TABLE OF CONTENT

Page No.

Tittle Page ------------------------------------------------------------------

Abstract
Approval sheet
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
List of Appendices
List of Tables
List of Figures
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CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction
Theoretical Background of the Study
Review of Related Literature and studies -----------------------------------------------
Statement of the Problem
Conceptual Framework of the Study
Significance of the study
Scope and Limitations of the Study
Scope of the study
Limitation of the Study
Research Methodology
Study site
Research Design
Research Materials
Research Procedure
Research Respondents
Operational Definition of Terms
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Ethical Consideration -----------------------------------------------

Statistical Treatment of the Data -----------------------------------------------
STATEMENT OF THE ROBLEM

Problem Statement 1: Health Preventative Services

Problem Statement: There is limited preventive health care and services to promote
optimal health and wellness, and avert worsening of sequelae for children and adults with
disabilities. Across the healthcare continuum, integrated approaches are needed to
simultaneously address the many risk factors and conditions, as well as the medical,
functional and societal limitations including determinants that influences the health and
wellbeing of persons with disabilities.

To effectively and equitably address the disparities in the continuum of care, cross-
cutting and integrated strategies can include (1) epidemiology and surveillance for early
detection and prevention or to inform needed programs, (2) environmental and
community approaches to promote health, support healthy behaviors, including wellness
centers to promote healthy lifestyles and (3) intervention that reduces barriers to care and
improve the effective use of clinical and preventive services for persons with disabilities.
This also means increasing full participation in the community, by reasonable
modifications of policies, practices, and procedures.

Some additional related examples:

• Health promotion and wellness facilities that facilitate healthy living, optimal
functioning and effective coping strategies.

• How to make sure that services needed to create a healthy life are studied. For
example, gyms that support disability exercise do not exist. Especially in rural areas, people
with disabilities have difficulty getting places.

• Need for behavioral health and mental health services

• Need for evidence-based health transition programs for youth with disabilities

• Research on disparities and health outcomes among persons with disabilities with
poorer outcomes

Problem Statement 2: Public Health and Surveillance

 Problem Statement: There is a need for better surveillance methods or tools in public
health to measure and track prevalence of disabilities and untangle congenital, acquired,
and disability derived from chronic conditions. The American Community Survey adopted
disability identifiers are helpful, however; since disability is a complex construct, additional
identifiers are needed to inform research and promote scientifically sound interventions.
Public health and policy professionals need to consider initiatives that will help reduce
disability-related health disparities.

Other related issues

• Infuse disability populations into federal initiatives on health and public health
consistently and meaningfully. For example, the Surgeon General’s Call to Action on
Walking and Walkable Communities does not include the population of people with
disabilities in the goals and recommended action steps, but does refer to disability as a
negative health outcome to avoid.

• Examine morbidity and mortality differences between different groups (income,

ethnicity) in people with and without disabilities.

• Many researchers have noted the “aging tsunami,” but aging with a (congenital or
acquired) disability is an overlooked issue.

• Address the issue of multiple chronic conditions in persons with disabilities

Problem Statement 3: Health Disparities and Interventions for Persons with

Disabilities

Problem Statement: Individuals with disabilities experience significant health

disparities compared to the non-disabled population. Despite the documented need, the
focus on health disparity issues within the disability population is limited and often
ignored. Racial/ethnic minority groups experience higher rates of health disparities
compared to their non-disabled peers of the same race and ethnicity. Certain sub-types of
disabilities contribute more to the disparity depending on the type of variable. Research on
health disparities and health interventions needs to focus on subpopulation differences.
Categorical, functional, and social approaches to addressing disabilities will have major
implications for addressing disparities.

1. Develop capacity at the state level with state agencies responsible for achieving
health equity for individuals with disabilities.
 2. Adopt a social determinants approach to addressing health disparities. Integrate
family and community issues into the intervention framework model.

Problem Statement 4: Health Care Access and Quality

Problem Statement: There is ample evidence of the barriers to healthcare and quality
care, experienced by persons with disability. In general, interventions addressing
disparities in healthcare and quality for persons with disabilities, fall short of
environmental and contextual factors, makes unrealistic assumptions about equity in
structural accessibility, access to resources, and cultural sensitivity. This results in reduced
participation among persons with disabilities, especially those with multiple chronic
conditions.

Some additional related examples:

• Not having access to adaptive equipment (wheelchair, accessible technology

devices) is a barrier.

• Delaying medical care because of cost is a problem for people with disabilities- what
are the policy/program interventions that could address this problem?

• Barriers to health care access often manifest as a local problem (inaccessible clinics,
health care provider attitudes, transportation, etc.) but there is little research on local
approaches to resolving access problems.

