Presidential Elections.
Politics & Policy, 41(2), 189–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12012
Stockemer, Daniel, & Calca, P. (2013). Corruption and turnout in Portugal: A municipal level
study. Crime, Law and Social Change, 60(5), 535–548.
http://dx.doi.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1007/s10611-013-9481-7
Stockemer, Daniel, & Sundström, A. (2013). Corruption and citizens’ satisfaction with
democracy in Europe: What is the empirical linkage? Zeitschrift Für Vergleichende
Politikwissenschaft, 7(S1), 137–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-013-0168-3
Stockemer, Daniel, & Sundström, A. (2019). Corruption and women in cabinets: Informal
barriers to recruitment in the executive. Governance, 32(1), 83–102.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12352
Stoerk, T. (2016). Statistical corruption in Beijing’s air quality data has likely ended in 2012.
Atmospheric Environment, 127, 365–371.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.12.055
Stokes, S. C. (2005). Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with
Evidence from Argentina. American Political Science Review, 99(03), 315–325.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051683
Stolen Assets Recovery Initiative, Habershon, A., & Trapnell, S. (2012). Public Office, Private
608 

 
Interests: Accountability through Income and Asset Disclosure. World Bank
Publications.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=NdLzBwDqeLkC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq
=Stolen+Assets+Recovery+Initiative.+2012.+Public+Office,+Private+Interests:+Account
ability+through+Income+and+Asset+Disclosure&ots=vvgotF7e_z&sig=69h9uyAEnplTf
e6Ehc2z5cHCBSA
Stolenberg, C. D. (2000). Globalization, Asian Values, and Economic Reform: The Impact of
Tradition and Change on Ethical Values in Chinese Business. Cornell International Law
Journal, 33, 711.
Stone, B. (2015). Accountability and the design of an anticorruption agency in a parliamentary
democracy. Policy Studies, 36(2), 157–175.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2014.1000844
Strader, J. K. (2016). Skilling Reconsidered: The Legislative-Judicial Dynamic, Honest Services,
Fraud, and the Ill-Conceived" Clean Up Government Act". Fordham Urban Law Journal,
39(2), 309.
Stratmann, T., & others. (2003). Do strict electoral campaign finance rules limit corruption?
CESifo DICE Report, 1(2003), 24–27.
Straub, S. (2004). Corruption and product market competition (ESE Discussion Papers 131).
University of Edinburgh. http://www.econ.ed.ac.uk/papers/id131_esedps.pdf
Straub, S. (2008). Opportunism, corruption and the multinational firm’s mode of entry. Journal
of International Economics, 74(2), 245–263.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2007.08.001
Straub, S. (2009). Regulatory Intervention, Corruption and Competition. Review of Industrial
Organization, 35(1–2), 123–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-009-9218-z
Straub, S. (2015). The story of Paraguayan dams: The long-term consequences of wrongdoing in
procurement. In Susan Rose-Ackerman & P. Lagunes, Greed, Corruption, and the
Modern State (pp. 161–179). Edward Elgar Publishing.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/9781784714697.00013.xml
Strauss, D. A. (1994). Corruption, Equality, and Campaign Finance Reform. Columbia Law
Review, 94(4), 1369. https://doi.org/10.2307/1123287
Strauss, E. N. (2013). Easing Out the FCPA Facilitation Payment Exception. Boston University
Law Review, 93, 235.
Stremlau, N., Fantini, E., & Gagliardone, I. (2015). Patronage, politics and performance: Radio
call-in programmes and the myth of accountability. Third World Quarterly, 36(8),

609 

 
1510–1526. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1048797
Strîmbu, O., & González, P. (2018). Does transparency reduce political corruption? Journal of
Public Economic Theory, 20(2), 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12265
Stringhini, S., Thomas, S., Bidwell, P., Mtui, T., & Mwisongo, A. (2009). Understanding
informal payments in health care: Motivation of health workers in Tanzania. Human
Resources for Health, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-7-53
Strömberg, D. (2001). Mass media and public policy. European Economic Review, 45(4–6),
652–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00106-4
Stromberg, D. (2004). Radio’s Impact on Public Spending. The Quarterly Journal of Economics,
119(1), 189–221. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355304772839560
Stromberg, David. (2004). Mass Media Competition, Political Competition, and Public Policy.
Review of Economic Studies, 71(1), 265–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/0034-6527.00284
Strombom, D. (1998). Corruption in Procurement. Economic Perspectives, 3(5), 22–26.
Subedi, M. S. (2006). Corruption In Nepal: An Anthropological Inquiry. Dhaulagiri Journal of
Sociology and Anthropology, 1(0). https://doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v1i0.283
Suberu, R. T. (2009). The Travails of Nigeria’s Anti-Corruption Crusade. In R. I. Rotberg (Ed.),
Corruption, global security, and world order (pp. 260–282). Brookings Institution Press.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=8rRCB7qYuwMC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&d
q=%E2%80%9CThe+Travails+of+Nigeria%E2%80%99s+Anti-Corruption+Crusade%E
2%80%9D,+in+Robert+I.+Rotberg,+ed.+Corruption,+Global+Security+and+World+Ord
er+&ots=x2JM-X5re1&sig=T8VPClSeMG1PvTF3OScN0ljGfiU
Suberu, R. T. (2018). Strategies for Advancing Anticorruption Reform in Nigeria. Daedalus,
147(3), 184–201. https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00510
Subramaniam, Y. (2018). The environmental Kuznets curve in the presence of corruption in
developing countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,
1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1473-9
Suhardiman, D., & Mollinga, P. P. (2017). Institutionalized corruption in Indonesian irrigation:
An analysis of the upeti system. Development Policy Review, 35(s2), O140–O159.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12276
Sui, B., Feng, G.-F., & Chang, C.-P. (2018). The pioneer evidence of contagious corruption.
Quality & Quantity, 52(2), 945–968. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0497-4
Suk Kim, P., & Yun, T. (2017). Strengthening Public Service Ethics in Government: The South
Korean Experience. Public Integrity, 19(6), 607–623.

610 

 
https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2017.1302278
Sukhanov, V. A. (2020). Corruption in Government as a Global Problem. Vestnik
MGIMO-Universiteta, 4(31), 212–218.
Sukhtankar, S. (2012). Sweetening the Deal? Political Connections and Sugar Mills in India.
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 4(3), 43–63.
https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.3.43
Sukhtankar, S. (2015). The Impact of Corruption on Consumer Markets: Evidence from the
Allocation of Second-Generation Wireless Spectrum in India. The Journal of Law and
Economics, 58(1), 75–109. https://doi.org/10.1086/682909
Sulaiman, C., Abdul-Rahim, A. S., Mohd-Shahwahid, H. O., & Chin, L. (2017). Wood fuel
consumption, institutional quality, and forest degradation in sub-Saharan Africa:
Evidence from a dynamic panel framework. Ecological Indicators, 74, 414–419.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.11.045
Sulemana, I. (2015). Do perceptions about public corruption influence subjective well-being?
Evidence from Africa. Subjective Well-Being: Psychological Predictors, Social
Influences and Economical Aspects. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
Sulemana, I., Iddrisu, A. M., & Kyoore, J. E. (2017). A Micro-Level Study of the Relationship
Between Experienced Corruption and Subjective Wellbeing in Africa. The Journal of
Development Studies, 53(1), 138–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1187721
Sulemana, I., & Kpienbaareh, D. (2018). An empirical examination of the relationship between
income inequality and corruption in Africa. Economic Analysis and Policy, 60, 27–42.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2018.09.003
Sulhi Ridzuan, Tamat Sarmidi, & Abu Hassan Shaari Mohd Nor. (2014). Environmental
Regulatory Stringency, Corruption, And FDI: New Evidence From A Panel Of Countries.
Journal of Techno-Social, 6(2).
https://doaj.org/article/2ac23857524c44eba10d462f32e6ee8d
Sullivan, B. (2013). Reformulating bribery: A legal critique of the Bribery Act 2010. In J. Horder
& P. Alldridge (Eds.), Modern Bribery Law (pp. 13–38). Cambridge University Press.
http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139088398A011
Sullivan, J. D., & Shkolnikov, A. (2004). Combating corruption: Private sector perspectives and
solutions. CIPE Economic Reform Issue Paper, 0409.
Sullivan, J. D., Wilson, A., & Nadgrodkiewicz, A. (2013). The Role of Corporate Governance in
Fighting Corruption [CIPE Economic Reform Issue Paper].
Šumah, Š., & Mahić, E. (2016). The Relationship Between Public Enterprises and the Local
611 

 
Community in View of Corruption Risks. International Public Administration Review,
14(1), pp–157.
Šuman, Š., & Mahič, E. (2016). The Taxonomy of Corruption on the relation of Public
corporation-Local community. TEM Journal, 5(2), 226–230.
https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM52-16
Summerfield, J. (2009). The Corruption Defense in Investment Disputes: A Discussion of the
Imbalance between International Discourse and Arbitral Decisions. Transnational
Dispute Management, 6(1). http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1658601
Sumpf, D. (2015). A Review of the Relationship Between Corruption and Social Justice (SSRN
Scholarly Paper ID 2744590). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2744590
Sun, X., Zhu, J., & Wu, Y. (2014). Organizational Clientelism: An Analysis of Private
Entrepreneurs in Chinese Local Legislatures. Journal of East Asian Studies, 14(01),
1–30. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1598240800009565
Sun, Y. (1999). Reform, State, and Corruption: Is Corruption Less Destructive in China than in
Russia? Comparative Politics, 32(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/422430
Sun, Y. (2001). The Politics of Conceptualizing Corruption in Reform China. Crime, Law and
Social Change, 35(3), 245–270. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011220810892
Sun, Y. (2004). Corruption and market in contemporary China. Cornell University Press.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Lq2YAdMWbGcC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&
dq=Sun,+Yan.+2004.+Corruption+and+Market+in+Contemporary+China&ots=yWmjWf
C8Mm&sig=M2tJQbOCHaLeJiYLV47wkiJLrHE
Sun, Y. (2009). Cadre recruitment and corruption: What goes wrong? In T. Gong & S. K. Ma
(Eds.), Preventing Corruption in Asia: Institutional Design and Policy Capacity.
Routledge. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10611-007-9091-3
Sun, Y., & Johnston, M. (2009). Does Democracy Check Corruption? Insights from China and
India. Comparative Politics, 42(1), 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.5129/001041509X12911362972719
Sun, Y., & Yuan, B. (2017). Does Xi Jinping’s Anticorruption Campaign Improve Regime
Legitimacy? Modern China Studies, 24(2), 14–34.
Sundaram, J. K. (2009). Good Governance, Anti-Corruption, and Economic Development. In R.
I. Rotberg (Ed.), Corruption, global security, and world order (pp. 457–468). Brookings
Institution Press.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=8rRCB7qYuwMC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&d

612 

 
q=%E2%80%9CGood+Governance,+Anti-Corruption,+and+Economic+Development%
E2%80%9D,+in+Robert+I.+Rotberg,+ed.+Corruption,+Global+Security+and+World+Or
der+&ots=x2JM-X5xc1&sig=qEvJwUSwjNboQaDlK2cczCkHoI4
Sundell, A. (2012a). Legalize it: An argument for formalizing petty corruption when state
capacity is low (QoG Working Paper Series 2012:2).
http://swepub.kb.se/bib/swepub:oai:services.scigloo.org:161124?tab2=abs&language=en
Sundell, A. (2012b). What is the best way to recruit public servants? QoG Working Paper Series,
2012(7), 7.
Sundell, A. (2013). Nepotism in the Swedish Central Public Administration 1790-1925. APSA
2013 Annual Meeting Paper.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2303435
Sundell, A. (2014a). Nepotism And Meritocracy. QoG Working Paper Series, 2014(16), 16.
Sundell, A. (2014b). Are Formal Civil Service Examinations the Most Meritocratic Way to
Recruit Civil Servants? Not in All Countries. Public Administration, 92(2), 440–457.
https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12077
Sundell, A. (2014c). Understanding Informal Payments in the Public Sector: Theory and
Evidence from Nineteenth-century Sweden. Scandinavian Political Studies, 37(2),
95–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.12015
Sundell, A. (2015). Public Administration and Corruption – How To Get the Institutions That
Work. https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/38877
Sundell, A. (2016). Anti-corruption reform – evolution or big bang?
https://eba.se/en/rapporter/anti-corruption-reform-evolution-or-big-bang/5020/
Sundet, G. (2007). Public expenditure tracking surveys: Lessons from Tanzania. U4 Brief, 14.
http://www.cmi.no/publications/file/2812-publicexpenditure-tracking-surveys.pdf
Sundet, G. (2008). Following the money: Do public expenditure tracking surveys matter? Chr.
Michelsen institute (CMI). U4 Anti-corruption resource centre.
Sundström, A. (2012). Corruption and regulatory compliance: Experimental findings from South
African small-scale fisheries. Marine Policy, 36(6), 1255–1264.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.03.013
Sundström, A. (2013). Corruption in the commons: Why bribery hampers enforcement of
environmental regulations in South African fisheries. International Journal of the
Commons, 7(2), 454. https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.370
Sundström, A. (2015). Covenants with broken swords: Corruption and law enforcement in

613 

 
governance of the commons. Global Environmental Change, 31, 253–262.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.02.002
Sundström, A. (2016a). Corruption and Violations of Conservation Rules: A Survey Experiment
with Resource Users. World Development, 85(Journal Article), 73.
Sundström, A. (2016b). Violence and the Costs of Honesty: Rethinking Bureaucrats’ Choice To
Take Bribes. Public Administration, 94(3), 593–608. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12242
Sundström, A. (2016c). Understanding illegality and corruption in forest governance. Journal of
Environmental Management, 181, 779–790.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.07.020
Sundström, A. (2017). Exploring Performance-Related Pay as an Anticorruption Tool. Studies in
Comparative International Development, 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-017-9251-0
Sundström, A., & Stockemer, D. (2015). Regional variation in voter turnout in Europe: The
impact of corruption perceptions. Electoral Studies, 40, 158–169.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2015.08.006
Sundstrom, A., & Wangnerud, L. (2016). Corruption as an obstacle to women’s political
representation: Evidence from local councils in 18 European countries. Party Politics,
22(3), 354–369. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068814549339
Sung, H. (2006). From Victims to Saviors? Women, Power, and Corruption. Current History,
105(689), 139.
Sung, H.-E. (2003). Fairer Sex or Fairer System? Gender and Corruption Revisited. Social
Forces, 82(2), 703–723. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2004.0028
Sung, H.-E. (2004). Democracy and political corruption: A cross-national comparison. Crime,
Law and Social Change, 41(2), 179–193.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CRIS.0000016225.75792.02
Sung, Hung-En. (2002). A Convergence Approach to the Analysis of Political Corruption: A
Cross-National Study. Crime, Law and Social Change, 38(2), 137–160.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020239413622
Sung, Hung-En. (2006). Between demand and supply: Bribery in international trade. Crime, Law
and Social Change, 44(1), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-006-9011-y
Sung, Hung-En. (2009). Transnational Corruption in Weapons Procurement in East Asia: A Case
Analysis. Sociological Focus, 42(3), 254–275.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2009.10571356

614 

 
Sung, Hung-En. (2012). Women in government, public corruption, and liberal democracy: A
panel analysis. Crime, Law and Social Change, 58(3), 195–219.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-012-9381-2
Sung, Hung-En, & Chu, D. (2003). Does participation in the global economy reduce political
corruption? An empirical inquiry.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=sNJpLAYATVUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA235
&dq=Does+Participation+in+the+World+Economy+Reduce+Political+Corruption%3F+
An+Empirical+Inquiry.+International+Journal+of+Comparative+Criminology&ots=VFv
f-F0-4x&sig=zXLJLzG33VJ0V1KssfXNJMBPzeE
Sunkanmi, O. A., & Isola, A. L. (2014). Corruption and Economic Growth in Nigeria. Journal of
Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(6), 45-56–56.
Sunstein, C. R. (1997). Bad Incentives and Bad Institutions. Geo. LJ, 86, 2267.
Suphachalasai, S. (2005). Bureaucratic corruption and mass media (Environmental Economy
and Policy Research Discussion Paper 05.2005).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=722403
Suri, K. C., Elliott, C., Hundt, D., & Manor, J. (2016). India’s States: The Struggle to Govern.
Studies in Indian Politics, 4(1), 8–21.
Suriya, K., & Pruekreedee, S. (2014). Bounded rational corruption model. The Empirical
Econometrics and Quantitative Economics Letters, 3(1).
http://www.jyoungeconomist.com/images/stories/EEQEL_V3_N1_March_2014_pp_001
_010_Komsan_Sumate_II.pdf
Surjadinata, K. U. (1998). Revisiting corrupt practices from a market perspective. Emory Int’l L.
Rev., 12, 1021.
Suryadarma, D. (2012). How corruption diminishes the effectiveness of public spending on
education in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 48(1), 85–100.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2012.654485
Susewind, R. (2015). Spatial Segregation, Real Estate Markets and the Political Economy of
Corruption in Lucknow, India. Journal of South Asian Development, 10(3), 267–291.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0973174115602168
Sutherland, E. (2014). Corruption and internet governance. Info, 16(2), 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.1108/info-05-2013-0027
Sutherland, E. (2015). Bribery and corruption in telecommunications – the Kingdom of
Morocco. Info, 17(2), 16–35. https://doi.org/10.1108/info-11-2014-0048
Sutrisno, A. (2020). Corrupt at All Levels?: Indonesian Higher Education and the Problem of
615 

 
Corruption. In Corruption in Higher Education (pp. 132–137). Brill Sense.
https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004433885/BP000024.xml
Suyadi, S. (2019). Integration of Anti-Corruption Education (PAK) In Islamic Religious
Education (PAI) With Neuroscience Approach (Multi-Case Study in Brain Friendly
PAUD: I Sleman Kindergarten Yogyakarta). Inferensi Jurnal Penelitian Sosial
Keagamaan, 12(2), 307–330. https://doi.org/10.18326/infsl3.v12i2.307-330
Suzuki, T. (2018). Corruption, interest rates and business cycles: Comparison of emerging
economies. Economic Change and Restructuring, 51(4), 303–316.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-017-9206-5
Svallfors, S. (2013). Government quality, egalitarianism, and attitudes to taxes and social
spending: A European comparison. European Political Science Review, 5(03), 363–380.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S175577391200015X
Svensson, J. (2003). Who Must Pay Bribes and How Much? Evidence from a Cross Section of
Firms. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1), 207–230.
https://doi.org/10.1162/00335530360535180
Svensson, Jakob. (2000). Foreign aid and rent-seeking. Journal of International Economics,
51(2), 437–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(99)00014-8
Svensson, Jakob. (2005). Eight Questions about Corruption. Journal of Economic Perspectives,
19(3), 19–42. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533005774357860
Sviderskyi, O., & Lubentsov, A. (2020). The Impact of Corruption on the Development of Legal
and Economic Systems of State. Baltic Journal of Economic Studies, 6(1), 125–129.
https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-1-125-129
Swaidan, Z. (2012). Culture and Consumer Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(2), 201–213.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1070-z
Swaleheen, M. (2008). Corruption and Saving in a Panel of Countries. Journal of
Macroeconomics, 30(3), 1285–1301.
Swaleheen, M. (2011). Economic growth with endogenous corruption: An empirical study.
Public Choice, 146(1–2), 23–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-009-9581-1
Swaleheen, M., & Allen, M. T. (2020). The efficacy of multilateral anti-bribery convention with
national government enforcement. Journal of Financial Crime, 27(3), 885–895.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-01-2020-0015
Swaleheen, M., Ben Ali, M. S., & Temimi, A. (2019). Corruption and public spending on
education and health. Applied Economics Letters, 26(4), 321–325.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2018.1468549
616 

 
Swaleheen, M. us. (2007). Corruption and Investment Choices: A Panel Data Study. Kyklos,
60(4), 601–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2007.00387.x
Swamy, A., Knack, S., Lee, Y., & Azfar, O. (2001). Gender and corruption. Journal of
Development Economics, 64(1), 25–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00123-1
Swanson, T. (2006). Greasing the Wheels: British Deficiencies in Relation to American Clarity
in International Anti-Corporation Law. Ga. J. Int’l & Comp. L., 35, 397.
Syfert, S. D. (1998). Captialism or Corruption-Corporate Structure, Western Investment and
Commercial Crime in the Russian Federation. NYL Sch. J. Int’l & Comp. L., 18, 357.
Sylvia, C., & Stabile, E. (2016). Rethinking compliance: The role of
whistleblowers.(Twenty-Eighth Annual Corporate Law Center Symposium: Rethinking
Compliance). University of Cincinnati Law Review, 84(2), 474.
Szanto, Z. (1999). Principals, agents, and clients: Review of the modern concept of corruption.
Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 12(4), 629–632.
Szarek-Mason, P. (2014). OLAF: The anti-corruption policy within the European Union. In J.-B.
Auby, E. Breen, & T. Perroud, Corruption and Conflicts of Interest (pp. 288–302).
Edward Elgar Publishing. http://www.elgaronline.com/view/9781781009345.00028.xml
Szeftel, M. (1998). Misunderstanding African politics: Corruption &amp; the governance
agenda. Review of African Political Economy, 25(76), 221–240.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03056249808704311
Szeftel, M. (2000a). Between Governance & Under-Development: Accumulation & Africa’s
‘Catastrophic Corruption.’ Review of African Political Economy, 27(84), 287–306.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03056240008704460
Szeftel, M. (2000b). Clientalism, Corruption and Catastrophe. Review of African Political
Economy, 27(85), 427–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056240008704476
Szende, A., & Culyer, A. J. (2006). The inequity of informal payments for health care: The case
of Hungary. Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 75(3), 262–271.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.04.001
Szucs, F. (n.d.). Discretion and Corruption in Public Procurement.
Tabish, S. Z. S., & Jha, K. N. (2011). Analyses and evaluation of irregularities in public
procurement in India. Construction Management and Economics, 29(3), 261–274.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2010.549138
Tabish, S. Z. S., & Jha, K. N. (2012). The impact of anti-corruption strategies on corruption free
performance in public construction projects. Construction Management and Economics,

617 

 
30(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2011.654128
Tacconi, L., & Williams, D. A. (2020). Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Environmental and
Resource Management. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 45(1), 305–329.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083949
Tahoun, A. (2014). The role of stock ownership by US members of Congress on the market for
political favors. Journal of Financial Economics, 111(1), 86–110.
Tajaddini, R., & Gholipour, H. F. (2018). Control of Corruption and Luxury Goods
Consumption. KYKLOS, 71(4), 613–641. https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12188
Takyi-Asiedu, S. (1993). Some socio-cultural factors retarding entrepreneurial activity in
sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(2), 91–98.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(93)90013-U
Talukdar, M., Al-Amin, M. I. A., & Hossain, M. Z. (2016). Corruption and Citizen Economic
Capacity: The Equation. Management Research & Practice, 8(2).
http://mrp.ase.ro/no82/f4.pdf
Tamashasky, E. J. (2004). Lewis Carroll Offense: The Ever-Changing Meaning of Corruptly
within the Federal Criminal Law, The. J. Legis., 31, 129.
Tambulasi, R. I. C. (2009). The public sector corruption and organised crime nexus: The case of
the fertiliser subsidy programme in Malawi. African Security Review, 18(4), 19–31.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2009.9627555
Tamirisa, N., & Wei, S.-J. (2000). Bribery in Trade: Liberalizing Grease or Non-tariff Barrier?
[Working Paper].
Tamm, I., Lucky, C., & Humphreys, S. (2005). Legal remedies for the resource curse: A digest
of experience in using law to combat natural resource corruption. Open Society Institute.
http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/25698
Tan, J. (2009). Institutional Structure and Firm Social Performance in Transitional Economies:
Evidence of Multinational Corporations in China. Journal of Business Ethics, 86(2), 171.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0193-y
Tan, X., Liu, L., Huang, Z., Zhao, X., & Zheng, W. (2016). The Dampening Effect of Social
Dominance Orientation on Awareness of Corruption: Moral Outrage as a Mediator.
Social Indicators Research, 125(1), 89–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0838-9
Tan, X., Liu, L., Huang, Z., Zheng, W., & Liang, Y. (2016). The Effects of General System
Justification on Corruption Perception and Intent. Frontiers in Psychology, 7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4960914/

618 

 
Tan, X., Liu, L., Zheng, W., & Huang, Z. (2016). Effects of social dominance orientation and
right‐wing authoritarianism on corrupt intention: The role of moral outrage. International
Journal of Psychology, 51(3), 213–219. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12148
Tanaka, Z. (2006). The End of the Conservative/Reformist Era and the Emergence of Corruption
Politics. In Junʼichi Kawata (Ed.), Comparing political corruption and clientelism (pp.
115–132). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=X3Tb0Glw3G0C&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq
=The+End+of+the+Conservative/Reformist+Era+and+the+Emergence+of+Corruption+P
olitics%E2%80%9D,+in+Juichi+Kawata+ed.,+Comparing+Political+Corruption+and+Cl
ientalism&ots=-YDuoGwxIR&sig=SmJRtoirPbiaSjq-KYHa6RtFwSg
Tandoc, E. (2013). FYI on FOI: Exploring the effects of Freedom of Information (FOI) laws
around the world.
https://www.academia.edu/4224706/FYI_on_FOI_Exploring_the_effects_of_Freedom_o
f_Information_FOI_laws_around_the_world
Tang, T. L.-P., & Chiu, R. K. (2003). Income, Money Ethic, Pay Satisfaction, Commitment, and
Unethical Behavior: Is the Love of Money the Root of Evil for Hong Kong Employees?
Journal of Business Ethics, 46(1), 13–30. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024731611490
Tang, Zhe. (2020). Political connection and corporate innovation: Evidence from China. Journal
of Applied Finance and Banking, 10(3), 127–152.
Tang, Zhenya, Chen, L., Zhou, Z., Warkentin, M., & Gillenson, M. L. (2019). The effects of
social media use on control of corruption and moderating role of cultural
tightness-looseness. Government Information Quarterly.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.06.001
Tangri, R. (2001). Corruption and cronyism in Uganda’s privatization in the 1990s. African
Affairs, 100(398), 117–133. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/100.398.117
Tangri, Roger, & Mwenda, A. M. (2003). Military Corruption and Ugandan Politics Since the
Late 1990s. Review of African Political Economy, 30(98), 539–552.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02
Tangri, Roger, & Mwenda, A. M. (2006). Politics, donors and the ineffectiveness of
anti-corruption institutions in Uganda. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 44(01),
101. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X05001436
Tankebe, J., & Asif, M. (2016). Police Legitimacy and Support for Vigilante Violence in
Pakistan. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 40(4),
295–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2016.1217425
Tannenbaum, B. M. (2012). Reframing the Right: Using Theories of Intangible Property to
619 

