*

HENRY SWEET

toi 1
1 I
: • ia {

■>y OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
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Oj^c. w. I ■<? "IT
 V
CFarenion (J)reses |i>eriea
SKI P R A T A rCOLLRG
r'
SRIM A , -
r- u 1-

FIRST STEPS
IN

ANGLO-SAXON

r.Y

HENRY SWEET, M.A., Ph.D., LL.D.

CORRESPONDING MEMBER
OF THE MUNICH ACADEMY 01 SCIENCES

©jfori
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1897
 HENRY FROWDE, M.A.
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

LONDON, EDINBURGH, AND NEW YORK

r
l
 PREFACE

In my Anglo-Saxon Primer I tried to make things easy

for the beginner by adopting a uniform normalized spelling,
by giving only a few texts of the simplest character, and by
basing the grammar and glossary exclusively on these texts,
so that everything learnt in the grammar might be at once
utilized in reading the texts, and the time and trouble of
looking up words be reduced to a minimum.
But although the Primer is perfectly well suited for those
students who have already had some linguistic training—
especially those who know German—there are others for
whom a rigorous grammar-and-glossary method is too abstract,
and whose memories will not bear the strain of having to
master a grammar of some length before proceeding to the

Such learners require a less concise and abstract exposition,

one in w ich the strain on the memory is reduced to a
minimum, partly by careful gradation of difficulties, partly
y greater fullness of exposition, and lastly by further simpli¬
fy 1;;;11 and om.ssion of whatever is not absolutely necessary

£ s chan™";
f ,11 h r°eS d° n0t Cntai1
St Start' ThC PreSent "ork *"» t 2
3ny increase of bulk, the greater
ness of exposition being balanced by the omissions.
 IV PREFACE

As the Primer is intended as an introduction to a scientific

as well as a purely practical knowledge of Old English, it
includes an exposition of some of the fundamental facts of
historical grammar, such as the laws of mutation and grada¬
tion, which are certainly not necessary for the beginner, even
if we admit that they have a practical value in helping to fix
the forms in the memory. I have, accordingly, rigorously
excluded all such details from the grammar in the present
work, which is intended to be a purely practical introduction
to the language.
But a practical mastery itself has different stages. The
first requisite is to understand written texts, which involves
only the power of recognizing grammatical forms, not of
constructing them, as in the further stage of writing or
speaking the language. Thus in beginning the second text
in the present book (§ 14) a learner in the first stage is
expected to find out for himself that maiina is in the genitive
plural, and that crafium is in the dative plural, and to infer
from the ending -?ie in hwelcne that craft is masculine. lie
will then be able to infer with tolerable certainty from what
he has learnt in the grammar that the plural of craft is
craftas, but this inference belongs really to the second stage :
a learner in the first stage is expected only to recognize the
inflection of craftas when he meets it.
The first object, therefore, of a simplified grammar is to
give what is necessary to enable the beginner to recognize
the grammatical forms which occur in the texts he is about
to read. This excludes not only mutation &c., but also
part of the syntax; thus an exposition of the laws of Old
English word-order would evidently be out of place in the
present grammar.
The first thing is to explain the general structure of the
 PREFACE v

language that in Old English, for instance, nouns have

three genders, that the gender is partly grammatical, that
nouns have four cases—and to state those general rules which
admit of no exception, such as that Old English nouns in -a
are masculine, and that compound nouns follow the gender
of their last element.
Those irregular forms which are of very frequent occur¬
rence such as the inflections of the definite article—must,
of course, be learnt by heart at once, the learner relying on
their incessant repetition to fix them in his memory. Less
frequent irregularities need not be included in the grammar
at all, their explanation being relegated to a note. Thus in
the present texts the dative vipin does not occur till near the
end (§ 230), where, accordingly, it is explained for the first
time. So also with the passive hatte (§ 100).
In dealing with a group of irregular forms, we always have
to ask ourselves the question, ‘ Which is the easier for the
learner, to bring these forms under general rules, or simply to
let them be learnt one by one as they occur ?' Experience
shows that at first it is better to err in the latter extreme.
Accordingly, in dealing with the strong verbs, it will be seen
t lat after giving a general account of their formation, and a
e\\ general rules such as that in the preterite the second
person singular always has the same vowel as the plural—
: content myself with giving the typical forms of each verb
m a note to the passage where it first occurs. When the
earner passes on to the Primer, he will be able to combine
t lese isolated inflections into a systematic scheme, with most
of whose details he will be already familiar.
In some cases where there is more than one form, but
without there being any great complexity and irregularity,
1 steer a middle course: I mention the various. forms, but
 VI PREFACE

■without giving any rules for their use. Thus in § 16 I merely

say that ‘most strong neuters take in the plural, or else
remain unchanged/ Here the reader will ask ‘ Why not give
the simple rule that -71 is used only when the preceding
syllable is short?' But how about rlcu ? And if we add
a definition of ‘short syllable/ and explain all the apparent
or real exceptions, our brief rule—which gives all the in¬
formation required for our purpose—will be considerably
lengthened. And if the rest of the grammar is expanded in
the same way, it will become simply a reprint of the greater
part of the grammar in the Primer.
In the grammar I have been careful to group parallel forms
together as much as possible. Thus under ‘Cases' I give
the inflections of nouns, the definite articles, and the personal
pronouns all together, so that, for instance, the learner may
make them, her stepping-stones to pcem, hire.piere, and after¬
wards to the corresponding strong adjective inflections.
■ The occasional paradigms are in most cases not intended
to be learnt by heart, but serve only to sum up the scattered
information already given.
All these principles are those which are carried out—
consciously or unconsciously—by most linguists. An ex¬
perienced linguist in attacking a new language begins with
the shortest grammar he can find. He first takes a general
bird's-eye view of the language, finds out what are its special
difficulties, what is to be brought under general rules, what to
learn detail by detail, what to put off till a later stage. The
rash beginner who starts with a big grammar forgets two-
thirds of it soon after he begins independent reading. Such
a grammar as the one in the present work simply attempts
to give him the really useful residue which, when once learnt,
is not and cannot be forgotten.
 PREFACE VII

Inflections may be recognized in two ways: by their form

—as when we know that a noun is in the dative plural by its
ending in -um; or by their function—as when we infer from
a word expressing more than one person and standing in
the indirect-object relation that it is a noun in the dative
plural. Of these two methods of parsing—the formal and
the syntactical—sometimes one is easier, sometimes the other.
There is, therefore, every reason why elementary syntax should
be learnt simultaneously with accidence. It seems irrational
to force a beginner to recognize such a grammatical category
as the subjunctive mood solely by irregular and perplexing
inflections, when such a simple rule as that ‘ it is always used
in indirect narration may enable him to recognize a large
number of subjunctives with mathematical certainty. In my
grammar I have therefore blended the two together, which
has the further advantage of giving the learner additional
examples of the inflections in complete sentences.
I he examples in the grammar have been carefully selected
so as to prepare the learner for the texts. Those which are
not sentences are generally groups of words, so as to do
justice to the principle of association. It will be observed
that the same principles are followed in the paradigms
also. The examples under ‘Pronunciation’ have been
utilized as a preparation for learning the inflections, especially
the irregular ones, which offer no more difficulty than the
regular ones to the learner who has not yet begun to analyze
grammatically.
When an example is repeated, the learner is referred back
to it. Thus when he comes to the numerals (§ 56) he finds
tat nearly all the inflections of twa are familiar to him from
the examples there repeated.
In accordance with these principles of gradation and com-
 ••• PREFACE
Till

parison, there is no glossary to the texts, but each new word

is explained in the notes, or a reference is given to an earlier
—rarely a later—explanation. Of course these references
are not repeated an indefinite number of times, although
I have been careful to err on the safe side, and to make
every allowance for defective memories. Often the reference
is not to the explanation itself, but to the last passage in
which the word occurs, where a reference to the explanation
itself will be found. The object of all this is, of course,
to give the learner an inducement to master each page of the
book thoroughly before proceeding to the next.
I have carried out the same principles with the examples
in the grammar: all new words in them after § 22 are
explained in the notes, no complete translations being given,
so that the learner is obliged to study them with the same
care as the texts themselves.
As the limited number of original Old English texts
suitable for beginners was nearly exhausted in my Anglo-
Saxon Reader, I was obliged in the Primer to rely mainly
on Biblical extracts and Homilies. In the present book
I have made new texts by free adaptation of existing texts
suitable in matter but not in form. By way of introduction
I have taken some passages of Bede’s Astronomy, with some
alterations and additions. My second text is the gloss to the
celebrated Colloquy 0/ sElfric, normalized and put into
idiomatic Old English. I have, lastly, paraphrased the first
part of Beowulf into simple prose—a translation is of course,
out of the question. In this very difficult task I have been
more successful than I expected, although I cannot hope
entirely to have escaped errors. These three texts not only
form an easy and interesting introduction to the language,
but have the further advantage of giving a brief but comprc-
 PREFACE ix

hensive view of the science, daily life, and epic and mytho¬
logical traditions of our forefathers.
The learner who has worked conscientiously through this
little book will have a considerable practical knowledge of
the language—a knowledge which will be none the worse for
being mainly unconscious and instinctive rather than sys¬
tematic and analytic. A few weeks' work at the Primer will
then systematize his knowledge and round it off, and he will
pioceed to the elements of historical and comparative grammar
with all the more zest through not having had them crammed
into him prematurely. Some may prefer to use the two
books simultaneously. Others who have already gone through
the Primer will welcome First Steps as a means of testing
and strengthening their knowledge, and as a relief from the
dryness of the texts in the former book.

Henry Sweet.
Malvern,
July 2 2, 1897.
 CONTENTS
PAGE
GRAMMAR
Pronunciation.t

Nouns

gender . • • • • • 4
number • • • • • 4
case • • • • • • 5
Adjectives . • • • • • . lO
comparison . • • • • • . 12
Numerals . • • • • • . I2
Pronouns . • • • • • • 13
Verbs .... • • • • • • J5
strong verbs . • • • • • . 17
weak verbs . • • • • • . 18
preterite-present verbs • •• • •
m
• *9
subjunctive . • • • • • . 19
imperative . • • • • • . 22
anomalous verbs . • • • • • . 22
tenses . • • • • • . 24
Negation . • • • • • • 25
TEXTS
Physiography . • • • • • . 26
The occupations of men • • • • • . 28
Beowulf’s expedition • • • • • • 39
NOTES . 68
FIRST STEPS IN ANGLO-SAXON

GRAMM A R
Pronunciation.

1. When the stress (accent) falls on the first syllable

of a word of more than one syllable, it is not marked; thus
andswaru ‘ answer ’ has the stress on the same syllable as in
Modern English. If the stress falls on any other than the
first syllable, it is marked by ( ) preceding the letter on
which the stress begins; thus besgttan has the same stress
as besetting. But we omit the (*) after the prefixes be- and
&e~> as ^ey never take the stress: besgttan, gehleran (6) =
gehleran.
Vowels.
2. The vowels are either short or long. The short
“vowels are left unmarked, the long vowels are marked
withf).
Thus a has the sound of the first vowel in aha /, and a
has the sound of the second: an mann * one man \ twa
handa * two hands \
80 has the sound of the English vowel in at, a having,
of course, the same sound long: at ham. 1 at home ’, mare
dada * famous deeds
B
3 GRAMMAR

e has the sound of close French /: fela manna 1 many

men ', twegen fet ‘ two feet
§ as in men : twegen mpin ‘ two men \
i close, as in French fini: fiffingras ‘five fingers \
ie has the open sound of i in it: hie waron ieryieiide ‘ they
were running \
o close, as in French beau: Godes word ‘God’s word’,
god win ‘ good wine \
u close, as in French sou : min sunn ‘my son '; iwa hits
* two houses \
y as in French lu: se cyning ‘the king’, lytel hus ‘a
little house \ (Observe that the indefinite article is generally
omitted.)
3. There are also diphthongs, which have the stress on
the first element:—
ea='(za {a> in cet followed by the a in mann): heard stan
i a hard stone ', heah weall ‘ a high wall \
eo is pronounced as written, with two close vowels: feower
sweord ‘four swords \

Consonants.

4. Double consonants must be pronounced really double

or long. Thus, whilst n in sutiu (2) is pronounced as in
money, the nn in seo sunne ‘ the sun * is pronounced as in pen¬
knife.
5. c has the sound of k: cene cgmpa ‘a brave warrior',
lytel cnapa ‘ a little boy \
c is a k formed in that part of the mouth where we form
the y in you : seo cirice ‘ the church styccemcelum ‘ piecemeal,
bit by bit \
0. g at the beginning of words and in the combination ng
is pronounced as in go: pat grene gars ‘ the green grass
 PRONUNCIATION :■ CONSONANTS 3
pcEt langscip ‘the war-ship (long ship)’. Otherwise, that is
after vowels and /, r, it has the sound of German g in sagen :
twegen dagas ‘ two days ', micel burg ‘ a great cityse halga
‘ the saint (the holy one)'.
g in the combination tig has a sound analogous to that
of c, something like the g in gem : mgngan ‘ mingle, mix
Also in eg, which is pronounced as if written gg: weepnes geg
‘ the edge of a weaponAlso at the beginning of words
and syllables, as mgeond middatigeard ‘ throughout the world',
except that in unaccented syllables it had the sound of oury,
as in gehieran ‘ to hear'. Otherwise, that is after all vowels
and all consonants except *, it had the sound of our in you:
bdhge g tig las ‘ holy angels', d-wierged scucca ‘ an accursed
sprite (demon) \
7. h at the beginning of a syllable has the same sound as
now : he haffi hund ‘ he has a dog Otherwise it has the
sound of German ch : neah ‘ near seo sulh ‘ the plough
heorhl ‘ bright hm, as in hwcet • what has the sound of our
wh. hi, hn, hr differ from /, n, r respectively in the same
way as hw differ from w, hi having the sound of Welsh ll:
se hlaford ‘ the lord hnllan ‘ to collide hrcedlile ‘ quickly
8. p may be pronounced as the ‘ breath ’ th in thin at the
eginning and end of words, and after breath consonants
such as c,p, sop Pit stfsl ‘you speak the truth’, he slUpP
he sleeps . Otherwise, that is when followed by a vowel
•t v, Pre^e<^ec* ^ a vowel or a ‘ voice ’ consonant such as r,
it had the voice sound in then : on heo/one and on eorPan < in
heaven and on earth'.
9. f and s have the breath sounds/, r and the voice sounds

oundTn V0 ^r™ rUleS’ Thus they have ‘he breath

,°“ ‘n Aond the enemy " hid/ ‘ the loaf, the bread ’,
a W1S 50 Wlse > " hen doubled, as in tessa ‘ less ’ -
B 2
 4 GRAMMAR

the voice sound in heofort ‘ heaven ’, se wisa lareow ‘ the wise

teacher ’, he rcesde on hi?ie ‘ he rushed on him \
10. r and w must be pronounced clearly wherever they
are written : her ‘ here *, facet word * the word \ se wrgcca ‘ the
exile facet treow ‘ the tree \

Nouns.

Gender.
11.
Every noun has one of three genders, which are most
easily remembered by learning each noun with the definite
article * the ’—masculine se, neuter facet, feminine seo. The
gender is partly natural, partly grammatical. By the natural
gender names of male beings, such as se feeder ‘ the father ,
se brdfaor ‘ the brother ’, are masculine ; those of female beings,
such as seo modor ‘ the mother ’, seo dohior ‘ the daughter ’,
are feminine; and those of young creatures, such as facet dild
1the child’, are neuter. But facet ivif ‘the woman, wife’ is
also rteuter.
12. By grammatical gender names of things are not only
neuter—-facet hus ‘ the house', facet eage ‘ the eye 1—but also
masculine and feminine: se stan (3), se fdt ‘ the foot ’; seo
hand (2), seo deed (2). Note that all nouns ending in -a are
masculine: se Ijtla efiapa (5), se nama ‘the name’, se mona
‘ the moon \
13. Compound nouns follow the gender of their last
element, as in se goldsmtfa ‘the goldsmith ’, formed from facet
gold ‘ the gold ’ and se smifa ‘ the smith ’, se wifmann ‘ woman ’
from facet wlf (11) and se man?i (2).

Number.
14. The definite article has in the plural fad for all genders.
Nouns have a variety of endings in the plural, which depend
 NOUNS: NOMINATIVE 5
partly on their gender. Nouns in -a—which are all mascu¬
line (12) take -an in the plural: pa naman (12), pd ly/lan
c nap an. All feminine nouns in -e, together with pat cage (12),
have the same plural ending: twa (2) cirican (5), twa
eagan.
Nouns that take -an in the plural are called weak. All
other nouns are called strong.
15. The commonest plural-ending of strong masculine
nouns is -as; thus se cyning (2), se gnde ‘end' have plurals
cyningas, pi das. se dag has plural dagas (6) with vowel-
change.
18. Most strong neuters take in the plural, or else
remain unchanged; thus Pat scip ‘ ship \Pat rice ‘kingdom,
rule, sovereignty ', Pat wapen ‘ weapon ' (6) have plurals pa
stipu, Pd ricu, Pd wapnu, while Patfole ‘ nation ', Pat tins (2),
pat wlf (11) have plurals pd/ole, Pd has, Pd wif.
JL7. Most strong feminines take -a in the plural; thus seo
dad (2), seo hand (2), seo ceaster ‘city' have plurals Pd dada,
pa handa, pa ceastra.
18. Some plurals are formed by vowel-change: ^ mann,
Pamtnn(2); se fit (12),pd fet (2) ; sid boe ‘ the book', A*
ec} seo burg fortress, city , pa by rig. There are also other
irregular plurals.

Case.

19. All the nouns hitherto given in this chapter are in the
nominative case. We have seen that weak masculine nouns
have in the nominative singular the ending -« (se mono), weak
feminine? and neuters the ending -c (seo cirice, Poet eage)
Nouns ending in -* and -0 are always strong, such as se
TnU {2)’Se0 duru ‘d00r ’> Plura>s M suna, Pa dura, seo teldo
age, old age ’ (eald ‘ old ’), seo vertigo « multitude, crowd ’
6 GRAMMAR

(manig 'many’). Note that these feminines in -o are gener¬

ally indeclinable, as in the plural fid mgnigo.
The following are pronouns in the nominative: ic 11 ,
fiu (8); he (7), hit ‘it', heo ‘she’, plurals we ‘ we ge ‘ ye
hie (2). Further examples: ic eom her ‘I am here’ | heo is
min (2) modor (11) | hil is lytel (2) hus (16) | ge wifi (16).
20. The subject of a sentence and words agreeing with it
are put in the nominative : ic com fices cyninges hunta ‘ I am
the king’s hunter’.
Nouns have three other cases, the accusative, dative, and
genitive, included under the common name ‘ oblique ’.