• Develop a cultural competency model for addressing healthcare

• How do we measure the cost as a nation not to successfully care for people with
disabilities?

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Health is a public good, and ill-health is a fundamental humanitarian problem with political,
economic and social causes and consequences.

Good health is not only a social benefit to individuals and societies, but also contributes to
economies because it plays an important role in productivity.

Since its entry into force in 1948, the Constitution of the World Health Organization states
that “ [t]he enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental
rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic
or social condition”. There is currently a widely supported movement to modify this
assertion and make a health a basic human right to be enjoyed by all, without geographical
or economic conditionality as to the standard attainable.

Health is best delivered by public services that are accountable to public authorities, based
on a public service ethos and the principle of equity without regard to ability to pay. Health
delivered in this way is a product of the social contract between the population and its
elected representatives, and is founded on the principle of solidarity in the use of resources
provided by public revenues.

Efforts to reformulate health as a commodity has led to atomization of health care delivery,
and outsourcing and privatization of central as well as peripheral components of the health
service systems. Although there is a share of non-profit enterprises in health, the transition
to privatization has largely involved profit-making.

The practice of outsourcing and privatization is based on the belief that the private sector
will be more efficient and that public resources will be saved. It is also based on the beliefs
that public health service workers are overpaid and corrupt.

In reality, privatization is expensive in the medium and long term, upholds profits over
other aims, and destroys the social contract and solidarity within a society. The main issue
is no longer the health services that a society can afford for its members, but becomes
whether each individual can afford the health care he or she needs. Increasing numbers of
individuals are priced out of access to health care, whether through the cost of insurance,
or the cost of the services themselves.

The pay of public health sector workers should be determined by collective bargaining
based on negotiation. Corruption of health service workers, which is largely associated
with workers who ask for extra payments or in-kind gifts, is most often due to
underpayment of the workers.

In numerous countries, the wages of health service workers are grossly inadequate relative
to the qualifications that they bring to the job. In addition to corrupt practices, this
stimulates the push to migrate to countries where wages for health care workers are
higher. Nevertheless, the fact of health worker migration maintains a downward pressure
on wages in the health sector in receiving countries.

The occupational health and safety of health care workers are unevenly protected and
promoted; international standards need to be more widely ratified, national standards
implemented, and specific protective practices included in collective bargaining
instruments at the workplace or branch level. These efforts must be made in opposition to
the general contrary trend to reduce occupational health and safety as a savings measure.

Shortages of staff, inadequate skill mixes at the health delivery point, and under-practiced
teams are occurring increasingly due to cuts in public spending and/or private sector
efficiency drives. These shortages, cuts and efficiencies lead to longer wait-times for
patients and stressful workplace environments for health workers. Violence ranging from
harassment and verbal abuse between health staff to physical assaults by members of the
public is increasing in frequency in many different types of services, and the phenomenon
is observed worldwide. Zero-tolerance policies must be developed, implemented and
enforced for the sake of all.

SUMARRY

health, Extent of continuing physical, emotional, mental, and social ability to cope with
one’s environment. Good health is harder to define than bad health (which can be equated
with presence of disease) because it must convey a more positive concept than mere
absence of disease, and there is a variable area between health and disease. A person may
be in good physical condition but have a cold or be mentally ill. Someone may appear
healthy but have a serious condition (e.g., cancer) that is detectable only by physical
examination or diagnostic tests or not even by these.

Health, according to the World Health Organization, is "a state of complete physical, mental
and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity".[1] A variety of
definitions have been used for different purposes over time. Health can be promoted by
encouraging healthful activities, such as regular physical exercise and adequate sleep,[2]
and by reducing or avoiding unhealthful activities or situations, such as smoking or
excessive stress. Some factors affecting health are due to individual choices, such as
whether to engage in a high-risk behavior, while others are due to structural causes, such
as whether the society is arranged in a way that makes it easier or harder for people to get
necessary healthcare services. Still, other factors are beyond both individual and group
choices, such as genetic disorders. In keeping with the biomedical perspective, early
definitions of health focused on the theme of the body's ability to function; health was seen
as a state of normal function that could be disrupted from time to time by disease. An
example of such a definition of health is: "a state characterized by anatomic, physiologic,
and psychological integrity; ability to perform personally valued family, work, and
community roles; ability to deal with physical, biological, psychological, and social stress".
[3] Then, in 1948, in a radical departure from previous definitions, the World Health
Organization (WHO) proposed a definition that aimed higher, linking health to well-being,
in terms of "physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease
and infirmity".[4] Although this definition was welcomed by some as being innovative, it
was also criticized for being vague and excessively broad and was not construed as
measurable. For a long time, it was set aside as an impractical ideal, with most discussions
of health returning to the practicality of the biomedical model.[5]