 
Target Honest Services Fraud After Skilling. SSRN Electronic Journal.
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1987736
Tansung, C. (2014). The Legal Regulations for the Prevention of Corruption of Civil Servants in
Turkey and the Council of Ethics for Public Service. In J.-B. Auby, E. Breen, & T.
Perroud (Eds.), Corruption and conflicts of interest: A comparative law approach (pp.
167–182). Edward Elgar Publishing.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4JrqAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq
=%E2%80%9CThe+Legal+Regulations+for+the+Prevention+of+Corruption+of+Civil+S
ervants+in+Turkey+and+the+Council+of+Ethics+for+Public+Service%E2%80%9D&ots
=HU1G5nSU1k&sig=5i_bSHoJ29C3t6TohO0o3JyCONs
Tantardini, M., & Garcia-Zamor, J.-C. (2015). Organizational Social Capital and Anticorruption
Policies: An Exploratory Analysis. Public Organization Review, 15(4), 599–609.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-014-0294-7
Tanzi, V. (1995). Corruption, governmental activities, and markets. Finance and Development,
32(4), 24.
Tanzi, V. (1998). Corruption Around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures. Staff
Papers - International Monetary Fund, 45(4), 559. https://doi.org/10.2307/3867585
Tanzi, V. (2000). Policies, institutions and the dark side of economics. Edward Elgar Publishing.
http://econpapers.repec.org/bookchap/elgeebook/1398.htm
Tanzi, V., & Davoodi, H. (1998). Corruption, public investment, and growth. In The Welfare
State, Public Investment, and Growth (pp. 41–60). Springer.
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-4-431-67939-4_4
Tänzler, D., Maras, K., & Giannakopoulos, A. (2012). The German myth of a corruption-free
modern country. In The Social Construction of Corruption in Europe (pp. 87–106).
Ashgate.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HxWgCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA87
&dq=%E2%80%9CThe+German+Myth+of+a+Corruption-Free+Modern+Country%E2
%80%9D,+in+Dirk+Tanzler,+Konstadinos+Maras+%26+Angelos+Giannakopoulos+eds.
,+The+Social+Construction+of+Corruption+in+Europe+&ots=nMrwTovwRY&sig=LeO
NM3LiuBPSXMjDyJAmEekgOd4
Tänzler, D., Maras, K., Giannakopoulos, A., & Rogowski, R. (2012). The Social Construction of
Corruption: Theoretical Reflections. In The Social Construction of Corruption in Europe
(pp. 13–32). Ashgate.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HxWgCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA87
&dq=%E2%80%9CThe+German+Myth+of+a+Corruption-Free+Modern+Country%E2
%80%9D,+in+Dirk+Tanzler,+Konstadinos+Maras+%26+Angelos+Giannakopoulos+eds.
620 

 
,+The+Social+Construction+of+Corruption+in+Europe+&ots=nMrwTovwRY&sig=LeO
NM3LiuBPSXMjDyJAmEekgOd4
Tao, Y. (2020). China’s anti-corruption campaign and bank loan loss provisions: Evidence from
a quasi-natural experiment. Economics Letters, 109505-.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109505
Tarasenko, F. P. (2019). On Leverage Points for Curbing Corruption. Cybernetics and Systems,
50(6), 556–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/01969722.2019.1630568
Tarhan, S. (2008). Public Investment and Corruption in an Endogenous Growth Model [Working
Paper]. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/34205/
Tarkowski, J. (1989). Old and New Patterns of Corruption in Poland and the USSR. Telos,
1989(80), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.3817/0689080051
Tarullo, D. (2003). The Limits of Institutional Design: Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery
Convention. Virginia Journal of International Law, 44, 665.
Tarullo, D. K., Dickerson, C. M., Paul, J., & Rose-Ackerman, S. (2000). Political Corruption as
an International Offense. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of
International Law), 56–59. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25659357
Tarun, R. W., & Tomczak, P. P. (2010). Proposal for a United States Department of Justice
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Leniency Policy, A. Am. Crim. L. Rev., 47, 153.
Tarverdi, Y. (2018). Aspects of Governance and CO2 Emissions: A Non-linear Panel Data
Analysis. Environmental and Resource Economics, 69(1), 167–194.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-016-0071-x
Tatar, M., Ozgen, H., Sahin, B., Belli, P., & Berman, P. (2007). Informal payments in the health
sector: A case study from Turkey. Health Affairs (Project Hope), 26(4), 1029–1039.
https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.26.4.1029
Tate, W. (2018). Paramilitary politics and corruption talk in Colombia. Culture, Theory and
Critique, 59(4), 419–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735784.2018.1522596
Taube, M. (2013). Relational corruption in the PR China. Institutional foundations and its
(Dys)-functionality for economic development and growth. Zeitschrift Für Vergleichende
Politikwissenschaft, 7(S1), 89–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-013-0158-5
Tavares, J. (2003). Does foreign aid corrupt? Economics Letters, 79(1), 99–106.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1765(02)00293-8
Tavares, S. C. (2007). Do rapid political and trade liberalizations increase corruption? European
Journal of Political Economy, 23(4), 1053–1076.

621 

 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2006.06.002
Tavits, M. (2008). Representation, Corruption, and Subjective Well-Being. Comparative
Political Studies, 41(12), 1607–1630. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414007308537
Tavits, M. (2010). Why Do People Engage in Corruption? The Case of Estonia. Social Forces,
88(3), 1257–1279. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.0.0288
Tavits, Margit. (2007). Clarity of Responsibility and Corruption. American Journal of Political
Science, 51(1), 218–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00246.x
Tavits, Margit, & Potter, J. D. (2012). Electoral institutions and corruption in campaign finance.
Working paper (Department of Political Science, University of Washington in St. Louis,
and College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Louisiana State University).
Taylor, A. J., & Cobb, M. D. (2020). The Individual-Level Origins of Congressional Corruption
Scandals. American Politics Research, 48(4), 442–454.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X19850093
Taylor, C. (2018). Corruption and Anticorruption in Democratic Athens. In R. Kroeze, A.
Vitória, & M. Geltner (Eds.), Anti-corruption in History: From Antiquity to the Modern
Era. Oxford University Press.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.001.0001/oso-978
0198809975-chapter-2
Taylor, C. O. (2008). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: A Primer. International Trade Law
Journal, 17, 3–13.
Taylor, J. (2019). What causes employees to whistle while they work? Factors affecting internal
whistle‐blowing in the Australian Public Service. Australian Journal of Public
Administration, 78(4), 497–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12401
Taylor, J. D. (2000). Ambiguities in the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Unnecessary costs of
fighting corruption. La. L. Rev., 61, 861.
Taylor, M. M. (2009). Corruption, accountability reforms, and democracy in Brazil. In C. H.
Blake & S. D. Morris (Eds.), Corruption and Democracy in Latin America (pp.
150–168). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Taylor, M. M. (2017). Corruption and Accountability in Brazil. In P. R. Kingstone & T. J. Power
(Eds.), Democratic Brazil Divided (pp. 77–96). University of Pittsburgh Press; JSTOR.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1x76g7g.8
Taylor, M. M. (2018). Getting to Accountability: A Framework for Planning & Implementing
Anticorruption Strategies. Daedalus, 147(3), 63–82.
https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00503
622 

 
Taylor, S. D. (2006). Divergent politico-legal responses to past presidential corruption in Zambia
and Kenya: Catching the ‘big fish’, or letting him off the hook? Third World Quarterly,
27(2), 281–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590500432325
Taylor, V. (2002). Anti-corruption and Asian legal professions. In Corruption in Asia.
Rethinking the governance paradigm (pp. 37–49). Federation Press1.
Teachout, Z. (2009). The Anti-Corruption Principle. Cornell Law Review, 94(341).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=1353203
Teachout, Z. (2014). Corruption in America: From Benjamin Franklin’s Snuff Box to Citizens
United. Harvard University Press.
http://www.degruyter.com/view/books/harvard.9780674736221/harvard.9780674736221/
harvard.9780674736221.xml
Teachout, Z. (2018). The Problem of Monopolies & Corporate Public Corruption. Daedalus,
147(3), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00514
Tedds, L., & Giles, D. E. A. (2005). Response to Breusch’s Critique. Canadian Tax Journal,
53(2), 393–395.
Teets, J. C., & Chenowerth, E. (2009). To Bribe or To Bomb: Do Corruption and Terrorism Go
Together? In R. I. Rotberg (Ed.), Corruption, global security, and world order (pp.
167–193). Brookings Institution Press.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=8rRCB7qYuwMC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&d
q=To+Bribe+or+To+Bomb:+Do+Corruption+and+Terrorism+Go+Together%3F%E2%8
0%9D,+in+Robert+I.+Rotberg,+ed.+Corruption,+Global+Security+and+World+Order+
&ots=x2JM-X8od1&sig=6sO0ivAFPoRkm-ssmkZVmy7HPLo
Teichmann, F., Falker, M.-C., & Sergi, B. S. (2020a). Extractive industries, corruption and
potential solutions. The case of Ukraine. Resources Policy, 69, 101844-.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101844
Teichmann, F., Falker, M.-C., & Sergi, B. S. (2020b). Gaming Environmental Governance?
Bribery, Abuse of Subsidies, and Corruption in European Union Programs. Energy
Research & Social Science, 66, 101481-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101481
Teichmann, F. M. J. (2018). Anti-bribery compliance incentives. Journal of Financial Crime,
25(4), 1105–1110. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-09-2017-0081
Teichmann, F. M. J. (2019a). An agency theory approach towards bribery. Journal of Financial
Regulation and Compliance, 27(2), 160–168.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRC-03-2018-0041
Teichmann, F. M. J. (2019b). Methods of bribery in multinational corporations. Journal of

623 

 
Financial Crime, 26(4), 1078–1084. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-05-2018-0049
Teixeira, A. A. C., & Grande, M. (2012).
Entry-mode-choices-of-MNCs-and-host-countries’-corruption-A-review—African.
African Journal of Business Management, Vol. 6(27), 7942–7958.
Teixeira, A. A. C., & Guimarães, L. (2015). Corruption and FDI: Does the Use of Distinct
Proxies for Corruption Matter? Journal of African Business, 16(1–2), 159–179.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2015.1027881
Tekin-Koru, Ayça. (2006). Corruption and the ownership composition of the multinational firm
at the time of entry: Evidence from Turkey. Journal of Economics and Finance, 30(2),
251–269.
Tekin-Koru, Ayca. (2012). Cross-border M&As vs. Greenfield Investments: Does Corruption
Make a Difference? (No. 42857; MPRA Paper). University Library of Munich, Germany.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/42857.html
Tekin-Koru, Ayça. (2017). Multinationals and Corruption: Business as Usual? In B. J.
Christensen & C. Kowalczyk (Eds.), Globalization: Strategies and Effects (pp. 147–182).
Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49502-5_7
Teksoz, S. U. (2006). Corruption and foreign direct investment: An empirical analysis [Working
Paper].
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.202.6545&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Tellez, J. F., Wibbels, E., & Krishna, A. (2020). Local Order, Policing, and Bribes: Evidence
from India. World Politics, 72(3), 377–410. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887120000064
Temchenko, E. (2018). A First Amendment Right to Corrupt Your Politician. Cornell Law
Review, 103(2), 465–500.
Tenbrunsel, A. E. (1998). Misrepresentation and Expectations of Misrepresentation in an Ethical
Dilemma: The Role of Incentives and Temptation. Academy of Management Journal,
41(3), 330–339. https://doi.org/10.2307/256911
Tenbrunsel, AE, & Smith-Crowe, K. (2008). Ethical Decision Making: Where We’ve Been and
Where We’re Going. Academy Of Management Annals, 2, 545–607.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520802211677
Tenbrunsel, Ann E., & Messick, D. M. (1999). Sanctioning Systems, Decision Frames, and
Cooperation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(4), 684–707.
Tenbrunsel, Ann, & Messick, D. (2004). Ethical Fading: The Role of Self-Deception in
Unethical Behavior. Social Justice Research, 17(2), 223–236.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SORE.0000027411.35832.53
624 

 
Tenbrunsel, Ann, Smith-Crowe, K., & Umphress, E. (2003). Building Houses on Rocks: The
Role of the Ethical Infrastructure in Organizations. Social Justice Research, 16(3),
285–307. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025992813613
Teorell, J. (2007). Corruption as an Institution: Rethinking the Origins of the Grabbing Hand
(2007:5; QoG Working Paper Series). The Quality of Government Institute, University of
Gothenburg.
Teorell, J., & Rothstein, B. (2015). Getting to Sweden, Part I : War and Malfeasance, 1720-1850.
Scandinavian Political Studies, 38(3), 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.12048
Termini, R. B. (2017). Enforcement – Corporate Officer Liability – it is not a Walk in the Park
and the The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Application. Journal of Pharmaceutical
Health Services Research, 8(2), 77–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphs.12174
Testa, C. (2010). Bicameralism and corruption. European Economic Review, 54(2), 181–198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2009.04.010
Tetreault, D., & Mcculligh, C. (2018). Water Grabbing via Institutionalised Corruption in
Zacatecas, Mexico. Water Alternatives-An Interdisciplinary Journal On Water Politics
And Devel, 11(3), 572–591.
Thachil, T., & Teitelbaum, E. (2015). Ethnic Parties and Public Spending. 48(11), 1389–1420.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414015576743
Thachuk, K. (2005). Corruption and International Security. SAIS Review, 25(1), 143–152.
Thacker, S. C. (n.d.). Democracy, Economic Policy, and Political Corruption in Comparative
Perspective. In Charles H. Blake & Stephen D. Morris (Ed.), Corruption and Democracy
in Latin America (pp. 25–45).
Thái, P., Giao, V., & Đức, N. (2020). The Court System in the Fight against Corruption in
Vietnam: Traditional Problems and New Challenges from Free Trade Agreements.
Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 15(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.1525/vs.2020.15.1.77
Thakur, B. P. S., & Kannadhasan, M. (2019). Corruption and cash holdings: Evidence from
emerging market economies. Emerging Markets Review, 38, 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2018.11.008
Thaler, J., & Helmig, B. (2016). Do Codes of Conduct and Ethical Leadership Influence Public
Employees’ Attitudes and Behaviours? An experimental analysis. Public Management
Review, 18(9), 1365–1399. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2015.1103890
Thampi, Gopakumar & Sita Sekhar. (2006). Citizen Report Cards. In C. J. G. (Charles J. G. )
Sampford (Ed.), Measuring corruption (pp. 233–250). Ashgate.

625 

 
Thede, S., & Gustafson, N.-Å. (2012). The Multifaceted Impact of Corruption on International
Trade. The World Economy, 35(5), 651–666.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2012.01436.x
Thelin, J. (2019). An Embarrassment of Riches: Admission and Ambition in American Higher
Education. Society, 56(4), 329–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-019-00376-3
Themudo, N. S. (2014). Government Size, Nonprofit Sector Strength, and Corruption A
Cross-National Examination. American Review of Public Administration, 44(3), 309–323.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074012465791
Themudo, Nuno S. (2013). Reassessing the Impact of Civil Society: Nonprofit Sector, Press
Freedom, and Corruption. Governance, 26(1), 63–89.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2012.01602.x
Theobald, R. (1990). Corruption, development, and underdevelopment. Macmillan.
Theobald, R. (1994). Lancing the Swollen African State: Will It Alleviate the Problem of
Corruption? The Journal of Modern African Studies, 32(4), 701–706.
Theobald, R. (1997). Can debt be used to combat political corruption in Africa? Crime, Law and
Social Change, 27(3), 299–314. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008284819112
Theobald, R. (1999). So what really is the problem about corruption? Third World Quarterly,
20(3), 491–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436599913640
Thi Hoa, T. (2020). The effects of corruption on the human capital accumulation process:
Evidence from Vietnam. Economics of Transition and Institutional Change, 28(1),
69–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecot.12229
Thiessen, U. (2010). The Shadow Economy in International Comparison: Options for Economic
Policy Derived from an OECD Panel Analysis. International Economic Journal, 24(4),
481–509. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2010.525986
Thomas, Chantal. (1999). Does the “good governance policy” of the international financial
institutions privilege markets at the expense of democracy? Connecticut Journal of
International Law, 14(2), 551–562.
Thomas, Cortney. (2010). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: A Decade of Rapid Expansion
Explained, Defended, and Justified*. The Review of Litigation, 29(2), 439–470.
Thomas, M. A. (2010). What do the Worldwide Governance Indicators measure? The European
Journal of Development Research : Journal of the European Association of Development
Research and Training Institutes EADI, 22(1), 31–54.
Thomas, M. A., & Meagher, P. (2004). A Corruption Primer: An Overview of Concepts in the

626 

 
Corruption Literature (Discussion Paper No. 04/03). IRIS.
Thompson, A. K. (2013). Does Anti-Corruption Legislation Work? International Trade and
Business Law Review, 16, 99–135.
Thompson, D. (2005). Two concepts of corruption: Making campaigns safe for democracy.
George Washington Law Review, 73(5–6), 1036–1069.
Thompson, D. F. (1993). Mediated corruption: The case of the Keating five. (Charles Keating,
Jr.). American Political Science Review, 87(2), 369.
Thompson, D. F. (Dennis F. (1995). Ethics in Congress: From individual to institutional
corruption. Brookings Institutions.
Thompson, G., Staddon, A., & Stapenhurst, R. (2018). Motivation of Legislators and Political
Will. Public Integrity, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2018.1511669
Thompson, L. D. (2014). In-sourcing corporate responsibility for enforcement of the Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act. (Reducing Corporate Criminality: Evaluating Department of
Justice Policy on the Prosecution of Business Organizations and Options for Reform).
American Criminal Law Review, 51(1), 199.
Thompson, M. (2016). The Specter of Neo-Authoritarianism in the Philippines. Current History,
115(782), 220–225.
Thompson, M. R. (2016a). Southeast Asia’s Subversive Voters: A Philippine Perspective.
Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints, 64(2), 265–287.
https://doi.org/10.1353/phs.2016.0018
Thompson, M. R. (2016b). The Moral Economy of Electoralism and the Rise of Populism in the
Philippines and Thailand. Journal of Developing Societies, 32(3), 246–269.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X16652028
Thompson, R., & Xavier, A. (2003). Unofficial payments for acute state hospital care in
Kazakhstan. A model of physician behaviour with price discrimination and vertical
service differentiation. 224.
Thompson, S. C. (2015). The application of honest services fraud to international commercial
bribery. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 47(3), 685–718.
Thornton, J. (2008). Corruption and the Composition of Tax Revenue in Middle East and
African Economies. South African Journal of Economics, 76(2), 316–320.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2008.00176.x
Thornton, M. (2002). Corruption and Foreign Aid [Working paper].
https://mises.org/library/corruption-and-foreign-aid

627 

 
Thoumi, F. E. (1987). Some Implications of the Growth of the Underground Economy in
Colombia. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 29(2), 35–53.
https://doi.org/10.2307/166072
Tian, P. (2015). A tale of two systems. Nature, 520(7549), S28–S30.
Tian, Q. (2008). Perception of Business Bribery in China: The Impact of Moral Philosophy.
Journal of Business Ethics, 80(3), 437–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9429-x
Tian, X., & Lo, V. I. (2009). Conviction and Punishment: Free Press and Competitive Election as
Deterrents to Corruption. Public Management Review, 11(2), 155–172.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030802685479
Tian, X., Ruan, W., & Xiang, E. (2017). Open for innovation or bribery to secure bank finance in
an emerging economy: A model and some evidence. Journal of Economic Behavior and
Organization, 142, 226–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.08.002
Tidey, S. (2018). A Tale of Two Mayors: Configurations of Care and Corruption in Eastern
Indonesian Direct District Head Elections. Current Anthropology, 59(S18), S117–S127.
https://doi.org/10.1086/696072
Tieguhong, J. C., Ingram, V., Mala, W. A., Ndoye, O., & Grouwels, S. (2015). How governance
impacts non-timber forest product value chains in Cameroon. Forest Policy &
Economics, 61(Journal Article), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2015.08.003
Tierney, W. G., & Sabharwal, N. S. (2017). Academic corruption: Culture and trust in Indian
higher education. International Journal of Educational Development, 55, 30–40.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2017.05.003
Tignor, R. L. (1993). Political Corruption in Nigeria Before Independence. The Journal of
Modern African Studies, 31(2), 175–202. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00011897
Tillipman, J. (2012). House of Cards Falls: Why Too Big to Debar Is All Slogan and Little
Substance, A. Fordham Law Review Res Gestae, 80, 49–58.
Timamy, M. H. K. (2005). African Leaders and Corruption. Review of African Political
Economy, 32(104–105), 383–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056240500329270
Timmons, J. F., & Garfias, F. (2015). Revealed Corruption, Taxation, and Fiscal Accountability:
Evidence from Brazil. World Development, 70(Journal Article), 13–27.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.12.011
Timofeyev, Y. (2014). Analysis of predictors of organizational losses due to occupational
corruption. International Business Review, Journal Article.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2014.11.007

628 

 
Ting, M. M. (2008). Whistleblowing. American Political Science Review, 102(2), 249–267.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055408080192
Tirole, J. (1986). Hierarchies and Bureaucracies: On the Role of Collusion in Organizations.
Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, 2(2), 181–214.
Tirole, J. (1996). A Theory of Collective Reputations (with Applications to the Persistence of
Corruption and to Firm Quality). The Review of Economic Studies, 63(1), 1–22.
Tiwari, A. K. (2012). Corruption, democracy and bureaucracy. Theoretical and Applied
Economics, 9(574)(9(574)), 17–28.
Tiwari, M., Gepp, A., & Kumar, K. (2020). A review of money laundering literature: The state
of research in key areas. Pacific Accounting Review, 32(2), 271–303.
https://doi.org/10.1108/PAR-06-2019-0065
Tkachenko, A., Yakovlev, A., & Kuznetsova, A. (2017). ‘Sweet deals’: State-owned enterprises,
corruption and repeated contracts in public procurement. Economic Systems.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2016.12.002
Tkalec, M. (2020). History matters: Development and institutional persistence of the Habsburg
Military Frontier in Croatia. Public Sector Economics, 44(1), 117–145.
https://doi.org/10.3326/pse.44.1.4
To, P. X., Mahanty, S., & Dressler, W. (2014). Social Networks of Corruption in the Vietnamese
and Lao Cross-Border Timber Trade. Anthropological Forum, Journal Article, 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00664677.2014.893505
Toader, T., Onofrei, M., Popescu, A.-I., & Andrieș, A. M. (2017). Corruption and Banking
Stability: Evidence from Emerging Economies. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2017.1411257
Toatu, T. (2004). Corruption, public investment and economic growth: Evidence from Pacific
Island countries [Working Paper]. University of South Pacific.
Toatu, Teuea. (2002). Unravelling the Pacific Paradox [Working Paper].
https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/40327
Tobolowsky, Z. (2016). Brazil Finally Cleans Up Its Act With The Clean Company Act: The
Story Of A Nation’s Long-Overdue Fight Against Corruption. Law and Business Review
of the Americas, 22(4), 383–413.
Toeba, T. (2018). Corruption in Public Procurement in Lesotho. Law and Development Review,
11(2), 397–431. https://doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2018-0025
Toha, R. (2019). Power Broking in the Shade: Party Finances and Money Politics in Southeast