21. The accusative of the definite article is masculine

pone, feminine fid, the neuter fiat and the plural (all genders)
fid being the same as the nominative.Note that in all words
the accusative is the same as the nominative in the neuter
singular (fiat cage), and in the plural (fid cyningas).
22. The accusative is the direct-object case, serving to
show that a noun-word completes the meaning of a transitive
verb.
23. Weak masculine and feminine nouns have accusative
singulars in -an (the same as the plural nominative): ic
gehierde pone naman (12) | we gesawon fid sunnan (4) an(^
pone monan (12).
24. Strong masculine (as well as neuter) nouns have the
accusative the same as the nominative in the singular as
well as the plural: he grette pone cyning.
25. Some strong feminines have the accusative singular
the same as the nominative, while others take -e: ic geseah
fid undad | hie gesawon (23) fid ceastre (17) feorran.
26. The accusatives of the pronouns given above (19) are
me ‘ me fie 4 thee hine (9) 4 him ’, hit (the same as the nom.
 NOUNS: DATIVE 7

21) ‘it\ hie ‘her’, plurals us ‘us’, eow ‘you’, hie ‘them’.
Observe that the Modern English forms him, her, them are
historically datives (29) not accusatives. Compare further
hine with pone (21), hi-e ‘ her ’ with pa ceastr-e. The following
are further examples: canst pu pisne crceft? ic canti hine |
gesihst pu pa ceastre ? ic hie geseo.
27. The accusative is further used to express extent of
space and duration of time: ic eom (20) ealneweg gearo | hie
wunodon par lange lid.
28. Hence some prepositions which express extent or
motion govern the accusative, such as geond (6) ‘ throughout
ymb ‘around, about’: geond pa healle \ seo sunne (23) iernp
ymb pa eorpan.

29. The dative of se, pcct and the plural pa is pccm.

Similarly the dative of he, hit and the plural hie is him ‘ him,
it, them (compare Modern English to hi-m, to the-ni). Note
also that the dative plural ending of nearly all nouns is -uni.
The dative of seo is pcere. Similarly the dative of heo is hire
(compare Modern English to he-r). The pronouns ic, pu,
plurals we, ge, have the dative the same as the accusative:
me ‘ to me ’, pe ‘ to thee ’, us ‘ to us eow ‘ to you \
30. The dative is the indirect-object case; and often
corresponds to the Modern English ‘ to ’ in ‘ give it to him
similar to : sgle me ha/oc ! hwcct sceal ic pinum gebrdprum
saltan? sgle him hors/
31. Weak nouns have dative singular in -an: God sealde
p&m monan (12) leoht.
32. Most strong nouns have -e in the dative singular : sleep
bip deape gelicost | he andswarode hire pus. seo andswaru
gelicode piere ewene | hie sind piern cyninge gelriewe.
33. The dative is used not only with verbs of giving to,
8 GRAMMAR

speaking to, and with words expressing nearness to, likeness

to, being agreeable to, faithful to, and so on, but also with
many other words expressing benefiting and injuring,
affecting and influencing in various ways: eallum mannuvi
nytt | he him on-besteel | he dear/ him pcct heafod of \ fisceras
bregdap him ngtt.
For the ‘instrumental dative' see 52.
34. Many prepositions govern the dative, such as after
‘after', be ‘by, along, concerning\for ‘for, because of', mid
‘ withto ‘ to ': eefter his dcege | he eode be pcere strcete \ wacian
for peofum \ se cyning scet mid his ealdormannum | he cwcep
to peem cyninge.
35. Some prepositions govern both the dative and accusa¬
tive, such as on ‘ in, on ’ (8, 9), ofer ‘ over', tinder ‘ under .
When motion or extension is implied they generally take the
accusative (28): se mangere a'stag on his scip | pa beamas
hangiap ofer pone mgre. With the dative they generally ex¬
press rest: se fiscere (33) is ute o?i pcere see (46) on anum bate.

30. The genitive corresponds sometimes to *s (man s),

sometimes to of (of the man).
37. The genitive of se and pcet is pees (20). Similarly the
genitive of he and hit ‘ it' is his. The genitive of seo is piere^
—the same as the dative. Similarly the genitive of heo ‘ she
is hire. The genitive of the plural pa is para. Similarly the
genitive of hie ‘ they' is hira. The pronouns ic, pu, plural
we,ge, have genitives min ‘ of me ', pin ‘ of thee', ure ‘ of us ,
eower ‘ of you '. The genitives of pronouns are used also as
possessives: hie sind (32) hira hlaforde (g) getriewe (32)*
The following are examples of their use as genitives: eower
nan | he ofsldg hira pritig.
38. Weak nouns have genitive singular -an the same as
 NOUNS : GENITIVE 9

the other oblique cases—and genitive plural -ena : pas motian

leoht (31) and para steorrena | pare sunnan (23) hate.
39. Strong masculine and neuter nouns have genitive
singular in -es, plural in -a : pees cyniriges heall (28) | pat hus
is ealra (33) hus a bgtst.
40. Strong feminines have genitive singular -e—the same
as the dative—and generally genitive plural -a : pcere healle
duru | ealra (39) dada (17) mar os t.
41. The genitive is used instead of the accusative with
verbs expressing thinking of, being mindful of, remembering,
and other mental states, and various emotions : he gemunde
para worda pe he ter sprcec | yfeles wenan | hie fagnodon pees
gebeorscipes.
42. Also with some verbs of having possession or enjoy¬
ment of, striving for: sweordes on'fon | mgtes brucan | pd
fiend his ehton.
43. Some of these verbs govern a genitive of the thing
and an accusative of the person, especially those which
express asking: hie hine fripes badon.
44. Some of them have a dative of the person, especially
those expressing granting or denying ; he him fripes gefipode
| he pancode hire pees.
45. The following table will show the chief noun-inflec¬
tions :—

Sing. Nom. se dag peet hus, scip seo ceasler, deed

Acc. pone deeg peet hus pd ceastre, died
Dat. pcem deege pcem huse pare ceastre
Gen. pees deeges pees buses pare ceastre

Plur. Nom. pa dagas pd hus, scipu pa ceastra

Dat. pcem dagum pcem husum pam ceastrum
Gen. para daga para husa para teastra
IO GRAMMAR

Sing. Nom. se wita pat eage seo cirice

Acc. pone wit an pat eage pa cirican
Dat. pam ivitan pam eagan pare cirican
Gen. pees witan pees eagan pare cirican

Plur. Nom. pa witan pa eagan pa cirican

Dat. pam witum pam eagurn pam ciricum
Gen. para wite?ia para eagena para ciricena

46. Nouns ending in a long vowel or diphthong contract

their inflections. Thus seo see (35) has sa in the oblique
cases of the singular: pare sa strand. So also seo ea ‘ river
has dative plural earn. The weak noun gefea ‘joy has
gefean in the oblique singular cases: mid (34)gefian'
47. The body of the word undergoes various changes in
inflection. Thus se fcorh ‘ life ’ has genitive feores. In such
a word as pat feoh ‘ money * these changes necessarily result
in contraction of the inflection (46): genitive pas fe'os, dative
pam feo : he me pas feos getipode (44).

Adjectives.
48. Adjectives have two kinds of inflection, strong and
weak.
The weak inflections of adjectives are the same as t ose
of weak nouns, except in the genitive plural, which has the
strong adjective form.
Adjectives take weak inflections when preceded by t e
definite article or other defining words such as 1 this .
Sing.
Nom. se goda wita pat gode wif seo gode da:d
Acc. pone gddan witan pat gode wif pa godan d^
Dat. pam gddan witan pam gddan wife paregotpan a^e
Gen. pees godati witan has gddan wifes pare gddan da
 ADJECTIVES II

Plur.
Nom. pa godan witan pa godan wif pa god an
deed a
Dat. pam godum witurn pam godum wifum pam godum
dadum
Gen. para gddra witena para gddra wif a para gddra
dec da

49. Otherwise adjectives

have strong inflections, re-
sembling partly those of strong nouns, but more generally
those of the personal pronouns :—

Sing. Nom. god craft god cild god ewen

Acc. godne craft god cild gdde ewene
Dat. godum crafte godum cilde godre ewene
Gen. godes craftes godes cildes godre ewene
Plur. Nom. gdde craftas god cild gdde ewena
Dat. godum craftum godum cildum godum ewenum
Gen. gddra crafta gddra cilda gddra ewena

60. Some take -u in the feminine singular nominative and

neuter plural:—

Sing. Nom. sum craft sum cild sumu ewen

Acc. sumne craft sum cild sume ewene
Plur. Nom. sume craftas sumu cild sume ewena

61‘. The following are examples of the strong inflections

of adjectives : geond (28) ealne (33) middangeard | he hafp
(7) mi del (6) mod | he wunode par lange tid | godum (2) cyninge
gedafenap Pat he sie cystig | on dnre diegelre stowe \ me is
godes wapnes (16) pearf \ preo pund god re buteran \ se hunt a
(20) hafp swifte hundas | eall pa sdipu war on nrwu | eallum
mannum cup | ealra witena gemot.
 12 GRAMMAR

52. Strong adjectives have an instrumental case, but

only in the masculine and neuter singular; it has the same
form as the dative of nouns, that is -e. In the feminine and
plural the dative—instrumental dative—is used instead, the
dative -inn being used instrumentally instead of -e in the
masculine and neuter singular also. The instrumental and
instrumental dative are used to express the instrument and
manner of an action, and time when : spree mildurn wordum ! |
pa munucas gap to (34) cirican celce derge. The instrumental
is often used with the preposition mid (34): mid micle (51)
nipe.
Comparison.
53. The comparative is formed by adding -nz, and
always has weak inflection. Thus from leaf ‘ dear, beloved,
pleasant’ is formed the comparative masculine leo/ra ‘more
dear’, neuter and feminine leo/re, plural leofran : p<zt (44) is
me leo/re.
64. The superlative is formed by adding -ost, and is
inflected strong or weak in the same way as the positive .* he
is 7iie ealra manna leo/ost | se leo/osta mann.
55. Some adjectives have vowel-change in comparison,
in which case the superlative ends in -est, as in eald old ,
ieldra, ieldest | long (27), I pig r a, longest.

Numerals.

56. The first two are inflected thus:—

NEUT. FEM.
MASC. NEUT. FEM. MASC.
Nom. iwegen twd iwa prie Pr^° preip

Dat. tweem prim

Gen. twegra ■ preora
 PRONOUNS 13

Examples: iwegen mgnn (2), twa hits (2), twa handa (2),
mid twczm handum | prle mpm, preo pund (51), preora suna
(19) feeder (11).
67. The others up to twenty are not inflected. The
ty-numerals are sometimes uninflected, sometimes inflected
like adjectives: prltigra (37) manna mergen. When unin¬
flected, the ty-numerals are regarded as nouns, and govern
the genitive, not only in a partitive sense, as in he of'slog hira
pm tig, but in other constructions : se cyyiing heold pert rice
(l&) fftig wintra. peel hund ‘hundred" and pert pus end
thousand are nouns : pusetid cenra cgmpena.

Pronouns.
68. The following are the inflections of the personal
pronouns:—
Sing. Nom. id ‘I* pu ‘ thou7
Acc. me pe
Dat. me pe
Gen. min pin
Dual. Nom. wit * we two * git ‘ ye two 9

Acc. unc inc

Dat. unc inc
Gen. uncer incer
Plur. Nom. we ‘ we (three)9 ge ‘ ye (three)'
* /
Acc. us eow
Dat. us eow
Gen. ure eower
Examples of the dual: se lareow eweep (34) id pcem twerm
gebroPrum (30) ‘ hwert wille git Pert ic inc (dat.) do?' Pd Iwegen
gebrdpru andswarodon (32) ‘ wit wit lap Pat Pu unc Icere.'
 GRAMMAR

59. In addition to the pronouns of the third person, the

definite article is used also in the sense of ‘ this one, he,
she ' etc., se becoming se

Sing. Nom. he, se hit, peet heo, seo

Acc. hine, pone hit, peet hie, pa
Dat. him, peem him, pdm hire, peere
Gen. his, pees his, pees hire, peere

Flur. Nom. hie, pa

Dat. him, pcem
Gen. hira, para

Examples of se: an (35) cyning wees on (35) Dgnum, se

wees haten Hropgar | ic ascode hine be pcem. The se in the
first example may be translated 4 who \
60. The possessive pronouns min (2),pin (30), uncer, incer,
ure, eower, which are the genitives of the personal pronouns,
are inflected as strong adjectives : mid minum handum | we
sind urum hlaforde getriewe (37) | on eowerre teastre. The
genitives of the third person, his, hire, hira, are used as
indeclinable possessives, as in hie sind on hira agnum huse
compared with we sind on urum agnum huse.
61. The interrogative pronoun hwa 1 who 9 has inflections
similar to those of se :—

MASC. NEUT. FEM.

Nom. hwa hweet hwa

Acc. hwone hwcet hwone

Dat. hweem
Gen. hwees

62. The demonstrative pes ‘this’ also has inflections

resembling those of se:—
 VERBS
*5
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
Sing. Nom. pes pis peos
Acc. pisne pis pas
Dat. pissum pissum pisse
Gen. pisses pisses pisse

Plur. Nom. pas

Dat. pissum
Gen. pissa

Examples : Pes ealda (55, 48) mann \ hivanon comon ge

Aider on pis land f | Peos eorfre is swipe brad \ seo sunne iernp
W)ymb pas eorpan | on niht seo sunne is under («) pisse
eorpan | eall pas ping.
63. The relative pronoun is the indeclinable Pe : Pd Ping
pe n dyde. It is often combined with se to form the inflected
relative se-Pe: hii mag se (59) been gesalig se-Pe on Pdm
gesce/pum purh'wunian ne mot ?

Verbs.

~ The inflnitivo of verbs ends in -an, which, like other

nflections (46), is shortened to -n after a vowel, as in gdn
.... S° ,COr"Pfred with cuman ‘ to come ’: it geseah (25) pa
ipu to lande (62) cuman \ hwider wilt pit gdn ?
®6- FrOI?.thue |nfinitive is ^med the supine to cumanne, lb
ZZ 'Jc ,*? infinit.‘Ve is Put int° ‘ho dative after the
Durnose'011 A 3t ' II 'S USed to exPress necessity and
(60? | L define: pa pi„g pe (63) a d5nne ( w
(60) 1 hie comon Peel land to steawianne \fcrger on to Ibcianne.
Jnende Z Par?ci*>le ends « -ende, -nde, as in
( ), onde doyig : on horsum (30) ridende. When
 16 GRAMMAR

present participles are made into nouns, they drop the final e,
as in se feond (42) ‘enemy’, literally ‘hating’.
67. The preterite participle generally takes the prefix
ge-, unless the verb already has some such prefix. It is
formed in two ways. In ‘ strong ’ verbs it ends in -en, -n.
Thus the strong verbs cuman, becuman ‘come’, gan have
preterite participles cumen, becumen, gegan (compare Modern
English go, go-tie). In ‘ weak ’ verbs it ends in -d', Thus
the weak verb gehier an (23) has preterite participle gehier ed.
68. The finite verb has three moods, indicative, sub¬
junctive, and imperative—of which we are at present con¬
cerned only with the first,—and two tenses, present and
preterite, together with two numbers, singular and plural,
and three persons.
69. In the present (indicative) the first person ends in -(e):
ic cume, ic gehiere, ic ga ; the second in -st: pu gehier st ‘thou
hearest ’; and the third in -J>: he gehierp ‘ he heareth \ The
plural ends in -(a)J>: we gehier ap, ge cumap, hie gap.
70. The p of the third singular is changed to / or lost
after some consonants, as in he forgiet-t from forgietan
‘forget’. After some consonants it modifies the preceding
consonant, and is sometimes dropped itself, as in he w£nt
from w§ndan ‘turn, go’, he fell from fedan ‘feed’, he s;//
from saltan ‘set’. The -st of the second person often
causes similar changes in preceding consonants, as in pii
fetst ‘ thou feedest ’.
71. Double consonants are always simplified before -st
and eg (=gg 6) being made into g, as in he gefylp from
gefyllan ‘ fill ’, pu sfgst from sfegan ‘ say ’.
72. In the preterite the first and third person are always
the same—ic gehierde, he gehierde—and the plural ends in -on
in all three persons: we gehier don, hie gehier don.
 SKI PRaTaP college
„RGNG 17
Strong Verbs.
73. Strong verbs in addition to the above-described con¬
sonant-changes often modify their vowels before -si and -p,
as in hwal ilst pu ? he i'll from elan ‘eat’, he cymp from cuman,
he gap from gan.
74. The preterite of strong verbs is formed, not by
adding anything, but by various vowel-changes: ic cume
‘1 come ’> * com 11 came’; ic binde ‘ I bind ’, ic band
I bound ; ic cwepe (34), ic cwap\ ic a'rise ‘I arise’, id
a'ras ‘ I arose ’; id bebeode ‘ I command id bebead.
75. The preterite plural sometimes has the same vowel as
the singular: he com, hie conion ; he heo/d, hie heoldon from
hea/dan (57). But generally the plural has a different
vowel: he band, hie bundon; he a'ras, hie d'rison; he bebead,
hie bebudon. Sometimes there is consonant-change as well :
he cwap, hie cwddon; he hre'as, hie hruron from hreosan
T3.ll .
76. The second person singular of the preterite always
has the same vowel and consonant as the preterite plural,
from which it can be formed by changing -on into -e:
he was ‘ he was ’, hie waron 1 they were pu ware ‘ thou
t • So also he sprac, pu sprace, hie sprcecon from
spree an (41).
77. The following are the inflections of the very frequent
strong verb weorPan ‘ become \ including the subjunctive
\e5) •
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. Sing. 1. id weorpe pat ic weorpe
2. pu wierst pat pfi weorpe
3. he wierp pat he weorpe
Plur. hie weorpap pal hie weorpen
c
18 GRAMMAR

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.

Pret. Sing, i. id wearp peel ic wurde

2. pu wurde pat pu wurde
3. he wearp pat he wurde
Plur. hie wurdan pat hie wurden
The preterite participle is gewordeti.

Weak Verbs.
78. In weak verbs the second person singular of the
preterite is formed by adding -si, as in gehierdest pu ?
79. Some weak verbs have infinitive -an, some -ian. I he
latter are inflected in two different ways :—
Pres. Sing. 1. idfgrige ‘carry' ic wunige 6 dwell '
2. pu forest pu wunast
3. hefgrep he wunap
Plur. hie fgriap hie wuniap

Pret. Sing. 1. icfgrede id wunode

2. pu fgredest pu wutiodest
3. he fgrede he wunode
Plur. hie fgredon hie wunodon
Partic. Pres, fgriende wuniende
Pret. geftred gewunod
Infin. f§rian wunian
Gerund, to fgrianne to wunianne

80. Those with infinitive -an are inflected thus:

PRESENT. PRETERITE.

