ZIN PESA NEPAL

Bagbazar-28, Kathmandu, Nepal

Japanese Particles (じょし)

1. は　(Wa)
This particle is used to mark the topic of the sentence about which you are about to talk.
れい:　ネパールは　へいわの　くに　です。
Nepal is a country of peace.
[A] Wa [B] desu.
= [A] is [B].
Here you are talking about Nepal. So you must attach the particle は every time whenever you use the word Nepal as a
topic.

2. が　(Ga)

 The particle が can also be used to emphasize or focus on the subject or distinguish it from others.
We use the particle が when the question word is the subject or part of it.
れい: だれ が  来ますか。
Dare ga kimasu ka.
Who will come?
Generally, 私が is not used as it portrays the feeling of proudness.

3. を (o)

This particle marks the grammatical object of a sentence. It follows nouns and noun phrases.

Formation
Noun + o ( を) + verb
Example
れい: 私は チョコを 食べます。
Watashi wa choko o tabemasu.
I eat chocolate.

4. の (no)

The particle の (no) is used primarily to express an ownership or possession.

Formation
Person の Noun
Example
れい: これは せんせいの ほん です。
Korewa sensei no hon desu.
This is teacher's book.

5. か (ka)
 ZIN PESA NEPAL
Bagbazar-28, Kathmandu, Nepal
This particle signifies a question since question marks aren’t really used in Japanese.

Formation
(verb か/ですか)
Example
れい: 　あなたの おなまえは なん ですか。
Aanatano onamae wa nan desuka.
What is your name?

6. も (mo)
This particle generally depicts the meaning of both, too, either, also.

Formation
(A は　 _____　 です。 Ｂも _____ です。)
Example
れい: 　わたしは　がくせい　です。あのひと　も　がくせい　です。
Watasiwa gakusei desu. Aanohitomo gakusei desu.
I am a student. She/he is also a student.

7. に (ni)
This particle can be used in various conditions some of which are listed as
(a) Time
Here に particle express the time, time of event, etc.

Formation
(Time に Verb)
Example
れい: 　わたしは　6 じに　おきました。
Watasiwa Rokuzini okimasita.
I got up at 6 A.M.

(b) Place
Here に particle talks about the position of things or the person.

Formation
(Place に います/あります)
Example
れい: 　(せんせい/つくえ) は　きょうしつに　(います/あります) 。
Sensei/Tsukuewa kyousitsuni imasu/arimasu.
Teacher\Desk is in the classroom.

(c) Receiving and Giving

Here に particle talks about the receiver and giver.

Formation
(Person に あげます/もらいます)
 ZIN PESA NEPAL
Bagbazar-28, Kathmandu, Nepal
Example
れい: 　わたしは　せんせいに　はなを　あげました。
Watasiwa senseini hanawo agemasita.
I gave flower to my teacher.

れい: 　RAM さんは　せんせいに(から)　はなを　もらいました。

RAM sanwa senseini hanawo moraimashita.
Ram received flower from his teacher.

8. で (de)
This particle can be used in various conditions some of which are listed as
(a) When you use certain medium or things to complete the task.
Formation
(Medium で Noun/Verb)
Example
れい: 　わたしは　スプンで　ごはんを　たべます。
Watasiwa supunde gohanwo tabemasu.
I eat food by spoon.

(b)When denoting the place of action.

Formation
(place で Verb)
Example
れい: 　わたしは　コンビニで　おにぎりを　かいます。
Watasiwa konbinide onigiriwo kaimasu.
I will buy Onigiri from Convenient Store.

9. へ(a)
This particle indicates that one is heading or setting out to head towards a goal or direction.

Formation
(Place へ いきます/きます/かえります)
Example
れい:　 わたしは　がっこう　へ　(いきます/きます)。
Watasiwa gakkou a (ikimasu/kimasu)
わたしは　（うち/くに）　へ　かえります。
Watasiwa (uchi/kuni) a kaerimasu.

10. Starting Point: から and Ending Point: まで

[わたしは / が] いえ　から えき　まで あるきます

[Topic / Subject] Starting Point Ending Point Verb

 ZIN PESA NEPAL
Bagbazar-28, Kathmandu, Nepal
[I will] walk from my house to the station.

The first function is that から expresses starting points and まで expresses

ending points. This usage is applicable not only for locations, but also
time and order as well.

あさ　から　よる　まで　はたらきます 。
[I will] work from morning to night.

あさ 5 じ　から　よる 9 じ　まで　 ねます。
[I will] sleep from 5:00a.m. to 9:00p.m..

いちばん　から　さんばん　まで　かきます。
[I will] write from the first number to the third number.