629 

 
Asia. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 41(2), 320–322. https://doi.org/10.1355/cs41-2o
Toma, R. (2015). Twenty-Five Years After the Fall of Communism: The Cultural Peculiarities of
Fighting Corruption and Building Civil Society in Romania.(Report). 9(11), 951.
Tomasic, R. (2018). Global corporations, bribery and corrupt practices: Anti-bribery laws and
the limits of state action. Law and Financial Markets Review, 1–13.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17521440.2018.1435459
Tomaszewksa, E., & Shah, A. (2000). Phantom Hospitals, Ghost Schools and Roads to
Nowhere: The Impact of Corruption on Public Service Delivery Performance in
Developing Countries [Working paper]. World Bank.
Tomini Sonila, & Maarse Hans. (2011). How do patient characteristics influence informal
payments for inpatient and outpatient health care in Albania: Results of logit and OLS
models using Albanian LSMS 2005. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 375.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-375
Tomo, A., De Nito, E., Canonico, P., Mangia, G., & Consiglio, S. (2020). Stories of grey zone
between corruption and whistleblowing: Insights from the Italian public administration.
Meditari Accountancy Research, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1037–1058.
https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-11-2018-0405
Tomo, A., Todisco, L., & Mangia, G. (2019). Contextual and individual characteristics effects on
students’ corruption perception and behaviours in higher education. Journal of Economic
and Administrative Sciences, 35(1), 28–43. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-06-2018-0070
Tomsa, D. (2015). Local politics and corruption in Indonesia’s outer islands. Journal of the
Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia and Oceania, 171(2–3), 196.
Tong, T., Singh, T., & Li, B. (2018). Country-level macro-corporate governance and the outward
foreign direct investment. International Journal of Social Economics, 45(1), 107–123.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-09-2016-0243
TONHÄUSER, V., & STAVENES, T. (2020). Why change party finance transparency? Political
competition and evidence from the ‘deviant’ case of Norway. European Journal of
Political Research, 59(3), 578–598. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12369
Tonoyan, Vartuhi. (2003). Corruption and Entrepreneurship: Does Trust Matter?
Tonoyan, Vartuhi. (2005). The dark side of trust: Corruption and entrepreneurship: A
cross-national comparison between emerging and mature market economies. In H.-H.
Hohmann & F. Welter (Eds.), Trust and Entrepreneurship: A West-East-Perspective (pp.
39–58). Edward Elgar.
Tonoyan, Vartuhi, Perlitz, M., & Wittmann, W. W. (2004). Corruption and Entrepreneurship:
630 

 
Unwritten Codes of Conduct, Trust and Social Values, East-West Comparison. In
Frontiers of entrepreneurship research: Proceedings of the ... Annual Entrepreneurship
Research Conference. (pp. 534–548).
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.ejournals:sfx991042741315990
Tonoyan, Vartuhí, Strohmeyer, R., Habib, M., & Perlitz, M. (2010). Corruption and
Entrepreneurship: How Formal and Informal Institutions Shape Small Firm Behavior in
Transition and Mature Market Economies. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(5),
803–831. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00394.x
Torenvlied, R., & Klein Haarhuis, C. M. (2008). Polarization and Policy Reform:
Anti-Corruption Policymaking in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Peace Research, 45(2).
Torgler, B. (2003). Tax Morale, Rule-Governed Behaviour and Trust. Constitutional Political
Economy, 14(2), 119–140. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023643622283
Torgler, B. (2004). Tax Morale, Trust and Corruption: Empirical Evidence from Transition
Countries [IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc].
Torgler, B., Demir, I. C., Macintyre, A., & Schaffner, M. (2008). Causes and Consequences of
Tax Morale: An Empirical Investigation. Economic Analysis and Policy, 38(2), 313–339.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0313-5926(08)50023-3
Torgler, B., & Piatti, M. (2013). Extraordinary Wealth, Globalization, and Corruption. Review of
Income and Wealth, 59(2), 341–359. https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12027
Torgler, B., & Schneider, F. (2009). The impact of tax morale and institutional quality on the
shadow economy. Journal of Economic Psychology, 30(2), 228–245.
Torgler, B., & Valev, N. (2006). Corruption and Age. Journal of Bioeconomics, 8(2), 133–145.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10818-006-9003-0
Torgler, B., & Valev, N. T. (2010). Gender and Public Attitudes Toward Corruption and Tax
Evasion. Contemporary Economic Policy, 28(4), 554–568.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2009.00188.x
Tornell, A., & Lane, P. (1999). The voracity effect. The American Economic Review, 89(1),
22–46.
Tornell, A., & Lane, P. R. (1998). Are windfalls a curse?: A non-representative agent model of
the current account. Journal of International Economics, 44(1), 83–112.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(97)00016-0
Torres, P., & Godinho, P. (2019). Opportunity entrepreneurship, oil rents and control of
corruption. Journal of Enterprising Communities, 13(5), 647–667.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-07-2019-0067
631 

 
Torres-Fowler, R. Z. (2012). Undermining ICSID: How the Global Antibribery Regime Impairs
Investor-State Arbitration. 52, 995–995.
Torres-Fowler, R. Z., & Anderson, K. (2011). The Bribery Act’s New Approach to Corporate
Hospitality. Virginia Journal of International Law Digest, 52, 39–53.
Torrez, J. (2002). The effect of openness on corruption. The Journal of International Trade &
Economic Development, 11(4), 387–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/0963819022000014267
Torsello, D. (2010). Corruption and the Economic Crisis: Empirical Indications from Eastern
Europe. International Issues & Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs, 02, 65–75.
Torsello, D. (2011a). The Ethnography of Corruption: Research Themes in Political
Anthropology (No. 2; QoG Working Paper Series). Quality of Government Institute,
University of Gothenburg.
Torsello, D. (2011b). Environmental Activism, Corruption and Local Responses to the EU
Enlargement: Case Studies from Eastern and Western Europe. Urbanities, 1(1), 54–59.
Torsello, D. (2015). The Ethnographic Study of Corruption: Methodology and Research Focuses.
In Paul M. Heywood (Ed.), Routledge handbook of political corruption (pp. 183–196).
Routledge.
Torsello, D., & Venard, B. (2016). The Anthropology of Corruption. Journal of Management
Inquiry, 25(1), 34–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492615579081
Torvik, R. (2002). Natural resources, rent seeking and welfare. Journal of Development
Economics, 67(2), 455–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(01)00195-X
Tosun, M. U., Yurdakul, M. O., & Varol Iyidogan, P. (2014). The Relationship between
Corruption and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows in Turkey: An Empirical Examination.
Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 42, 247–257.
Townsend, J. G., & Townsend, A. R. (2004). Accountability, motivation and practice: NGOs
North and South. Social & Cultural Geography, 5(2), 271–284.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14649360410001690259
Toye, J., & Mick Moore. (1998). Taxation, Corruption and Reform. The European Journal of
Development Research, 10(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.1080/09578819808426702
Tran, A. (2011). Which Regulations Reduce Corruption? Evidence from the Internal Records of
a Bribe-Paying Firm [Working paper].
Tran, E. (2016). Endemic Corruption in the People’s Republic of China. San Diego International
Law Journal, 17(2), 295–328.
Tran, H. S., Nguyen, T. L., & Nguyen, V. K. (2020). Corruption, nonperforming loans, and
632 

 
economic growth: International evidence. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1).
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1735691
Tran, N. A. (2010). Corruption, Political Systems and Human Development. In A. K. Rajivan &
R. Gampat (Eds.), Perspectives on corruption and human development (pp. 268–320).
Macmillan ; Published for United Nations Development Programme.
Tran, Q. T. (2020). Corruption, agency costs and dividend policy: International evidence. The
Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 76, 325–334.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2019.09.010
Tran, T. T., Bevacqua, J., Nguyen, H. M., & Nguyen, H. T. (2018). The impact of public
procurement rules and the administrative practices of public procurers on bid rigging:
The case of Vietnam. Asia Pacific Law Review, 26(1), 36–58.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10192557.2018.1514183
Tran, V. T., Walle, Y. M., & Herwartz, H. (2020). The impact of local financial development on
firm growth in Vietnam: Does the level of corruption matter? European Journal of
Political Economy, 62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2020.101858
Transparency International PNG. (2015). Public Opinion Survey in Five Provinces on Levels and
Consequences of Corruption in Papua New Guinea and State and Society Response.
http://www.transparencypng.org.pg/_images/news/120516-TIPNG_Public_Opinion_Surv
ey_on_Levels_Consequences_of_Corruption__State__Society_Response.pdf
Trantidis, A., & Tsagkroni, V. (2017). Clientelism and corruption: Institutional adaptation of
state capture strategies in view of resource scarcity in Greece. British Journal Of Politics
& International Relations, 19(2), 263–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148117700658
Trapnell, S. E. (2015). User’s Guide—Measuring Corruption and Anticorruption. United
Nations Development Programme.
http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/democratic-governance/anti-corr
uption/user-s-guide---measuring-corruption-and-anticorruption.html
Trapnell, S., & Recanatini, F. (2017). Evidence, corruption, and reform: The importance of
context-sensitivity. Crime, Law and Social Change, 68(4), 477–491.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9697-z
Trautman, L. J. (2017). U.S. Entrepreneurial Risk in International Markets: Focus on Bribery
and Corruption (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2912072). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2912072
Trautman, L. J., & Altenbaumer-Price, K. (2011). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Minefield
or Directors. Virginia Law & Business Review, 6, 145–509.

633 

 
Travaglino, G. A., Abrams, D., Randsley, de M., & Yetkili, O. (2016). Fewer but better:
Proportionate size of the group affects evaluation of transgressive leaders. The British
Journal of Social Psychology, 55(2), 318–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12125
Tréguer-Felten, G. (2017). The role of translation in the cross-cultural transferability of corporate
codes of conduct. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management : CCM, 17(1),
137–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595817694659
Treisman, D. (2000). The causes of corruption: A cross-national study. Journal of Public
Economics, 76(3), 399–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00092-4
Treisman, D. (2006). Fiscal Decentralizatin, Governance, and Economic Performance: A
Reconsideration. Economics & Politics, 18(2), 219–235.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2006.00169.x
Treisman, D. (2007). What Have We Learned about the Causes of Corruption from Ten Years of
Cross-National Empirical Research? Annual Review of Political Science, 10, 211–244.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.081205.095418
Treisman, D. (2015). What Does Cross-National Empirical Research Reveal About the Causes of
Corruption? In P. Heywood (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Political Corruption (pp.
95–109). Routledge.
Treviño, L. K. (2003). Managing ethics in business organizations: Social scientific perspectives.
Stanford Business Books.
Treviño, L. K., & Weaver, G. R. (2001). Organizational Justice and Ethics Program
“Follow-Through”: Influences on Employees’ Harmful and Helpful Behavior. Business
Ethics Quarterly, 11(4), 651–671. https://doi.org/10.2307/3857765
Trevino, L. K., & Youngblood, S. A. (1990). Bad Apples in Bad Barrels: A Causal Analysis of
Ethical Decision-Making Behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(4), 378–385.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.75.4.378
Treviño, L., Weaver, G., Gibson, D., & Toffler, B. (1999). Managing Ethics and Legal
Compliance: What Works And What Hurts. California Management Review, 41(2), 131.
Trevino, L., Weaver, G., & Reynolds, S. J. (2006). Behavioral ethics in organizations: A review.
Journal Of Management, 32(6), 951–990. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206306294258
Triandis, H. C., Carnevale, P., Gelfand, M., Robert, C., Wasti, S. A., Probst, T., Kashima, E. S.,
Dragonas, T., Chan, D., Chen, X. P., Kim, U., De Dreu, C. K. W., Van de Vliert, E.,
Iwao, S., Ohbuchi, K. I., & Scmitz, P. (2001). Culture and deception in business
negotiations. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 1, 73–90.
Trivunovic, M. (2011). Countering NGO corruption: Rethinking the conventional approaches
634 

 
(No. 3; U4 Issue). CMI.
http://www.u4.no/publications/countering-ngo-corruption-rethinking-the-conventional-ap
proaches/
Trivunovic, M., Johnson, J., & Mathisen, H. (2011). Developing an NGO corruption risk
management system: Considerations for donors (No. 9; U4 Issue). CMI.
http://www.u4.no/publications/developing-an-ngo-corruption-risk-management-system-c
onsiderations-for-donors/
Trivunovic, M., Johnson, J., & Taxell, N. (2013). The role of civil society in the UNCAC review
process: Moving beyond compliance? (No. 4; U4 Issue). CMI.
http://www.u4.no/publications/the-role-of-civil-society-in-the-uncac-review-process-mov
ing-beyond-compliance/
Triwibowo, S. (2020). Public Financial Management and Corruption in Indonesia: A Panel
Cointegration and Causality Analysis. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business,
34(3), 267–279. https://doi.org/10.22146/jieb.50719
Tromme, Mat. (2019). Waging War Against Corruption in Developing Countries: How Asset
Recovery Can be Compliant with the Rule of Law. Duke Journal of Comparative &
International Law, 29(2), 165–233.
Tromme, Mathieu. (2016a). Corruption and corruption research in Vietnam—An overview.
Crime, Law and Social Change, 65(4), 287–306.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-016-9605-y
Tromme, Mathieu. (2016b). What next for anti- corruption research in Vietnam? Crime, Law and
Social Change, 65(4–5), 445–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-016-9607-9
Tromme, Mathieu, & Otaola, M. A. L. (2014). Enrique Peña Nieto’s National Anti-Corruption
Commission and the Challenges of Waging War against Corruption in Mexico. Mexican
Studies/Estudios Mexicanos, 30(2), 557–588.
Trongmateerut, P., & Sweeney, J. (2013). The Influence of Subjective Norms on
Whistle-Blowing: A Cross-Cultural Investigation. Journal of Business Ethics, 112(3),
437–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1270-1
Tronnes, R. (2000). Ensuring uniformity in the implementation of the 1997 OECD convention on
combating bribery of foreign public officials in international business transactions. The
George Washington Journal of International Law and Economics, 33(1), 97–130.
Trost, C., & Gash, A. L. (2008). Conflict of Interest and Public Life: Cross-National
Perspectives.
Truex, R. (2011). Corruption, Attitudes, and Education: Survey Evidence from Nepal. World

635 

 
Development, 39(7), 1133–1142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.11.003
Truex, R., & Søreide, T. (2011). Why Multi-Stakeholder Groups Succeed and Fail. In
International Handbook on the Economics of Corruption, Vol. II. Edward Elgar
Publishing.
Trzcinski, L. (Ed.). (2013). The Impact of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act on Emerging
Markets: Company Decision-Making in a Regulated World. New York University Journal
of International Law and Politics, 45(4), 1201–1285.
Tsalikis, J., & Nwachukwu, O. (1991). A comparison of Nigerian to American views of bribery
and extortion in international commerce. Journal of Business Ethics, 10(2), 85–98.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00383612
Tsanana, E., Chapsa, X., & Katrakilidis, C. (2016). Is growth corrupted or bureaucratic? Panel
evidence from the enlarged EU. Applied Economics, Journal Article, 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2015.1136395
Tsaturyan, S., & Bryson, P. J. (2009). Corruption and development: The Armenian case.
International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies, 2(4), 356–371.
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEPEE.2009.030937
Tsebelis, G. (2017). The time inconsistency of long constitutions: Evidence from the world.
European Journal of Political Research, 56(4), 820–845.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12206
Tsebelis, G., & Nardi, D. (2016). A Long Constitution is a (Positively) Bad Constitution:
Evidence from OECD Countries. British Journal of Political Science, 46(2), 457–478.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123414000441
Tseng, T.-Y., & Wu, T.-C. (2016). Influences of Corporate Governance on the Relationship
between Corruption and Economic Growth—Developed Countries versus Emerging
Countries. International Research Journal of Applied Finance, 7, 99–113.
https://doi.org/10.0707/article-1
Tu, W., Yang, J., & Zheng, Y. (2020). Influence of individual values on attitudes toward
corruption: What undermine formal anticorruption effectiveness. Asian Journal of Social
Psychology, 23(3), 264–277. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12402
Tuan Mansor, T. M., Mohamad Ariff, A., & Hashim, H. A. (2020). Whistleblowing by auditors:
The role of professional commitment and independence commitment. Managerial
Auditing Journal, 35(8), 1033–1055. https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-11-2019-2484
Tudoroiu, T. (2014). Democracy and state capture in Moldova. Democratization, Journal
Article, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2013.868438

636 

 
Tulaeva, S. (2013, October 8). Forest auctions in Russia: How anti-corruption laws facilitate the
development of corrupt practices. Environmental Crime and Corruption in Russia.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315887210-10
Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C.-W. (2017). CEO duality and bribery: The roles of gender and national
culture. Management Decision, 55(1), 218–231.
https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-12-2015-0608
Tullock, G. (1996). Corruption Theory and Practice. Contemporary Economic Policy, 14(3),
6–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1996.tb00619.x
Tummala, K. K. (2009). Combating Corruption: Lessons out of India. International Public
Management Review, 10(1), 34–58.
Tummala, Krishnak. (2002). Corruption in India: Control measures and consequences. Asian
Journal of Political Science, 10(2), 43–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185370208434210
Tunley, M., Button, M., Shepherd, D., & Blackbourn, D. (2018). Preventing occupational
corruption: Utilising situational crime prevention techniques and theory to enhance
organisational resilience. Security Journal, 31(1), 21–52.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-016-0087-5
Turk, M. (2013). A Political Economy Approach to Reforming the Foreign Corrupt Practices
Act. Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business, 33(2), 325–391.
Turkhan, S. (2018). Psychological dimension of corruption. The International Journal of
Sociology and Social Policy, 38(5–6), 484–508.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-10-2017-0133
Turner, S. (2007). Corruption Narratives and the Power of Concealment: The Case of Burundi’s
Civil War. In M. Nuijten & G. Anders (Eds.), Corruption and the secret of law: A legal
anthropological perspective (pp. 125–142). Ashgate.
Turner, W. (2009). The False Claims Act: How vigilantes find justice fighting government fraud
and corruption. The University of the District of Columbia Law Review, 12(1), 115.
Tusalem, R. F. (2015). State Regulation of Religion and the Quality of Governance. Politics &
Policy, 43(1), 94–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12108
Tushnet, M. (2020). Institutions protecting constitutional democracy: Some conceptual and
methodological preliminaries. University of Toronto Law Journal, 70(2), 95–106.
https://doi.org/10.3138/utlj.2019-05-27
Tuttle, H. (2017). Fighting Bribery And Corruption. Risk Management, 64(5), 36.
Tuyen, T., Huong, V., Tinh, D., & Hiep, T. (2016). Corruption, provincial institutions and

637 

 
manufacturing firm productivity: New evidence from a transitional economy. Estudios
De Economia, 43(2), 199–215.
Tverdova, Y. V. (2011). See No Evil: Heterogeneity in Public Perceptions of Corruption.
Canadian Journal of Political Science, 44(1), 1–25.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423910001101
Tyburski, M. D. (2014). Curse or Cure? Migrant Remittances and Corruption. Journal of
Politics, 76(3), 814–00824. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381614000279
Tyburski, M., Egan, P., & Schneider, A. (2020). Deep Determinants of Corruption? A
Subnational Analysis of Resource Curse Dynamics in American States. Political
Research Quarterly, 73(1), 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912919878264
Tyler, A. (2011). Enforcing enforcement: Is the OECD anti-bribery convention’s peer review
effective? The George Washington International Law Review, 43(1), 137–173.
Tyler, T. R. (2018). Psychology and the deterrence of corporate crime. Research Handbook on
Corporate Crime and Financial Misdealing.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781783474462/9781783474462.00008.xml
Tyler, T. R., & Blader, S. L. (2005). Can Businesses Effectively Regulate Employee Conduct?
The Antecedents of Rule following in Work Settings. The Academy of Management
Journal, 48(6), 1143–1158. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159734
Uberti, L. (2016). Can Institutional Reforms Reduce Corruption? Economic Theory and
Patron-Client Politics in Developing Countries. Development and Change, 47(2), 317.
Uberti, L. J. (2016). The ’sociological turn in corruption studies: Why fighting graft in the
developing world is often unnecessary, and sometimes counterproductive. Progress in
Development Studies, 16(3), 261–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464993416641587
Uberti, Luca J. (2014). Is Separation of Powers a Remedy for the Resource Curse? Firm
Licensing, Corruption and Mining Development in Post-War Kosovo. New Political
Economy, 19(5), 695–722. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2013.849671
Uberti, Luca J. (2018). Corruption in transition economies: Socialist, Ottoman or structural?
Economic Systems. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2018.05.001
Uberti, Luca J. (2020). Bribes, Rents and Industrial Firm Performance in Albania and Kosovo.
Comparative Economic Studies, 62(2), 263–302.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41294-020-00112-5
Uberti, Luca J., Pugh, G., Lami, E., & Imami, D. (2019). Election cycles and mining-sector
governance in post-conflict Kosovo. Post-Communist Economies, 1–23.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2019.1578583
638 

 
Ucar, E., & Staer, A. (2020). Local corruption and corporate social responsibility. Journal of
Business Research, 116, 266–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.012
Uche, R. D. (2014). Students’ Perception of Corrupt Practices among Nigerian Universities
Lecturers. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(1), 66–69.
Uchendu, F. N., & Abolarin, T. O. (2015). Corrupt practices negatively influenced food security
and live expectancy in developing countries. The Pan African Medical Journal,
20(Journal Article), 110. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2015.20.110.5311
Udin, M. B. (2014). Human Trafficking in South Asia: Issues of Corruption and Human
Security. International Journal of Social Work & Human Services, 2(1), 18–27.
Udombana, N. J. (2003). Fighting Corruption Seriously? Africa’s Anti-Corruption Convention.
Singapore Journal of International and Comparative Law, 7, 447-.
Ufere, N., Gaskin, J., Perelli, S., Somers, A., & Boland, R. (2020). Why is bribery pervasive
among firms in sub-Saharan African countries? Multi-industry empirical evidence of
organizational isomorphism. Journal of Business Research, 108, 92–104.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.060
Ufere, N., Perelli, S., Boland, R., & Carlsson, B. (2012). Merchants of Corruption: How
Entrepreneurs Manufacture and Supply Bribes. World Development, 40(12), 2440–2453.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.05.025
Ugaddan, R., & Park, S. (2019). Do Trustful Leadership, Organizational Justice, and Motivation
Influence Whistle-Blowing Intention? Evidence From Federal Employees. Public
Personnel Management, 48(1), 56–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026018783009
Ugbomhe, U., Joseph, O., & Agweda, T. (2018). An Empirical Investigation of Factors
Motivating Corruption in Nigeria: Evidence from selected Public Sector Organisations in
Nigeria. Indian Journal of Commerce and Management Studies, 9(3), 31–48.
https://doi.org/10.18843/ijcms/v9i3/05
Ugo, S. J. C. (2019). The Fall of the Alberto Fujimori Government: New Evidence and
Interpretations. Latin American Perspectives, 46(5), 13–24.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X19857170
Ugoani, J. N. N. (2016). Political Will and Anticorruption Crusade Management in Nigeria.
Independent Journal of Management & Production, 7(1).
https://doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v7i1.382
Ugol’nitskii, G., & Usov, A. (2014). Dynamic models of struggle against corruption in
hierarchical management systems of exploitation of biological resources. Journal of
Computer and Systems Sciences International, 53(6), 939–947.