Sing. 1. id gehiere id gehierde

2. pu gehierst pu gehierdest
3 . he gehierp he gehierde
Plur. hie gehierap hie gehierdon
Partic. gehierende gehiered
 VERBS : SUBJUNCTIV *9
81. Some weak verbs omit the e in the preterite participle,
as in gelcedd from Icedan ‘ lead, bring, carry the d itself being
lost in such participles as a'spid (67) from a'sgndan 1 send \
82. After some consonants the -de of the preterite is
changed to -te, generally with loss or change of the preceding
consonant, as in sfite from sgltan 1 set ’, tcehte from t&can
‘ show \ The preterite participle has the same changes:
gesgtt, getceht.
83. Some of these verbs have vowel-change in the pre¬
terite and preterite participle, as in scegde from sgcgan (71),
sealde from s§llan (30, 31), worhte from wyrcan ‘ work, make,
do , sohte from sedan ‘ seek \ pohte from ppican 1 think ’,
preterite participles gescegd, geseald, geworht, gesoht, gepoht.

Preterite-Present Verbs.
84. These have for their presents old strong preterites,
from which new weak preterites are formed, generally with
considerable irregularities. Thus wat{ I know, he knows *
has plural we witon like d-ras> arison (75), preterite wisfe,
plural wiston, the infinitive being witan. The second person
singular present generally ends in -/ or -si: pu wdst, pu canst
‘ thou knowest' from cann 4 knowsplural hie cunnon,
preterite he cupe. Most of them have no infinitive, and
they are often otherwise defective.

Subjunctive.
86. The subjunctive mood (compare 77) makes no dis¬
tinction of persons. In the present singular it has the ending
of the first person of the indicative, which is of course
dropped after a vowel: Pcet id cume ‘ that I may come ', Pcet
Pu gd (indie. Pu geest' 73), Pcet he gekiere. The plural
ending in the present is -(e)n: Pcet wi cumen, Pcet we gdn.
c 2
20 GRAMMAR

The subjunctive present of the verb ‘be' is sie (51), plural

sien.
86. The preterite subjunctive is formed from the preterite
indicative in the s&me way: pat ic gehierde, pat pu gehierde
(indie, gehierdest), pat he gehierde, pa?/ we gehierden. In
strong verbs the preterite subjunctive has the form of the
second person of the indicative : pat ic ware, pat pu ware,
pat he ware; plural pat we wdren. So also bindan (74)
has subjunctive preterite bunde, plural bundeti. In the preterite-
present verbs the subjunctive present has the form of a strong
subjunctive preterite : pat ic wife, pat we wiieti, pat he cunne.
87. The subjunctive states something not as a fact, but
merely as something thought of.
88. In independent sentences it expresses what is wished
or commanded : gehealde eow se almihtiga !
Otherwise it is used chiefly in dependent sentences.
89. Thus it is used in indirect narration to show that the
speaker is stating something merely as an idea suggested to
him by some one else: hie ewadon (75) pat he ware god
cyning. If the truth of the statement is so self-evident that
it could be expressed by direct narration without any change
of meaning, then the indicative may be used, as in nil we
willap (58) sgegan (83) pat we fuse sind (65) urne eard to
secanne, which means exactly the same as nu we sind fuse..,
so that the subjunctive would here be too emphatic: pat we
fiise slen would imply that the speakers wished to say that
their statement was false.
90. So also in indirect question and similar constructions.
he ascode (59) hwat hie wdren | hie tie million dp pi can hu
(63) hie hira feondum (66) wip'siandan mihten.
91. In the following examples the subjunctive evidentl)
expresses something as an idea, not as an accomplished fact.
 VERBS : SUBJUNCT1VE 21
he bad hine pat he him to fultume come | pa mpin belifon Par
(27) baftan pat hie pat scip heolden (88) | cyninge gedafenap
pat he sie cystig (51) | he upe him (them) pat hie mbs ten inn
cnman | micel pleoh bip (32) pat man hwal gefd. In siva
hwelc swd pu sie, begd pitine craft (26) / the subjunctive gives
the meaning of indefiniteness, implying ‘ I do not know
who you are \
92. In some cases the subjunctive implies that the state¬
ment is not merely hypothetical, but unreal or impossible,
as m hypothetical comparison; thus he ricsode swelce he cyning
ware implies he nas na cyning.
93. So also in clauses of rejected condition, where the
unreality is further shown by putting the verb in the preterite,
as in gif Pu swd unforht ware swd Pu self s^gst, which implies
neart pit swd unforht swd pu self sfgst.
94. Hence the indicative is often used in clauses of (open
condition , to show that the condition is not rejected, although
we should otherwise expect the subjunctive : ic Pe sglle hafoc,
gif pu me sglst hund (30).
96. There is a tendency to use the subjunctive in clauses
dependent on a negative sentence, as in neom ic swd spedig
pat id mage (90) me (33) win by eg an, because the statement
* mcP£ mi wln began is false. Without the negation the
indicative would be used: ic eom swd spedig pat id mccg me
win byegan. So also after ‘than’, as in Pu spriest (41, 73)
deoplicor ponne ure ieldo (19) d'beran mage, because the state¬
ment ure ieldo hit d'beran mag is false.
96. The subjunctive sometimes used illogically in state¬
ments of facts.
97. It is so used after such conjunctions as dr ‘before',
op-ptet ‘until’: Beowulf sprcec (76) gielpword Hr he on bed’d
stige. Here Beowulf's going to bed, though a fact, is
 GRAMMAR

expressed with the subjunctive because at the time indicated

by the principal clause it was not yet an accomplished fact.
98. Also withpeah,peah-pe ‘although': peah-pe hit wundorlic
pynce, niht (62) nis nan-ping butan ptere eorpan sceado. Here
the statement of the fact that it seems wonderful is put in the
subjunctive to show that what is referred to ought not to
seem wonderful because it is true.

Imperative.

99. The imperative singular of verbs with infinitive ~(d)n

can generally be formed by throwing off the infinitive ending,
as in heald!, sec!, beo / from healdan ‘hold', secan ‘seek',
beoji ‘ be'. In those with infinitive -ian it can be formed by
throwing off the p of the third singular, as in fgre ! ‘carry!'
from fgrian, he fgrep, ne sorga pu ! ‘ do not grieve 1' from
sorgian, he s or gap.
100. But several verbs in -an preceded by double con¬
sonants have imperative in -e preceded by a single consonant,
as in sgle! from sgllan, sfge from sgcgan. So also some
otherwise strong verbs, such as sittan ‘ sitpreterite scet,
imperative site /
101. The imperative plural is the same as the indicative
present: healdap, beop, fgriap, wuniap, sgllap !

Anomalous Verbs.

102. The following are the forms of the verb ‘to be':—

INDIC. SUBJ.

Pres. Sing. 1. eom; beo sie; beo

2. eart; bist sie ; beo
3. is; bip sie; beo
Plur. sind; be op sien ; beon
 VERBS : A NOMA L O US 23
INDIC. SUBJ.

Pret. Sing. 1. wees wee re

2. wee re wee re
3. wees wee re
Plur. wceron zveeren

Imper. wes, we sap ; beo, be op !

In fin. wes an, beon.

103. The following are the chief forms of don 1 do' and
gan ‘ go both of which have weak preterites :—
Indie. Pres. Sing. ic do, he dep ic gd, he geep
Plur. dop gap
Pres. dyde eode

Subj. Pres. Sing. do ga

Plur. don gdn
Pret. dyde eode

Imper. do, dop ga, gap

Particc. dd7ide, gedon gdnde, gegdn

104. The weak verb habban 1 have * shows some irregu

larities:—
Indie. Pres. Sing. ic hcebbe, pit heefst, he hcefp
Plur. habbap
Pret. hce/de

Subj. Pres. hoebbe

Pret. herfde
Imper. ha/a, habbap

105. The verb willan 1 will ’ resembles the preterite-

present verbs, and shows a mixture of subjunctive forms
in the present indicative:—
24 GRAMMAR

IN DIC. SUBJ.
Pres. Sing. 1. ic wile wile
2. pu wilt wile
3. he wile wile
Plur. willap willen

Pret. wolde wolde

Tenses and Periphrastic Forms.

100. The future is often expressed by the present, as in

id eow wisige ‘ I will show you the way sometimes by ‘ will'
and * shall ’ as in Modern English. Of the two verbs ‘ to be'
beon is often used to express futurity, as in ic beo sdna gearo
(27) compared with ic eom gearo, or else continuity or repeti¬
tion, as in sleep bip deapegelicost (32).
107. The preterite has also the meaning of our perfect
and pluperfect, which are however also expressed by peri¬
phrastic forms as in Modern English: hie habbap hine
of'sl&gen ‘ they have killed him', hie hcefdon hine o/’slcegen
* they had killed him ’. With intransitive verbs these tenses
are generally formed with * be', and the participle is then
inflected so as to agree with the subject: we sind cumene, hie
wter on cumene.
108. The passive is sometimes formed with ‘be', as in
Modern English, in which case it generally implies a condition
or state rather than an action, as in pa uyrhtan wdron
gesamnode. When an action is implied weorpan (77) is used:
seo wund ne wierp (106) nd/re gehdled | micel dgmm wearp
gedon | manige mgnn wurdon o/’slcegene fram pcem s dm annum.
In the passive the participle agrees in gender and number
with the subject.
 NEGA TION 25

Negation.
109. The negative particle is ne, which drops its vowel in
many combinations, such as n-a?i ‘ none ’, n-cefre 108, neom
(95) ‘am not’, neart (93) ‘art not’, nis (98) ‘is not’, often
with contractions and changes, as in he juts ‘ was not ’, hie
n&ron ‘ were not ’, ic nyle ‘ I will not ’, he nolde ‘ would not ’,
he nyste ‘ knew not ’ compared with was, wdron, wile, wolde,
wiste.
110. ne is prefixed to the finite verb in a sentence and to
all the other words in the sentence which admit of the con¬
tracted forms: nan ma7in nysle nan fii?ig | seo wu?id ne wearp
nce/re gehaled (108). If there are no such words in the
sentence, the ne is often strengthened by some such negative
word as ?ia (92) ‘not’, naht ‘nothing, not’: pat hus 7ie
Jeoll nd.

A
 TEXTS

Be J>issum middangearde.

Be pie re sunn an.

1. Seo sunne gjej} betweonan heofone and eorjxin : on

dseg bufan eorj^an, and on niht under pisse eorf>an. JEfre heo
bif> iernende ymb J>as eorJ>an, and ealswa leohte scin)? under
J>dere eorj?an on niht swa-swa heo on daeg dej> bufan urum
heafdum.
2. On pa. healfe pe heo sci'rip, p5er b\p daeg; and on pa.
healfe pe heo ne scTn£>, pxr bip niht.
3. We hataj? anne daeg fram sunnan upgange op &fen.
Fram padre sunnan upgange op-pzet heo eft becume pxr heo
ser up-stag—on paem faece sind getealde feower and twenty
tida.
4. Seo sunne is swIJje micel: ealswa brad heo is, J>aes pe bee
s?cgaj?, swa eall eor>an ymbhwyrft. Ac heo pyntp us swipe
lytelu, forf>»mJ>e heo is swipe feorr fram urum gesihjnim.
5. Se mona and ealle steorran on'foj? leoht of pxre miclan
sunnan.
Be Jsiere ni/ite.

6 Niht is ges?tt mannum to rgste on pissum middan-

gear'de. peah-pe hit wundorlic pynce, nis niht nan-ping butan
pxre eorpan sceado betweonan p*re sunnan and mancynne.
 BE PlSSUM MIDDANGEARDE 2?

Be pterti monan.
7. Daeghwasmllce pass monan leoht bip weaxende and
waniende. Simle he w§nt his hrycg to psere sunnan.

Be pcem geare.
8. On paim geare sind getealde twelf monpas, and twa and
fiftig wucena, preo hund daga and fif and siextig daga, and
pier-to-eacan siex tida.

Be regne,
9. Regnas cumap of psere lyfte. Seo lyft a*tlehp pone
w&tan of ealre eorpan and of psere sai and gegaderap to
scurum; and ponne heo mare a*beran ne maeg, ponne fielJ>
hit of-dune.
10. Hagol cymp of paim regndropum, ponne hie beop
gefrorene uppe on paiire lyfte, and swa sona feallap, swa-swa
sum scop be him gieddode:
Hagol bip ‘hwitost coma; hwierfp hit of ‘heofones lyfte,
wealcap hit *windes scuras; wierp hit to *waetere sippan.

Be pee re lyfte.
11. peos lyft pe we on libbap is an para feower gesceafta.
Nis nan ping pe naebbe pa feower gesceafta him mid : pset is
lyft, and fyr, and eorpe, and waeter.
12. Lyft is swipe pynne. Seo ofer-gaip ealne middangeard,
and up-astlgp op pone monan. On paere fleogap fuglas
swa-swa fiscas swimmap on waetere. Ne mihte hira nan
fleogan, n£re seo lyft pe hie bierp. Seo lyft a*bierp eall
wolenu and ealle stormas.
13. Seo lyft, ponne heo a*styred is, bip wind.
 28 TEXTS

Be manna crseftum.

14. Hwelcne craeft canst pu ?

Ic eom munuc.
15. Hwaet cunnon pas pine geferan ?
Sume sind ierplingas, sume sceaphierdas,sume hrlperhierdas,
sume huntan, sume fisceras, sume fugleras, sume clepem^nn,
sume scowyrhtan, sume sealteras, sume baeceras.

Se ierpling.

10. Hwaet s§gst pu, ierpling ? Hu begaist pu plnne craeft ?

La leof, pearle ic swince I JElce daege ic sceal on daegred
ut-gan. ponne sceal ic pa oxan to felda drifan and to paere
sylh geocian. Nis nan winter swa stearc paet ic dyrre aet
ham lutian : ne dearr ic for mines hlafordes $ge. Ac ponne
ic pa oxan gegeocod haebbe, and paet scear and pone culter
on paere sylh gefaestnod haebbe, ponne sceal ic fulne aecer ^rian
oppe mare.
17. Haefst pu aenigne geferan ?
Giese, ic haebbe cnapan: se sceal pa oxan mid gade pien.
Se is nu has for ciele and hreame.
18. Hwaet mare dest pu ? Haefst pu glet mare to donne ?
Giese leof, micel ic haebbe to donne! Ic sceal para oxena
binne mid hlege a'fyllan, and hie waeterian, and hira steall
feormian.
19. Eala, paet is micel gedeorf!
Giese leof, hit is micel gedeorf, forp^mpe ^ ne0m freo.
 BE MANNA CRAEFTUM 29

Se sccaphierde.

20. Hwaet s^gst pu, sceaphierde ? Haefst pu aenig

gedeorf?
Giese leof, ic haebbe micel gedeorf! On airnemergen ic
drife min sceap to laeswe. Sippan stande ic ofer hie mid
hundum, py-laespe wulfas hie forswelgen. ponne on aefen ic
l«de hie on-gean t5 hira locum. Ic hie melee tuwa on daege.
Ic macige buteran and ciese. And ic eom minum hlaforde
getriewe.
Se hriperhierde.

21. Eala hriperhierde, hwaet dest pu ?

La leof, ic swince pearle! ponne se ierpling pa oxan
on*geocap, ponne laede ic hie to laeswe ; and ealle niht ic
stande ofer hie, waciende for peofum; and paes on morgenne
ic hie betalce eft paem ierplinge, wel gefylde and gewaeterode.

Se hunt a.

22. Is pes mann an of pinum geferum ?

Giese.
23. Canst pu aenig ping ?
Anne craeft ic cann.
24. Hwelcne craeft canst pu ?
Ic eom hunta.
26. Hwaes hunta eart pu ?
Ic eom paes cyninges hunta.
26. Hu begaest pu pinne craeft ?
Ic bregde me n§tt, and a's^tte hie on gehaepre stowe. ponne
tyhte ic mine hundas paet hie para wildeora ehten, op-paet hie
on ungearwe on pa n§tt becumen. ponne hie pus gelaeht
sind, ponne cume ic to, and hie on paem n^ttum of’slea. '
30 TEXTS

27. Ne canst pu butan n^ttum huntian ?

Giese, ic cann butan n^ttum huntian.
28. Hu ?
Ic fd pa wildeor mid swiftum hundum.
29. Hwelc wildeor gefehst pu swipost ?
Ic gefo heorotas, and ran, and baras, and hwilum haran.
80. Waere pu to'daeg on huntope ?
Nese, forpaem hit is sunnan-daeg; ac giestrandaeg ic wses
on huntope.
31. Hwaet gefenge pu ?
Ic gefeng twegen heorotas and anne bar.
32. Hu gefenge pu hie ?
pa heorotas on n^ttum ic gefeng, and pone bar ic of-sticode.
33. Hu waere pu swa gedyrstig paet pu bar of*sticodest ?
pa hundas hine bedrifon to me, and ic p£r faestlice
on-gean-stod, and hine faerlice mid spere ofsticode.
34. Swipe gedyrstig waere pu pa !
Ne sceal hunta forhtmod beon, forpaem missenlicu wildeor
wuniap on wudum.
35. Hwaet dest pu ymb pinne huntop ?
Ic s?lle p£m cyninge swa hwaet swa ic gefo, forpaem ic
eom his hunta.
30. Hwaet s?lp he pe ?
He scrytt me wel and fett, and hwilum he me hors Sflp
oppe beag, paet ic py geornor minne craeft bega.

Se fisdere.

37. Hwelcne craeft canst pu ?

Ic eom fiscere.
38. Hwaet begietst pu of pinum craefte ?
Bileofan ic me begiete, and scrud, and feoh.
39. Hu gefehst pu pa fiscas ?
 BE MANNA CRJEFTUM 31

Ic ga on minne bat, and rowe ut on pa ea, and wcorpe

min n§tt on pa ea. Hwllum ic weorpe angel ut mid aese,
of>)?e spyrtan ; and swa hwaet swa hie gehaeftap ic nime.
40. Hwaet dest pu gif hit unclaene fiscas beop ?
Ic weorpe pa unclanan ut, and nime pa clsenan me to m^te.
41. Hwaer clepst pu fine fiscas ?
On paire ceastre.
42. Hwa bygp hie ?
pa ceasterware. Ne maeg id hira swa fela gefon swa ic
sgllan maege.
43. Hwelce fiscas gefehst pu ?
^Elas, and hacodas, and sceotan, and ealle opre fiscas pe on
paem earn swimmap.
44. Forhwy ne fiscast pu on sae ?
_ Hwil“m ic do swa, ac seldon; for-Jxsm hit is me micel
rewett to paere sae.
46. Hwaet gefehst pu on paere sae ?
Haeringas, and leaxas, and styrian, and lopestran, and
crabban, and fela operra fisca.
40. Wilt pu hwael fon ?
Nic!
47. Forhwy ?
ForJjsem micel pleoh is J>aet man hwael gefo. Laesse pleoh
me ]}> Jjget ic to j)£re ea ga mid mlnum bate ]xmne ic
mid manigum scipum on hw®lhunto)j fare.
48. Forhwy swa ?
Forjxem me is leofre paet id fisc gefo pe id of-slean mceg
ponne ic fisc gefo pe nealles paet an me selfne ac eac swelce
mine geferan mid anum sl^ge bes^ncan maeg oppe ofislean.
40. And peah manige gefop hwalas.and paem frecennessum
aet-berstap, and micelne sceatt panon begietap.
Sop pu s^gst; ac ic ne dearr for mines modes slaewpe.
32 TEXTS

Se fuglere.