SUMMARY

Just as there was a shift from viewing disease as a state to thinking of it as a process, the
same shift happened in definitions of health. Again, the WHO played a leading role when it
fostered the development of the health promotion movement in the 1980s. This brought in
a new conception of health, not as a state, but in dynamic terms of resiliency, in other
words, as "a resource for living". In 1984, WHO revised the definition of health defined it as
"the extent to which an individual or group is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs
and to change or cope with the environment. Health is a resource for everyday life, not the
objective of living; it is a positive concept, emphasizing social and personal resources, as
well as physical capacities."[6] Thus, health referred to the ability to maintain homeostasis
and recover from adverse events. Mental, intellectual, emotional and social health referred
to a person's ability to handle stress, to acquire skills, to maintain relationships, all of which
form resources for resiliency and independent living.[5] This opens up many possibilities
for health In 2005, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) began to
produce public health guidance. The processes and methods used1 were reviewed during
2007–2008 to take account of the experience of producing the public health guidance
between 2005 and 2008. In the course of the review, a conceptual framework was
developed to assist the process and to inform future guidance development. It is described
in this paper (Fig. 1).

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study focuses on the effects of stress and depression in grade 10 students. The data
collection will be conducted to 10% of the total population in grade 10 of Dauin National
high School- School year 2022-2023 who will represent the population This study will not
cover other problems that are not consider as one of the stress and depression. The other
students which do not fall as part of grade 10 students are not within the scope of this
research. The study would be done through the utilization of questionnaire to the students
as a survey and reference. By their strategy the researchers will be able to know the effects
of stress and depression grade 10 students.

HYPOTHESIS

A recent study shows that the caregiving role, with its physical and mental demands, may
also have health benefits. In a study of more than 900 women with an average age of 83,
caregivers came out ahead on mental cognition tests. “Adults who consume more than 20
grams of milk chocolate per day, as measured by a questionnaire over the course of 12
months, are more likely to develop type II diabetes than adults who consume less than 10
grams of milk chocolate per day.”

Example of health Hypothesis

~f you drop a ball, it will fall toward the ground.

~If you drink coffee before going to bed, then it will take longer to fall asleep.
~ If you cover a wound with a bandage, then it will heal with less scarring.
Figure 1. Conceptual framework for public health guidance.
Many different models and frameworks are used to describe public health and the ways in
which the health of the population is shaped.2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 NICE has drawn on these in
various ways as it has developed its own approach. No critique of these other approaches is
attempted here. Instead, some of the insights and understandings of these approaches are
used to help construct the NICE framework. The NICE schema also draws on work
undertaken by NICE for the World Health Organization (WHO) as part of the WHO
Commission on the Social Determinants of Health.9, 10 The NICE Public Health Guidance
on Behaviour Change11 has also been influential.

The conceptual framework is based on six principles. First, that there are determinants of
health and disease which include social, economic, psychological and biomedical factors.
Second, these determinants not only impact on individuals to produce individual-level
pathology, but also produce highly patterned health differences in populations which
reflect inequalities in society. Third, the determinants work through discernable causal
pathways. Fourth, the causal pathways help to identify ways of preventing and
ameliorating disease. Fifth, there are also causal pathways for the promotion of health.
Finally, positive and negative causal pathways cross physical, biological, social, economic,
political and psychological discipline boundaries.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Maintaining good health can be a difficult task in our day-to-day hectic life. It is important
to sustain a good health for the following reasons:
1. To alleviate stress and lift one’s emotions.

2. Improve heart and circulatory health.

3. To gradually increase one’s energy.

4. Keep a check on our weight.

5. Boost physical stamina.

6. Battle diseases and avert them.

The term health is a combination of mental, physical, social and environmental health.
Mental health signifies how to keep our mind stable and free from stress and anxiety.
Mental health can be maintained by meditation and yoga. Physical health mainly focuses on
how well we maintain our physique. A good physique is an outcome of a proper balanced
diet and exercises. Human beings are social animals. They depend on other fellow beings
for emotional support. Environmental health emphasis on clean and tidy surroundings.

Good health is a result of disease-free, stress-free life. One has to take responsibility to care
for his/her health. Maintaining good health starts from keeping our hands clean and tidy.
Wearing clean washed clothes, taking medications only with doctor’s advice when sick,
asking for help when emotionally disturbed, exercises, meditation all help in achieving a
good health.

How environmental changes affect human health.

By: Nieche yen R. Lopez & Gerald Tuason – SY. 2022-2023- Dauin National High
School