639 

 
https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064230714060112
Ugur, M. (2014). Corruption’s Direct Effects on Per-Capita Income Growth: A Meta-Analysis.
Journal of Economic Surveys, 28(3), 472–490. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12035
Ugur, M., & Dasgupta, N. (2011). Evidence on the Economic Growth Impacts of Corruption in
Low-Income Countries and Beyond: A Systematic Review (Systematic Review No. 1914).
University of London, EPPI-Centre.
Uhlenbruck, K., Rodriguez, P., Doh, J., & Eden, L. (2006). The Impact of Corruption on Entry
Strategy: Evidence from Telecommunication Projects in Emerging Economies.
Organization Science, 17(3), 402–414. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1060.0186
Ujhelyi, G. (2014). Civil Service Rules and Policy Choices: Evidence from US State
Governments. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 6(2), 338–380.
https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.6.2.338
Ukase, P., & Audu, B. (2015). The role of civil society in the fight against corruption in
Nigeria’s fourth republic: Problems, prospects and the way forward.(Report). 11(2), 171.
Ul Haque, N., & Sahay, R. (1996). Corruption and the Rate of Temptation: Do Government
Wage Cuts Close Budget Deficits? Costs of Corruption. Staff Papers - International
Monetary Fund, 43(4), 754. https://doi.org/10.2307/3867368
Ullah, B. (n.d.). The Differential Effect of Corruption on Growth: Does Firm Origin Matter?
Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2020.1785861
Ullah, B. (2019). Financial constraints, corruption, and SME growth in transition economies.
Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2019.05.009
Ullah, I., & Khan, M. A. (2017). Institutional quality and foreign direct investment inflows:
Evidence from Asian countries. Journal of Economic Studies, 44(6), 1030–1050.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-10-2016-0215
Ulman, S.-R. (2013). Corruption and National Competitiveness in Different Stages of Country
Development. Procedia Economics and Finance, 6, 150–160.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(13)00127-5
Umam, A. K., Whitehouse, G., Head, B., & Adil Khan, M. (2018). Addressing Corruption in
Post-Soeharto Indonesia: The Role of the Corruption Eradication Commission. Journal of
Contemporary Asia, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2018.1552983
Umar, B., Abu, M. M., & Mohammed, Z. (2020). Strategies for preventing illicit financial flows
in developing countries. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 23(3), 601–608.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-02-2020-0017
640 

 
Umar Ibrahim, & Samsudin, R. S. (2017). Adoption of Forensic Accounting in Fraud Detection
by Anti-Corruption Agency: A Conceptual Framework (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID
2919881). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2919881
Umek, L. (2014). An Application of Subgroup Discovery Algorithm on the Case of
Decentralization and Quality of Governance in EU. Mednarodna Revija Za Javno
Upravo, 12(4), 75–92.
Underkuffler, L. S. (2009). Defining Corruption: - Implications for Action. In R. I. Rotberg
(Ed.), Corruption, Global Security and World Order (pp. 27–46). Brookings Institution
Press.
Underkuffler, L. S. (2013). Captured by evil: The idea of corruption in law. New Haven.
UNDP Bratslava Regional Centre. (2011). Study on the Role of Social Media for Enhancing
Public Transparency and Accountability in Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of
Independent States: Emerging Models, Opportunities and Challenges. UNDP Bratislava
Regional Centre.
Uneke, O. (2010). Corruption in Africa South of the Sahara: Bureaucratic facilitator or handicap
to development? Journal of Pan African Studies, 3(6), 111–129.
Ungpakorn, J. G. (2002). From tragedy to comedy: Political reform in Thailand. Journal of
Contemporary Asia, 32(2), 191–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472330280000121
United Nations Development Program. (2014). Anti-corruption Strategies: Understanding what
works, what doesn’t and why? United Nations Development Programme.
http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/democratic-governance/anti-corr
uption/Report.html
United Nations Development Programme. (2005). Institutional Arrangements to Combat
Corruption—A Comparative Study [A Comparative Study]. United Nations Development
Programme.
http://www.asia-pacific.undp.org/content/rbap/en/home/library/democratic_governance/i
nstitutional-arrangements-to-combat-corruption.html
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. (2016). Measuring Corruption in Africa: The
International Dimension Matters. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.
Unzicker, A. D. B. (2000). From corruption to cooperation: Globalization brings a multilateral
agreement against foreign bribery. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 7(2),
655–686.
Uribe, C. (2014). The Dark Side of Social Capital Re-examined from a Policy Analysis
Perspective: Networks of Trust and Corruption. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis:

641 

 
Research and Practice, 16(2), 175–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2012.741441
Urofsky, P. (2009). Recent Trends and Patterns in FCPA Enforcement. In White collar crime
2009 prosecutors and regulators speak (pp. 651-).
http://hollis.harvard.edu/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=HVD&afterPDS
=true&docId=HVD_ALEPH014164955
Urofsky, P., & Moon, H. W. (2012). How Should We Measure the Effectiveness of the Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act: Don’t Break What Isn’t Broken-The Fallacies of Reform. Ohio St.
LJ, 73, 1145.
Urra, F.-J. (2007). Assessing Corruption An analytical review of Corruption measurement and its
problems: Perception, Error and Utility.
http://www.u4.no/recommended-reading/assessing-corruption-an-analytical-review-of-co
rruption-measurement-and-its-problems-perception-error-and-utility/
Useche Arévalo, A. J., & Reyes, G. E. (2020). Corruption, competitiveness and economic
growth: Evidence from Latin American and Caribbean countries 2004-2017. GCG:
Revista de Globalización, Competitividad y Gobernabilidad, 14(1), 95–115.
https://doi.org/10.3232/GCG.2020.V14.N1.05
Uslaner, E. M. (2005). Trust and Corruption. In J. Lambsdorff, M. Taube, & M. Schramm (Eds.),
The new institutional economics of corruption (pp. 76–92). Routledge.
Uslaner, E. M. (2007). Inequality and Corruption. In A. Sen, G. Mavrotas, A. F. Shorrocks, &
World Institute for Development Economics Research (Eds.), Advancing development:
Core themes in global economics. Palgrave Macmillan in association with the United
Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research.
Uslaner, E. M. (2008). Corruption, Inequality, and the Rule of Law: The Bulging Pocket Makes
the Easy Life.
Uslaner, E. M. (2009). Corruption, Inequality, and Trust. In G. T. Svendsen & G. L. H. Svendsen
(Eds.), Handbook on Social Capital. Edward Elgar.
Uslaner, E. M. (2010). Tax Evasion, Corruption, and the Social Contract in Transition. In J. Alm,
J. Martinez-Vazquez, & B. Torgler (Eds.), Developing Alternative Frameworks for
Explaining Tax Compliance (pp. 206–225). Routledge.
Uslaner, E. M. (2011). Corruption and Inequality. DICE Report, 9(2), 20–24.
Uslaner, E. M. (2015a). Counting the Cost of Corruption. In P. Heywood (Ed.), Routledge
handbook of political corruption (pp. 199–211). Routledge.
Uslaner, E. M. (2015b). The Consequences of Corruption. In P. Heywood (Ed.), Routledge
handbook of political corruption (pp. 199–211). Routledge.
642 

 
Uslaner, E. M., & Badescu, G. (2004). Honesty, Trust, and Legal Norms in the Transition to
Democracy: Why Bo Rothstein Is Better Able To Explain Sweden than Romania. In
János Kornai, B. Rothstein, S. Rose-Ackerman, & Collegium Budapest (Eds.), Creating
social trust in post-socialist transition (1st ed., pp. 31–53). Palgrave Macmillan.
Uslaner, E. M., & Rothstein, B. (2016). The Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building,
Economic Inequality, and Mass Education. Comparative Politics, 48(2), 1.
Uzelac, O., Davidovic, M., & Mijatovic, M. D. (2020). Legal framework, political environment
and economic freedom in central and Eastern Europe: Do they matter for economic
growth? Post-Communist Economies, 32(6), 697–725.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2020.1722583
Vachudova, M. (2009). Corruption and Compliance in the EU’s Post-Communist Members and
Candidates. Jcms-Journal Of Common Market Studies, 47, 43–62.
Vadlamannati, K. C. (2015). Fighting corruption or elections? The politics of anti- corruption
policies in India: A subnational study. Journal of Comparative Economics, Journal
Article. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2015.01.002
Vadlamannati, K. C., & Cooray, A. (2017). Transparency Pays? Evaluating the Effects of the
Freedom of Information Laws on Perceived Government Corruption. The Journal of
Development Studies, 53(1), 116–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1178385
Vagliasindi, M. (2011). Public versus private governance and performance: Evidence from
public utility service provision. In International Handbook on the Economics of
Corruption: Vol. II. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Vaidya, S. (2005). Corruption in the media’s gaze. European Journal of Political Economy,
21(3), 667–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2005.03.001
Vaidya, S., & Gupta, R. (2016). Corruption Via Media Capture: The Effect of Competition:
Effect of Media Competition on Corruption. Southern Economic Journal, 82(4),
1327–1348. https://doi.org/10.1002/soej.12105
Vaishnav, M. (2017). When crime pays: Money and muscle in Indian politics. Yale University
Press.
Valasek, J. (2016). Dynamic reform of public institutions: A model of motivated agents and
collective reputation (SP II 2015-303r; Discussion Papers, Research Unit: Economics of
Change). Social Science Research Center Berlin (WZB).
https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/wzbeoc/spii2015303r.html
Valentine, S., & Johnson, A. (2005). Codes of Ethics, Orientation Programs, and the Perceived
Importance of Employee Incorruptibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 61(1), 45–53.

643 

 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-7057-x
Vamplew, W. (2018). Tanking, Shirking, and Running Dead: The Role of Economics and Large
Data Sets in Identifying Competition Corruption and its Causes. The International
Journal of the History of Sport, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2018.1485652
van Aaken, A., Feld, L. P., & Voigt, S. (2010). Do Independent Prosecutors Deter Political
Corruption? An Empirical Evaluation across Seventy-eight Countries. American Law and
Economics Review, 12(1), 204–244. https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/ahq002
Van Aaken, A., Salzberger, E., & Voigt, S. (2004). The Prosecution of Public Figures and the
Separation of Powers. Confusion within the Executive Branch – A Conceptual
Framework. Constitutional Political Economy, 15(3), 261–280.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:COPE.0000040432.45537.3f
Van Alstine, M. P. (2012). Treaty Double Jeopardy: The OECD Anti-Bribery Convention and
the FCPA. Ohio St. LJ, 73, 1321.
van Biezen, I., & Kopecky, P. (2007). The State and the Parties: Public Funding, Public
Regulation and Rent-Seeking in Contemporary Democracies. Party Politics, 13(2),
235–254. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068807073875
Van de Walle, S. (2008). Perceptions of corruption as distrust? Cause and effect in attitudes
towards government. In Leo W. J. C. Huberts, J. Maesschalck, & C. L. Jurkiewicz (Eds.),
Ethics and Integrity and the Politics of Governance (pp. 215–236). Edward Elgar.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1307673
Van de Walle, S., & Migchelbrink, K. (n.d.). Institutional quality, corruption, and impartiality:
The role of process and outcome for citizen trust in public administration in 173
European regions. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print),
1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2020.1719103
Van Den Berg, P., & Noorderhaven, N. (2016). A Users’ Perspective on Corruption: SMEs in
the Hospitality Sector in Kenya. African Studies, 75(1), 114–132.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2015.1129138
Van Den Heuvel, G. (2005). The Parliamentary Enquiry on Fraud in the Dutch Construction
Industry Collusion as Concept Between Corruption and State-Corporate Crime. Crime,
Law and Social Change, 44(2), 133–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-006-9009-5
Van Der Berg, S. (2017). Strengthening access to information institutions to promote a culture of
transparency. South African Journal on Human Rights, 1–26.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02587203.2017.1346560
van der Does de Willebois, E., & Brun, J.-P. (2013). Using Civil Remedies in Corruption and

644 

 
Asset Recovery Cases. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 45(3),
615–650.
van der Does de Willebois, E. van der D., Sharman, J. C., Halter, E., Harrison, R., & Park, J. W.
(2011). The puppet masters: How the corrupt use legal structures to hide stolen assets
and what to do about it. World Bank Publications.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WdTJ6LPhBxYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1956
&dq=The+Puppet+Masters:+How+the+Corrupt+Use+Legal+Structures+to+Hide+their+
Stolen+Assets+and+What+to+Do+About+i&ots=rgwP1w13zY&sig=9stGV6RydzcaUD
KmEhsLjGf0DRk
van der Meer, T., & Hakhverdian, A. (2017). Political Trust as the Evaluation of Process and
Performance: A Cross-National Study of 42 European Countries. Political Studies, 65(1),
81–102. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321715607514
Van der Ploeg, F. (2011). Natural resources: Curse or Blessing? Journal of Economic Literature,
49(2), 366–420.
Van der Ploeg, F., & Poelhekke, S. (2010). The Pungent Smell of “Red Herrings”: Subsoil
Assets, Rents, Volatility and the Resource Curse. Journal of Environmental Economics
and Management, 60(1), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2010.03.003
van der Vleuten, A., & Verloo, M. (2012). Ranking and benchmarking: The political logic of
new regulatory instruments in the fields of gender equality and anti-corruption. Policy &
Politics, 40(1), 71–86. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557310X550097
Van der Wal, Z., & Demircioglu, M. A. (2020). More ethical, more innovative? The effects of
ethical culture and ethical leadership on realized innovation. Australian Journal of Public
Administration, 79(3), 386–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12423
van der Wal, Z., Graycar, A., & Kelly, K. (2015). See No Evil, Hear No Evil? Assessing
Corruption Risk Perceptions and Strategies of Victorian Public Bodies. Australian
Journal of Public Administration.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8500.12163/pdf
van Deurzen, I. (2016). And justice for all: Examining corruption as a contextual source of
mental illness. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 173, 26.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.11.033
Van Dijk, J., & Mierlo, F. K.-V. (2010). Indicators of corruption: Further explorations of the
link between corruption and implementation failure in anti-trafficking policies.
Van Dijk, J., & Mierlo, F. K.-V. (2013). Revisiting the Link between Corruption Prevalence and
Implementation Failure in Anti-Trafficking Policies. International Perspectives in
Victimology, 7(2), 1–8.
645 

 
Van Duyne, P. C. (2001). Will Caligula Go Transparent? Corruption in Acts and Attitudes.
Forum on Crime and Society, 1(2), 73–95.
van Ham, C., & Lindberg, S. I. (2015). From Sticks to Carrots: Electoral Manipulation in Africa,
1986–2012. Government & Opposition, 50(3), 521–548.
https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2015.6
van Klinken, G. A., van Klinken, G., & Aspinall, E. (2011). Building Relations: Corruption,
Competition and Cooperation in the Construction Industry. The State and Illegality in
Indonesia, 139–163.
Van Rijckeghem, C., & Weder, B. (2001). Bureaucratic corruption and the rate of temptation: Do
wages in the civil service affect corruption, and by how much? Journal of Development
Economics, 65(2), 307–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(01)00139-0
van Rooij, B. (2005). China’s war on graft: Politico-legal campaigns against corruption in China
and their similarities to the legal reaction to crisis in the U.S. Pacific Rim Law & Policy
Journal, 14(2), 289–336.
van Veldhuizen, R. (2011). Bribery and the Fair Salary Hypothesis in the Lab.
https://editorialexpress.com/cgi-bin/conference/download.cgi?db_name=res_phd_2012&
paper_id=197
Van Vu, H., Tran, T. Q., Van Nguyen, T., & Lim, S. (2018). Corruption, Types of Corruption
and Firm Financial Performance: New Evidence from a Transitional Economy. Journal
of Business Ethics, 148(4), 847–858. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3016-y
van Vuuren, H. (2014). South Africa: Democracy, Corruption and Conflict Management. By
Hennie van Vuuren.
http://docplayer.net/3023965-Voices-from-the-south-democracy-works-conference-paper
-2014-south-africa-democracy-corruption-and-conflict-management-by-hennie-van-vuure
n.html
Vande Walle, G., & Dormaels, A. (2010). Understanding the aetiology of corruption: The first
step to a tailor-made anti-corruption for Belgian customs office. In Cross-border crime
inroads on integrity in Europe (pp. 67–88). http://archive.ugent.be/record/1163687
Vandemortel, E., & Cornelisse, P. (1994). The Dynamics of Corruption and Black Markets—An
Application of Catastrophe Theory. Public Finance-Finances Publiques, 49, 195–208.
VanDusky-Allen, J., & Touchton, M. (2019). Clientelism by Committee: The Effect of
Legislator–Constituent Relationships on Legislative Organization. Political Research
Quarterly, 73(3), 106591291985187–679. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912919851872
Vannucci, A. (2015). Three paradigms for the analysis of corruption. Labour & Law Issues, 1(2),

646 

 
1–31. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2421-2695/5468
Vanucci, A. (2009). The Controversial Legacy of ‘Mani Pulite’: A Critical Analysis of Italian
Corruption and Anti-Corruption Policies. Bulletin of Italian Politics, 1(2), 233–264.
Varese, F. (1997). The transition to the market and corruption in post-socialist Russia. Political
Studies, 45(3), 579–596.
Varese, F. (2015). Underground Banking and Corruption. In Susan Rose-Ackerman & P.
Lagunes (Eds.), Greed, Corruption, and the Modern State (pp. 336–358). Edward Elgar
Publishing.
Vargas, G., & Schlutz, D. (2016). Opening Public Officials’ Coffers: A Quantitative Analysis of
the Impact of Financial Disclosure Regulation on National Corruption Levels. European
Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 22(3), 439–475.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-016-9320-3
Vargas-Hernández, J. (2011). The Multiple Faces of Corruption: Typology, Forms and Levels.
Contemporary Legal and Economic Issues, 3, 269–290.
Varoufakis, Y. (2006). The bonds that impede: A model of the joint evolution of corruption and
apathy. The Indian Economic Journal, 54(3), 84–103.
Varraich, A. (2014). Corruption: An umbrella concept. QoG Working Paper Series, 2014(05),
05.
Varvarigos, D., & Arsenis, P. (2015). Corruption, fertility, and human capital. Journal of
Economic Behavior & Organization, 109(Journal Article), 145–162.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2014.11.006
Vasudev, D. (2018). Legislative kleptocracy in Nigeria: Systems approach. Journal of Money
Laundering Control, 21(2), 134–148. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-02-2017-0006
Vatn, A., & Vedeld, P. O. (2013). National governance structures for REDD+. Global
Environmental Change, 23(2), 422–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.11.005
Vaughn, R. G. (1989). Ethics in Government and the Vision of Public Service. George
Washington Law Review, 58, 417.
Vega, MA. (2009). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Culture of Bribery: Expanding the Scope of
Private Whistleblower Suits to Overseas Employees. Harvard Journal On Legislation,
46(2), 425–501.
Vega, Matt. (2010). Balancing Judicial Cognizance and Caution: Whether Transnational
Corporations Are Liable for Foreign Bribery Under the Alien Tort Statute. Michigan
Journal of International Law, 31(2), 385–447.

647 

 
Velkova, E., & Georgievski, S. (2004). Fighting transborder organized crime in Southeast
Europe through fighting corruption in customs agencies. Southeast European and Black
Sea Studies, 4(2), 280–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/1468385042000247574
Venâncio de Vasconcelos, M. (2020). Political Stability and Bank Flows: New Evidence.
Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(3), 56.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13030056
Venard, B. (2009a). Corruption in Emerging Countries: A Matter of Isomorphism.
M@n@gement, 12(1), 2–27.
Venard, B. (2009b). Organizational Isomorphism and Corruption: An Empirical Research in
Russia. Journal of Business Ethics, 89(1), 59–76.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9984-9
Venard, B. (2013). Institutions, Corruption and Sustainable Development. Economics Bulletin.
Venard, B., & Hanafi, M. (2008). Organizational Isomorphism and Corruption in Financial
Institutions: Empirical Research in Emerging Countries. Journal of Business Ethics,
81(2), 481–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9519-9
Vendrell-Herrero, F., Darko, C., & Vaillant, Y. (2020). Firm productivity and government
contracts: The moderating role of corruption. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences,
100899-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2020.100899
Ventelou, B. (2002). Corruption in a Model of Growth: Political Reputation, Competition and
Shocks. Public Choice, 110(1), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013034225646
Vera Cruz, G., & Mullet, E. (2019). Mapping Mozambican people’s views on corruption
amnesty laws. Social Science Information, 58(1), 84–102.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018419832262
Vera, S. B. (2019). Accepting or Resisting? Citizen Responses to Corruption Across Varying
Levels of Competence and Corruption Prevalence. Political Studies, 68(3),
003232171986821–670. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321719868210
Verardi, V. (2004). Electoral systems and corruption. Revista Latinoamericana de Desarrollo
Económico, 117–150.
Verbrugge, R. J. (2006). Nonergodic Corruption Dynamics (or, Why Do Some Regions within a
Country Become More Corrupt than Others? Journal of Public Economic Theory, 8(2),
219–245. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9779.2006.00261.x
Verdenicci, S., & Hough, D. (2015). People power and anti-corruption; demystifying
citizen-centred approaches. Crime, Law and Social Change, 64(1), 23–35.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-015-9585-3
648 

 
Verkhovod, L. I. (2019). Specifics of the corruption and bribery interpretation in the scientific
and social discourse of modern Ukraine. Granì, 22(1), 86–94.
https://doi.org/10.15421/171911
Verma, A. (1999). Cultural roots of police corruption in India. Policing (Bradford), 22(3), 264.
Verma, P., Nandi, A. K., & Sengupta, S. (2018). Bribery Games on Interdependent Complex
Networks. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 450, 43–72.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.04.028
Verma, P., & Sengupta, S. (2015). Bribe and Punishment: An Evolutionary Game-Theoretic
Analysis of Bribery. PLoS ONE, 10(7).
Véron, R., Williams, G., Corbridge, S., & Srivastava, M. (2006). Decentralized Corruption or
Corrupt Decentralization? Community Monitoring of Poverty-Alleviation Schemes in
Eastern India. World Development, 34(11), 1922–1941.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.11.024
Verstraeten, J. (2016). Institutionalised Corruption and Integrity: A Theological-Ethical
Clarification of a Complex Issue. In M. Dion, D. Weisstub, & J.-L. Richet (Eds.),
Financial Crimes: Psychological, Technological, and Ethical Issues (pp. 235–248).
Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32419-7_11
Verver, J. (2015). Lessons from the FIFA Corruption Scandal. Risk Management, 62(7), 16–17.
Verwee, I., & Walle, G. V. (2008). Perceptions of Corruption in Belgium: A Diversity of Stories
about the Crime Phenomenon. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 9(1),
73–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/15705850701825493
Viacheslav Hladky. (2019). The Structure of the System of Corruption Crime Subjects according
to the Legislation of Ukraine. Traektoriâ Nauki, 5(4), 2008–2021.
https://doi.org/10.22178/pos.45-4
Vial, V., & Hanoteau, J. (2010). Corruption, Manufacturing Plant Growth, and the Asian
Paradox: Indonesian Evidence. World Development, 38(5), 693–705.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.022
Vian, T. (2008). Review of corruption in the health sector: Theory, methods and interventions.
Health Policy and Planning, 23(2), 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czm048
Vian, T. (2010). Anticorruption in the Health Sector: Strategies for Transparency and
Accountability. Kumarian Press.
Vian, T. (2019). High Stakes Require More Than Just Talk: What to Do About Corruption in
Health Systems Comment on “We Need to Talk About Corruption in Health Systems”.
International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 8(8), 505–507.
649 

 
https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.33
Vian, T. (2020). Anti-corruption, transparency and accountability in health: Concepts,
frameworks, and approaches. Global Health Action, 13(sup1), 1694744.
https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2019.1694744
Vian, T., Brinkerhoff, D. W., Feeley, F. G., Salomon, M., & Vien, N. T. K. (2012). Confronting
Corruption in the Health Sector in Vietnam: Patterns and Prospects. Public
Administration and Development, 32(1), 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1607
Vian, T., & Burak, L. J. (2006). Beliefs about informal payments in Albania. Health Policy and
Planning, 21(5), 392–401. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czl022
Vian, T., Feeley, F. G., Domente, S., Negruta, A., Matei, A., & Habicht, J. (2015). Barriers to
universal health coverage in Republic of Moldova: A policy analysis of formal and
informal out-of-pocket payments. BMC Health Services Research, 15.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-0984-z
Vian, T., Gryboski, K., Grybosk, K., Sinoimeri, Z., & Hall, R. (2006). Informal payments in
government health facilities in Albania: Results of a qualitative study. Social Science &
Medicine (1982), 62(4), 877–887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.07.005
Vian, T., McIntosh, N., & Grabowski, A. (2017). “It Keeps Us from Putting Drugs in Pockets”:
How a Public-Private Partnership for Hospital Management May Help Curb Corruption.
The Permanente Journal, 21, 16–113. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/16-113
Vicente, P. C. (2007a). A Theory of Corruption, Political Exclusion, and Windfalls. In
Institutions and Norms in Economic Development (pp. 111–139). MIT Press.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HSbsdJdpFd8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA111&d
q=%E2%80%9CA+Theory+of+Corruption,+Political+Exclusion,+and+Windfalls%E2%
80%9D,+in+M.+Gradstein+%26+K.A.+Konrad,+eds.,+Institutions+and+Norms+in+Eco
nomic+Development+&ots=SuRnau2A71&sig=zLP5KDAQ-lC7UsztZB38Xn8GN6Y
Vicente, P. C. (2007b). Corrupted Scholarships [Working paper].
Vicente, P. C. (2010). Does Oil Corrupt? Evidence from a Natural Experiment in West Africa.
Journal of Development Economics, 92(1), 28–38.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.01.005
Vicente, P. C. (2011). Oil, corruption, and vote-buying: A review of the case of São Tomé and
Príncipe. In International Handbook on the Economics of Corruption, Vol. II. Edward
Elgar Publishing.
Vicente, P. C. (2014). Is Vote Buying Effective? Evidence from a Field Experiment in West
Africa. Economic Journal, 124(574), F356–F387. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12086

650 

 
Vicente, P. C., & Wantchekon, L. (2009). Clientelism and vote buying: Lessons from field
experiments in African elections. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 25(2), 292–305.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grp018
Victoria Auditor-General. (2018). Fraud and corruption control [Article; Article/Report].
Melbourne : Victorian Government Printer. https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/253947114
Vigneswaran, D. V. (2011). Incident reporting: A technique for studying police corruption.
Policing and Society, 21(2), 190–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2010.540658
Vijayalakshmi, V. (2008). Rent-Seeking and Gender in Local Governance. Journal of
Development Studies, 44(9), 1262–1288. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380802265611
Vilhushynskyi, M., & Moskvych, L. (2019). The Right of the Public on Publicly Heard and
Open Criminal Proceedings in the Context of Preventing Corruption and Economic
Crime by Judicial Power. Baltic Journal of Economic Studies, 5(4), 59–73.
https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-4-59-73
Villalonga, J. (2018). Fiscal centralization: A remedy for corruption? SERIEs, 9(4), 457–474.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13209-018-0184-2
Villanueva, P. A. G. (2019). Why Civil Society Cannot Battle it All Alone: The Roles of Civil
Society Environment, Transparent Laws and Quality of Public Administration in Political
Corruption Mitigation. International Journal of Public Administration, 43(6), 1–10.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2019.1638933
Villarreal, A. (2002). Political Competition and Violence in Mexico: Hierarchical Social Control
in Local Patronage Structures. American Sociological Review, 67(4), 477–498.
Villarreal-Diaz, M. (2018). Corruption, Character, and Institutions. Social Philosophy and
Policy, 35(2), 264–287. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265052519000050
Villoria, M., Van Ryzin, G. G., & Lavena, C. F. (2013). Social and Political Consequences of
Administrative Corruption: A Study of Public Perceptions in Spain. Public
Administration Review, 73(1), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02613.x
Vinayagathasan, T., & Ramesh, R. (2019). Do Governance Indicators Matter for Economic
Growth? The Case of Sri Lanka. Indian Journal of Public Administration, 65(2),
430–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019556119844616
Vincke, F. (1997). How Effective Is the Business Community in Combating Corruption?
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), 91, 99–105.
Vincke, F. (2013). Recent Anti-Corruption Initiatives and Their Impact on Arbitration. ICC
Inernational Court of Arbitratoin Bulletin, 24, 5-.