50. Hwaet s§gst Jdu, fuglere? Hu beswlcst p\i pa fuglas ?

Ic hie on manigfealde wlsan beswlce: hwllum mid n^ttum,
hwllum mid grlnum, hwilum mid traeppum, hwilum mid
lime, hwilum mid wistlunge, hwllum mid hafoce.
51. Haefst pH hafocas?
Giese.
52. Canst )?u t^mian hafocas ?
Giese, ic cann : hu sceolden hie me nytte beon, butan ic
hie t^mian cupe ?
63. S$le me hafoc !
Ic pe s§lle lustllce, gif p\x me s^lst swiftne hund. Hwelcne
hafoc wilt pu habban, f>one maran hwaej>er-}>e Jxme laessan ?
54. S?le me J>one maran! Hu a/fetst J>u June hafocas ?
Hie hie selfe fedaf> on wintra ge eac swelce me, and on
l^nctene ic hie lsete to wuda aet-fleogan; and ic me nime
briddas on haerfest and hie get^mige.
55. Forhwy laetst p\i pa get^medan hafocas pe aet-fleogan ?
Forpaem ic nyle hie on sumera fedan, forp&mpe hie
pearle etap,
56. Ac manige fedap pa getfmedan ofer sumor, J>aet hie

hie eft gearwe haebben.

Giese, hie dop swa. Ac ic nyle on swelcum geswince mid
him beon, forj?a§m ic cann opre gefon nealles anne, ac
manige.
Se matigere.

57. Hwaet s^gst pu, mangere ?

Ic s?cge pset ic eom swife nytt )xem cyninge, and >aem
ealdormannum, and f>aem weligum, and eallum folce.
68. Hu? , r f
Ic a-stlge on min scip mid mlnum hlaestum, and fare ofer
 BE MANNA CRsEFTUM
33
sae, and sqllc min J>ing, and bycge deorwierjui Jnng ]?c on
pissum lande a c?nned ne beop; and ic hit leede to cow hider
ofer sae mid miclum pleo ; and hwllum ic Jjolige forliden-
nesse, swa paet me losiap eall min ping, and ic self uneape
cucu aefberste.
59. Hwelc ping laetst pu us hider ofer sai?
Paellas, seoloc, seldcup reaf, wyrtgemang, win, elc, elpend-
ban deonvierjjc gimmas, gold, tin, maeslling, ar, seolfor, gl*s,
and Ida oj^erra J>inga.
60 Wilt pu pin ping her on lande s?llan wib bxm ilcan
weorpe pc pu hie paer ute mid gebohtest ?
Nic; hwaet fr?mede me ponne min gedeorf? Ac ic wile
h.e w.p maran weorpe her sellan ponne ic hie ter mid
gebchte, fast ic maege me sum gestreon begietan, be ic me
mtd a fedan mtege and min wif and min beam.

Se scdwyrhla.
61. Pu scdwyrhta, hwaet wyrest }>u us to nylte ?
Im cneft is eow swi],e nytt and swipe niedbehefe. Ic

4ree 5? T fCl1' “d ^ «earCi«e mid minum crttfle, and

Jraedu^na "^T r^ c*nncs gescy, leperhosa, pwangas,
winter wuni^h-^
winter ^ ^craefte.
wuman butan mTnum ; a"d nc m*« gowcr nan ofer

Se sea It ere.
02. Eala pa sealtere, hwaet frgmep us pin craeft ?

flise'meufb ?mCT 5°W Cal‘Um Ne ma* Sower nan

swetnmt k mInUm Cr*fte- Hwelc mann mteg
“ KUCan bQtan sealtcs swaecce ? Hwa gefylb his

~r« “i,Tr ™' “ h» ”id »">«■”

brOcan butan me. ^ ^ mag°n fUr),Um eowerra wJ-rla
34 TEXTS

Se baccre.

63. Hwaet s^gst Jni, baecere ? Hwaem fr§mef> J>in craeft ?

HwaeJ>er maegen we butan pe ure lif a-dreogan ?
To hwlle ge magon cower lif a'dreogan butan minum
craefte, ac na lange ne t5 wel; for*J>aem butan minum craefte
aelc beod bij? aimettig gej>uht, and butan hlafe aelc m§te hip to
wlaettan gehwierfed. Ic gestrangige manna heortan : ic eom
wera maegen; ge furfmm pa. lytlingas nyllap> me for*J?olian.

Se coc.

64. Hwaet s§cge we be p£m coce ? HwaeJ>er we his

craeftes to awihte befmrfon ?
Gif ge me of cowrum geferscipe ut-adrifaj?, ge etaj? cowre
wyrta grene and eowre flaiscm^ttas hreawe; ne magon ge
furjmm faett brof> habban butan minum craefte.
65. Ne r^cce we be J?inum craefte : nis he us na niedbehefe,
forJ>aem we magon selfe scoj^an pa. J>ing pe to seoJ>anne sind,
and braedan pa. f>ing pe to braedanne sind.
Gif ge me ut-adrifa]? and Jms do]?, jxmne beo ge ealle
J>eowas, and nan cower ne bif> hlaford; and j?eah’hwae)?re ge
ne magon etan butan minum craefte.

Pd opre wyrhtan.

66. Eala munuc, ic geseo pe habban gode geferan and

swijje nytte; haefst p\i opre eac him ?
Ic haebbe isensmij?as, goldsmij?as, seolforsmi)?as, treow-
wyrhtan, and manige oJ>re.
67. Haefst J?u wisne ge)?eahtere ?
Gewisslice ic haebbe: hu maeg ure geferscipe beon gewisso
butan gej>eahtere?
 BE MANNA CRALFTUM

08. Eala pu wlsa gefjeahtere, hwaet s?gst Jni? Hwelc

pissa. craefta is pe fyrmest gefmht ?
Ic pe s^cge, Godes j>eowdom is me fyrmest gef»uht betweox
f»issum craeftum, swa-swa Crist on his godspelle cwxp
I'yrmest seca.p Godes rice, and J>as ]?ing eall cow beob
to-geleced\ K
09. And hwelc woruldcraeft is pe fyrmest gef)uht?
Eorjnilf>; for-Jxem se ierj>ling fett us ealle.
70. (Se snip s$gp:) Hwanon hxtp se ier^ling scear oppe
culler, oppe fur]?um gade, butan of mlnum ersefte ? Hwanon
h^fj, se fiscere angel, o^e se scowyrhta awel, obbe se
seamere naadle butan of minum geweorce ?
71. (Se ge),eahtere andswarajj:) So}> J.Q s?gst; ac us
eallum leofre is mid }ram icrjdinge to wicianne bonne mid
>e . forjxBm Se terming s?lf. us hlaf and drynce; ac bu
hwaet sglst pa us on >Inre smip}>an butan Isene spearcan’
and beatendra sl?cga sweg and blawendra byliga >
72. (Sc trcowwyrhta segj>:) Hwelc cower ne notab mines
craftes f)onne ic cow eallum bus wyree and scipu and
missenlicu fatu? 1

SmiP uandswaraP 0 £ala trcowwyrhta, forhwy

butan S"a’
uutan minum °nr
craefte ? fur^u,n an W-I PB ne miht don

uto^hrS.-—eahterC 0 £aUl ^ran and S°d* wyrhtan,

nton hra.dl.ee geseman )>as geflitu, and sie sibb and gebwaernes
b tweox eow, and fr?mmc 5},rum on his crafted And

Meofan InTr rC °f * selfum

t hum b n lUrnn h°rSUml And K
b r rad : Pxl anra-gehwelc his craft geornlice
bega For-^m se-J* his craft forlaett, sc b,[, fern baem

unuc, swa ceorl, swa cSmpa, bega geornlice >Inne

D 2
36 TEXTS

craeft! And beo pcet poet pu eart! Forpoem hit is micel

d?mm and micel scand j>if man nyle beon poet poet he is and
poet J?oeL he beon sceal.

Se munuc.

75. Eala ge cild, hu licap cow peos spraec?

Wei heo us Heap; ac pearle deoplice pu spriest and ofer
ure mcep. Ac spree wip us oefter urum andgiete, poet we
moegen under'standan pa ping pe pu spriest.
76. Ic ascige eow *Forhwy leornige ge swa geornllce ? *
Forpoem we nyllap beon swa-swa stunt nfetenu, pe nan
f)ing nyton butan goers and waeler.
77. Hwaet wille ge ponne beon ?
We willap wise beon.
78. On hwelcum wlsdome? Wille ge lytige beon and
facenfulle, wel-sprecende and yfel-pgncende, swa-swa byrgels,
pe is wiputan foeger and wip-innan ful ?
We nyllap swa beon wise ; forpoem se nis na wis se-pe
hine selfne mid llcettunge beswlcp.
79. Hu wille ge beon wise?
We willap bilewite beon butan llcettunge, and wise, pxt
we moegen yfel forbugan and god don. pealrhwaepre gi^t
pu spriest wip us deoplicor ponne ure ieldo a'beran moege.
Ac spree wip Os oefter urum gewunan, na?s swa deoplice.
80. Ic wile don ealswa ge biddap. pu cnapa, hwaet dydest
pu to'doeg?
Manig ping ic dyde. On pisse niht, pa-pa ic pone cn)ll
gehlerde, pa anas ic of mlnum b^dde, and to cirican eodc,
and sang uhtsang mid paem gebroprum. AZfter p«m ve
sungon ‘ be eallum halgum ’ and lofsangas. JEher pissum
prim we sungon and seofon sealmas, mid letanian and
capitolmaessan, and sippan underntld and paes claeges maessan.
 BE MANNA CRsEFTUM 37
^fter pissum we sungon middaeg, and aeton, and druncon,
and slepon; and eft we a*rison, and sungon non. And nu
we sind her beforan pe, gearwe to gehleranne hwaet pu us
slogan wilt.
81. Hwonne wille ge aifensang singan oppe nihtsang ?
ponne hit tlma bip.
82. Waere pu beswungen to-daeg?
Nese; forpaem ic me waerllce heold.
83. And hu pine geferan ?
Hwaet ascast pu me be paem ? Ne dearr ic pe ure
dlegelnessa yppan; ure gehwelc wat gif he beswungen
waes oppe na.
84. Hwaet itst pu ?
Wyrta, and <egru, and fisc, and clese, and buteran, and
beana, and eall clainu ping ic ete mid micelre pancunge. Ne
bruce ic glet flaiscm^tta, for jjKtn ic eom cild under gierde
drohtiende.
85. Swtye gifre eart J>u, )>onne }m eall }>ing itst be be
beforan ges^tt sind.
Neom ic swa micel swelgere )>xt ic msge ealra cynna
m?ttas on anum male etan. Hwllum ic bruce anes cynnes
metes, hwilum o}>res, forjwem ic neom na swelgere.
80. Hwaet drincst pu ?
Ic drince ealo, gif ic hit haebbe; oppe water, gif ic ealo
naebbe.
87. Ne drincst pu win?
Neom ic swa spedig >*1 ic mage me win bycgan;
and win ms na cilda drynce ne dysigra, ac ealdra and
wisra.
88. Hwaer slaepst pu ?
On jJtem slaparne mid )>sm gebrofrum.
89. Hwa a-wecjj Jie to uhtsange?
38 TEXTS

Hwilum ic gehlere pone cn)rll, and a'rise; hwllum min

lareow a-w^cp me stipllce mid gierde.

90. And nu, ge cild, ic cow manige past ge paim godcundum

larum gehlersumien and gerisenlice gebairen on ailcre stowe.
ponne ge gehierap poire cirican bellan, gap peawlice to
gebede, and bugap eapmodllce to paim halgum wcofodum,
and standap gerisenlice, and singap anmodllce, and gebiddap
for eowrum synnum, and gap ut butan h)'gelleste to claustre
oppe to leornunge.
 BEOWULFES SlP 39

Beowulfes sip.

Be Hropgare, Dpi a cyninge.

91. Hit gelamp geo paet an cyning waes on D§num, se
haten Hropgar. And se Hropgar waes maere h^retoga,
swa paet his magas him georne gehierdon, op-paet his folgop
weox pearle, and he haefde sige swa hwider swa he eode,
«g))er ge on sae ge on lande.
92. And sona swa he to rice feng, swa gesamnode he
micle fierd, and his fiend gesohte on hira agnum landum, and
hie swipe forslog and fordyde, op hie ealle ungemetlicne $ge
fram him haefdon.
93. pa s§ndon hie him aerendracan t5, and hine fripes
baidon. And he him paes getipode on paet gerad paet hie
him gafol gulden, and hine him to hlaforde gecuren. And
hie pact gelaiston swa; and hie him gislas sealdon and micle
apas; and man pa fulne freondscipe gefaestnode mid worde
and mid w§dde on aegpre healfe.
94. pa pact gafol gelaest waes and fripapas a*sworene
w»ron, pa wgnde Hropgar cyning on*gean to D^num; and
hie his gefaegene waeron. And he heold sippan his rice on
godre gepwairnesse and on micelre sibbe.

Hu Hropgar getimbrede Heorot.

95. pa be*arn him on mode paet he micle healle timbrede,
and p&rinne his mannum gedaelde ealle pa h^rehyp pe hie
gefengon.
96. pa het he ealle pa b^tstan wyrhtan to his cynestole
gebannan, icgper ge of his agnum rice ge of eallum paem
 4° TEXTS

feodum pe him underpiedde waeron. pa pa wyrhtan ealle

gesamnode waeron, pa wearp paet weorc on-gunnen.
97. pa gelamp hit aefter fierste paet seo heall gearo waes.
Seo waes ealra husa nvJest, and faegerost on to locianne. He
pa Hropgar cyning a*scop hire naman ‘ Heorot\
98. Ne a'leag he na his beot; ac he gesamnode ealle his
m^nn to miclum gebeorscipe on paere healle, and him eall
gedselde pe he ahte ge on seolfre ge on golde ge on eallum
mapmum.
99. paer man mihte pa geseon blisse on Heorote pair man
eft geseah pa maistan iermpe. peer mihte man paire hcarpan
sweggehieran and paes scopes sang. He sang be frumsceafte :
hu se aelmihtiga eorpan worhte and pa waeteru pe hie utan
ymbdiegap ; and hu he sunnan and monan on heofone
ges$tte, mannum to leohte ; and hu he pa eorpan mid
treowum fraetwode and mid gaerse and mid eallum wyrtum;
and hu he lif sealde eallum cucum wihtum pe pa eorpan
geondhweorfap.

Be Grpidle.

100. On pisse blisse purlrwunode Hropgar cyning and

his m§nn lange tkl, op-paet him feond onsaige wearp. pset
waes unfaelu wiht, Gr^ndel hatte. Se bude on p«m
mearclande, and haefde him faesten geworht on fgnnum,
on’middan pjem sweartum morum.
101. Sume m$nn ewaedon paet Gr^ndel waire of Caines
cynne. For paem, pa Cain ofslog Abel his bropor, pa wearp
him se aelmihtiga gram, and hine on wraecsip a*s?nde, and
het hine on westenne wunian, feorr mancynne. panon
on*wocon ealle unfaele wihta, dweorgas, and ielfe, and eotenas,
pe wip God wunnon.
y02. pa ne mihte Gr^ndel polian pcet he xlce daege
 BEOWULFES SlP 41

blisse gehierde on Heorote, and he self ute wunode on

piestrum.
103. pa on niht oefier poem gebeorscipe, pa pa m§nn
slepon on poere healle, pa wearp se repa Gr^ndel sona gearo :
he him on ungearwe on-bestoel, pa hie him nanes yfeles ne
wendon, and hira pritig genam, and mid him f^rede ham to
his foestenne, poere h^rehype foegniende ; forpcem hit woes his
peaw poet he hlaf ne ait, ne woeter ne dranc, ac cet manna
lichaman and hira blod dranc.
104. pa poes on morgenne wearp Gr$ndlcs h^rgung
eallum mannum cup. pa wees micel wop a*hafen and micel
heofung. And se goda cyning Hropgar soet unblipe, and
him woes waniende degper ge his agne heardsdelpa ge ealles
paes folces.
105. pa woes Gr^ndles spor sweotole gesiene. Ac noes
para nan pe hit gespyrian dorste: woes him se feond to
strang.
100. Ne let Gr^ndel 11a langne fierst poet he eft ne com,
ac ymb ane niht maran woelsliht gefr^mede : ne mearn he
for paire foehpe.
107. pa nolde nan mann l^ng wunian on Heorote on
niht, ac hie sohton him §lleshwair r§ste on oprum burum,
op-poet Heorot stod oemettig, eallum mannum unnytt, and on
paim purh'wunode twelf winter.
108. Ne wene ic poet ainig mann, a/t^llan moege ealne
pone d§mm pe D^num gedon wearp on poem twelf gearum.
Td’eacan poem manigfealdum yflum pe hie dreogende
wa;ron, ne porfton pa magas para of-sloegenra nanre bote
wenan aet Gr^ndles handum : he nolde na gepingian wip
hie, ne pa foehpe mid feo forgieldan, swa riht bip.
109. Woes poet micel wundor poet Gr§ndel ana wip hie
ealle winnende woes! On eallum poem faece lie ricsode on
 42 TEXTS

Heorote on pasm sweartum nihtum swelce he c)’ning wasre;

butan he ne dorste na paet cynesetl gretan for Godes fge.
Ac aslce daege, sona paes hit dagode, gewat he eft ofer pa.
wildan moras his faesten secan. Ac nan ne dorste him aefter-
spyrian.
110. pa waes swa micel $ge fram Gr^ndle past nan mann
ne mihte frp^ncan ne a’craeftan hu hie him wip'standan
mihten, oppe D^na eard wip hine gehealdan. pa on-gann
Hropgar cyning georne to smeaganne wip his witan hwaet
him eallum rasdlicost puhte, past man D^na earde gebeorgan
mihte, asr he mid ealle fordon wurde.
111. pii hie pa gesawon pact him nahwaeper ne dohte, ne
wig ne wisdom, pa gerasddon pa witan past hie hira godum
bloten aet hira heargum aefter haspenum gewunan, poet hie
him sume helpe gefr^meden. And na py Ices for eallum
pissum geblote he ferde swa he self wolde, and paet earme
folc slog and hlende.
112. pa on-gunnon pa scopas leop wyrcan be p£m,
op-past hit wearp on eallum norplandum cup hu D$ne
gebrocode weeron.

