Dakuon 【濁音】てんてん

Dakuon literally means turbid or murky sound. It is the voiced sound of か [ka], 

さ [sa], た [ta] and は [ha]-row syllables.
Dakuon is indicated with two small dots.
Pronunciation of じ and ぢ, ず and づ are the same.

Handakuon 【半濁音】まる
Handakuon literally means half-turbid or half-murky sound.
Handakuon is indicated with a small circle.
 Yōon 【拗音】Half Letter
Yōon is a combination of the consonant of i-column syllables and ya, yu or yo. For
example, k + ya = kya.
Yōon is described by i-column letters plus small や, ゆ or よ. For example, き 
+ ゃ = きゃ [kya].
Pronunciation of じゃ, じゅ, じょ and ぢゃ, ぢゅ, ぢょ are the same.

Sokuon 【促音】

pause
Sokuon is a pause (no sound) between two syllables.
Sokuon is described by small つ.
Examples

さっき [sakki] ひっし [hisshi] いった [itta] やっぱり [yappari]