651 

 
Vinod, H.D. (1999). Statistical analysis of corruption data and using the Internet to reduce
corruption. Journal of Asian Economics, 10(4), 591–603.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-0078(00)00034-8
Vinod, Hrishikesh D. (2003). Open economy and financial burden of corruption: Theory and
application to Asia. Journal of Asian Economics, 13(6), 873–890.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-0078(02)00188-4
Vinogradov, A. (2014). Government, Business, and Corruption in China. Far Eastern Affairs,
42(1), 98–107.
Viorică, D., Jemna, D., & Pintilescu, C. (2011). Determinants Of Corruption In Romania And Its
Impact On Economic Growth. Analele Stiintifice Ale Universitatii “Alexandru Ioan
Cuza” Din Iasi - Stiinte Economice, 2011SE, 225–233.
Virta, H. (2010). The linkage between corruption and shadow economy size: Does geography
matter? International Journal of Development Issues, 9(1), 4–24.
https://doi.org/10.1108/14468951011033770
Vitaliano, D. (2016). Cost Efficiency of Urban Transport in an Era of Widespread Corruption:
The Case of New York Street Railways. Atlantic Economic Journal, 44(3), 293–302.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11293-016-9510-x
Vitell, S., Nwachukwu, S., & Barnes, J. (1993). The effects of culture on ethical
decision-making: An application of Hofstede’s typology. Journal of Business Ethics,
12(10), 753–760. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00881307
Vithiatharan, V., & Gomez, E. T. (2014). Politics, Economic Crises and Corporate Governance
Reforms: Regulatory Capture in Malaysia. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 44(4), 599.
Vitória, A. (2018). Late Medieval Polities and the Problem of Corruption: France, England and
Portugal, 1250–1500. In Anti-corruption in History: From Antiquity to the Modern Era.
Oxford University Press.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.001.0001/oso-978
0198809975-chapter-6
Vivyan, N., Wagner, M., & Tarlov, J. (2012). Representative misconduct, voter perceptions and
accountability: Evidence from the 2009 House of Commons expenses scandal. Electoral
Studies, 31(4), 750–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2012.06.010
Vlasic, M., & Noell, J. (2010). Fighting Corruption To Improve Global Security: An Analysis Of
International Asset Recovery Systems. Yale Journal of International Affairs, 5(2),
106–120.
Vlasic, M. V., & Atlee, P. (2014). Myanmar and the Dodd-Frank whistleblower “bounty”: The

652 

 
U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and curbing grand corruption through innovative
action.(Bribes Without Borders: The Challenge of Fighting Corruption in the Global
Context). American University International Law Review, 29(2), 441–464.
Vlasic, M. V., & Cooper, G. (2011a). Beyond the Duvalier legacy: What new “Arab Spring”
governments can learn from Haiti and the benefits of stolen asset recovery.(Front Lines:
Rule of Law in Haiti and Beyond). Northwestern University Journal of International
Human Rights, 10(1 2), 19–26.
Vlasic, M. V., & Cooper, G. (2011b). Repatriating Justice: New Trends in Stolen Asset
Recovery and Fighting Corruption. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 12(2),
98–105.
Vogl, F. (1998). The Supply Side of Global Bribery. Finance and Development, 35(2), 30.
Vogl, F. (2012). Waging War on Corruption: Inside the Movement Fighting the Abuse of Power.
Blue Ridge Summit, PA, USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Vohs, K. D., & Schooler, J. W. (2008). The Value of Believing in Free Will: Encouraging a
Belief in Determinism Increases Cheating. Psychological Science, 19(1), 49–54.
Voigt, L., & Thornton, W. (2015). Disaster-Related Human Rights Violations and Corruption: A
10-Year Review of Post-Hurricane Katrina New Orleans. The American Behavioral
Scientist, 59(10), 1292.
Voigt, S. (2013). How (Not) to measure institutions. Journal of Institutional Economics, 9(01),
1–26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137412000148
Voigt, S., & Blume, L. (2012). The economic effects of federalism and decentralization—A
cross-country assessment. Public Choice, 151(1), 229–254.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-010-9745-z
Voigt, S., & Gutmann, J. (2015). On the wrong side of the law – Causes and consequences of a
corrupt judiciary. International Review of Law & Economics, 43, 156–166.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2014.04.005
Volejníková, J. (2009). Reflection of corruption in the development of economic theories. E+ M
Ekonomie a Management, 2, 15.
Voliotis, S. (2017). Establishing the Normative Standards that Determine Deviance in
Organizational Corruption: Is Corruption Within Organizations Antisocial or Unethical?
Journal Of Business Ethics, 140(1), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2652-y
Voloshenko, A. (2015). Corruption: Historical Roots and Contemporary Manifestations.
Aktual’ni Problemy Ekonomiky = Actual Problems in Economics, 165, 8–16.

653 

 
Volrasarn, T., & Harnpornchai, N. (2014). The Estimation of Bounded Rational Corruption
Model. International Journal of Intelligent Technologies & Applied Statistics, 7(2),
147–158. https://doi.org/10.6148/IJITAS.2014.0702.06
Von Alemann, U. (2004). The unknown depths of political theory: The case for a
multidimensional concept of corruption. Crime, Law and Social Change, 42(1), 25–34.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CRIS.0000041035.21045.1d
Von Hatzfeldt, G. (2016). Agonistic Democracy: The Endurance of the Gandhi and Nehru
Legacy. Contemporary South Asia, 24(2), 149–163.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2016.1197884
Von Luebke, C. (2010). The Politics of Reform: Political Scandals, Elite Resistance, and
Presidential Leadership in Indonesia. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 29(1),
79–94.
Von Maravic, P. (2007a). Decentralized Corruption in Germany. Public Administration
Quarterly, 30(4), 440–482.
Von Maravic, P. (2007b). Public Management Reform and Corruption—Conceptualizing the
Unintended Consequences. Administratie Si Management Public, 8, 126–143.
von Mühlenbrock, G. (1996). Discretion and corruption: The Chilean judiciary. Crime, Law and
Social Change, 25(4), 335–351.
Von Rosenvinge, A. von. (2009). Global Anti-Corruption Regimes: Why Law Schools may want
to take a Multi-Jurisdiction Approach. German Law Journal, 10(6), 785–802.
Von Soest, C. (2009). Stagnation of a “Miracle”: Botswana’s Governance Record Revisited
[Working Paper]. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1398687
Von Soest, C. (2013). Persistent systemic corruption: Why democratisation and economic
liberalisation have failed to undo an old evil. Zeitschrift Für Vergleichende
Politikwissenschaft, 7(1), 57–87.
Voors, M., Bulte, E., & Damania, R. (2011). Income Shocks and Corruption in Africa: Does a
Virtuous Cycle Exist? Journal of African Economies, 20(3), 395–418.
Vorley, T., & Williams, N. (2016). Between Petty Corruption and Criminal Extortion: How
Entrepreneurs in Bulgaria and Romania Operate Within a Devil’s Circle. International
Small Business Journal, 34(6), 797–817. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242615590464
Vorster, J. M. (2015). The possible contribution of civil society in the moral edification of South
African society: The example of the “United Democratic Front” and the “Treatment
Action Campaign” (1983-2014). Hervormde Teologiese Studies, 71(3), 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v71i3.2754
654 

 
Vos, J. (2011). Fighting Corruption in the Water Sector. United Nations Development
Programme.
http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/democratic-governance/anti-corr
uption/fighting_corruptioninthewatersector.html
Vostroknutova, E. (2003). Shadow Economy, Rent-Seeking Activities and the Perils of
Reinforcement of the Rule of Law. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc.
Voyer, P., & Beamish, P. (2004). The Effect of Corruption on Japanese Foreign Direct
Investment. Journal of Business Ethics, 50(3), 211–224.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000024737.57926.bf
Vu, M. (2019). Tensions and Struggles in Tackling Bribery at the Firm Level: Perspectives from
Buddhist-Enacted Organizational Leaders. Journal of Business Ethics, 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04235-3
Wabwile, N. (2015). Transnational corruption, violations of human rights and states’
extraterritorial responsibility: A case for international action strategies. African Journal
of Legal Studies, 8(1–2), 87–114.
Wachs, J., Fazekas, M., & Kertész, J. (2020). Corruption risk in contracting markets: A network
science perspective. International Journal of Data Science and Analytics.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-019-00204-1
Wachs, J., & Kertész, J. (2019). A network approach to cartel detection in public auction
markets. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47198-1
Wachs, J., Yasseri, T., Lengyel, B., & Kertész, J. (2019). Social capital predicts corruption risk
in towns. Royal Society Open Science, 6(4), 182103. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.182103
Wade, R. (1982). The System of Administrative and Political Corruption: Canal Irrigation in
South India. Journal of Development Studies, 18(3), 287–328.
Wade, Robert. (1984). Irrigation reform in conditions of populist anarchy. Journal of
Development Economics, 14(3), 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(84)90060-9
Wade, Robert. (1985). The market for public office: Why the Indian state is not better at
development. World Development, 13, 467–497.
Wadho, W. A. (2014). Education, Rent Seeking and the Curse of Natural Resources.
ECONOMICS & POLITICS, 26(1), 128–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecpo.12029
Wadho, Waqar Ahmed. (2016). Corruption, Tax Evasion and the Role of Wage Incentives with
Endogenous Monitoring Technology. Economic Inquiry, 54(1), 391–407.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12243

655 

 
Wagner, A. F., Schneider, F., & Halla, M. (2009). The quality of institutions and satisfaction
with democracy in Western Europe—A panel analysis. European Journal of Political
Economy, 25(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2008.08.001
Wagner, B., & Jacobs, L. (2008). Retooling Law Enforcement to Investigate and Prosecute
Entrenched Corruption: Key Criminal Procedure Reforms for Indonesia and Other
Nations. University Of Pennsylvania Journal Of International Law, 30(1), 183–265.
Wagner, N., Hout, W., & Namara, R. (2020). Improving police integrity in Uganda: Impact
assessment of the police accountability and reform project. Review of Development
Economics, 24(1), 62–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12643
Wahyono, H. L., Hatmoko, J. U. D., & Tamin, R. Z. (2019). State Financial Losses in Public
Procurement Construction Projects in Indonesia. Buildings, 9(5), 129.
https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings9050129
Wahyuni, Z., Adriani, Y., & Nihayah, Z. (2015). The Relationship between Religious
Orientation, Moral Integrity, Personality, Organizational Climate and Anti Corruption
Intentions in Indonesia. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 5(10),
860–864. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJSSH.2015.V5.570
Waisbord, S. R. (2004). Scandals, media, and citizenship in contemporary Argentina.(Author
Abstract). American Behavioral Scientist, 47(8), 1072.
Walczak, W. (2018). Corruption as a net of influences, links and connections. Internal Security
Review, 19(10), 255–278.
Waldemar, F. S. de. (2012). New Products and Corruption: Evidence from Indian Firms. The
Developing Economies, 50(3), 268–284.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.2012.00171.x
Wallace, C. (2000). Democratisation, economic development and corruption in East-Central
Europe: A 11-nation study. Institute for Advanced Studies, 2000.
Wallace, C., & Latcheva, R. (2006). Economic Transformation Outside the Law: Corruption,
Trust in Public Institutions and the Informal Economy in Transition Countries of Central
and Eastern Europe. Europe-Asia Studies, 58(1), 81–102.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09668130500401707
Wallace, J. C. (1998). Resolving judicial corruption while preserving judicial independence:
Comparative perspectives. California Western International Law Journal, 28(2),
341–351.
Wallace-Bruce, N. L. (2000). Corruption and competitiveness in global business—The dawn of a
new era. Melbourne University Law Review, 24(2), 349–378.

656 

 
Waller, C. J., Verdier, T., & Gardner, R. (2002). Corruption: Top Down or Bottom Up?
Economic Inquiry, 40(4), 688–703. https://doi.org/10.1093/ei/40.4.688
Wallis, J. J. (2005). Constitutions, Corporations, and Corruption: American States and
Constitutional Change, 1842 to 1852. The Journal of Economic History, 65(1), 211–256.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050705050084
Wallis, J. J., Fishback, P. V., & Kantor, S. (2006). Politics, Relief, and Reform: Roosevelt’s
Efforts to Control Corruption and Political Manipulation during the New Deal (1st ed.).
Walpole, M. J., & Smith, R. J. (2005). Focusing on corruption: A reply to Ferraro and Katzner.
Oryx, 39(3), 263–264.
Walsh, J. T. (2003). Practical Measures To Promote Integrity in Customs Administrations. In M.
Keen (Ed.), Changing customs: Challenges and strategies for the reform of customs
administration. International Monetary Fund.
Walton, G. (2009a). Rifling Through Corruption’s Baggage: Understanding Corruption Through
Discourse Analysis. In M. Dobashi, J. Hooker, & P. Madsen (Eds.), A Survey of
International Corporate Responsibility (Vol. 4, pp. 179–190). Philosophy Documentation
Centre.
Walton, G. (2009b). Rural People’s Perceptions of Corruption in Papua New Guinea [Working
paper].
Walton, G. (2010). A Comparison of Two Papua New Guinean Anti-Corruption Agencies and
their Policies.
Walton, G. (2011). The Rise of Economic Discourse: Corruption and Anti-Corruption in the
Development Industry. In S. B. Dahiya, K. Chakravarty, N. Rathee, & S. V. Lamba
(Eds.), Governance issues and corruption (pp. 155–172). Intellectual Foundation.
Walton, G. (2013). Papua New Guinean understandings of corruption: Insights from a
nine-province study. Transparency International Papua New Guinea (Inc).
Walton, G., & Peiffer, C. (2015). The limitations of education for addressing corruption: Lessons
from attitudes towards reporting in Papua New Guinea. Crawford School Development
Policy Centre Discussion Paper, 39.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2614179
Walton, Grant W. (2013a). An argument for reframing debates about corruption: Insights from
Papua New Guinea. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 54(1), 61–76.
https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12002
Walton, Grant W. (2013b). Is All Corruption Dysfunctional? Perceptions of Corruption and Its
Consequences in Papua New Gunea. Public Administration and Development, 33(3),
657 

 
175–190. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1636
Walton, Grant W. (2013c). The limitations of neoliberal logic in the anti-corruption industry:
Lessons from Papua New Guinea. Crime, Law and Social Change, 60(2), 147–164.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-013-9450-1
Walton, Grant W. (2015). Defining Corruption Where the State is Weak: The Case of Papua
New Guinea. Journal of Development Studies, 51(1), 15–31.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2014.925541
Walton, Grant W. (2016a). Gramsci’s activists: How local civil society is shaped by the anti-
corruption industry, political society and translocal encounters. Political Geography,
53(Journal Article), 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2016.01.009
Walton, Grant W. (2016b). Silent screams and muffled cries. Asian Education and Development
Studies, 5(2), 211–226.
Walton, Grant W. (2019). The micro-politics of implementing and resisting principal-agent
relations in a weak state. Australian Journal of Political Science, 54(3), 355–371.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2019.1616077
Walton, Grant W., & Hushang, H. (2020). Boom and bust? Political will and anti‐corruption in
Papua New Guinea. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 7(2), 187–203.
https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.306
Walton, Grant W., & Peiffer, C. (2017). The impacts of education and institutional trust on
citizens’ willingness to report corruption: Lessons from Papua New Guinea. Australian
Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 517–536.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2017.1374346
Walton, Grant William. (2020). Establishing and maintaining the technical anti-corruption
assemblage: The Solomon Islands experience. Third World Quarterly.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2020.1798222
Wamara, C. (2017). Corruption in Uganda: Does this Have Anything to Do with Social Work?
Journal of Human Rights and Social Work, 2(1), 52–61.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41134-017-0031-6
Wamey, J. M. (1999). Can Corruption Be Measured? Bank’s World, 13(6), 1, 3.
Wane, W. (2000). Tax evasion, corruption, and the remuneration of heterogeneous inspectos.
World Bank.
Wang, C. (2017). Crony Banking and Local Growth in China. BOFIT Discussion Papers, 8,
1–39.

658 

 
Wang, C.-H. (2015). Government Performance, Corruption, and Political Trust in East Asia.
Social Science Quarterly, 97(2), 211–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12223
Wang, C.-S., & Kurzman, C. (2007). The Logistics: How to Buy Votes. In F. C. Schaffer (Ed.),
Elections for sale: The causes and consequences of vote buying (pp. 61–78). Lynne
Rienner Publishers.
Wang, E. C., & Alvi, E. (2011). Relative Efficiency of Government Spending and Its
Determinants: Evidence from East Asian Countries. Eurasian Economic Review, 1(1),
3–28.
Wang, Fang, & Sun, X. (2016). Absolute power leads to absolute corruption? Impact of power
on corruption depending on the concepts of power one holds. European Journal of Social
Psychology, 46(1), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2134
Wang, Fangjun, Xu, L., Zhang, J., & Shu, W. (2018). Political connections, internal control and
firm value: Evidence from China’s anti-corruption campaign. Journal of Business
Research, 86, 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.01.045
Wang, Hong. (2020). Quality manipulation and limit corruption in competitive procurement.
European Journal of Operational Research, 283(3), 1124–1135.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2019.11.053
Wang, Hongying, & Rosenau, J. (2001). Transparency international and corruption as an issue of
global governance. Global Governance, 7(1), 25–49.
Wang, Huanming, Liu, Y., Xiong, W., & Song, J. (2019). The moderating role of governance
environment on the relationship between risk allocation and private investment in PPP
markets: Evidence from developing countries. International Journal of Project
Management, 37(1), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2018.10.008
Wang, Huanming, & Ma, L. (2019). Ownership, corruption, and revenue regimes for
infrastructure partnerships: Evidence from China. Utilities Policy, 60, 100942.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2019.100942
Wang, J. (2018). What’s wrong with corruption? Messages from confessions in China. Crime,
Law and Social Change, 69(3), 447–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9746-7
Wang, K. (2016). Valuable Nepotism?: The FCPA and Hiring Risks in China. Columbia Journal
of Law and Social Problems; Columbia J.Law Soc.Probl., 49(3), 459–493.
Wang, K.-Y., & Tu, S.-M. (2014). The Influence of National Leader Change on Corruption and
Sovereign Rating. Acta Oeconomica, 64(Journal Article), 79–97.
https://doi.org/10.1556/AOecon.64.2014.Suppl.7
Wang, L., & Murnighan, J. K. (2014). Money, Emotions, and Ethics Across Individuals and
659 

 
Countries. Journal of Business Ethics, 125(1), 163–176.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1914-9
Wang, P. (2014). Extra-Legal Protection in China. British Journal of Criminology, 54(5), 1–1.
Wang, P. (2016). Military Corruption in China: The Role of Guanxi in the Buying and Selling of
Military Positions. 228, 970–991. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741016001144
Wang, P. (2017). The Chinese Mafia: Organized crime, corruption, and extra-legal protection.
Oxford University Press.
Wang, Shi, Yuan, Y., & Wang, H. (2019). Corruption, Hidden Economy and Environmental
Pollution: A Spatial Econometric Analysis Based on China’s Provincial Panel Data.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(16), 2871.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162871
Wang, Shuhong, Zhao, D., & Chen, H. (2020a). A spatial analysis of corruption, misallocation,
and efficiency. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 27(29),
36845–36856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09707-y
Wang, Shuhong, Zhao, D., & Chen, H. (2020b). Government corruption, resource misallocation,
and ecological efficiency. Energy Economics, 85, 104573-.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104573
Wang, S.-Y. (2013). Marriage Networks, Nepotism, and Labor Market Outcomes in China.
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 5(3), 91–112.
https://doi.org/10.1257/app.5.3.91
Wang, T. (2014). Is Confucianism a Source of Corruption in Chinese Society? A New Round of
Debate in Mainland China. Dao, 13(1), 111–121.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11712-013-9361-y
Wang, V. (2005). The accountability function of supreme audit institutions in Malawi, Uganda
and Tanzania. Chr. Michelsen Institute.
Wang, Xiaobing. (2019). Regulation and corruption in transitional China. Journal of Chinese
Economic and Business Studies, 17(1), 47–64.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2019.1588594
Wang, Xiuhua, & Gu, X. (2019). Political incentives in firms’ financial reporting: Evidence from
the crackdown on corrupt municipal officials. Economics of Governance, 1–30.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-019-00225-3
Wang, Yingyao. (2019). A Network-Exchange Approach to Corruption: Brokers and Institution
Spanning in A Chinese Corruption Network. Deviant Behavior, 41(12), 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2019.1640525
660 

 
Wang, Y.-T. (2018). Clientelistic parties and satisfaction with democracy. Party Politics, 26(4),
135406881878496–414. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068818784965
Wang, Yuan. (2019). Growth and development under different corruption regimes. The
Manchester School, 88(2), 305–323. https://doi.org/10.1111/manc.12302
Wang, Yuanyuan, & You, J. (2012). Corruption and firm growth: Evidence from China. China
Economic Review, 23(2), 415–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2012.03.003
Wang, Yuhua. (2014). Institutions and Bribery in an Authoritarian State. Studies in Comparative
International Development, 49(2), 217–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-013-9138-7
Wang, Zhaohua, Danish, B., Zhang, B., & Wang, B. (2018). The moderating role of corruption
between economic growth and CO2 emissions: Evidence from BRICS economies.
Energy, 148, 506–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.167
Wang, Zhengxu, & Zeng, J. (2016). Xi Jinping: The game changer of Chinese elite politics?
Contemporary Politics, 22(4), 469–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2016.1175098
Wangnerud, L. (2010). Variation in Corruption Between Mexican States: Elaborating the
Gender Perspective [Working paper].
Wängnerud, L. (2012). Why women are less corrupt than men. In S. Holmberg & B. Rothstein
(Eds.), Good Government: The Relevance of Political Science (pp. 230–249). Edward
Elgar.
Wangnerud, L. (2015). Gender and Corruption. In Paul M. Heywood (Ed.), Routledge Handbook
of Political Corruption (pp. 288–297). Routledge.
Wank, D. L. (1995). Bureaucratic Patronage and Private Business: Changing Networks of Power
in Urban China. In A. G. Walder (Ed.), The waning of the communist state: Economic
origins of political decline in China and Hungary (pp. 153–183). University of California
Press.
http://sfx.hul.harvard.edu/hvd?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:
ctx&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&rfr_id=info:sid/sfxit.com:kbm
anager&rft.object_id=111000211185500
Wank, D. L. (2002). Evolving Business-State Clientalism in China: The Institutional
Organization of a Smuggling Operation [Working paper].
Wanlin, L. A. (2006). The Gap between Promise and Practice in the Global Fight Against
Corruption. Asper Review of International Business and Trade Law, 6, 209–240.
Wantchekon, L. (2003). Clientelism and Voting Behavior: Evidence from a Field Experiment in
Benin. World Politics, 55(3), 399–422.