Be Beowulfe.

113. pa wass peer sum peod on Sweolande pe man hastt

Geatas ; Hygelac waes gehaten hira cyning. Se hasfdepegn,
paes nama waes Beowulf; se wass paes cyninges nefa. And
se Beowulf waes ealra manna cenost and strongest. Is paet
gesaegd past he haefde prltigra manna maegen on his hand-
gripe.
114. pa wurdon Gr^ndles undaeda eac on Geatum cupe.
And hrape paes-pe Beowulf past gehlerde, swa het he him scip
gierwan: cwaep paet he wolde Hropgar secan, pa him waes
manna pearf. And he him geceas fiftlene c^mpan, pa
 BEOIVULFES SlP
43
cenostan fe he findan mihte, fast hie on faem sife his
geferan waeren.
115. He eode £>a mid his geferum to jjaere sae strande, J>aer
he his scip wiste. Hie fa fast scip ut-scufon, and selfe on
eodon mid hira hgregeatwum. pa sgtton hie fa seglas; and
hie hx-fdon ambyrne wind, and hie waeron ealne pone dasg
lernende under segle. pa on niht hie gewicodon. And pass
on morgenne hie sigldon furfor, op-fast hie clifu gesawon
him beforan, swelce hwitne weall.
118. pa wiston hie fast hie to D?na lande cumene wasron.
Pa tugon hie hira scip up on f set sand, and bxron hira wsepnu
ut- pa stodon hie on fxm strande. Code fanciende fces-fe
he hie gesunde J>ider brohte.

Be /ja m weardc.

117. pa wses fair sum cyninges fegn, se wxs to fxm

ges?tt fast he scolde sSwearde healdan. Se of pxm clife
geseah fast scip to lande cuman, and pa m?nn up-gan mid
waspnum mid ealle. pa brxc hine firwit hwast fa menu
Avseren.
118. pa rad he nifer to fasm strande, and his spere
axweahte, and him pus to-cwasp, swipe unforht: ‘ Hwast
smd ge fe fus gewaspnode hider on land comon on eowrum
langscipe ? 16 com Hrofgares fegn, D?na cyninges; ic eom
to fx-m gesett past ic s*wearde healde, and fisne eard w?rige,
pylasspe sciphgre us on ungearwe on-bestele. Naefre ne
dorste urra feonda nan openlice hider on land cuman.’
119. pa cwasf he eft: ‘ Ne geseah ic naif re maran mann
fonne cower sum is: fasm gerist wel fast he wsepnu bere,
butan him his ansien leoge ! Ac nu ic sceal witan hwanon
ge cumene sind, asr ge furfor up-gan fast land to sceawianne.
 44 TEXTS

Nu ge saem^nn, gehierap mlnne anfealdne gepoht: ofost is

b^tst to cypanne hwanon ge cumene sind/
120. Him pa Beowulf andswarode, and pus cwaep: ‘ We
sind Hygelaces pegnas, Geata cyninges. Min faeder waes
on eallum folcum cup, se waes Ecgpeow haten, aepeles cynnes
mann. purh holdne hyge we sind hider cumene plnne
hlaford secan, Hropgar cyning. We habbap micel aerende
to paem cyninge. pu wast gif hit swa is swa we s^cgan
gehlerdon ; paet sum dlegle feond unas§cgendlic yfel fr^mep
on D§num, mid-paempe he hie ofslihp and forswilgp on
paem plestrum nihturn. Ic maeg Hropgar cyning raid gelaeran,
hu he pone feond oferswipan maege, gif him se aelmihtiga
paes getipap paet him eft bot cume para yfla pe him onssegu
sind.’
121. pa cwaep se weard : ‘ Godum pegne gedafenap past
he paet gescad wite worda and daeda ! Ic paet gehiere paet pis
is hold werod D$na cyninge. Gewltap nu mid eowrum
waepnum Hropgar secan; ic eow wlsige. Swelce eac ic
mlnum mannum bebeode paet hie eower scip wip ealle fiend
gehealden, op-paet hit eow eft bierp ofer sae to Geata lande,
swelcum eower gifepe bip paet hie him gesunde beorgap.

Hu Geatas id Heorote com on.

122. Hie pa leton hira scip him behindan, on ancre faest:
gewiton him selfe forp on hira h^regeatwum. Hie haefdon
hira helmas on heafdum. On paem helmum waeron eofera lie,
of golde geworht. pa anlicnessa waeron to paem geworhte
paet hie para manna feorum wip aelce frecennesse geburgen.
123. Hie pa eodon forp op-paet hie pa healle gesawon pe
ealra husa maerost waes ; waes se hrof mid golde gefraetwod, of
paem leoht scan ofer manig land. He pa se weard him paet
giesthus getaihte, paet hie mihten hie ger^stan. pa gew^nde
 BEOIVULFES SlP 45
he his hors, and him to cwaep: ‘ Mdel is me to feranne.
Gehealde eow se aelmihtiga gesunde on eowrum sipe ! Ic
to sai wile, past ic wip unfriph§re wearde healde.’
124. Hie pa be paire stanstrsete eodon, op-paet hie to paem
giesthuse comon. Hie pa a*l§gdon hira scieldas wip paes
huses weall, and s^tton hira speru on anre hyrnan eall
aefsamne. pa eodon hie to paem b^ncum pact hie hie
ger^sten, forpaem hie w«eron werige aefter paere saefare.
125. pa waes p£r sum mann, Wulfgar hatte, wis mann
and god c§mpa, se him to cwaep: ‘ Ilwanon cume go pus
gewaipnode hider on D^na land? Ic com Ilropgares
airendraca. Ne geseah ic ncefre swa modige m$nn hider on
land cuman! Wen is paet ge for mairpe Hropgar sohton,
nealles for wraecslpe ! ’
126. pa andswarode him Beowulf: ‘We sind Hygelaces
pegnas, Geata cyninges. Beowulf is min nama. Ic wile
Hropgare cyninge min aerende s?cgan, gif he for his godnesse
geunnan wile pact we hine gretan moten/
_ 127* P^ cwa^p Wulfgar: ‘ Ic wile Hropgare cyninge pin
jerende a-beodan, swa pu biddende eart, and pe pa andsware
paerrihte gecypan/
128. He pa code hraedlice paer se cyning sajt mid his
ealdormannum, and gestod beforan paes cyninges eaxlum,
swa pegnes riht bip, and him pus to cwaep: ‘ Her sind
feorrancumene m?nn of Geata peode, Beowulf hatte hira
latteow. Hie biddende sind paet hie moten wip pe sprecan.
Te wiern pu him paes! Hie paes wierpe pyncap pact hie
hwate m?nn domes bel^cgen. Huru hira latteow deah se-pe
hie hider laedde/
129. pa cwiej, Hropgar : * It cu^e hine >5 he cniht wtes.
H^s fader hatte EcgJjeow. Se hsefde to wife Hreples dohtor,
Geata cyninges; naefde he dohtor butan hie. And nu is his
 46 TEXTS

nefa hider cumcn: sohte holdne freond! past S2egdon pa

scipm^nn pe Geata s§lena hider brohton p^t he hasbbe
prltigra manna str^ngo on his handgripe. Ic wene, God self
hine s?nde us to fultume wip Gr^ndles brogan; ic him sceal
mapmas beodan for his snelscipe. Beo pu on ofoste; hat
hine inn-gan mid his geferum! S$ge him eac paet hie us
wilcuman sind hider ofer sae/
130. pa gccierde \V ulfgar eft to pdem giesthuse, and his
asrende a'bead, and him to cwasp : * Eow het s^cgan min
hlaford, Hropgar cyning, past he eowre gebyrda cann, and ge
liim wilcuman sind hider ofer sas. Nu ge moton gan on
eow rum h^regeatwum Hropgar geseon. Laslap eowre scieldas
and eowru speru her on’bldan pasre spruce ge§ndunge/
131. pa a*riis Beowulf mid his pegna heape. Hira sume
he lasfde him basftan, and him behead past hie pa wraepnu
heolden. pa code Beowulf under Heorotes hrof, paet he on
P^m heorpe gestod. pa grette he Hropgar cyning faegerum
wordum, and him to ewasp :
132. ‘ Hal wes pu Hropgar! Ic eom Hygelaces masg
and pegn; fela masrlicra dasda ic fr^mede on geogope. Me
wearp Gr^ndles ping cup on mlnum lande. past sasgdon
scipm§nn past peos heall stande Idel and unnytt sippan aefen
cymp, peah hit sle ealra husa bgtst.
133. ‘pa gelairdon me pa witan on mlnum lande paet ic
pe sohte; forpasm hie mine str§ngo cupon .* gesawon me of
wige blodigne cuman, pair ic eotena cynn ute on gars^ege
forslog and for dyde, and hira fife geband.
134. ‘Nil wile ic pe, D§na cyning, anre bene biddan, nu
ic pus feorran cbm, past ic ana mote mid mlnra pegna Averode
Heorot faslsian 1 Ic hasbbe eac gehlered paet Gr^ndel for his
repnesse ne r^cp nanra waspna. Ic paet ponne forhyege—
swa me min hlaford, Hygelac cyning, blipe sle—paet ic sweord
 BEOIVULFES SlP 47
to wige bere oppe scield: mid barum handum ic him wip-fo.
paet bip stip gemot, ponne wit togaedre fop!
135. ‘Wen is, gif he sige haefp, paet he wile Geatas
forswelgan unforhtlice, swa he air D^ne dyde. Gif ic on
wige a’fealle, ne pearft pu me bebyrigan, ne ymb minne
lichaman sorgian! Ac gif me wig nimp, on*s£nd Ilygelace
mine byrnan; seo is Hreples laf, and Welandes geweorc,
paes maeran smipes. Wyrd gaep a swa heo sceal!'
136. pa cwaep Hropgar: ‘ For gefeohtum pu us sohtest
and for fultume, min freond Beowulf! Sorg is me to
s^cganne hwelce iermpa me Gr^ndel gedon haefp mid his
h^rgunge. Mine pegnas sind ohslaegene, and min folgop is
gewanod.
137. ‘ Full oft gebeotodon mine pegnas, pa hie druncne aet
hira gebeorscipe saeton, paet hie wolden Grendle mid gefeohte
wip-standan ; ac paes on morgenne, sippan hit dagode, waeron
pa b§nca mid blode begotene; pa haefde ic pegna py lass/
138. pa cwaep he eft: ‘Site nu to paem gebeorscipe, and
beo blipe mid pinum geferum, swa pe pin mod hw§tt!'

Hit Dpie and Geatas wislfiillodon on pcem gebeorscipe.

139. pa waes paim Geatum b^nc gerymed on prere healle,

pSr hie sittan eodon ealle aet'samne. pa beheold se byrele
swipe wel his note: eode aefter b^ncum, and medo sc^ncte
and hlutor ealo. pa on-gann se scop singan and gieddian
beorhtre stemne. pa m^nn waeron blipe; paet waes micel
gesamnung D$na and Geata!
140. pa waes paer sum mann, Unferp hatte, se aet paes
cyninges fotum saet, for-p®mpe he waes paes cyninges pyle.
And se Unferp waes swipe aefestig mann: ne upe he na paet
aenig oper mann maran weorpmynt haefde ponne he self.
And for paem waes him Beowulfes sip micel aefpanca.
 48 TEXTS

141. pa cwaep Unfeip: ‘ Eart pu se Beowulf se-pe wip

Brecan ymb sund flite, ponne git for gielpe incrum feorum
nepdon ute on gars^cge ? poet woes on wintra poet git ut on
sde swummon. Ac nan mann, ne leof ne lap, ne mihte inc
paes sipes forwiernan. Seofon niht git on ypum swuncon.
He pe oferfiat oet sunde, forpaem he maran str^ngo hoefde.
pa paes on morgenne bine soe on land wearp; panon he
gesohte his agenne eard, Brandinga land : he his beot wip pe
befullan geldesle. Nu wene ic pe wiersan gemetinge, gif pu
dearst ofer niht bidan on Gr^ndles neawiste.’
142. pa cwaep Beowulf: ‘ Hwoet pu, min freond Unferp,
fela sprdece ymb Brecan sip ! Fela Idles pu spriest! Ic
s$cge pe to sopc paet ic maran str^ngo hoefde on sunde, and
maran frecennessa genepde ponne he oppe aenig oper mann.
Noes hit na swa pu s$gst. Ac nu scealt pu poet sop gehleran
hu hit ymb unc Brecan gelamp:—
143. ‘ poet is poet wit on cnihthade geewoedon and gebeo-
todon paet wit uncrum feorum genepden ute on gars$cge.
And wit poet gelaeston swa. Wit haefdon nacod sweord on
handum pa wit ut-swummon : pohton unc wip pa saedeor
w§rian. Ne mihte he me na op swimman: ic him fram
nolde.
144. ‘ Wit woeron fIf niht ute on gars^ege. pa gelamp
unc yfele on poere fare, paet unc on-becom swipe hreoh
weder, and unc seo wode sae and se stranga norpwind wide
to'draf.
146. * pa wearp para saedeora mod a*hw§tt. Hira an me
gefeng and to grunde geteah; hwoepre me Dryhten forgeaf
paet ic hine mid sweorde ofstang. paet is micel wundor paet
ic ana me a*w§rede wip eall pa saedeor! Ic him paes lean
forgeald paet hie min swa pearle ehton. Naefdon hie pone
gefean paet hie me him to m§te pigeden, sittende oet hira
 BEOJVULFES SlP 49
gebeorscipe on poere siie grunde! Ac pees on morgenne
lagon hie uppe, swipe forwundode, op-poet hie see on land
wearp. Swa ic ofslog nigon niceras.
140. ‘ pa scan seo sunne supan, and pa ypa wurdon
gestilde. pa woes ic to paim werig poet ic ne mihte furpor
swimman, ac me see on land wearp.
147. ‘ Ne gehierde ic naifre be pe poet pu swa mairlice
d£da gefr^medest; peah pu plnum gebroprum to banan
wurde, poes pu scealt on h^lle wite dreogan, peah pin gew'itt
duge. Ic s^ege pe to sope, Unferp, peet Gr^ndel neefre swa
niicel yfel ne gedyde, gif pin mod swa unforht wdere swa pu
self t^lst. Ac he hoefp oivfunden poet he ne pearf him pa
faehpe on’draidan : ne wrenp he him niines wlges to D^num !
Ac ic him sceal sona Geata wage roe ft geleeran ! To-morgen
sceal eower gehwelc orsorg to gebeorscipe gan sona swa hit
dagap !'
148. pa wearp se cyning bllpe: geliefde him helpe, sippan
he gehierde Beowmlfes faestraklne gepoht.
149. pa code Wealhpeo forp, seo ewen, and pa m^nn
grette. ^rest heo sealde pa cuppan Hropgare cyninge,
and boed hine poet he bllpe woere oet poem gebeorscipe, and
his mannum hold.
150. pa eode heo oefter b^ncum, and pa cuppan eallum
sealde ge ealdum ge geongum, op-poet heo to Beowulfe com,
and him pa cuppan brohte, and hine grette: pancode
Gode mid snotrum wordum poet hire se willa gelamp poet
heo moste frofre wenan para iermpa pe hie swa lange
drugon.
161. He^ pa Beowulf onfeng p£re cuppan oet poere ewene
handa. ^ pa wearp his mod ombryrd, and he cwoep: ‘ pa ic
on scip a-stag mid minum geferum, pa pohte ic poet ic ahwoeper
wolde, oppe pinra leoda willan gewyrean, oppe on wige
E
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5°
feallan. Nu to-niht ic sceal mlnne pegnscipe gecypan, oppe
mines llfes §nde gebldan/
152. pa gellcode psere cwene Beowulfes gielpspraec.
Heo code pa to p£m cyninge sittan.
153. pa waes eft swa air bliss and hleahtor on paire healle,
op-paet se cyning wolde his r^ste secan. pa a'ras eall poet
werod. pa grette aigper operne, Hropgar Beowulf; and se
cyning cwaep: ‘ Ncefre aer ne be-taihte ic D§na gemotaern
ainigum m§nn to healdanne butan pe anum. Hafa nu and
geheald pjdt sepele hus! Gemyne plnra mrcrpa, and gecyp
plnne pegnscipe ! Waca wip feond ! Ne bip pe nanes godes
wana, gif pu pe gesund biergst! *

Tin Beowulf ge/eaht wif Grpidel.

154. pa gewat Hropgar cyning ut of p^re healle; ne

liefde he him baeftan butan pa Geatas ane.
155. pa dyde Beowulf his byrnan of and his helm, and
hie his handpegne sealde and his sweord samod, paet he hie
*eheolde. pa sprcec Beowulf gielpword ser he on b§dd stige,
pus cwepende : ‘ Ne t^lle ic me na eargran ponne Gr^ndel
sdfne ! For pcem nyle ic hine mid sweorde of-slean, peah ic
eape mihte. Ne cann he sweordes wealdan oppe scieldcs,
peah he cene sle. Wit to-niht sculon waepnu ofersittan, gif
he me wip’standan dearr. Deme sippan se aelmihtiga pone
sige on swa hwaepre hand swa him gemet pyncp !'
°150. pa oivhielde Beowulf his heafod to pa?m bolstre, and
his geferan swa same. Hira nan ne pohte paet he scolde
eft to his carde becuman, oppe his magas and friend^ eft
cVeseon. Ac hie wairon sona on faestum slaipe, ealle butan
Beowulfe: se wacode on gean paes feondes cyme, lerre on

157. pa com se a-wiergda Gr?ndel of morum stealc.an

 BEOJVUL FES SJp

under juccum miste; )>ohte f>ara manna sumne besierwan

on Heorote.
158. Sona swa he to j>aere healle com, swa am he J>a
duru on. pa on-geat he paet heo waes faeste belocen. pa
\\earj? he ierre, and pa duru gelaehte mid swlplicre mihte and
of heorrum a’hof. He eode pa inn, repe on mode ; of his
eagum stod leoht swelce fyr.
159. pa geseah he pa Geatas on paere healle slaepan.
pa a-hlog his mod : pohte paet he hie forswelgan wolde
anne aefter oprum sr daeg come. Ac Beowulf wacode:
beheold hu se feond faran wolde.
100. Ne lelde Grondel na lange, ac he hrape gefeng
shependne mann, and hine sippan styccemaelum to-braegd :
to'brsec pa ban mid his tuscum, and p*t blod of p^m £drum
lane, op-ptEt he ealne pone llchaman forswolgen haefde
mid handum mid fotum mid ealle.
161. He eode pa furpor, and Beowulf gefehte, on his
b?dde licgende. pa gesaet Beowulf wip earm, and him
to geanes feng. pa on-geat Gr?ndel sona p»t he ne gemette
'xr on aenigum m^nn maran handgripe !
162. pa wearp he forht on mode: wolde fleon to p*m
morum, px-r he his wununge wiste mid pfem oprum scuccum.
Nses his drolltop on Heorote swelce he aer gemette!
163. pa gemunde Beowulf para gielpworda pe he air
gespraec: stod pa uplang, and him festlice wip-feng pa
waes Gr?ndel utweard. Ac Beowulf him fram nolde: gefeng
hine py fester, peah him pa fingras ful-neah bursten. Swa
Jle™‘ Unfemet!'ce n1_l,e winnende wx-ron, op-pset seo heall
djnede, and man,ge para b?nca fram pcem syllum abugon.