661 

 
Waples, E., Antes, A., Murphy, S., Connelly, S., & Mumford, M. (2009). A Meta-Analytic
Investigation of Business Ethics Instruction. Journal of Business Ethics, 87(1), 133–151.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9875-0
Warburton, J. (2001). Corruption as a Social Process: From Dyads to Networks (P. Lamour &
N. Wolanin, Eds.; pp. 221–237).
Ward, H., & Dorussen, H. (2015). Public Information and Performance: The Role of Spatial
Dependence in the Worldwide Governance Indicators among African Countries. World
Development, 74(Journal Article), 253.
Ware, G. T., Moss, S., Campos, J. E., & Noone, G. P. (2011). Corruption in Procurement. In A.
Graycar & R. G. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of Global Research and Practice in
Corruption. Edward Elgar.
Warf, B. (2016). Global Geographies of Corruption. GeoJournal, 81(5), 657–669.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-015-9656-0
Warf, B., & Stewart, S. (2016). Latin American Corruption in Geographic Perspective. Journal
of Latin American Geography, 15(1), 133–155. https://doi.org/10.1353/lag.2016.0006
Warin, F., Falconer, C., & Diamant, M. (2010). The British are Coming!: Britain Changes its
Law on Foreign Bribery and Joins the International Fight Against Corruption. Texas
International Law Journal, 46(1), 1–72.
Warin, F. J., & Boutros, A. S. (2007). Deferred Prosecution Agreements: A View from the
Trenches and a Proposal for Reform. Virginia Law Review In Brief, 93, 121–249.
Warin, F. J., Diaman, M. S., & Root, V. S. (2011). Somebody’s watching me: FCPA
monitorships and how they can work better. University of Pennsylvania Journal of
Business Law, 13(2), 321–381.
Warin, F. J., Diamant, M. S., & Pfenning, J. M. (2010). FCPA Compliance in China and the
Gifts and Hospitality Challenge. Virginia Law & Business Review, 5, 33–481.
Warner, C. (2007). Globalisation and Corruption. In G. Ritzer (Ed.), The Blackwell companion to
globalization. Blackwell Pub.
Warner, C. M. (2015). Sources of Corruption in the European Union. In Paul M. Heywood (Ed.),
Routledge handbook of political corruption (pp. 121–134). Routledge.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=wWzfBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&
dq=Warner,+Carolyn+M.+2015.+%E2%80%9CSources+of+Corruption+in+the+Europea
n+Union%E2%80%9D+,+in+Paul+M.+Heywood+ed.,+The+Routledge+Handbook+of+
Political+Corruption&ots=C8RgrXVA6N&sig=WX5b3TwoOYbbIqDhXVbNnPlBgC4
Warren, D. E., & Laufer, W. S. (2009). Are Corruption Indices a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy? A
662 

 
Social Labeling Perspective of Corruption. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(S4), 841–849.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0316-5
Warren, M. (2004). Social Capital and Corruption. In D. Castiglione (Ed.), The handbook of
social capital (pp. 16–18). Oxford University Press.
Warren, M. E. (2004). What Does Corruption Mean in a Democracy? American Journal of
Political Science, 48(2), 328–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00073.x
Warren, M. E. (2006). Democracy and Deceit: Regulating Appearances of Corruption. American
Journal of Political Science, 50(1), 160–174.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00176.x
Warren, M. E. (2015). The Meaning of Corruption in Democracies. In L. Wangnerud (Ed.),
Routledge Handbook of Political Corruption (pp. 42–55). Routledge.
Wated, G., & Sanchez, J. (2005). The Effects of Attitudes, Subjective Norms, Attributions, and
Individualism–Collectivism on Managers’ Responses to Bribery in Organizations:
Evidence from a Developing Nation. Journal of Business Ethics, 61(2), 111–127.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-8712-y
Watts, J. (2018). The Problem of the Personal: Tackling Corruption in Later Medieval England,
1250–1550. In Anti-corruption in History: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford
University Press.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.001.0001/oso-978
0198809975-chapter-7
Watts, M. (2019). State as Illusion?: A Commentary on Moral Economies of Corruption.
Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, 39(3), 551–558.
https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201X-7885513
Watts, P. (2014). Corrupt company controllers, their companies and their companies’ creditors:
Dealing with pleas of ex turpi causa. Journal of Business Law, 2, 161–167.
Wawrosz, P. (2017). General Principles of Corruption Networks. International Advances in
Economic Research, 23(1), 127–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294-016-9614-8
Weaver, G. R. (2001). Ethics programs in global businesses: Culture’s role in managing ethics.
Journal of Business Ethics, 30(1), 3–15.
Weaver, G. R., Treviño, L. K., & Cochran, P. L. (1999a). Corporate Ethics Programs as Control
Systems: Influences of Executive Commitment and Environmental Factors. The Academy
of Management Journal, 42(1), 41–57.
Weaver, G. R., Treviño, L. K., & Cochran, P. L. (1999b). Integrated and Decoupled Corporate
Social Performance: Management Commitments, External Pressures, and Corporate
663 

 
Ethics Practices. The Academy of Management Journal, 42(5), 539–552.
Weaver, Gary. (1999). Compliance and values oriented ethics programs: Influences on
employees’ attitudes and behavior. Business Ethics Quarterly, 9(2), 315–335.
Weaver, Gr. (2006). Virtue in organizations: Moral identity as a foundation for moral agency.
Organization Studies, 27(3), 341–368. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840606062426
Weaver, J. (2018). Jobs for Sale: Corruption and Misallocation in Hiring.
Webb, D., & Adkins, R. (2016). Anti-Corruption Law’s Third-Party Perils. National Law
Journal, 38(20), 10.
Webb, P. (2005). The United Nations Convention Against Corruption: Global achievement or
missed opportunity? Journal of International Economic Law, 8(1), 191–229.
Weber Abramo, C. (2008). How Much Do Perceptions of Corruption Really Tell Us?
Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 2(2008–3), 1.
https://doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2008-3
Weber Abramo, C., & Brasil, T. (2003). Prevention and detection in bribery-affected public
procurement. EconWPA. https://core.ac.uk/download/files/153/9312888.pdf
Weber, J. (1993). Institutionalizing Ethics into Business Organizations: A Model and Research
Agenda. Business Ethics Quarterly, 3(4), 419–436. https://doi.org/10.2307/3857287
Weber, J. (2015). Investigating and Assessing the Quality of Employee Ethics Training
Programs Among US-Based Global Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 129(1),
27–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2128-5
Weber, J., & Getz, K. (2004). Buy Bribes or Bye-Bye Bribes: The Future Status of Bribery in
International Commerce. Business Ethics Quarterly, 14(4), 695–711.
Webster, A. (2016). Could a Company Be Debarred Following a Conviction for Failure to
Prevent Bribery? Criminal Law Review, 7, 485.
Webster, Allan, & Piesse, J. (2018). Are Foreign-Owned Firms More Likely to Pay Bribes than
Domestic Ones? Evidence from Emerging Markets. World Development, 101, 142–161.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.08.007
Webster, M. E. (2008). Fifteen minutes of shame: The growing notoriety of grand corruption.
Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, 31(2), 807–826.
Wedel, J. (2012). Rethinking Corruption in an Age of Ambiguity. Annual Review of Law and
Social Science, 8, 453–498. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.093008.131558
Wedel, J. (2015). High Priests and the Gospel of Anti- Corruption. Challenge, 58(1), 4.

664 

 
Wedel, J. R. (2001). Corruption and organized crime in post-communist states: New ways of
manifesting old patterns: Part III: from evil empire to mafia. Trends in Organized Crime,
7(1), 47–61.
Wedel, J. R. (2003). Clans, cliques and captured states: Rethinking ?transition? in Central and
Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Journal of International Development,
15(4), 427–440. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.994
Wedeman, A. (2004). The intensification of corruption in China. China Quarterly, 180,
895–921.
Wedeman, A. (2017). China’s Corruption Crackdown: War Without End? Current History,
116(791), 210–216.
Wedeman, Andrew. (1997). Looters, rent-scrapers, and dividend-collectors: Corruption and
growth in Zaire, South Korea, and the Philippines. The Journal of Developing Areas,
31(4), 457–478.
Wedeman, Andrew. (2002a). Development and Corruption: The East Asian Paradox. In E. T.
Gomez (Ed.), Political business in East Asia (pp. 34–61). Routledge.
Wedeman, Andrew. (2002b). State Predation and Rapid Growth: The Polarization of Business in
China. In E. T. Gomez (Ed.), Political business in East Asia (pp. 155–181). Routledge.
Wedeman, Andrew. (2012). China’s War on Corruption. In Ting Gong & S. K. Ma (Eds.),
Preventing Corruption in Asia: Institutional Design and Policy Capacity. United
Kingdom: Routledge Ltd.
Wedeman, Andrew. (2017a). Bribery with Chinese Characteristics? Corruption, Fuzzy Property
Rights, and Rapid Growth. East Asia : An International Quarterly, 34(2), 87–111.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-017-9272-3
Wedeman, Andrew. (2017b). Xi Jinping’s Tiger Hunt: Anti-Corruption Campaign or Factional
Purge? Modern China Studies, 24(2), 35–94.
Wedeman, Andrew. (2018). Does China Fit the Model? Journal of Democracy, 29(1), 86–95.
https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2018.0007
Weeks, J. (1986). Bribes, Gratuities and the Congress: The Institutionalized Corruption of the
Political Process, the Impotence of Criminal Law to Reach It, and a Proposal for Change.
Journal of Legislation, 13(2), 123.
Weghorst, K. R., & Lindberg, S. I. (2011). Effective Opposition Strategies: Collective Goods or
Clientelism? Democratization, 18(5), 1193–1214.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2011.603483

665 

 
Wei, C., Hu, S., & Chen, F. (2020). Do political connection disruptions increase labor costs in a
government-dominated market? Evidence from publicly listed companies in China.
Journal of Corporate Finance, 62, 101554-.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2019.101554
Wei, Shang - Jin. (2001). Does Corruption Relieve Foreign Investors of the Burden of Taxes and
Capital Controls? In J. R. Hines Jr. (Ed.), International Taxation and Multinational
Activity (pp. 73–87). University of Chicago Press.
Wei, Shang - Jin, & Wu, Y. (2002). Negative alchemy? : Corruption, composition of capital
flows, and currency crises. In S. Edwards & J. Frankel (Eds.), Preventing Currency
Crises in Emerging Markets (pp. 461–501). University of Chicago Press.
Wei, Shang-Jin. (2000a). How Taxing is Corruption on International Investors? Review of
Economics and Statistics, 82(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465300558533
Wei, Shang-Jin. (2000b). Natural openness and good government (Working Paper No. 7765).
National bureau of economic research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w7765
Wei, Shang-Jin. (2001). Corruption in Economic Development: Grease or Sand? (Economic
Survey of Europe No. 2, pp. 101–112). United Nations Economic Commission for
Europe.
Wei, Shang‐jin. (2001). Domestic Crony Capitalism and International Fickle Capital: Is There a
Connection? International Finance, 4(1), 15–45.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2362.00064
Wei, Shang-Jin, & Zeckhauser, R. (1999). Dark deals and dampened destinies: Corruption and
economic performance. Japan and the World Economy, 11(3), 443–454.
Wei, SJ. (2000). Local corruption and global capital flows. Brookings Papers On Economic
Activity, 2, 303–354.
Weihua Su, Dongcai Zhang, Chonghui Zhang, Josef Abrhám, Mihaela Simionescu, Natalya
Yaroshevich, & Valentina Guseva. (2018). Determinants of foreign direct investment in
the Visegrad group countries after the EU enlargement. Technological and Economic
Development of Economy, 24(5). https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2018.5487
Weill, L. (2011). Does corruption hamper bank lending? Macro and micro evidence. Empirical
Economics, 41(1), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-010-0393-4
Weill, L. (2012). How Corruption Affects Bank Lending in Russia. Economic Systems, 35(2),
230–243.
Weinograd, C. B. (2010). Clarifying grease: Mitigating the threat of overdeterrence by defining
the scope of the routine governmental action exception. Virginia Journal of International
666 

 
Law, 50(2), 509–549.
Weinthal, E., & Luong, P. J. (2006). Combating the Resource Curse: An Alternative Solution to
Managing Mineral Wealth. Perspectives on Politics, 4(1), 35–53.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592706060051
Weintraub, E. L. (2004). Perspectives on Corruption. Election Law Journal, 3(2), 354–359.
https://doi.org/10.1089/153312904322907937
Weisel, O., & Shalvi, S. (2015). The collaborative roots of corruption. Proceedings Of The
National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of Ame; Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.,
112(34), 10651–10656. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423035112
Weiser, S. (1997). Dealing with corruption: Effectiveness of existing regimes on doing business.
American Society of International Law. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, 99–115.
Weismann, M. (2009). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: The Failure of the Self-Regulatory
Model of Corporate Governance in the Global Business Environment. Journal of
Business Ethics, 88(4), 615–661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9966-y
Weismann, M. F., Buscaglia, C. A., & Peterson, J. (2014). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act:
Why It Fails to Deter Bribery as a Global Market Entry Strategy. Journal of Business
Ethics, 123(4), 591.
Weiss, D. (2009). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, SEC Disgorgement or Profits, and the
Evolving International Bribery Regime: Weighing Proportionality, Retribution, and
Deterrence. Michigan Journal of International Law, 30(2), 471–514.
Weissman, A. (2010). Restoring Balance: Proposed Amendments to the Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act. U.S. Chamber Institute for Legal Reform.
Weitz, J. (2011). The Devil is in the Details: 18 U.S.C. § 666 After Skilling v. United States. 14,
805–805.
Weitzel, U., & Berns, S. (2006). Cross-border takeovers, corruption, and related aspects of
governance. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(6), 786–806.
Weitz-Shapiro, R. (2008). The Local Connection: Local Government Performance and
Satisfaction With Democracy in Argentina. Comparative Political Studies, 41(3), 285.
Weitz‐shapiro, R. (2012). What Wins Votes: Why Some Politicians Opt Out of Clientelism.
American Journal of Political Science, 56(3), 568–583.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00578.x
Weitz-Shapiro, R., & Winters, M. (2017). Can Citizens Discern? Information Credibility,
Political Sophistication, and the Punishment of Corruption in Brazil. The Journal of

667 

 
Politics, 79(1), 60–74. https://doi.org/10.1086/687287
Welch, A. (n.d.). Of Worms and woodpeckers: Governance & corruption in East and Southeast
Asian higher education. Studies in Higher Education (Dorchester-on-Thames),
ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1823643
Welch, S., & Hibbing, J. R. (1997). The Effects of Charges of Corruption on Voting Behavior in
Congressional Elections, 1982-1990. The Journal of Politics, 59(1), 226–239.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2998224
Wellalage, N. H., Fernandez, V., & Thrikawala, S. (2020). Corruption and innovation in private
firms: Does gender matter? International Review of Financial Analysis, 70, 101500-.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2020.101500
Wellalage, N., Locke, S., & Samujh, H. (2018). Corruption, Gender and Credit Constraints:
Evidence from South Asian SMEs. Journal of Business Ethics, 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3793-6
Wellan, J. M. (2004). From individual deviance to collective corruption: A social influence
model of the spread of deviance in organisations. In C. Bailey, D. Cabrera, & L. Buys
(Eds.), QUT Business School; Centre for Social Change Research. Queensland
University of Technology. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/649/
Wells, J. (2014). Corruption and collusion in construction a view from the industry. In T. Soreide
& A. Williams (Eds.), Corruption, Grabbing and Development. Edward Elgar.
Welsch, H. (2004). Corruption, growth, and the environment: A cross-country analysis.
Environment and Development Economics, 9(5), 663–693.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X04001500
Welsch, H. (2008). The welfare costs of corruption. Applied Economics, 40(14), 1839–1849.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840600905225
Wen, S. (2013). The Achilles heel that hobbles the Asian giant: The legal and cultural
impediments to antibribery initiatives in China. American Business Law Journal, 50(3),
483–541.
Wendland, K., Lewis, D., & Alix-Garcia, J. (2014). The Effect of Decentralized Governance on
Timber Extraction in European Russia. Environmental & Resource Economics, 57(1),
19–40.
Weng, W. W., Woo, C. K., Cheng, Y. S., Ho, T., & Horowitz, I. (2015). Public trust and
corruption perception: Disaster relief. Applied Economics, 47(46), 4967–4981.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2015.1039703
Werb, D., Wagner, K. D., Beletsky, L., Gonzalez-Zuniga, P., Rangel, G., & Strathdee, S. A.
668 

 
(2015). Police bribery and access to methadone maintenance therapy within the context
of drug policy reform in Tijuana, Mexico. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 148(Journal
Article), 221–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.011
Werlin, H. (1994). Revisiting corruption: With a new definition. International Review of
Administrative Sciences, 60(4), 547.
Werlin, H. (2013). Understanding international corruption and what to do about it. Challenge :
The Magazine of Economic Affairs, 56(3), 53–73.
Werlin, H. H. (2002). Secondary corruption: The concept of political illness. The Journal of
Social, Political and Economic Studies, 27(3), 341.
Werner, A., Rabl, T., & Best, H. (2019). Managers’ Corruption Prevention Efforts in Small and
Medium‐Sized Enterprises: An Exploration of Determinants. European Management
Review, 16(3), 741–759. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12165
Werner, C. (2000). Gifts, bribes, and development in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan. Human
Organization, 59(1), 11–22.
Wesberry, J. P., Jr. (1998). International financial institutions face the corruption eruption: If the
IFIs put their muscle and money where their mouth is, the corruption eruption may be
capped.(International Financing Institutions)(A Review of the Foreign Corrupt Practices
Act on Its Twentieth Anniversary: Its Appliction, Defense and International Aftermath).
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business, 18(2), 498–523.
Wescott, C. G. (2003). E‐Government to Combat Corruption in the Asia‐pacific region [Working
Paper].
Wescott, Clay. (2003). Combating Corruption in Southeast Asia. In J. Kidd & F.-J. Richter,
Fighting Corruption in Asia (pp. 237–269). WORLD SCIENTIFIC.
http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789812795397_0010
Wescott, Clay, & Migliorisi, S. (2011). A review of World Bank support for accountability
institutions in the context of governance and anticorruption (No. 66755; pp. 1–78).
World Bank.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2011/01/15797550/review-world-bank-suppo
rt-accountability-institutions-context-governance-anticorruption
Wescott, Clayg. (2001). E‐Government in the Asia‐pacific region. Asian Journal of Political
Science, 9(2), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185370108434189
West, J., & Bowman, J. (2020). Whistleblowing Policies in American States: A Nationwide
Analysis. American Review of Public Administration, 50(2), 119–132.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074019885629

669 

 
Westbrook, A. (2016). Does the Buck Stop Here? Board Responsibility for FCPA Compliance
(SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2928971). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2928971
Westbrook, A. D. (2011). Enthusiastic enforcement, informal legislation: The unruly expansion
of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Georgia Law Review, 45(2), 489–577.
Westbrook, A. D. (2012). Double Trouble: Collateral Shareholder Litigation Following Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act Investigations. Ohio State Law Journal, 73, 1217–1485.
Westbrook, A. D. (2017). Does the buck stop here? Board responsibility for FCPA compliance.
The University of Toledo Law Review, 48(3), 518.
Wetter, G. J. (1994). Issues of Corruption before International Arbitral Tribunals: The Authentic
Text and True Meaning of Judge Gunnar Lagergren’s 1963 Award in ICC Case No.
1110. Arbitration International, 10, 277–294.
Weyland, K. (1990). The Politics of Corruption in Contemporary Latin America. Journal of
Democracy, 9(2), 108–121.
Wheeler, D., & Mody, A. (1992). International investment location decisions: The case of U.S.
firms. Journal of International Economics, 33, 57–76.
Whitaker, C. N. (1992). Federal Prosecution of State and Local Bribery: Inappropriate Tools and
the Need for a Structured Approach. Virginia Law Review, 78(7), 1617–1654.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1073355
White, A. (2006). The Paradox of Corruption as Antithesis to Economic Development: Does
Corruption Undermine Economic Development in China and Indonesia and Why Are the
Experiences Different in Each Country? Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal APL & PJ,
8, 1-.
White, B. T. (2009). Rotten to the Core: Project Capture and the Failure of Judicial Reform in
Mongolia. East Asia Law Review, 4, 209–277.
White, B. T. (2010). Putting aside the rule of law myth: Corruption and the case for juries in
emerging democracies. Cornell International Law Journal, 43(2), 307–363.
White, S. (2014). Footprints in the sand: Regulating conflict of interest at EU level. In J.-B.
Auby, E. Breen, & T. Perroud (Eds.), Corruption and Conflicts of Interest: A
Comparative Law Approach (pp. 272–287). Edward Elgar.
Wibowo, R. (2018). When anti-corruption norms lead to undesirable results: Learning from the
Indonesian experience. Crime, Law and Social Change, 70(3), 383–396.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9737-8

670 

 
Widmalm, S. (2005). Explaining Corruption at the Village and Individual Level in India:
Findings from a Study of the Panchayati Raj Reforms. Asian Survey, 45(5), 756–776.
https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2005.45.5.756
Widmalm, S. (2008). Decentralisation, corruption and social capital: From India to the West.
SAGE Publications.
Widoyoko, D. (2007). Tackling Corruption to Improve Housing Services in Indonesia. World
Bank.
Wiehen, M., & Mohn, C. (1998). The Integrity Pact: A Way Out of the Trap. Economic
Perspectives, 3(5), 27–29.
Wieneke, A., & Gries, T. (2011). SME performance in transition economies: The financial
regulation and firm-level corruption nexus. Journal of Comparative Economics, 39(2),
221–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2010.09.001
Wiens, D. (2014). Natural resources and institutional development. Journal of Theoretical
Politics, 26(2), 197–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629813493835
Wierzynska, A., Steingrüber, S., Oroxom, R., & Bauhoff, S. (2020). Recalibrating the
anti-corruption, transparency, and accountability formula to advance public health.
Global Health Action, 13(sup1), 1701327.
https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2019.1701327
Wigley, S. (2003). Parliamentary Immunity: Protecting Democracy or Protecting Corruption?
Journal of Political Philosophy, 11(1), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9760.00165
Wiig, A., & Kolstad, I. (2010). Multinational corporations and host country institutions: A case
study of CSR activities in Angola. International Business Review, 19(2), 178–190.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2009.11.006
Wijayati, N., Hermes, N., & Holzhacker, R. (2015). Corporate governance and corruption: A
comparative study of Southeast Asia. In Decentralization and Governance in Indonesia
(Vol. 2). Springer.
Wilhelm, P. (2002). International Validation of the Corruption Perceptions Index: Implications
for Business Ethics and Entrepreneurship Education. Journal of Business Ethics, 35(3),
177–189. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013882225402
Wilkinson, P. (2006). Reporting on Countering Corruption. In B. Errath (Ed.), Bussiness Against
Corruption: Case Stories and Examples (pp. 96–107). United Nations Global Compact
OFfice.
Willett, S. (2009). Defence Expenditures, Arms Procurement and Corruption in Sub-Saharan
Africa. Review of African Political Economy, 36(121), 335–351.
671 

 
https://doi.org/10.1080/03056240903210754
Williams, A. R. (2015). An inside job: Using in-court sting operations to uncover corruption in
an inadequate self-regulating system. Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics, 28(3),
969–988.
Williams, Aled, & Dupuy, K. (2017). Deciding over nature: Corruption and environmental
impact assessments. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 65, 118–124.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2017.05.002
Williams, Andrew. (2009). On the release of information by governments: Causes and
consequences. Journal of Development Economics, 89(1), 124–138.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.08.001
Williams, Andrew. (2011). Shining a Light on the Resource Curse: An Empirical Analysis of the
Relationship Between Natural Resources, Transparency, and Economic Growth. World
Development, 39(4), 490–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.08.015
Williams, Andrew, & Siddique, A. (2008). The use (and abuse) of governance indicators in
economics: A review. Economics of Governance, 9(2), 131–175.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-006-0025-9
Williams, C., & Bezeredi, S. (2017). Evaluating The Use Of Personal Connections To Bypass
Formal Procedures: A Study Of Vrski In Republic Of Macedonia. UTMS Journal of
Economics, 8(2), 169–182.
Williams, C. C. (2015a). Evaluating cross-national variations in envelope wage payments in
East-Central Europe. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 36(2), 283.
Williams, C. C. (2015b). Explaining cross-national variations in the informalisation of
employment: Some lessons from Central and Eastern Europe. European Societies,
Journal Article, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2015.1051073
Williams, C. C. (2015c). Tackling informal employment in developing and transition economies:
A critical evaluation of the neo-liberal approach. Int.J.of Business and Globalisation,
14(3). https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBG.2015.068619
Williams, C. C., Martinez-Perez, A., & Kedir, A. (2016). Does bribery have a negative impact on
firm performance? A firm-level analysis across 132 developing countries. International
Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 22(3), 398–415.
Williams, C., & Yang, J. (2017). Evaluating The Use Of Personal Networks To Circumvent
Formal Processes: A Case Study Of Vruzki In Bulgaria. South East European Journal of
Economics and Business (Online), 12(1), 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1515/jeb-2017-0006
Williams, G. H. (1990). Good government by prosecutorial decree: The use and abuse of mail
672 

 
fraud. Arizona Law Review, 32(1), 137–171.
Williams, H. (2002). Core Factors of Police Corruption Across the World. In Forum on Crime
and Society Vol. 2, No. 1, Dec. 2002 (pp. 85–99). United Nations.
Williams, J., & Beare, M. (1999). The business of bribery: Globalization, economic
liberalization, and the “problem” of corruption. Crime, Law and Social Change, 32(2),
115–146. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008375930680
Williams, M. (2017). The Political Economy of Unfinished Development Projects: Corruption,
Clientelism, or Collective Choice? The American Political Science Review, 111(4),
705–723. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055417000351
Williams, R. (1999). New concepts for old? Third World Quarterly, 20(3), 503–513.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01436599913659
Williams, R., & Doig, A. (2004). A Good Idea Gone Wrong? Anti-Corruption Commissions in
the Twenty-First Century. CMI.
Williams, R. E. (2011). From Malabo to Malibu: Addressing Corruption and Human Rights
Abuse in an African Petrostate. Human Rights Quarterly, 33(3), 620–648.
Williams, R., Professor. (2000). Party Finance and Political Corruption.
Williams, S. (2007). The Debarment of Corrupt Contractors From World Bank-Financed
Contracts. Public Contract Law Journal, 36(3), 277–306.
Williams, T. (2017). A Formal Exercise of Governmental Corruption: Applying the “Stream Of
Benefits” Theory to the Federal Bribery Statute; Mcdonnell v. United States. University
of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review, 40(1), 186.
Williams-Elegbe, S. (2020). The implications of negotiated settlements for debarment in public
procurement: A preliminary enquiry. Negotiated Settlements in Bribery Cases.
http://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788970402/9781788970402.00012.xml
Wilsher, D. (2006). Inexplicable wealth and illicit enrichment of public officials: A model draft
that respects human rights in corruption cases. Crime, Law and Social Change, 45(1),
27–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-006-9016-6
Wilson, B. M. (2014). Costa Rica’s Anti-Corruption Trajectory: Strengths and Limitations
(SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2479419). Social Science Research Network.
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2479419
Wilson, J. K., & Damania, R. (2005). Corruption, political competition and environmental
policy. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 49(3), 516–535.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2004.06.004

673 

 
Wilson, N. N. (2014). Pushing the limits of jurisdiction over foreign actors under the Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act. Washington University Law Review, 91(4), 1063.
Wiltermuth, S. S. (2011). Cheating more when the spoils are split. Organizational Behavior and
Human Decision Processes, 115(2), 157–168.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2010.10.001
Windsor, D. (2019). Influencing MNC Strategies for Managing Corruption and Favoritism in
Pacific Asia Countries: A Multiple-Theory Configurational Perspective. Asia Pacific
Business Review, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2019.1589769
Windsor, D., & Getz, K. A. (2000). Multilateral cooperation to combat corruption: Normative
regimes despite mixed motives and diverse values. Cornell International Law Journal,
33(3), 731.
Wines, W., & Napier, N. (1992). Toward an understanding of cross-cultural ethics: A tentative
model. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(11), 831–841. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00872361
Wing Lo, T. (1993). The Politics of Social Censure: Corruption and Bourgeois Liberation in
Communist China. Social & Legal Studies, 2(2), 195–209.
https://doi.org/10.1177/096466399300200204
Winter, B., & Winter, B. (2017, April 13). Brazil’s Never-Ending Corruption Crisis. Foreign
Affairs, May/June 2017.
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/brazil/2017-04-13/brazil-s-never-ending-corrupti
on-crisis
Winters, J. A. (2002). Criminal Debt. In J. Pincus & J. A. Winters (Eds.), Reinventing the World
Bank. Cornell University Press.
Winters, L. A. (2004). Trade Liberalization and Economic Performance: An Overview.
Economic Journal, 114(493), F4–F21.
Winters, M. S. (2010). Choosing to Target: What Types of Countries Get Different Types of
World Bank Projects. World Politics, 62(3), 422–458.
Winters, M. S. (2014). Targeting, Accountability and Capture in Development Projects.
International Studies Quarterly, 58(2), 393–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/isqu.12075
Winters, M. S., & Martinez, G. (2015). The Role of Governance in Determining Foreign Aid
Flow Composition. World Development, 66(Journal Article), 516–531.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.09.020
Winters, M. S., & Weitz-Shapiro, R. (2015). Political corruption and partisan engagement:
Evidence from Brazil/Corrupcao politica e engajamento partidario: Evidencias do Brasil.
Journal of Politics in Latin America, 7(1), 45.
674 

 
Winters, M. S., & Weitz-Shapiro, R. (2016). Who’s in Charge Here? Direct and Indirect
Accusations and Voter Punishment of Corruption. Political Research Quarterly, 69(2),
207–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912916634897
Winters, M., & Weitz-Shapiro, R. (2013). Lacking Information or Condoning Corruption? When
Will Voters Support Corrupt Politicians? Comparative Politics, 45(4), 1.
Wirl, F. (1998). Socio-economic typologies of bureaucratic corruption and implications. Journal
of Evolutionary Economics, 8(2), 199–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001910050062
Wiseman, T. (2013). U.S. Shadow Economies: A State-Level Study. Constitutional Political
Economy, 24, 310–335. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2208637
Wiseman, T. (2015). Entrepreneurship, corruption, and the size of US underground economies.
Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 4(3), 313.
Witesman, E. M., & Wise, C. R. (2009). The Centralization/Decentralization Paradox in Civil
Service Reform: How Government Structure Affects Democratic Training of Civil
Servants. Public Administration Review, 69(1), 116–127. JSTOR.
Witsoe, J. (2012). Everyday Corruption and the Political Mediation of the Indian State: An
Ethnographic Exploration of Brokers in Bihar. Economic and Political Weekly, 47(6),
47–54.
Witten, R. M., Parker, K. A., Holtmeier, J., & Koffer, T. J. (2009). Prescriptions for Compliance
with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Identifying Bribery Risks and Implementing
Anti-Bribery Controls in Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Companies. The Business
Lawyer, 64(3), 691–737.
Wolf, M. L. (2014). The Case for an International Anti-Corruption Court | Brookings Institution.
Brookings Institution.
https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-case-for-an-international-anti-corruption-court/
Wolf, M. L. (2018). The World Needs an International Anti-Corruption Court. Daedalus, 147(3),
144–156. https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00507
Wolf, S. (2010). Assessing Eastern Europe’s anti-corruption performance: Views from the
Council of Europe, OECD, and Transparency International. Global Crime, 11(2),
99–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440571003669134
Wolfers, J. (2006). Point Shaving: Corruption in NCAA Basketball. American Economic Review,
96(2), 279–283. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282806777211757
Wong, A., & Gomes, R. (2014). Corruption in Modern-Day Africa: A Possible Remedy. Journal
of Pan African Studies, 7(3), 77–114.