Ac hT" m,Cr- rnd0r Sf° hea11 ne ^'brure grundlunga.

i ht0,ne 60 na> forP^mpe heo waes swipe feste mid
lsenbgndum besm.pod innan and utan. pa>t saegdon eac
E 2
52 TEXTS

D?na witan paet nan mann ne mihte f>aet hus td*brecan butan
hit man mid fyre forbaernde
164. pa tugon Beowulfes geferan hira sweord paet hie hira
hlaford wfreden. Hie pa pider urnon ealle, and pa c^mpan
begen ymb'prungon, and on ailce healfe heowon, Gr^ndles
feorh secende. Hie nyston paet nan sweord ne mihte pone
feond gretan, for-p^em he haefde eallum waipnum forsworen
mid his drycraefte.
106. He pa G rondel, sippan he on-geat paet he panon
aefberstan ne mihte, pa hrlemde he egesllce, swa paet ealle D^ne
hit gehlerdon, ge furpum pa weardas on paem wealle a*fyrhte
wceron.
160. pa wearp wund geslenu on Gr^ndles eaxle, op-paet
pa sina on*sprungon and pa ban to’burston. He pa aefbaerst
panon, to deape gewundod : fleah to paem morum, paet he
him on his faestenne burge. He gefredde peah paet his Ilf
waes aet §nde.
107. Swa Beowulf gelaeste his gielp : f^lsode paes cyninges
healle, and D?num pa yfel gebette pe hie lange drugon.
paet waes sweotol tacen pa Beowulf genam Gandies earm
and eaxle, and hie on paem stapole a*s?tte aet paere healle
dura, eallum mannum to waeferslene.
108. pees on morgenne waes paer micel m$nigo ymb pa
healle, ge ealde ge geonge. paes cyninges ealdorm^nn comon
feorran and nean past hie paet wundor gesawen. Gr?ndles
deap ne puhte hira ainigum sarlic.
109. Hie pa Gr^ndle aefter-spyredon op hie to m^re
comon, ‘ nicera m§re ’ hatte, p£r Grgndel his festen haefde.
pa gesawon hie paet paet waeter waes eall midjalode gedrefed.
170. Hie pa him hamweard wgndon of paem m?re, ealde
witan and geonge hagostealdmgnn ealle aefgaedere, on
swiftum horsum ridende.
 BEOWULFES S/P
53
171. On pam wege hie spracon fela ymb Beowulf. Hie
cwadon J>aet nan bgtera c^mpa nare norp ne sup geond
ealle eorpan, ne rices wierpra. Ne taldon hie huru hira
agenne hlaford, ac cwaidon pat he wire god cyning.
172. Hwilum hie on geflite arndon, par him pa wegas
fagere puhton.
173. pa was par mid him sum cyninges pegn, se was
god scop. He ongann pa Beowulfes sip on leopwisan
a's?cgan mid wel-geS?Uum wordum. pa on gann lie cwepan
be Sigemunde pam maran wr?ccan and Fitelan, hu hie
begen afgadere, earn and nefa, fela marlicra dada gefr?-
medon. pa cwap he pat seo dad pe ealra marlicost was,
past he pa gefremede him ana—nas him Fitela mid.
174. pat was pa he pone dracan on his scrafe axwcalde,
pa he under pone haran slan genepde, and hine h?telice
P>ede, pat pat sweord on pas scrafes wealle afstod. pa
c°na gC™ealt Ee draca» fram his agenre hatan forswaled.
lgemund hafde pa mid his snelscipe pas dracan goldhord
gegan. He pa pat gold and pa mapmas ealle on his sap
bar, and wearp swa wrgfcena marost.
175. pa sagdon hie ealle pat Sigemund nafde germed
marhcran dada ponne Beowulf. Swa hie forp eodon, bhpc
on mode, op-pat hie to Ileorote comon.
176. pa was se cyning eac pider cumen, modi-lice

mH hir °n n;iddan h,'S }X'gna heaPc- a"d ^ cwen samod

cot and ^ ^ Hr^S5r 16 healle
S cCp S?** SlaP°Ie ^St6d> and Gr?nd,CS hand Seseab.

bismra lSdDryht^ ^ ^ ansiene! U habbe fela

FniL Gr?"dleS handum- N- J>*t geara pat
name bote ne wende para iermpa pe we lange drugon.
Ne wendon eac mine witan pat hie mihten Dena leodeU
 54 TEXTS

J^a scuccan be*w§rian. Ac God masg a wyrcan wundor

jefter wundre! And nu hasfp feorrancund mann da>d
gefr^med pe we aer ne mihton purlvteon mid ure ealra
snytro! Hwaet, past wif pe swelcne sunu gebaer, gif heo
glet leofap, heo maeg slogan post hire God estig waere on
hire bearnteame !
178. 4 Leo fa Beowulf, nu pO eart pegna b$tst, ic wile pe
s we Ice sunu lufian ; heald wel forp pa nlwan sibbe ! Ne bip
pe nanes godes wana pa^s-pe ic geweald hasbbe. Oft ic
leanode lcessan daida wacran pegne ! pO hcefst mid pinum
d^dum ge framed paet pin dom leofap a bOtan ?nde.'
179. pa andswarode Beowulf: ‘ We paet geswinc and
paet gewinn blipelice dreogende waeron. Ac me leofre waere
J?aet pO hine selfne geseon moste ! Ic pohte hine faeste
gebindan ; ac God ne upe me paet ic him fleames forwiernde,
peah ic him georne aet'fulge: he wses me to slrang on fepe.
He forlet peah his earmhimbehindan. Ne pearf he him J$ngran
Hfes wenan, peah he aefburste : is seo wund to deop. He sceal
paes miclan domes oivbldan, hO him se aelmihtiga wile deman.’
180. pa geswigode Unferp his gielpspraece, pa he Gr^ndles
hand geseah and pa fingras : waeron pa naeglas swa hearde
swa stiele and swa scearpe. Ealle saegdon paet nan waepen
ne mihte hine gretan, ne pa hand forceorfan.
181. pa het man Heorot innan fraetwian. paer waeron
manige weras and manig wif pe pa healle gearcodon, and pa
wagas mid deorwierpum godewgbbe bewrigon.
182. Ac paet aepele hus waes swipe to’brocen innanweard
ofer eall, and pa heorras to’hlidene. Se hrof ana purh-wunode
ansund.
183. pa eode se cyning to paere healle, and saet mid his
mannum blissigende samod. Naes naefre aer swa micel pegna
heap ymb hira cyning; and n^fre pegnas b$t gebaerdon l
 BEOWULFES SlP 55
184. pa forgeaf se cyning Beowulfe gyldenne segn, his
siges to leane, swelce eac helm, and byrnan, and deorwierpe
sweord. Ne porfte Beowulf na scamian para giefena ! pa
het se cyning laedan inn eahta hors ; para an haefde sadol on :
paet waes paes cyninges wlghors. pa forgeaf he Beowulfe pa
hors to*eacan paem oprum mapmum : het hine para v.el
brucan. Swa manllce leanode him se goda cyning his
pegnscipe!
185. pa-glet se cyning sealde Beowulfes geferum deor-
wierpe mapmas ; and het pone anne mid feo for’gieldan pe
G rondel air axwealde.
180. pa mihte man gehleran eft swa air pcere hearpan
sweg. pa on-gann paes cyninges scop leop singan be II?n-
geste and Finne, hu Finn on his agenre byrig of'slsegen wearp.
187. pa past leop a*sungen waes, pa waes eft swa air hleahtor
and gamen on Heorote, and pa byrelas sc^ncton win of
gyldenum fatum.
188. pa com Wealhpeo forp, mid gyldenre cynewippan
gefraetwod: eode pair Hropgar and Hropwulf aet'gaedcre
saiton, earn and nefa. pa cwaep heo : ‘ On*fo pisse cuppan,
min hlaford, Hropgar cyning! Beo blipe, and to Geatum
spree mildum wordum, and leana him mid giefum, swa
cyninge gedafenap ! pu haefst nu godne frip, feorran and
nean : Heorot is gefailsod.
189. ‘ Bruc pines cynerices swa lange swa pu mote, and
hit plnum magum laif, ponne pu gewltan scealt! Ic cann
mlnne glaedne Hropwulf paet he wile uncru gemaenu beam
arllce healdan, gif pu sr gewitst ponne he. Ic wene paet he
wile uncrum bearnum mid gode leanian eall pset wit him to
Lilian and to are gedydon, gif he paet genian/
100. pa code heo pair hire suna twegen saiton, Hrepric
and Hrepmund, and manige aepelinga suna mid him. peer
56 TEXTS

saet eac Beowulf be paem twsem gebrdprum. pa baer heo

him pa cuppan, and him hraegl iewde and micelne healsbeag,
and hine grette mildum wordum, and spraec pus beforan
eallum paem werode :
191. ‘ Bruc pisses hraegles and pisses bcages, leofa Beowulf,
and gepeoh wel! Beo pissum cnihtum lipe lareow; ic pe
paes lean geman! Haefst pu swa gebaered paet pin lof bip
a*raered a butan §nde feorran and nean.
192. 4 Blissa nu on paem gebeorscipe! Her is aeghwelc
mann oprum getrlewe, and his hlaforde hold. Ealle sind
gepwaere; lustlice hie dop swa ic bidde.’
193. pa seo cwen hire spraece ge^ndode, pa code heo to
paem cyninge sittan.

Be Grpidles vieder.

194. On pisse blisse purh'wunodon hie op-paet niht com.

pa gewat se cyning to his bure paet he hine paerinne ger?ste.
His pegnas he laefde paer baeftan, paet hie pa healle heolden,
swa hie oft aer dydon.
195. pa wearp seo heall mid b§ddum and mid bolstrum
geond’braedd, and aelc mann his r^ste sohte. Hie s?tton
hira scieldas him to heafdum. paer mihte man geseon relces
mannes waepnu him geh^nde licgan ; for-pxm hira peaw waes
p^et hie ealneweg to wige gearwe waeron ge set ham ge ute,
swa oft swa hira hlaforde pearf waes: paet waes god folc !
190. Hie pa sona on’slepon. Hira sum on-geald swipe
sarlice paire nihtr^ste, swa D^num oft air gelamp purh Gr^ndles
nip. Nu wearp eallum mannum cup paet wrecend pa*giet
leofode: paet waes Gr^ndles modor. Seo com on paire ilcan
nihte to Heorote. pa wearp D^na gefea to gedrefednesse
gecierred, sippan Gr^ndles modor inne-fealh. Ac se £ge
waes laessa, forpaempe hit wif waes, naes wer.
 BEOWULFES SlP 57
197. pa wearp manig sweord getogen geond pa heallc,
and manig scield a-hafen; hie ne gemundon na helm ne
byrnan pa him se broga on-becom. Heo wearp pa swipe
a-fyrht, sippan heo onTunden woes: wolde ut panon, pa?t
heo hire fcore burge. Ac heo gefeng hrape para pegna
anne, yEsch^re hatte, and hine f^rede to hire morfoestenne;
and se ^Esch^re woes p£m cyninge ealra manna leofost.
Naes Beowulf pair, ac him woes oper bur cer geteohhod.
Heo genam eac hire suna hand and eaxle, poer heo hie
hangian geseah.
198. pa wss se cyning swipe gedrefed on mode, pa he
gehierde paet his gelufoda pegn dead waes. Hrape wearp
Beowulf fetod to paes cyninges bure. He pa Beowulf eode
sona mid his geferum pier se cyning his bad. pa grelte he
pone cyning, and ascode hine gif seo niht him getcese wire,
pa andswarode se cyning :
199. ‘ Ne asca pu aefter gesilpum ! Sorg is geniwod me
and minurn folce. /Esthgre is dead, Eormenrices ieldra
bropor, min wita and min gefera on wige: oft wit on
gefeohte stodon aefsamne, uncru heafdu w?riende, ponne
repan hniton and helmas cnysedon. Nis nan swa god
pegn swa he!
20°. ‘ Nu is him to banan geworden sum unfaelu wiht. Ne
wat ic hwider heo opfleah mid pi re h?rehype. Heo wraec
pa faehpe pe pu Grgndel a-ewealdest giestran-niht. He cet wige
a-leoll, and nu com oper feond, hire sunu to wrecanne.
201. Ic paet gehierde uplgndisce mgnn s^egan paet hie
gesawen swelce twa wihta hwearfian geond pa moras. Jiara
oper waes, pais-pe him puhte, wife anlic. Oper haifde weres
waestm; butan he waes mara ponne aenig oper mann; pone
man n?mnde Gr?ndel on ealddagum. Nyston hie hwaeber
he faeder haefde, oppe hwaet his cynn waere.
 58 TEXTS

202. ‘Hie eardiap on westum lande and on eem§nnum:

nabbap him to geferum butan wulfas and wildeor. Nis paet
land manigum gefere, forpaem peer sind scearpe wegas and
stanihte, and hea clifu, and wilde moras. And peer is micel
m§re ommiddan paem morum, pe man hiett “nicera m^re.”
And of paem m?re an ea is iernende mid ungefoglicum streame,
hwflum bufan eorpan, hwilum under eorpan, op-pset heo
ut-sclctt on gars^cg.
203. ‘ Nis hit feorr heonon past se mf re st^nt under harum
stane. Of psem stane sind a-weaxene swipe hrimige bcarwas,
pe past waeter oferhelmiap; and past waster is sweart under
paem clife neopan. peer man masg micel wundor on niht
geseon, swelce eall past waeter biernende waere. Nan swa
wls mann ne leofap paet he pone grund wite.
204. ‘Nan mann pair eardian ne maeg; ac for pasm
manigfealdum brogum and ggesum and for paere annesse
paes widgillan westennes hit ndenig mann a-dreogan ne maeg,
ac hit celc mann for paem befllehp, ge furpum wildeor. Gif
hit gelimpp past heorot pone wudu sece for hunda ?ge, him
bip leofre past he his lif peer on ofre forldete ponne he inn
wile on paet waeter. paet is unhieru stow: is paet waeter
sweart, and mid stormum hreoh; eefre hit rignp pxr, swelce
heofon weope.
205. ‘Nu is eft swa aer reed aet pe anum gclang! Ne
canst pu glet pa frecnan Stowe pxr pu hie findan miht;
sec, gif pu dyrre! Ic pe pa faehpe mid feo leanige and
mid deorwierpum mapmum, swa ic xr dyde, gif pu on weg-
cymst/
200. pa ewasp Beowulf: ‘ Ne sorga pu, snotra mann.
Bgtere is aeghwelcum pxt he his freond wrece >onne he fela
murne. Ure Sghwelc sceal gebldan his lifes gnde. Gewyrce,
se-J>e mote, dom *r his deaj>e ! )?set bi}> him bgtst aefter his
 BEO JVULFES Sll} 59
daege. AtIs, Hropgar cyning! Uton hrape faran ! Uton
Grandies meder aefter-spyrian ! Ic hit pe gehate : nc losap heo
na, ne on lande ne on see, ne on sxs grunde, ga peer heo wile !
Pys daege hafa gepyld plnra iermpa, swa ic pe wene to ! ’
207. pa a*hleop se ealda cyning, Dryhtne pancicnde paes-pe
Beowulf gesprxe. pa gewat he panon, on horse rldende,
and manige his pegna mid him. pa lastas wceron lepgeslene,
pxr Gr^ndles modor paes pegnes lichaman figrede. Hie drifon
paet spor geond teceras and maedwa ut of pcem bynan lande
inn on pone weald, sippan ut on pone m6r.
208. pa eodon hie to paem stanihtan lande, paer pa papas
sticole wajron and swipe nearwe. pa eode se cyning beforan,
feowera sum his witena, forpaem he cupe b?tst pone weg.
pa faeringa hie gesawon pa forsearodan beamas ofer pone
haran stan hangian and pone sweartan m?re under neopan.
209. pa wearp p£m cyninge and his witum swipe ange
on mode, pa hie ^Esch^res heafod on pxm ofre gemetton,
and gesawon hu paet waeter waes call mid blode gedrefed.
Pa bleow man horn, and gesamnode paet werod. Hie pa
ealle wlcodon be peem m^re. Hie gesawon manigra cynna
nxdran and sxdracan on pxm waetere swimman, swelce eac
mceras on paim naessum liegan. Hie pa ealle ierre on'weg-
hruron, sona swa hie pone horn gehlerdon. para anne
Beowulf mid flane ofsceat: gel^tte hine his sundes. pa
wearp he mid sperum t6*sticod and mid hocum on land
getogen; pa m?nn sceawodon pone ?geslican giest.

Hu Beowulf of slog Grpi dies modor .