675 

 
Wong, M. Y. (2017). Public spending, corruption, and income inequality: A comparative
analysis of Asia and Latin America. International Political Science Review, 38(3),
298–315. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512116642617
Wong, W. (2020). Optimal Monitoring and Bureaucratic Adjustment.
Woo, J., & Heo, U. (2009). Corruption and Foreign Direct Investment Attractiveness in Asia.
Asian Politics & Policy, 1(2), 223–238.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-0787.2009.01113.x
Wood, A. (2017). Campaign Finance Disclosure. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 13,
1.
Wood, J., & Antonowicz, L. (2011). Fighting Corruption in the Education Sector: Methods,
Tools and Good Practices. United Nations Development Programme.
http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/democratic-governance/anti-corr
uption/fighting_corruptionintheeducationsector.html
Woodall, B. (1996). Japan under Construction: Corruption, Politics, and Public Works (First
Edition edition). University of California Press.
Woodin, C. M. (2012). A solution to the conflict over the appropriate unit of prosecution for 18
U.S.C. 666. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 403–427.
Woods, N. D. (2008). The Policy Consequences of Political Corruption: Evidence from State
Environmental Programs *. Social Science Quarterly, 89(1), 258–271.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2008.00531.x
Woody, K. E. (2014). Securities Laws as Foreign Policy. Nev. LJ, 15, 297.
Woody, K. E. (2016). No Smoke and No Fire: The Rise of Internal Controls Absent Anti-Bribery
Violations in FCPA Enforcement. Cardozo Law Review, Forthcoming.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2770682
Worhy, B., & McClean, T. (2015). Freedom of Information and Corruption. In Paul M.
Heywood (Ed.), Routledge handbook of political corruption (pp. 347–358). Routledge.
Worku, T., Mendoza, J., & Wielhouwer, J. (2016). Tariff evasion in sub-Saharan Africa: The
influence of corruption in importing and exporting countries. International Tax and
Public Finance, 23(4), 741–761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-016-9407-2
World Bank. (1997). Helping countries combat corruption: The role of the World Bank.
World Bank. (2000). Designing an Effective Anticorruption Strategy. In Anticorruption in
Transition: A Contribution to the Policy Debate. World Bank.
World Bank, Energy, Transport & Water Department. (2009). Deterring corruption and
676 

 
improving governance in the electricity sector: A sourcebook (Working Paper No.
46708). World Bank.
World Bank, Independent Evaluation Group. (2008). Public sector reform: What works and
why? An IEG evaluation of World Bank support. World Bank.
Wotruba, T., Chonko, L., & Loe, T. (2001). The Impact of Ethics Code Familiarity on Manager
Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 33(1), 59–69.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011925009588
Wouters, J. J. P. (2018). What Makes a Good Politician? Democratic Representation,
‘Vote-Buying’ and the MLA Handbook in Nagaland, Northeast India. South Asia:
Journal of South Asian Studies, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2018.1515056
Wouters, J., Ryngaert, C., & Cloots, A. S. (2013). The international legal framework against
corruption: Achievements and challenges. (IV. Challenges A. Definition 4. The Scope of
Corrupt Acts Covered by the International Anti-Corruption Instruments through V.
Conclusion, with footnotes, p. 243-280). Melbourne Journal of International Law, 14(1),
243.
Wrage, A. A. (2007). Bribery and extortion: Undermining business, governments, and security.
Praeger Security International.
Wrage, A., & Mandernach, K. (2006). Facilitation Payments. In B. Errath (Ed.), Business
Against Corruption: Case Stories and Examples (pp. 69–79). United Nations Office on
Drugs and Crime.
http://www.ingentaconnect.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/search/article?option1=tka&v
alue1=Business+Against+Corruption%3a+Case+Stories+and+Examples&pageSize=10&
index=1
Wren-Lewis, L. (2013). Anti-Corruption Policy in Regulation and Procurement: The Role of
International Actors. In Susan Rose-Ackerman & P. D. Carrington (Eds.),
Anti-corruption policy: Can international actors play a constructive role? (pp. 91–102).
Carolina Academic Press, 2013.
Wren-Lewis, L. (2015). Do Infrastructure Reforms Reduce the Effect of Corruption? Theory and
Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean. The World Bank Economic Review,
29(2), 353.
Wright, B. (2010). Civilianising the ‘Blue Code’? An Examination of Attitudes to Misconduct in
the Police Extended Family. International Journal of Police Science & Management,
12(3), 339–356. https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2010.12.3.190
Wright, G., & Czelusta, J. (2004). Why Economies Slow: The Myth of the Resource Curse.
Challenge, 47(2), 6–38.
677 

 
Wright, J. (2010). Aid Effectiveness and the Politics of Personalism. Comparative Political
Studies, 43(6), 735–762. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414009358674
Wright, N. (2015). Domestic vs. Foreign corrupt practices: For bribery, an international mind is
more guilty.(Current Developments: 2014-2015). Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics,
28(3), 989–1004.
Wright, S. J., Sanchez-Azofeifa, G. A., Portillo-Quintero, C., & Davies, D. (2007). Poverty and
Corruption Compromise Tropical Forest Reserves. Ecological Applications, 17(5),
1259–1266.
Wroe, A., Allen, N., & Birch, S. (2013). The role of political trust in conditioning perceptions of
corruption. European Political Science Review, 5(2), 175–195.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773912000094
Wrong, M. (2009). It’s our turn to eat: The story of a Kenyan whistle-blower (1st U.S. ed.).
Harper.
Wrong, M. (2013). How International Actors Can Help the Media in Developing Countries Play
a Stronger Role in Combating Corruption. In P. D. Carrington & L. Wren-Lewis (Eds.),
Anti-corruption policy: Can international actors play a constructive role? (pp. 103–112).
Carolina Academic Press, 2013.
Wu, A. M., Yan, Y., & Vyas, L. (2020). Public sector innovation, e‐government, and
anticorruption in China and India: Insights from civil servants. Australian Journal of
Public Administration, 79(3), 370–385. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12439
Wu, G. (2017). Xi’s Anti-Corruption Campaign and the Increasing Uncertainty of Chinese
Politics: A Framework of Analysis. Modern China Studies; Norfolk, 24(2), 95–111.
Wu, J., Li, S., & Selover, D. D. (2012). Foreign Direct Investment vs. Foreign Portfolio
Investment: The Effect of the Governance Environment. Management International
Review, 52(5), 643–670.
Wu, R. (2016). How do firms survive crime and corruption, on and off the record? An empirical
and cross-regional examination among global developing economies. The Journal of
Developing Areas, 50(4), 253–272.
Wu, R. (2018). Does Competition Lead Firms to Bribery? A Firm-Level Study in Southeast
Asia. Atlantic Economic Journal, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11293-017-9566-2
Wu, R. (2019). Firm Development and Bribery: An Empirical Study from Latin America.
Atlantic Economic Journal, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11293-019-09609-6
Wu, R., & Meeks, A. (2020). How does bribery affect a firm’s future growth? Empirical
evidence from transition economies. Post-Communist Economies, 32(3), 409–427.
678 

 
https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2019.1640985
Wu, S., Li, B., Nie, Q., & Chen, C. (2017). Government expenditure, corruption and total factor
productivity. Journal of Cleaner Production, 168, 279–289.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.043
Wu, S.-Y. (2006). Corruption and cross-border investment by multinational firms. Journal of
Comparative Economics, 34(4), 839–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2006.08.007
Wu, W.-L. (2017). Institutional Quality and Air Pollution: International Evidence. International
Journal of Business and Economics, 16(1), 49–74.
Wu, X. (2005). Corporate Governance and Corruption: A Cross‐Country Analysis. Governance,
18(2), 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2005.00271.x
Wu, X. (2009). Determinants of Bribery in Asian Firms: Evidence from the World Business
Environment Survey. Journal of Business Ethics, 87(1), 75–88.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9871-4
Wu, X., Chandramohan, K., & Bali, A. (2016). Corporate Governance and Bribery: Evidence
from the World Business Environment Survey (pp. 219–234).
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32419-7_10
Wu, Y., & Zhu, J. (2016). When Are People Unhappy? Corruption Experience, Environment,
and Life Satisfaction in Mainland China. Journal Of Happiness Studies; J.Happiness
Stud., 17(3), 1125–1147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9635-7
Wu, Z. Y., Wu, J. C., Lin, S. C., & Wang, C. (2014). An electronic voting mechanism for
fighting bribery and coercion. JOURNAL OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES, 40(Journal
Article), 139–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2013.09.011
Wyatt, G. (2003). Corruption, Productivity and Socialism. Kyklos, 56(2), 223–244.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6435.00218
Wyatt, T., Johnson, K., Hunter, L., George, R., & Gunter, R. (2018). Corruption and Wildlife
Trafficking: Three Case Studies Involving Asia. Asian Journal of Criminology, 13(1),
35–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-017-9255-8
Wysmułek, I. (2016). What Can the Government Do about Corruption? Public Perception of
Government Effectiveness. In Kazimierz Slomczynski & I. Wysmułek (Eds.), Social
Inequality and the Life Course. Poland’s Transformative Years 1988-2013 (pp. 69–84).
IFiS Publishers.
Wysmułek, I. (2017). Corruption in schools? The scale and sources of corruption perceptions in
Poland. Edukacja, 41–55.

679 

 
Wysmułek, I. (2018). Europe of Uneven Data: Country Representation in International Surveys
on Corruption, 1989–2017. https://doi.org/10.18061/ask.v27i1.0005
Wysmułek, I. (2019). Using public opinion surveys to evaluate corruption in Europe: Trends in
the corruption items of 21 international survey projects, 1989–2017. Quality & Quantity.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-019-00873-x
Xenakis, S., & Ivanov, K. (2017). Does Hypocrisy Matter? National Reputational Damage and
British Anti-Corruption Mentoring in the Balkans. Critical Criminology, 25(3), 433–452.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-016-9345-4
Xerri, M., Farr-Wharton, B., Brunetto, Y., Crossan, F., & Beattie, R. (2019). Comparing the
impact of management on public and private nurses in Bangladesh. The International
Journal of Public Sector Management, 32(7), 741–758.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-01-2019-0023
Xezonakis, G., Kosmidis, S., & Dahlberg, S. (2016). Can electors combat corruption?:
Institutional arrangements and citizen behaviour. European Journal of Political
Research, 55(1), 160–176.
Xia, H., Tan, Q., & Bai, J. (2018). Corruption and Technological Innovation in Private
Small-Medium Scale Companies: Does Female Top Management Play a Role?
Sustainability, 10(7), 2252. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072252
Xiang, W. (2020). Who will watch the watchers? On optimal monitoring networks. Journal of
Economic Theory, 187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jet.2020.105018
Xiao, H., Gong, T., Yu, C., Juang, W.-J., & Yuan, B. (2020). Citizens’ Confidence in
Government Control of Corruption: An Empirical Analysis. Social Indicators Research.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02456-y
Xiao, Y., Lenzen, M., Benoît‐Norris, C., Norris, G. A., Murray, J., & Malik, A. (2018). The
Corruption Footprints of Nations. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 22(1), 68–78.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12537
Xie, J., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Anti-corruption, government intervention, and corporate cash
holdings: Evidence from China. Economic Systems, 44(1).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2020.100745
Xie, X., Qi, G., & Zhu, K. (2018). Corruption and New Product Innovation: Examining Firms’
Ethical Dilemmas in Transition Economies. Journal of Business Ethics, 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3804-7
Xin, X., & Rudel, T. K. (2004). The Context for Political Corruption: A Cross‐National
Analysis. Social Science Quarterly, 85(2), 294–309.

680 

 
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2004.08502005.x
Xiong, H., Hou, F., Li, H., & Wang, H. (2020). Does rice farming shape audit quality: Evidence
from signing auditors level analysis. Economic Modelling, 91, 403–420.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2020.06.013
Xu, C. (2016). Social Influence and Economic Incentives: Complements or Substitutes? The
Case of Fighting Corruption [Working paper].
Xu, C. (2020). Team Inspection in the Management of Common-Pool Resources When
Corruption is Present. Environmental and Resource Economics, 75(3), 553–584.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-019-00399-8
Xu, G., & Yano, G. (2017). How does anti-corruption affect corporate innovation? Evidence
from recent anti-corruption efforts in China. Journal of Comparative Economics, 45(3),
498–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2016.10.001
Xu, G., Zhang, D., & Yano, G. (2017). Can corruption really function as “protection money” and
“grease money”? Evidence from Chinese firms. Economic Systems, 41(4), 622–638.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2017.03.001
Xu, H., Dao, M., & Petkevich, A. (2018). Political Corruption and Auditor Behavior: Evidence
from US Firms. European Accounting Review, 1–28.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2018.1499547
Xu, H., Dao, M., & Wu, J. (2018). The effect of local political corruption on earnings quality.
Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 1–24.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-018-0758-x
Xu, X., Li, Y., Liu, X., & Gan, W. (2017). Does religion matter to corruption? Evidence from
China. China Economic Review, 42, 34–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2016.11.005
Yackee, J. W. (2012). Investment treaties and investor corruption: An emerging defense for host
states? Virginia Journal of International Law, 52(3), 723–745.
Yadav, V. (2011). Political parties, business groups, and corruption in developing countries.
Oxford University Press.
Yadav, V. (2012). Legislative Institutions and Corruption in Developing Country Democracies.
Comparative Political Studies, 45(8), 1027–1058.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414011428596
Yadav, V. (2016). The politics of corruption in dictatorships. Cambridge University Press.
Yair, O., Sulitzeanu-Kenan, R., & Dotan, Y. (2020). Can Institutions Make Voters Care about
Corruption? The Journal of Politics, 000–000. https://doi.org/10.1086/708504

681 

 
Yakovlev, A., Tkachenko, A., & Rodionova, Y. (2020). Who Is Inclined to Hide the Truth:
Evidence from Public Procurement. International Journal of Public Administration,
43(13), 1109–1120. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2019.1665683
Yakovlev, E., & Zhuravskaya, E. (2013). The Unequal Enforcement of Liberalization: Evidence
from Russia’s Reform of Business Regulation. Journal of the European Economic
Association, 11(4), 808–838. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeea.12026
Yakubu, I. N. (2019). Does corruption grease or sand the wheels of bank profitability in Ghana?
Cogent Economics & Finance, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2019.1701909
Yamamura, E. (2013). Public sector corruption and the probability of technological disasters.
Economics of Governance, 14(3), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-013-0125-2
Yamamura, E. (2014a). Corruption and perceived risk a case of the 2011 Fukushima disaster.
International Journal of Social Economics, 41(11), 1156–1170.
Yamamura, E. (2014b). Impact of natural disaster on public sector corruption. Public Choice,
161(3), 385–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-014-0154-6
Yamamura, E., Andrés, A., & Katsaiti, M. (2012). Does Corruption Affect suicide? Econometric
Evidence from OECD Countries. Atlantic Economic Journal, 40(2), 133–145.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11293-012-9313-7
Yamarik, S., & Redmon, C. (2017). Economic Freedom and Corruption: New Cross-Country
Panel Data Evidence. Journal of Private Enterprise, 32(2), 17–44.
Yan, B., & Wen, B. (2020). Income inequality, corruption and subjective well-being. Applied
Economics, 52(12), 1311–1326. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2019.1661953
Yan, J., & Oum, T. H. (2014). The effect of government corruption on the efficiency of US
commercial airports. Journal of Urban Economics, 80(Journal, Electronic), 119–132.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2014.01.004
Yan, Q. (2009). An institutional approach to understanding corruption in BRIC countries.
Corruption in International Business, 143–161.
Yan, Z., & Liu, Y. (2016). The Competing Media Frame Study in One Country of Two System:
The Case Study on Scandal of Chen Liangyu. International Journal of Social Science and
Humanity, 6(1), 32–37. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJSSH.2016.V6.613
Yang, Dean. (2006). The economics of anti-corruption: Lessons from a widespread customs
reform. In Susan Rose-Ackerman (Ed.), International handbook on the economics of
corruption (pp. 512–545). Edward Elgar.
Yang, Dean. (2008a). Can Enforcement Backfire? Crime Displacement in the Context of

682 

 
Customs Reform in the Philippines. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(1), 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.90.1.1
Yang, Dean. (2008b). Integrity for Hire: An Analysis of a Widespread Customs Reform. The
Journal of Law and Economics, 51(1), 25–57. https://doi.org/10.1086/520007
Yang, Dean. (2011). Economic Gangsters: Corruption, Violence, and the Poverty of Nations.
Journal of Economic Literature, 49(3), 767–770.
Yang, Deming, Lu, Z., & Luo, D. (2014). Political connections, media monitoring and long-term
loans. China Journal of Accounting Research, 7(3), 165–177.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjar.2014.08.004
Yanguas, P., & Bukenya, B. (2016). “New” approaches confront “old” challenges in African
public sector reform. Third World Quarterly, 37(1), 136–152.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1086635
Yaniv, G., & Siniver, E. (2016). The (honest) truth about rational dishonesty. Journal Of
Economic Psychology; J.Econ.Psychol., 53(Journal Article), 131–140.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2016.01.002
Yao, S. (2002). Privilege and Corruption: The Problems of China’s Socialist Market Economy.
American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 61(1), 279–299.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1536-7150.00160
Yao, Y., Martek, I., Hosseini, M., & Chen, C. (2018). Demographic Variables of Corruption in
the Chinese Construction Industry: Association Rule Analysis of Conviction Records.
Science and Engineering Ethics, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-018-0024-6
Yap, O. F. (2013). When do Citizens Demand Punishment of Corruption? Australian Journal of
Political Science, 48(1), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2012.760525
Yap, O. F. (2014). Citizens’ Response to Government Corruption: Experimental Evidence from
Australia, Singapore, and the United States [Working Paper].
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2455174
Yarrington, D. (2019). Public Opinion and Modernity in Venezuela’s Anti-Corruption Trials,
1945–8. Journal of Latin American Studies, 51(1), 59–83.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X18000640
Yates, A., & Graycar, A. (2018). Death by a Thousand Cuts: Recognizing, Reporting, and
Responding to Corruption in Local Government. Public Integrity, 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2018.1534924
Yavaş, C. (1998). A Comment on “Corruption by Design.” Journal of Law, Economics, &
Organization, 14(1), 174–179.
683 

 
Yavas, C. (2007). The Ghost of Corruption. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy,
7(1). https://doi.org/10.2202/1935-1682.1619
Ybarra, B. (2016). Territorial Jurisdiction Reach Of The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act As
Applied To The Anti-Bribery Provision. Houston Business and Tax Law Journal, 17,
97–97.
Yeboah-Assiamah, E. (2017). ‘Strong Personalities’ and ‘Strong Institutions’ Mediated by a
‘Strong Third Force’: Thinking ‘Systems’ in Corruption Control. Public Organization
Review, 17(4), 545–562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-016-0351-5
Yeboah-Assiamah, E., & Alesu-Dordzi, S. (2016). The calculus of corruption: A paradox of
“strong” corruption amidst “strong” systems and institutions in developing administrative
systems. Journal of Public Affairs, 16(2), 203.
Yeboah-Assiamah, E., Asamoah, K., Bawole, J. N., & Musah-Surugu, I. J. (2016). A
socio-cultural approach to public sector corruption in Africa: Key pointers for reflection:
Sociology of corruption. Journal of Public Affairs, 16(3), 279–293.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.1587
Yeo, Y. (2016). Complementing the local discipline inspection commissions of the CCP:
empowerment of the central inspection groups. Journal of Contemporary China, 25(97),
59.
Yerrabati, S., & Hawkes, D. D. (2016). Institutions and Investment in the South and East Asia
and Pacific Region: Evidence from Meta-Analysis. Economics-The Open Access
Open-Assessment E-Journal; Economics, 10(Journal Article).
https://doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2016-11
Yevseiev, S., Rayevnyeva, O., Ponomarenko, V., & Milov, O. (2020). Development of
methodological principles for the construction of a corporate information-educational
system of innovative-active university in the framework of anti-corruption activities.
Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 5(2 (107)), 6–28.
https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.214895
Yi, F., Gao, Z., & Zhang, H. H. (2018). What leads to official corruption in China? A
politico-economic analysis of economic opportunities and government corruption across
China’s provinces. Post-Communist Economies, 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2018.1442055
Yi, J., Teng, D., & Meng, S. (2018). Foreign ownership and Bribery: Agency and Institutional
Perspectives. International Business Review, 27, 34–45.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2017.05.001
Ying, Q., & Liu, J. (2017). Anti-corruption campaign in China: Good news or bad news for firm
684 

 
value? Applied Economics Letters, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2017.1406651
Ying, S. (2004). Regime and Curbing Corruption. China Review, 4(2), 99–128.
Yingling, P. M., & Arafa, M. A. (2013). After the Revolution: Egypt’s Changing Forms of
Corruption. 2, 23–62.
Yılmaz, G., & Soyaltın, D. (2014). Zooming into the ‘Domestic’ in Europeanization: Promotion
of Fight against Corruption and Minority Rights in Turkey. Journal of Balkan & Near
Eastern Studies, 16(1), 11–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2013.864181
Yockey, J. W. (2011). Solicitation, extortion, and the FCPA. Notre Dame Law Review, 87(2),
781.
Yockey, J. W. (2012). FCPA Settlement, Internal Strife, and the “Culture of Compliance.”
Wisconsin Law Review, 2, 689–716.
Yockey, J. W. (2013). Choosing governance in the FCPA reform debate. The Journal of
Corporation Law, 38(2), 325.
Yolles, M., & Fink, G. (2014). Personality, pathology and mindsets: Part 3-pathologies and
corruption. KYBERNETES, 43(1), 135–143. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-12-2013-0260
Yolles, Maurice. (2019). Governance through political bureaucracy: An agency approach.
Kybernetes, 48(1), 7–34. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-09-2017-0329
Yoo, S. (2008). Petty corruption. Economic Theory, 37(2), 267–280.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00199-007-0299-3
Yoo, S. H., & Institute of Economic Research, K. U. (2014). Competition, Corruption and
Institutional Design [Discussion Paper Series / Institute of Economic Research, Korea
University].
You, J., & Nie, H. (2017). Who determines Chinese firms’ engagement in corruption:
Themselves or neighbors? China Economic Review, 43, 29–46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2017.01.002
You, J.-S. (2014). Land Reform, Inequality, and Corruption—A Comparative Historical Study of
Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines. The Korean Journal of International Studies,
191–224.
You, J.-S., & Khagram, S. (2005). A comparative study of inequality and corruption. American
Sociological Review, 70(1), 136.
Young, S. N. M. (2009). Why civil actions against corruption? Journal of Financial Crime,
16(2), 144–159. https://doi.org/10.1108/13590790910951821