210. pa gierede hine Beowulf mid his h^regeatwum : dyde
on his byrnan, and s$tte him helm on heafod. pone helm
worhte sum craeftig smip on ealddagum; se hine mid eofera
anlicnessum bes^tte, paet hine nan sweord bitan ne mihte.
6o TEXTS

Beowulf haefde eac swipe aenlic sweord; paes him ondah

Unferp, paes cyninges pyle, pa him waes godes wdepnes pearf.
paet waes eald laf: ne swac hit naefre aet wlge. Huru ne
gemunde Unferp his aerran gielpes, pa he Beowulfe paes
sweordes ondah : ne dorste his feore genepan under prem
hreom ypum. pair adaeg his dom, paet he pa aet nlehstan
hine selfne to nahte bemcet. Naes hit Beowulfe swa, sippan
he hine to wlge gegiered haefde. pa cwaep Beowulf:
211. ‘ Gep§nc nu, pu snotra cyning, nu ic eom fus to
sipianne, hwaet wit air gespraecon : gif ic aet plnre pearfe min
lif fordete, paet pu me a waere on faeder staele aefter minum
forpslpe. Beo pu mundbora minum pegnum, gif ic on wlge
a'fealle ! On’sgnd eac, leofa Hropgar, Hygelace pa mapmas
pe pu me aer sealdest, paet he maege oivgietan, ponne he on
paet gold starap, paet ic cystigne mundboran funde. And
laet Unferp min deorwicrpe sweord habban; ic wile me mid
Hruntinge dom gewyrcan, oppe me sceal deap niman.’
212. pa efste Beowulf unforhtllce aefter pissum wordum:
he noldc nanre andsware bldan, ac paer-rihte into paim mere
sceat, and under pa ypa deaf. S^gp paet spell paet he ealne
daeg niper swamm xr he mihte pone grund on*gietan.
213. pa under pcem on*funde Gr§ndles modor paet sum
mann scuccena eardes ufan fandode. Grap pa him to-geanes,
and hine gefeng mid hire egeslicum clawum. Ac heo ne
mihte him naht lapes gedon: ne mihte heo na pa Isenan
hringas mid hire fingrum purlvfon. Ac heo hine faeste befeng,
paet he ne mihte his sweordes wealdan, ne hine wip pa saedeor
w§rian, pe hine on paem sunde swipe sw^ncton mid hira tuscum.
214. pa oivgeat Beowulf paet he on sumre healle waes,
paer him paes waeteres flod naht dorian ne mihte for pxm
hrofe. paet is eac micel wundor paet he leoht geseah inne
on paere healle beorhte sclnende.
 BEOJVULFES SlP 6l

215. pa on-geat he poet mihtige m^rewlf, and pa rdesde

on hie, and hie on poet heafod slog, poet hit hleoprode mid
poem dynte, swelce poet sweord sum ^geslic wlgleop sunge.
pa on*geat he poet poet sweord nolde bitan; ac him
seo §cg geswac oet pdere pearfe, peah hit oft air on wlge
dohte. poet woes se forma sip poet poem sweorde his
dom adaeg.
216. pa wearp Beowulf anraid swa air, and his mderpa
gemunde. He wearp pa past sweord of'dune, ierre on mode,
poet hit on eorpan loeg; and his moegne getrlewde, swa pegn
sceal don, gif he him wile langsum word oet his ^nde
gewyrcan, and ne carap ymb his Ilf. Ne rohte he pdere
faihpe: gefeng poet wlf be hire feaxe, and hie on eorpan
wearp. Ac heo him poet grimme forgeald, pa heo hine
gefeng and oferwearp, poet lie on fielle wearp, and hire
seax geteah: wolde hire sunu wrecan.
217. He hoefde pa for'slpod, butan hine seo byrne gescilde,
and him poes God upe poet he eft a*stod. pa geseah he
sweord on paim wage hangian. poet woes eald laf, ealra
waipna b^tst. Hit woes mare ponne denig oper mann
adi^bban mihte. He pa poet sweord gefeng, llfes orwena,
and hit of sceape a*teah, and poet wlf h^tellce slog on pone
heals, poet seo $cg eall purlrwod ge fldesc ge banhringas.
Heo pa mid paim dynte niper a*sag, and hire Ilf adet.
218. pa gefeah Beowulf poes weorces miclum gefean; ac
he woes wilniende poet he poes gewinnes mihte mare
gefr^mman: wolde Gr§ndle for’gieldan pa unarlmedlican
h^rgunga pe he on D^num air geworhte. He pa funde hine
on his r^ste deadne licgan: ne wearp seo wund gehailed pe
he ^r on Heorote on'feng. pa cearf he him poet heafod of
mid anum dynte, poet poet bodig wide sprang, and poet heafod
forp wand on pa flore.
 62 TEXTS

Hu Beowulf brohte pcem cyfringe Grendles heafod.

219. Sona paet gesawon pa witan pe mid Hropgare pone

m £ re heoldon paet paet waster waes eall mid blode gedrefed.
pa on-gunnon hie ymb Beowulf to sprecanne: cwsedon
paet hie ne wendon paet he aefre eft come Hropgar secan,
forpaem hie ealle untweogendllce wendon paet hine paet
m^rewif oPslaegen haefde.
220. pa com non; pa forleton hie pone m^re, and him
hamweard wendon. Ac pa Geatas belifon pder baeftan:
saeton him on poem ofre seoce on mode, and on pone mere
starodon. Hie wyscton, and peah ne wendon, paet hie hira
hlaford eft gesawen.
221. pa under paem on*gann piira §nta sweord wanian
swelce hit ises giecel waere; waes Grendles blod to paem hat
and cetren. Waes paet micel wundor paet hit eall gemealt
butan paem hike anum! pa nam Beowulf paet hilt and
Grendles heafod samod, and nan ping ^lles, peah he pair
manige mapmas geseah.
222. pa eode he ut of Grendles healle, and wearp hrape
on sunde: deaf up purh paet waeter. Ne ehton his na pa
saedeor, swa hie air dydon, forpaem se mere waes eall gefaelsod
sippan Grendel dead waes.
223. He com pa to lande swimman, swipe gefeonde
paere byrpenne pe he him mid haefde. pa eodon his pegnas
him to-geanes, Gode panciende paet hie hine mosten gesundne
geseon, and him of-dydon helm and byrnan; of paem dreap
waeter wip blod gem^nged.
224. Hie pa foron panon, blipe on mode. Hira feowere
earfoplice paet heafod feredon on st$nge. Kodon swa forp
be paem cupum wegum op-paet hie to Heorote comon. pa
cbm Beowulf inn-gan on pa healle, and grette pone cyning.
 BEOIVULFES SlP 63

pa wearp Gr^ndles heafod be feaxe inn-boren and poere

niodor samod, poem mannum to wceferslene. Ealle wundro-
don paere seldcupan gesihpe.
225. pa cwaep Beowulf: ‘ Hwaet, we pe pas scelac hider
brohton, Hropgar cyning, poes siges to tacne ! Ic hie undei
waetere earfoplice geeode. poet waes heard gefeoht: ic
pair forwurde on poes m^res grunde, butan me God
gescilde.*
220. He soegde pa poem cyninge hu hine haefde geworden
wip Gr^ndles modor. pa cwaep he eft: ‘ Ic hit pe gehate
poet pu most on Heorote butan sorge slcepan, pu and pine
pegnas : ne pearft pu pe nanne hearm oirdroedan on pa
healfe, swa pu air dydest.'
227. pa wearp px*t gyldene hilt poem cyninge on hand
a-giefen. He pa se cyning sceawode poet hilt; on paem waes
Qnta gewinn swipe foegere gemearcod, swelce hit atlefred
wasre, hu hie wip God wunnon, and hu he him pees lean
for geald, pa he hie mid waeterflode fordyde. poet waes poet
x'reste gewinn pe on pissum middangearde gewearp. pair
wees eac on paim hike mid runstafum gemearcod and ges^tt
hwaim paet sweord airest geworht woe re.
228. pa cwaep se cyning (ealle swlgodon): ‘poet la maeg
wita s^egan^ se-pe eall geman paes-pe on ealddagum gewearp,
poet nan swa god pegn swa pu eart ne wearp naefre geboren,
nun freond Beowulf! ^ Is pin lof a-raered wide geond eorpan.
Ne eart pu to swipe up-ahafen for pinum moegne, ac pu hit
mid gepyldum hieltst. pu scealt pinum folce to frofre
weorpan to langre tide.
220. ‘ Ne wear}) Denum swa H?rem6d cyning. Ne
geweox he him to frofre, ac to forwyrde, mid'}>cern))e he his
agne magas slog and a-mierde, o}>-}>a;t he of his rice a-fliemed
wear}), and his lif on wraecsi})e gegndode, hwearfiende ana.
64 TEXTS

And peah se aelmihtiga bine mid msegne gegodode and mid

snelscipe ofer ealle m§nn. pa greow hwaepre waelhreownes
on his mode, and gitsung, and ealle uncysta. Leer pe be
pxm ! Ic hcebbe pe pis bispell a'reaht past pu maege wisdom
leornian.
230. ‘ Is micel wundor to s§cganne hu se aelmihtiga his
giefa s§lp pasm-pe he wile : sumum m§nn he forgiefp wisdom,
sumum pegnscipe. Hwilum he paem m§nn his willan to-
forlcett to langre tide: s^lp him ealle eorpan wynna, and
gedep him brad lieu underpiedd, peet he ne maeg for his
unwisdome his §nde gep§ncan. lie leofap on wistum. Ne
geswfncp hine adl ne sorg. Ne dr§cp hine unfriph§re on
•Jenige healfe. Ac eall woruld him on willan w§nt.
231. ‘ Ne cann he past wierse; op-peet him ominnan
ofermelto weaxap, ponne se §ngel slcepp pe peere sawle giemp.
Is se slaep to fcest, and se bana neah, se-pe mid his bogan
facenlice sciett. ponne wierp he on heortan of'scoten mid
biterre fiane. Ne maeg he hine gescildan wip pone a'wiergdan
scuccan; ac he him on hand gcep, and wierp his bebodum
underpiedd, and on eallum pingum faerp be his reede.
232. ‘ ponne pyncp him se wela to lytel pe he cer brocende
waes mid ungemete. ponne wierp he to gitsere: hordap his
gold, and ne s§lp hit na his mannum, swa cyninge gedafenap.
Ac for pa;m hwihv^ndlicum spedum pe him God sealde he
forgiett and forglemp past towearde lif.
233. 1 ponne feerlice becymp se £nde: se faega lichama
help, ponne fehp 5per to, se-pe pa mapmas daelp unhneaw-
lice pe se dper hordode: ne giemp na his ?ges.
234. * Forbug pa uncyste, leofa Beowulf, manna b§tsta!
Geceos pe ecne reed ! Ne giem pu ofermetta! Nu is pinre
geogope bleed to lytelre hwile; sona hit bip paet pe adl oppe
ieldo pines meegnes benimp, oppe wsepnes §cg, oppe fyres
 BEOWULFES Sit3 65

f?ng, oppe flodes wielm, oppe eagena bearhtm : ne miht pu

deap forfleon!
235. ‘ Swa ic D$na rice heold fiftig wintra, and hie wip
hira fiend heardlice bew^rede, paet ic nanne wiperwinnan
findan ne mihte geond ealne middangeard. Hwaet me
J>aes edw^nden com, sippan me Grgndel wear]? onscege !
Code aelmihtigum sle pane paet ic moste starian on paes
feondes heafod unlibbendes, aefter uncrum ealdum gewinne!
Ga nQ to setle, and paes gebeorscipes bruc ! Gefeoh pinra
m»rpa! pu scealt fela mapma on*fon, sippan morgen bip/
230. He pa Beowulf blissode miclum paere spraece, and
wistfullode on paem gebeorscipe, swa him se cyning bebead.
pa wses eft swa aer faegeru gereordung.
. 237. pa com niht; paet werod eall a*ras, and se cyning
his r^ste sohte. Beowulfe waes eac slaepes micel lust. Hine
pa swa mepigne se s^lepegn to paem bure gdcedde pe him aer
geteohhod waes; and he paer-inne slop op-paet pa fuglas mid
hira sange paet daegred bododon.

Hu Geatas eft hira eard gesofiton.

238. pa a/rison pa Geatas ealle: hie to scipe woldon, paet

hie eft hira eard gesohten.
239. pa het Beowulf Unferpe his sweord eft a-giefan: het
hine paet sweord niman, and saegde him paere laene pane.
He h^rede eac paet sweord: cwaep paet hit god waepen waere.
On paem gecypde Beowulf his pegnscipe and his mod piet he
paet sweord ne leahtrode, peah hit him aer aet wige geswice.
24a pa pa Geatas ealle gearwe waeron, pa eodon hie paer
ropgar saet on his cynesetle. pa grette Beowulf pone
cynmg, and cwaep: ‘ Nu we cuman willap s§cgan paet we
use sind Hygelac cyning to secanne. We waeron her on
F
66 TEXTS

eallum pingum wel bew^nede : pu us wel dohtest. Gif ic pe

to willan mare don maeg, ic beo sona gearo. Gif ic gehlere
ofer sse paet pa. neahpeoda wip pe gewinn up-ah^bben, ic
bringe pe pusend c^mpena to helpe. Ic wat on Hygelace
cyninge, peah he geong sle, paet he me fr§mman wile mid
wordum and mid weorcum, gif pe biJ> manna pearf. Gif
ponne pin sunu, Hreprlc aepeling, to Geata lande p?ncp, he
maeg paer fela freonda findan: god bip paem pe deah paet he
fierlenu land sece.'
241. pa andswarode him Hropgar : ‘ Se aelmihtiga purh
his wisdom s§nde pe pas word on mode: ne gehierde ic
naefre swa geongne mann snotorlicor sprecan! pu eart on
llchaman strang, and on mode wls. Ic wene, gif hit gelimpp
paet Hygelac on wlge afielp, oppe him elles-hwaet ges^lp,
and pu llfes bist, paet Geatas nanne b^teran cyning to ceo-
sanne naebben, gif pu paes rices on*fon wilt. Me pin mod
Heap swa l?ng swa b$t, leofa Beowulf! Haefst pu swa
gebaered paet sibb sceal beon gemaene piem folcum bcem,
Geatum and D?num, and pa gewinn r?stan pe hie aer drugon.
Huru man sceal frip healdan and mid giefum faestnian swa
lange swa ic rice haebbe. Ic wat paet pa folc ba ealles
faestmod sind ge wip feond ge wip freond on pa ealdan
wlsan.’
242. pa sealde him se cyning twelf mapmas: baed hine
mid paem giefum his 3gene leode secan, and hraedllce eft
cuman. pa cyste hine se cyning and be healse nam. Tearas
him of paem eagum feollon : waes him se mann to paem leof
paet he ne mihte pa tearas forberan. Wearp him paet blod
mid langope on*aeled. He wysete and wilnode paet he moste
hine eft geseon; and peah hine paes tweode, fonpism he waes
swipe eald.
243. pa gewat Beowulf panon mid mapmum geweorpod.
 beoivulfes Sip

eode poer his poet scip bad. On poem wege h§redon pa

Geatas pass cyninges cyslignesse: paet waes cyning ealles
orleahtre, op-paet hine ieldo his maegnes benam, swa heo
manige dep.
244. pa Geatas eodon swa forp, op-paet hie to pcere see
strande comon. pa rad him se weard to*geanes. Ne grette
he hie na mid hearme, swa he *r dyde; ac he him freondlice
to-cwaep: ba;d hie gesunde to hira scipe gan, pair hit on
ancre rad, mid h?regeatwum gehladen and mid missenlicum
mapmum. pa sealde Beowulf poem batwearde golde-foeted
sweord poet he sippan py wierpra woes for poem mapme,
ponne he on healle soet.
245. Swa Beowulf and his geferan of D?na lande foron,
and to him agnum lande becomon. Sona swa hie to lande
comon pa eodon hie Hygelac cyning gretan. And se cyning
ira ge sgen woes, for poem he ne wende na poet he scolde
Beowulf his moeg eft libbendne geseon.
on2,48' P5 °n'*fnn se hine georne befrignan hu him
on poem s.pe gelamp. And Beowulf him p*t eall, sweotollice
aegde. And pa he his sproece gegndod haefde, pa sealde he
paim cyninge pa b?tstan para mapma pe he him mid brohte;

SonduV d -SUme ** m5pmaS pSre cw-e, sume his

ondum and magum. And hie ealle para giefena fegnodon.

r I'6 Cyning We°rp0de Bgowulf minium ge mid feo

mx^um rn B5°WUlf J’^h-wunode sippan on poem
»stum gesaelpum and on p*re moestan weorpunge.
 NOTES

23 g. gehierde ‘heard5 preterite ofgehieran 6. gesawon

‘ saw 5 preterite plural of geseon.
24 g. grette ‘ greeted 5 preterite of gretan.
25 g. geseah preterite singular of geseon 23. seo undffid
‘evil deed, crime’, literally ‘un-deed’; seo died 17. feorran
%

‘ from afar
20 g. canst pu ‘ knowest thou’ from cann. pisne 62. se
crsBft ‘ art, trade, occupation gesihst ‘ seest ’ from geseon.
27 g. ealneweg ‘ always literally ‘ all the way ’; se weg
‘ road, way gearo ‘ ready \ wunodon ‘ dwelt ’ preterite
plural of wunian. p®r * there lang ‘ long seo tid
‘ time
28 g. seo heall ‘ hall iernp ‘ runs ’ from iernan 2 ; iernp
ymb ‘ revolves round seo eorpe ‘ earth ’ 8.
30 g. s^le ‘ give ! ’ from sgllan. se hafoc ‘ hawk hwaBt
‘ what sceal ‘ shall pin ‘ thy gebropru plural of
bropor n. past hors ‘horse'.
31 g. se god ‘ Godsealde preterite of sgllan. pset
leoht ‘ light
32 g. se sl&p ‘ sleep bip ‘ is se deap ‘ death
gelieost ‘ most like ’ from gelic. andswarode preterite
of andswarian ‘answer’, from seo andswaru 1. pus ‘thus .
gelieode ‘ pleased ’ from gellcian. seo cwen ‘ the queen .
sind ‘are’, getriewe ‘faithful’ plural ofgeirlewe.
 NOTES 69

33 g. eall 4 all . nytt 4 useful on-best®l 4 stole on,

came upon’; stelan ‘steal*. cearf ‘cut’ from ccorfan.
fast heafod 4 head*, plural heafdn. of 4ofT*. se fiacere
fisherman *. bregda)> ‘ pull, twist, weave * from brcgdan.
p&t n^tt 4 net *.
34 g. se dasg ‘ day, life-time *. eode ‘went* preterite of
gan. seo street 4 paved (Roman) road, street *. wacian 4 to
watch . se J>eof ‘ thief*, saet ‘ sat ’ from si//an. se ealdor1-
mann chief, duke, nobleman ’. eweej? 4 spoke, said * from
cwcpan.

35 g. se mangere ‘ merchant \ astag 4 ascended * from

a's/lgan. se beam ‘ tree *. hangiajj 4 hang ’ from hangian. se
m^re lake . ute ‘outside, out *. seo s£B ‘ sea *. se bat 4 boat*
. annm, bate 4 in a boat*; an 4 one * is also used as an
m efinite article, which is, however, generally omitted.
. ^ n®'11 no one, none ’ is also used as an adjective, as
!n [”S* mann ‘ no manof slog 4 killed * from ofslean. britig
‘ thirty \ r
38 g. se steorra 4 star '. seo h»te 4 heat *.
39 g. b§tst 4 best * from god; compare bgtera 4 better *.
40 g. maerost 4 most famous * from mcere.
41 & ee*nunde 4 remembered * from geman. p®t word 2.
pQ ‘which*. ®r ‘formerly, before*, spraee ‘spoke* from
sprecan., past yfel4 evil *. wenan 4 to expect, hope *. fsegnian
rejoice . se gebeorseipe 4 feast *; se gebeor 4 boon-com¬
panion ’, literally 4 fellow beer-drinker *, where the ge- gives
, _e Sense togetfier *, as in ge/era 4 companion *, originally
ellow-traveller * (/iran 4 go, travel *) and gebroJ>ru 30 ; but
m many words the ge- has no meaning.
42 g. J>»t sweord 3. on*f5n4 to receive*; fdn se mfte91.
ood brucan ‘enjoy*, fiend plural (18) of * feond 9.
ehtan 4 to pursue, persecute
 7o NOTES

43 g. se frip ‘ peace bsdon ‘prayed, asked’ from biddan.