685 

 
Young, S. N. M. (2013). Prosecuting bribery in Hong Kong’s human rights environment. In J.
Horder & P. Alldridge (Eds.), Modern Bribery Law (pp. 267–292). Cambridge University
Press. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139088398A022
Younsi, M., Khemili, H., & Bechtini, M. (2019). Does foreign aid help alleviate income
inequality? New evidence from African countries. International Journal of Social
Economics, 46(4), 549–561. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-06-2018-0319
Yu, C., Chen, C.-M., Hu, L.-T., & Juang, W.-J. (2009). Evolving Perceptions of Government
Integrity and Changing Anticorruption Measures in Taiwan. In Ting Gong & S. K. Ma
(Eds.), Preventing corruption in Asia: Institutional design and policy capacity.
Routledge.
Yu, C., Chen, C.-M., Juang, W.-J., & Hu, L.-T. (2008). Does democracy breed integrity?
Corruption in Taiwan during the democratic transformation period. Crime, Law and
Social Change, 49(3), 167–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-007-9093-1
Yu, C., Chen, C.-M., & Lin, M.-W. (2013). Corruption Perception in Taiwan: Reflections upon a
bottom-up citizen perspective. Journal of Contemporary China, 22(79), 56–76.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2012.716944
Yu, F., Guo, Y., Lettic, F., & Barnes, S. (2019). Regional Anti‐Corruption Effort, Political
Connections and Firm Innovation Effort: Evidence from China. Bulletin of Economic
Research, 71(1), 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/boer.12146
Yu, K.-H., Kang, S.-D., & Rhodes, C. (2018). The Partial Organization of Networked
Corruption. Business & Society, 59(7), 1377–1409.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650318775024
Yu, L. (Tommy). (2017). Using Technology to Enhance Government Transparency and Counter
Corruption. Chicago Policy Review (Online).
Yukins, C. R. (2007). Integrating Integrity and Procurement: The United Nations Convention
Against Corruption and the Uncitral Model Produrement Law. Public Contract Law
Journal, 36(3), 307–329.
Yunan, Z. Y., & Andini, A. (2018). Corruption, Poverty, and Economic Growth (Causality
Studies among Asean Countries). JEJAK: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Kebijakan, 11(2),
413–428. https://doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v11i2.16061
Yurchenko, А. В. (2019). E-Governance as an effective mechanism for preventing political
corruption. Granì, 22(4), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.15421/171946
Yusuf, M., Malarvizhi, C. A., Huda Mazumder, M. N., & Su, Z. (2014). Corruption, Poverty,
and Economic Growth Relationship in the Nigerian Economy. Journal of Developing

686 

 
Areas, 48(3), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2014.0042
Zabyelina, Y. (2020). The Long Arm of Anti‐corruption: Extraterritoriality and Anti‐corruption
Targeted Sanctions. Global Policy, 11(4), 535–540.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12850
Zabyelina, Y., & Arsovska, J. (2013). Rediscovering corruption’s other side: Bribing for peace in
post-conflict Kosovo and Chechnya. Crime, Law and Social Change, 60(1), 1–24.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-013-9446-x
Zaciu, A. (2012). The Prohibition of Corruption Acts—Envisaging the Emergence of a New
International Human Rights Law Norm (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2280056). Social
Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2280056
Zagainova, A. (2007). Challenges of anti-corruption policies in post-communist countries. In S.
Bracking (Ed.), Corruption and Development: The Anti-Corruption Campaigns (pp.
138–154). Palgrave Macmillan.
Zagaris, B. (1999). The emergence of an international enforcement regime on transnational
corruption in the Americas. Law and Policy in International Business, 30, 53–93.
Zaheer, S. (2015). Brazil’s landmark Clean Company Act: Comparison to the OECD
Anti-Bribery Convention and issues.(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development). Pacific McGeorge Global Business & Development Law Journal, 28(2),
457–483.
Zaidan, M. A. (2016). The Policy Of Granting Remission To Corruption Inmates In Order To
Eradicate Corruption In Indonesia. Journal of Dinamika Hukum, 16(1), 106–111.
Zakaria, M. (2009). Openness and corruption: A time-series analysis. Zagreb International
Review of Economics &, 12(2), 1–14.
Zakaria, P. (2016). The Influence of Socioeconomic Trends and Experiences on Individual
Perception of Corruption: The Case of Croatia. Public Integrity, 18(4), 419–440.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2016.1172929
Zakharov, N. (2019). Asymmetric oil price shocks, tax revenues, and the resource curse.
Economics Letters, 108515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2019.06.021
Zaki, C. (2012). Trade Facilitation and Corruption: A CGE Model of Egypt (Article). The
Journal of North African Studies.
Zaloznaya, M. (2012). Organizational cultures as agents of differential association: Explaining
the variation in bribery practices in Ukrainian universities. Crime, Law and Social
Change, 58(3), 295–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-012-9386-x

687 

 
Zaloznaya, M. (2013). Beyond Anti-Corruptionism: Sociological Imagination and Comparative
Study of Corruption*. Comparative Sociology, 12(5), 705–751.
https://doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341281
Zaloznaya, M. (2014). The Social Psychology of Corruption: Why It Does Not Exist and Why It
Should. Sociology Compass, 8(2), 187.
Zaloznaya, M. (2015). Does Authoritarianism Breed Corruption? Reconsidering the Relationship
Between Authoritarian Governance and Corrupt Exchanges in Bureaucracies. Law and
Social Inquiry-Journal of the American Bar Foundation, 40(2), 345–376.
https://doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12076
Zaloznaya, M. (2017). The politics of bureaucratic corruption in post-transitional Eastern
Europe. Cambridge University Press.
Zaloznaya, M., & Reisinger, W. (2020). Mechanisms of Decoupling from Global Regimes: The
Case of Anti-Corruption Reforms in Russia and Ukraine. Demokratizatsiya, 28(1),
77–111.
Zaloznaya, M., Reisinger, W. M., & Claypool, V. H. (2018). When civil engagement is part of
the problem: Flawed anti-corruptionism in Russia and Ukraine. Communist and
Post-Communist Studies. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2018.06.003
Zaman, A., & Faiz-Ur-Rahim. (2009). Corruption: Measuring the unmeasurable. Humanomics,
25(2), 117–126.
Zaman, G., & Ionescu, L. (2014). The Impact of International Economic Crises on Corruption in
Romania. Economic Computation and Economic Cybernetics Studies and Research,
48(1), 65–80.
Zaman, G., & Ionescu, L. (2016). Fighting Corruption Generated By Accounting. Case Study
Romania. Economic Computation And Economic Cybernetics Studies And Research,
50(2), 247–261.
Zamboni, Y., & Litschig, S. (2018). Audit risk and rent extraction: Evidence from a randomized
evaluation in Brazil. Journal of Development Economics, 134, 133–149.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.03.008
Zamudio-González, L. (2020). Hybrid Anticorruption Agencies. In L. Zamudio-González (Ed.),
International Intervention Instruments against Corruption in Central America (pp.
19–43). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40878-7_2
Zarb, B. J. (2007). Do credible financial reporting and government intervention play a role in
preventing corruption? A preliminary investigation of the European Union.(Statistical
table). Journal of International Business and Economics, 7(1), 149.

688 

 
Zasimova, L. (2016). The use of medical care and out-of-pocket payments in Russia.
Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 44(5), 440–445.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494816638193
Zaum, D. (2016). Political economies of corruption in fragile and conflict-affected states:
Nuancing the picture.
http://www.u4.no/publications/political-economies-of-corruption-in-fragile-and-conflict-
affected-states-nuancing-the-picture/
Zausinová, J., Zoričak, M., Vološin, M., & Gazda, V. (2019). Aspects of complexity in
citizen–bureaucrat corruption: An agent-based simulation model. Journal of Economic
Interaction and Coordination, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11403-019-00240-x
Zazueta, I., & Cortez, W. (2015). The Impract of Political Alternation On Corruption in Mexico.
Revista De Ciencia Politica; Rev.Cienc.Polit., 35(2), 371–392.
Zeaiter, H., & El-Khalil, R. (2014). Mixed Countries Methods: A Note On Corruption,
Democracy, and Economic Development. Journal of Academy of Business and
Economics, 14(1), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.18374/JABE-14-1.12
Zechmeister, E. J., & Zizumbo-Colunga, D. (2013). The Varying Political Toll of Concerns
About Corruption in Good Versus Bad Economic Times. Comparative Political Studies,
46(10), 1190–1218. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414012472468
Zekos, G. I. (2004). Ethics versus corruption in globalization. Journal of Management
Development, 23(7), 631–647.
Zelekha, Y., & Bar-Efrat, O. (2011). Crime, Terror and Corruption and Their Effect on Private
Investment in Israel. Open Economies Review, 22(4), 635–648.
Zelekha, Y., & Sharabi, E. (2012). Corruption, institutions and trade. Economics of Governance,
13(2), 169–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-012-0109-7
Zemfira M Kazachkova, & Elena B Kozlova. (2020). Monitoring as a Tool for Improvement of
Modern Regional Anti-Corruption Policy in Russia. Journal of Advanced Research in
Law and Economics, 11(1(47)), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v11.1(47).11
Zemlin, A. I. (2015). Topical legal aspects of corruption counteraction in public procurement.
Aktualʹnye Problemy Èkonomiki i Prava, 9(1), 238–244.
https://doi.org/10.21202/1993-047X.09.2015.1.238-244
Zeneli, V. (2014). The Role of Institutions and Good Governance for Attracting Foreign Direct
Investments: Evidence from Southeast Europe. Business and Economics Journal, 5(2).
https://www.omicsonline.com/open-access/the-role-of-institutions-and-good-governance-
for-attracting-foreign-direct-investments-evidence-from-southeast-europe-2151-6259-100

689 

 
092.php?aid=26974
Zeneli, V. (2016). Corruption, Foreign Direct Investment, and International Marketing in the
Western Balkans. Thunderbird International Business Review, 58(3), 277–291.
https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.21753
Zeng, Q. (2017). Cadre Rotation And Campaign Mobilization In China’s Anticorruption
Enforcement. Journal Of East Asian Studies, 17(2), 167–190.
https://doi.org/10.1017/jea.2016.42
Zergawu, Y. Z., Walle, Y. M., & Giménez-Gómez, J.-M. (2020). The joint impact of
infrastructure and institutions on economic growth. Journal of Institutional Economics,
16(4), 481–502. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137420000016
Zerilli, F. M. (2005). Corruption, Property Restitution and Romanianness. In D. Haller & C.
Shore (Eds.), Corruption: Anthropological perspectives. Pluto.
Zervos, A. (2006). Amending the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Repealing the exemption for
“routine government action” payments. Penn State International Law Review, 25(1),
251–294.
Zeume, S. (2017). Bribes and Firm Value. Review of Financial Studies, 30(5), 1457–1489.
https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhw108
Zhan, J. V. (2017). Do Natural Resources Breed Corruption? Evidence from China.
Environmental & Resource Economics, 66(2), 237–259.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-015-9947-4
Zhang, A. (2012). An Examination of the Effects of Corruption on Financial Market Volatility.
Journal of Emerging Market Finance, 11(3), 301–322.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0972652712466501
Zhang, B., Le, Y., Xia, B., & Skitmore, M. (2017). Causes of Business-to-Government
Corruption in the Tendering Process in China. Journal Of Management In Engineering,
33(2), <xocs:firstpage xmlns:xocs=""/>.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000479
Zhang, C. (2019). The Chinese Mafia. Organized Crime, Corruption, and Extra-Legal Protection.
Europe - Asia Studies, 71(4), 713–714. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2019.1610288
Zhang, F., Zhang, H., & Bell, G. (2019). Corporate religiosity and individual decision on
conducting entrepreneurial activity: The contingent effects of institutional environments
in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 1–24.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-019-09691-z
Zhang, Hongxia, Song, Y., Li, C., Liu, Q., Cui, H., Zeng, C., Wang, Z., Zhang, Q., Li, Y., &
690 

 
Rong, Y. (2019). Exploring the Impact of Individual Characteristics Associated with
Government Officials on the Severity of Real Estate Corruption. Sustainability, 11(12),
3351. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123351
Zhang, Hongxia, Song, Y., Tan, S., Xia, S., Zhang, H., Jiang, C., Xiong, D., Cheng, G., Zhang,
L., & Lv, Y. (2019). Anti-corruption efforts, public perception of corruption, and
government credibility in the field of real estate: An empirical analysis based on twelve
provinces in China. Cities, 90, 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.01.042
Zhang, Hongxian, Guo, L., & Hao, M. (2017). Corruption, governance, and public pension
funds. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 1–37.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-017-0691-4
Zhang, N. (2015a). Anti-Corruption Efforts and Public Opinion in China: Evidence from a
Natural Experiment in an Autocratic Regime [Working Paper].
Zhang, N. (2015b). Changing a ‘culture’ of corruption: Evidence from an economic experiment
in Italy. 27(4), 387–413. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463115605475
Zhang, N. (2015c). Institutions, Culture and Blowing the Whistle on Corruption: An Experiment
with Northern and Southern Italians [Working paper].
Zhang, S. X., & Pineda, S. L. (2008). Corruption as a Causal Factor in Human Trafficking. In D.
Siegel & H. Nelen (Eds.), Organized Crime: Culture, Markets and Policies (pp. 41–55).
Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74733-0_4
Zhang, T., Gino, F., & Bazerman, M. H. (2014). Morality rebooted: Exploring simple fixes to
our moral bugs. Research in Organizational Behavior, 34(Journal Article), 63–79.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2014.10.002
Zhang, W.-B. (2018). Corruption, governments’ debts, trade, and global growth. Theoretical and
Applied Economics, 2, 27–50.
Zhang, Yahong, Jancsics, D., & Graycar, A. (2019). Introduction to PAR Symposium of
Understanding and Reducing Public Corruption. Public Administration Review, 79(4),
519–522. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13086
Zhang, Yan, Cao, L., & Vaughn, M. S. (2009). Social Support and Corruption: Structural
Determinants of Corruption in the World. Australian & New Zealand Journal of
Criminology, 42(2), 204–217. https://doi.org/10.1375/acri.42.2.204
Zhang, Y.-J., Jin, Y.-L., Chevallier, J., & Shen, B. (2016). The effect of corruption on carbon
dioxide emissions in APEC countries: A panel quantile regression analysis.
Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 112, 220.
Zhao, H., Zhang, H., & Xu, Y. (2016). Does the Dark Triad of Personality Predict Corrupt
691 

 
Intention? The Mediating Role of Belief in Good Luck. Frontiers in Psychology, 7.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00608
Zhao, H., Zhang, H., & Xu, Y. (2019). Effects of perceived descriptive norms on corrupt
intention: The mediating role of moral disengagement. International Journal of
Psychology : Journal International de Psychologie, 54(1), 93–101.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12401
Zhao, J. H., Kim, S. H., & Du, J. (2003). The Impact of Corruption and Transparency on Foreign
Direct Investment: An Empirical Analysis. MIR: Management International Review,
43(1), 41–62.
Zhao, R., Chen, J., Feng, C., & Zhong, S. (2020). The impact of anti-corruption measures on
land supply and the associated implications: The case of China. Land Use Policy, 95.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104605
Zhao, X., & Xu, H. (2015). E-government and corruption: A longitudinal analysis of countries.
International Journal of Public Administration, 38(6), 410–421.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2014.942736
Zhe Tang. (2020). Political connection and corporate innovation: Evidence from China. Journal
of Applied Finance and Banking, 10(3), 127–152.
Zheng, B. (2015). Bureaucratic Corruption and Economic Development (SSRN Scholarly Paper
ID 2456895). Social Science Research Network.
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2456895
Zheng, B., & Xiao, J. (2020). Corruption and Investment: Theory and Evidence from China.
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 175, 40–54.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.03.018
Zheng, Q., Luo, Y., & Wang, S. (2014). Moral Degradation, Business Ethics, and Corporate
Social Responsibility in a Transitional Economy. Journal of Business Ethics, 120(3),
405–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1668-4
Zheng, W., Liu, L., Huang, Z., & Tan, X. (2017). Life Satisfaction as a Buffer of the
Relationship Between Corruption Perception and Political Participation. Social Indicators
Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life
Measurement, 132(2), 907–923.
Zheng, X., Ghoul, S. E., Guedhami, O., & Kwok, C. C. Y. (2013). Collectivism and corruption
in bank lending. Journal of International Business Studies, 44(4), 363–390.
http://dx.doi.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1057/jibs.2013.19
Zheng, Yan, & Liao, X. (2018). The Formation Mechanism and Precision Control of Corruption

692 

 
in Poverty Alleviation from the Perspective of System Dynamics. Mathematical
Problems in Engineering, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2796146
Zheng, Yueping. (2016). The impact of E-participation on corruption: A cross-country analysis.
International Review of Public Administration, 21(2), 91–103.
https://doi.org/10.1080/12294659.2016.1186457
Zhong, C.-B., Bohns, V. K., & Gino, F. (2010). Good Lamps Are the Best Police. Psychological
Science, 21(3), 311–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797609360754
Zhou, J. Q., & Peng, M. W. (2012). Does bribery help or hurt firm growth around the world?
Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 29(4), 907–921.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-011-9274-4
Zhou, L., Jin, Z., & Wang, Z. (2016). Who gets caught for corruption when corruption is
pervasive? Evidence from China’s anti-bribery blacklist. Applied Economics Letters, 1–6.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2016.1181826
Zhou, M., Wang, B., & Chen, Z. (2020). Has the anti-corruption campaign decreased air
pollution in China? Energy Economics, 91, 104878-.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104878
Zhou, Xiaoyu, Han, Y., & Wang, R. (2013). An Empirical Investigation on Firms’ Proactive and
Passive Motivation for Bribery in China. Journal of Business Ethics, 118(3), 461–472.
Zhou, Xuan. (2020). Research on the Influence of Anti-corruption on the Performance of the
Private Enterprises. World Scientific Research Journal, 6(2), 138–154.
https://doi.org/10.6911/WSRJ.202002_6(2).0016
Zhou, Y. (2007). An empirical study of the relationship between corruption and FDI: With
sample selection error correction. http://citeweb.info/20071016800
Zhou, Z. (2017). Government ownership and exposure to political uncertainty: Evidence from
China. Journal of Banking and Finance, 84, 152–165.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2017.08.001
Zhu, B. (2009). Economic Integration and Corruption: The Case of China [Working Paper].
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.386.6763&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Zhu, B. (2017). MNCs, Rents, and Corruption: Evidence from China. American Journal of
Political Science, 61(1), 84–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12259
Zhu, J. N., & Wu, Y. P. (2014). Who pays more “tributes” to the government? Sectoral
corruption of China’s private enterprises. CRIME LAW AND SOCIAL CHANGE, 61(3),
309–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-013-9504-4

693 

 
Zhu, Jiangnan, Huang, H., & Zhang, D. (2019). “Big Tigers, Big Data”: Learning Social
Reactions to China’s Anticorruption Campaign through Online Feedback. Public
Administration Review, 79(4), 500–513. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12866
Zhu, Jiangnan, & Li, H. (2020). Elite Power Competition and Corruption Investigation in China:
A Case Study. Modern China, 46(3), 307–335.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0097700419845606
Zhu, Jiangnan, Lu, J., & Shi, T. (2013). When grapevine news meets mass media different
information sources and popular perceptions of government corruption in mainland
china. Comparative Political Studies, 46(8), 920–946.
Zhu, Jn, & Zhang, D. (2017). Weapons of the Powerful: Authoritarian Elite Competition and
Politicized Anticorruption in China. Comparative Political Studies, 50(9), 1186–1220.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414016672234
Zhuang, J., De Dios, E., & Lagman-Martin, A. (2010). Governance and Institutional Quality and
the Links with Economic Growth and Income Inequality: With Special Reference to
Developing Asia. Asian Development Bank.
http://www.adb.org/publications/governance-and-institutional-quality-and-links-economi
c-growth-and-income-inequality
Zhuravskaya, E. V. (2000). Incentives to provide local public goods: Fiscal federalism, Russian
style. Journal of Public Economics, 76(3), 337–368.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00090-0
Ziblatt, D. (2009). Shaping Democratic Practice and the Causes of Electoral Fraud: The Case of
Nineteenth-Century Germany. American Political Science Review, 103(1), 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055409090042
Zimmerman, S. S., & Feriello, F. A. Jr. (2011). Coordinating the Fight against Fraud and
Corruption: Agreement on Cross-Debarment among Multilateral Development Banks. In
World Bank Legal Review (Vol. 3, pp. 189–204).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/9780821388631_CH07
Zimring, F. E., & Johnson, D. T. (2007). On the comparative study of corruption. Pacific
McGeorge Business & Development Law Journal, 20(2), 243–262.
Zinn, D. L. (2005). Anthropology and corruption: The state of the art. Corruption:
Anthropological Perspectives, 229–242.
Zinnbauer, D. (2015). Crowdsourced Corruption Reporting: What Petrified Forests, Street
Music, Bath Towels, and the Taxman Can Tell Us About the Prospects for Its Future.
Policy and Internet, 7(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.84

694 

 
Zinnes, C., & Bell, S. (2003). NGO growth in transition economies: A cause or effect of legal
reform and donor aid? Journal of Human Rights, 2(3), 379–392.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1475483032000133042
Ziobrowski, A. J., Cheng, P., Boyd, J. W., & Ziobrowski, B. J. (2004). Abnormal Returns from
the Common Stock Investments of the U.S. Senate. The Journal of Financial and
Quantitative Analysis, 39(4), 661–676.
Zipparo, L. (1998). Factors which deter public officials from reporting corruption. Crime, Law
and Social Change, 30(3), 273–287. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008326527512
Zirker, D. (2017). Success in combating corruption in New Zealand. Asian Education and
Development Studies, 6(3), 238–248.
Zirker, D., & Barrett, P. (2017). Corruption vs. corruption scandals in New Zealand: Bridging a
wide Gulf? Political Science, 69(1), 35–48.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00323187.2017.1327798
Zisser, E. (2014). Spoils of Truce: Corruption and State-Building in Postwar Lebanon. Middle
Eastern Studies, 50(1), 163.
Zitzewitz, E. (2014). Does Transparency Reduce Favoritism and Corruption? Evidence From the
Reform of Figure Skating Judging. JOURNAL OF SPORTS ECONOMICS, 15(1), 3–30.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002512441479
Zitzewitz, Eric. (2012). Forensic Economics. Journal of Economic Literature, 50(3), 731–769.
https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.50.3.731
Zmolnig, R. (2018). Framing corruption: How language affects norms. Crime, Law and Social
Change, 70(2), 179–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9726-y
Znoj, H. (2007). Deep Corruption in Indonesia: Discourses, Practices, Histories. In Monique
Nuijnd Gerhnders (Ed.), Corruption and the Secret of Law: A Legal Anthropological
Perspective (pp. 53–76). United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
Zoido-Lobaton, P. J., Simon Kaufmann, Daniel. (1999). Corruption, Public Finances, and the
Unofficial Economy. The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-2169
Zook, D. C. (2009). The Curious Case of Finland’s Clean Politics. Journal of Democracy, 20(1),
157–168.
Zou, H. (2020). Examining the Contingency Value of Certification on Regulatory Burden in a
Transitional Economy. Business and Society, 59(3), 489–517.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650317726078
Zou, K. (2000). Judicial Reform versus Judicial Corruption: Recent Developments in China.

695 

 
Criminal Law Forum, 11(3), 323–351. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009479211354
Zouhaier, H. (2011). Corruption, Investment and Economic Growth. International Journal of
Economics and Research, 02(05), 185–194.
Zuber, F. (2015). Spread of Unethical Behavior in Organizations: A Dynamic Social Network
Perspective. Journal of Business Ethics; J.Bus.Ethics, 131(1), 151–172.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2270-0
Žuffová, M. (2020). Do FOI laws and open government data deliver as anti-corruption policies?
Evidence from a cross-country study. Government Information Quarterly, 37(3).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2020.101480
Zuleta, J. C., Leyton, A., & Ivanovic, E. F. (2007). Combating Corruption in the Revenue
Service: The Case of VAT Refunds in Bolivia. In J. Edgardo Campos & S. Pradhan
(Eds.), Many Faces of Corruption: Tracking Vulnerabilities at the Sector Level. Herndon,
VA, USA: World Bank, The.
Zurawicki, L. (2010). Corruption and foreign direct investment: What have we learned?
International Business and Economics Research Journal, 9(7), 1–9.
Zyglidopoulos, S. (2016). Toward a Theory of Second-Order Corruption. Journal of
Management Inquiry, 25(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492615579914
Zyglidopoulos, S., Dieleman, M., & Hirsch, P. (2020). Playing the Game: Unpacking the
Rationale for Organizational Corruption in MNCs. Journal of Management Inquiry,
29(3), 338–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492618817827
Zyglidopoulos, S., & Fleming, P. (2008). Ethical Distance in Corrupt Firms: How Do Innocent
Bystanders Become Guilty Perpetrators? Journal of Business Ethics, 78(1), 265–274.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9378-4
Zyglidopoulos, S., Fleming, P., & Rothenberg, S. (2009). Rationalization, Overcompensation
and the Escalation of Corruption in Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 84(1),
65–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9685-4

696 

You might also like