44 g. getipode ‘granted’ fromgetlpian. pancode ‘ thanked*
from pancian. peea genitive ofpeel . ‘ that, it*.
40 g. se strand ‘ shore *.
48 g. se wita ‘ sage, councillor *.
49 g. se craBft 26. peet cild 11. seo cwen 32.

60 g. sum ‘ a certain, a, some *, used also as a noun ‘ a

certain one, some one *.
61 g. se middangeard 6. . peet mod ‘ courage \ wunode
preterite of wutiian 27. gedafenap ‘ befits* from geda/enian.
sie ‘ be, is * subjunctive, cystig ‘ liberal *. diegle ‘ secret,
hidden*, seo stow ‘place *. seo pearf‘need*. preo‘three*,
pfflt pund ‘pound ’. seo butere ‘ butter .* swift ‘ swift *. se
bund 7. niwe ‘ new.* cu)? ‘ known’ adjective. p8Bt gemot
‘ meeting *—ealra wite?ia (48) geinot ‘ parliament *.
62 g. spree imperative of sprecan 41. milde ‘mild, gentle,
kind *. se munuo ‘ monk \ gap ‘ go ' from gdn 34. ale
‘ each ’. se nip ‘ enmity, violence *.
67 g. pfflt masgen ‘strength \ heold ‘ held * from healdan.
flftig .* fifty *. se winter ‘ winter ’, in reckoning ‘ year *. se
efmpa 5.
68 g. se lareow 9. wille, willap ‘ will * from willan. past
‘ that* conjunction, do ‘do * from don. lare ‘ teach ’ from
leer an.
69 g. waes ‘was*. D§ne only in plural ‘Danes’; the
names of nations are used also for the country itself, so that
on Dpinm ‘in or among the Danes * means also ‘ in Denmark *.
haten ‘ named, called * from hatan. aseode ‘ asked * from
ascian. be 34 is used also in the sense of‘about, concerning*.
60 g. agen ‘ own *.
62 g. hwanon 4 whence *. comon ‘ came * from cuman.
hider ‘ hither *. peet land ‘ land, country, land as opposed
 NOTES 71

to water ’. swif>e ‘severely, excessively, very ’. brad ‘ broad ’.

8eo niht ‘ night ’. \>set J>ing ‘ thing, affair
63 g. dyde ‘ did ’ from don 58. hu ‘ how ’. maeg ‘ can \
beon ‘ to be *. gesablig ‘ happy’. gessel]m feminine plural
‘ happiness, prosperity \ J>urhwunian*‘to continue, remain’;
purh ‘ through ’, wnnian 27. mot ‘ may
64g. hwider ‘whither’; compare hider 62. wilt ‘wilt’
from willan 58.
65 g. comon 62. sceawian ‘ look at, reconnoitre fseger
‘beautiful’, on ‘on’ is here used as an adverb ; compare on
lestal 33. locian ‘look’.
66 g. ridan ‘ ride ’.
88 g. healdan ‘hold, possess 57, preserve, guard*,
ffilmihtig ‘ almighty ’.
89 g. nu ‘now*, fus ‘hastening, ready to start’, se
eard ‘ native country ’. secan ‘ seek 83, visit ’.
90 g. hw©t‘what’ 30, here ‘who’, mihton preterite (84)
of mccg 63. a jjfncan ‘ think out, devise’; compare ftgncan
83* wijrstandan ‘ withstand, resist *.
81 g. baBd preterite of biddan, he bitt (70), he beed, hie
bcedon (43), gebeden. se fultum ‘help’, belifan, belaf\
belifon ‘ remain ’. beeftan ‘ behind.’ u)je preterite (84) of
arm ‘ grant ’. moste preterite (84) of mot 63. inn adverb
in . J>a0t pleoh ‘ danger’, man indefinite pronoun 4 one ’;
formed from se mann. se hw®l ‘ whale ’. fon, fehp.feng,
gtfangen ‘ seize, catch, take *—poet man gefo 4 to catch ’.
Bwa ‘ so 9, as ’; .hwelo ‘ who, which ’—siva hwelc swa ‘ who-
ever . bega imperative of began ‘ practice ’; gan 64.
82 g. riceian ‘ rule ’; pcet r'lie 57. swelce adverb ‘as if ’;
sweld ‘such *. n®s na ‘was not
g. gif £ if', unforht ‘ intrepid *; forht ‘ afraid, timid ’.
ewa . . swa ‘so . . as ’ 91. self ‘ self’, neart ‘ art not ’.
 72 NOTES

95 g. neom ‘ am not '. spedig ‘ rich '. past win 2.

bycgan 4 buy.’ deoplicor adverb, comparative of deopHce

‘deeply '; deop ‘ deep \ ponne ‘ than '. aberan ‘ carry,
support, endure
97 g. paet gielpword ‘ boastful word or speech, vaunt ' ;
pcet word 41 ; 13 (gender), past b§dd ‘ bed stlgan, stag,
sligon ‘ ascend 9 ; compare a*stlgan 35.
98 g. wundorlic ‘ wonderful '. pyncan ‘seem'. nis
‘ is not'. nan-ping neuter * nothing 9; peel ping 62. butan
4 except, but \ seo sceado ‘ shadow, shade \
106 g. eow is here dative, wlsian, wisode ‘ guide ’ ; seo
wise ‘ manner, way sona ‘ immediately, quickly, soon ',
the last meaning being only occasional.
107 g. ofslean 37; s/ean, slihp, slog, slcrgen ‘strike,
slaughter '.
108 g. se wyrhta ‘worker, workman, artificer'; wyrean
83. gesamnian, gesamnode ‘ collect, gather \ seo wund
‘ wound ’. nsefre ‘ never ’. h»lan ‘ heal '. se dgmm
‘ injury \ manig ‘ many '. fram preposition with dative
‘from, by', se seemann ‘sailor, pirate'.
110 g. feallaxi, Jielp,/eoll, gefeallen ‘fall'.

1.
be 59 g. pissum 62 g. se middangeard 51 g. seo
sunne 4 g. g®p 103 g. betweonan ‘ between ' preposition
with dative, se heofon ‘ sky, Heaven ’ 8 g. seoeorpe 28 g.
on daeg 15 g, 35 g ‘ by day, in the daytime '; dag here is not
the accusative, but an old form of the dative, bufan ‘ above
preposition with dative, on niht 62 g. under 35 g. »fre
‘always, ever'; compare na/re 109 g. bip 102 g, 106 g.
iernan 28 g, arn, nrnon ‘run, flow', ymb prep. w. acc.
28 g. and ‘ and '. ealswa, in which the eal- is eall 33 g
used as an adverb, and swa-swa have the same meaning as
 NOTES 73
the simple swa 91 g, so that ealswd . . swa-swa is equivalent
to swa . . swa 93 g. leohte adverb ‘ brightly * from leoht
i bright ; compare pest leoht 31 g. sclnan, scan, scinofi
‘ shine ’. dep 103 g. urum 60 g. heafdum 33 g.
2. seo healf ‘ side, quarter, direction ’. pe is not only a
relative pronoun 63 g, but also a relative adverb with a variety
of meanings, here ‘ where, in which ’. pier 27 g refers back
to on pa healfe. ne 109 g.
3. hatan, hcett, het, hdten 59 g 4 call, name, command, bid,
ask \ an 2 g. fram 108 g. se upgang ‘ going up, rising
op ‘ until, up to * preposition with accusative, se ®fen 4 even¬
ing \ op-paet conjunction ‘ until ’, literally ‘ until that (that) ’.'
eft adverb ‘ again, (come) back, afterwards ’. becuman
67g —eft becuman ‘return'; 97 g (mood), par ‘to the
place where’. »r 41 g. up ‘upwards, up*, stag 97 g.
paBt f»c ‘ space of time, period \ sind 102 g. t^llan, ////;,
tealde ‘ count, consider (to be so and so) \ feower ‘ four
twentig ‘twenty’. seo tld ‘time, hour’ 2 7g, 57 g
(case).
4. swipe 62 g. micel5ig. brad 62 g. pses-pe ‘ accord-
lng as, as’ is made up of pees 59 g and the adverb pe 2.
fcec 18 g. slogan, sggp, scrgde, imperative sfge ‘ say ’ 71 g, 8 3 g,
100 g. se ymbhwyrft ‘ circuit ’; ymb 1, hweorfan 10. ae
but^. pyncan, puhte 98 g, 84 g. lytel 2 g, 50 g (ending),
for-pampe or forpam ‘ because ’, literally ‘ for that (that) ’;
for 34 g, pcem 59 g, pe 2. feorr adverb ‘far’ ; compare
for ran 25 g. seo gesihp ‘ power of sight, what is seen ’;
compare he gesihp ‘ sees ’.
*6. mona, steorra 38 g. onfop 42 g; fon 9ig. past
leoht 31 g.
0. sgttan 82 g ‘set, appoint’. mannum 33 g (case).
34 g ‘ to ’, here ‘ for seo r§st ‘ rest, bed ’. peah-pe 98 g.

I
 74 NOTES

pynce 98 g (mood), psat maneynn ‘ mankind ’ ; se matin,

pcet cytin ‘ species, race, lineage ’.
7. dasghwfflmlice ‘daily’ adverb; se dcrg, hwcem 61 g
(compare gehwd ‘ each’), -lice (compare deoplice 95 g).
weaxan, wiext, weox, geweaxen ‘ grow, increase, wax'.
wanian, wanode 79 g 4 decrease, wane \ simle ‘ continually,
always*, w^ndan, wpit, w§nde 70 g ‘turn (transitive and
intransitive), go ’. se hrycg ‘ back ’.
8. fast gear ‘ year’. twelf ‘ twelve \ se monaf ‘ month .
twa 56 g. fiftig 57 g. seo wuce ‘ week ’. siextig ‘ sixty’;
siex ‘ six ’. daga, the noun is usually repeated in this way
after the smaller number, to eacan preposition with dative
‘ besides * ; . to and se eaca ‘ increase *—-peer-toeacan ‘ in
addition to that ’. tlda nominative.
9. se regn ‘ rain ’. cuinan 64 g, cymp 73 g, com, cumen.
of preposition with dative ‘ from, of ’: also adverb ‘ off ' 33 g«
seo lyft ‘ air \ a teon = teon, fiehp, teak, iugo?i,getogen ' pull,
draw ’. se wffita ‘ moisture ’. seb 46 g. gaderian, ge- 41 S
6 collect ’. so scur ‘ shower Jjonne . . J>onne ‘ when . .
then ’; demonstrative adverbs are used also relatively : pa
1then, when \ peer ‘there, where’, mare neuter (53 ff)
viara ‘ bigger, greater, more ’ irregular comparative of micel.
aberan 95g; her an, bierp, beer, beer on, boren ‘carry, bring
forth (child)’. feallan nog. of dune ‘down’, literally
‘ from the hill (seo dun) ’.
10. se hagol ‘ hail se dropa ‘ drop ’. freosan, freas,
fruron, gefroren ‘ freeze ’; compare hreosan 75 g- uppe ‘ up •
soaa 106 g. swa-swa 1. sum 50 g. se scop poet .
gieddian, gieddode ‘compose or recite poetry’. hwitost
superlative of hwit ‘ white ’. In reading these verses the
words preceded by (•) must be uttered with extra stress.
psst corn ‘ grain, corn ’. hweorfan, hwierfp, hwcarf, Incur/on,
 NOTES 75
gehworfen ‘turn, wander, proceed’; compare ymbhwyrft 4,
and, for the inflections, weorpan 77 g hit refers to corn
understood, wealean, weolc ‘ roll, whirl se wind ‘ wind ’.
wierp 77 g. pat water ‘water’. sippan ‘afterwards,
then’, also conjunction ‘after, when \
11. pe . . on ‘ in which ’; on is here rather an adverbial
prefix to the verb than a preposition, libban, he leo/ap, leo/ode
‘ live’; compare habban, imperative hafa 104 g. feower 3 g.
Beo gesceaft ‘created thing, elementnis i09g. nabbe
ne habbe, 95 g (mood), mid 34 g; prepositions sometimes
follow the word they govern. pat fyr ‘ fire ’.
12. pynne ‘ thin ’. ofergan ‘ go over, pervade ’. up-
stigan = up-as 11 g an 3. Heogan, Jleag,Jlugon, geJloge?i ‘ fly’,
ee fugol ‘ bird . ee fisc ‘ fish ’. swimman, swavnny swummon
‘swim’, mihte subjunctive 93 g. hira nan 37 g. nare
^ ne wa^re, here ‘ if it were not for ’. pe 63 g. pat wolcen
cloud ’. se storm ‘ storm ’.
13. ^ astyrian = styrian, sty rede ‘ stir, disturb ’. Observe
the distinction between is and bip 106 g.
14. s© craft 26 g. hwelc 91 g. canst 84 g. munuo
52 g.
16. pas pine geferan ‘ these ones (who are) thy com¬
panions ; segefera 41 g. se ierpling ‘ agriculturist, farmer,
p oughman . pat sceap ‘ sheep ’. se hierde ‘ herdsman,
cowherd’, peat hriper ‘head of cattle’, se hunta 20g.
8© fiscore 33 g. se fuglere ‘fowler’; se fugol 12. so
ciopemann ‘ merchant ’; clepan ‘ trade, buy, sellse scoh,
pural sc'ds 47 g ‘shoe’, se wyrhta 108 g. se sealtere
‘ sailer, salt-maker ’; J><zt sealt ‘ salt ’. se bacere ‘ baker ’.
_ le* 4. . hu 63 g. begast 91 g, 103 g. la ‘ oh ! ’,
leof 53 %—la leof or simply leof ‘ (dear) sir ! ’. pearle ‘severely,
yery . swincan, swanc, swuncon ‘ labour, suffer hardship ’.
 76 NOTES

ffllce dfflge 52 g. sceal 30 g, pit scealt, we scuion, he scolde

‘ have to, ought to, shall '. past dasgred ‘ dawn ’. ut ‘ out'.
ponne ‘then' 9. se oxa ‘ox*, felda dative of se feld
‘ field drifan, draf \ dri/on ‘ drive '. seo sulh 7 g, plural
18 g; nouns that form their nominative plural by vowel-
change have the same form for the dative singular; so also
on pare byrig ‘in the city’, geoeian, geocode ‘yoke'; pat
geoc‘yoke’. nis nan io9g. winter 57g. stearc ‘severe',
dearr, pit dears!, we durron, dors/e, subj. pres. ‘ dare
95 » (mood), se ham ‘home'; aat preposition with dative ‘at'
—in at ham, ham is an old dative 1. lutian, lutode ‘skulk,
hide ’ ; lit tan, teat ‘ bow, bend * intrans. se hlaford 7 g.
se f^e ‘fear', ac 4. paet scear ‘ploughshare', se culter
‘ coulter '. ffestnian, fastnode ‘ fasten, confirm '; fast ‘firm',
full ‘ full '. se seer ‘ (ploughed) field, acre '. frian, £rede
1 plough \ oppe ‘ or ’. mare 9.
17. fflnig ‘any', giese ‘yes', se cnapa 5 g. seo gad
‘ goad '. pien plede ‘ stab, pierce, drive '. has ‘ hoarse'.
for 34 g. se ciele ‘ chill, cold '. se hream ‘ shouting '.
18. desti03g. giet ‘yet, still, in addition \ todonne65g.
leof 16. seo binn ‘manger'. pa9t hieg 6 hay '. afyllan
‘ fill' ; gefylla?i 71 g ‘ fill, satisfy with food '. wseterian,
waterode ‘ water, make to drink '. se steall ‘ stall, stable \
feormian, feormode ‘ clean '.
19. eala ‘ ah !, oh’; la 16. p&t gedeorf ‘labour, hard¬
ship'. for peempe 4. neom 109 g. freo ‘free’.
20. on arnemergen ‘early in the morning 41 g, se
morgen, gen. ?norgennes ‘ morning'. seo lees, plural Iceswa
‘pasture'. sippan 10. standan, stgnt, stod, gestanden
‘stand', se hund 7 g. pylaspe conjunction ‘lest'; las
is the adverb of Icessa 9 g. se wulf‘wolf'. for*swelgan
‘ devour ’; swclgan, swealg, swulgon, geswolgen ‘ swallow .
 NOTES 77
ffifen 3. lffidan 81 g. on-gean ‘ again, back \ peat loo
lock, bolt , plural locu ‘ sheepfold ’. melcan, mealc ‘ milk \
tuwa ‘ twice ’. macian, macode ‘ make ’. seo butere 51 g.
se ciese ‘ cheese getrlewe 32 g.
21. on geociau ‘unyoke’. ealle niht 27 g. wacian,
wacode ‘be awake, watch ’. for peofum 34 g. pass on
1 *norgenne ‘ next morning betacan ‘ entrust, commit ’ ;
tc£ca?i ‘ show ’ 82 g. eft 3. wel ‘ well\ gefylde 18.
22. of 9. tenig 17. ping 98 g.
25. hwffis 61 g. cyning 15 g.
20. bregdan 33 g, bragd, brugdon, gebrogden. nftt 33 g.
& s^ttan = sgttan 82 g. geheep ‘ suitable \ stow 51 g.
tyhtan incite . hund peat wildeor ‘wild beast',
20.
ehtan 42 g, preterite ehte, 91 g (mood). op-peBt 3. on un-
% Searwe unawares’; gearo, plur. gearwe 27 g. becuman 3.
fus 32 g. lasccan, Icehle‘ seize, take *. ponne . . ponne 9.
to is here adverb—‘1 come up ’. ofslean 107 g.
27. butan preposition with dative ‘ without ’; also adverb,
conjunction ‘ except 6, unless \ huntian, huntode * hunt ’.
28. fon 91 g. swift 51 g.
29. swlpost ‘ chiefly ’ adverb, superl. of swipe 4. se
eorot deer, stag ’. se ra ‘ roebuck". se bar ‘ wild
°ar . hwflum ‘ sometimes ’—dat. plur. of seo Jrwll ‘ w hile,
I period of time ; compare styctemcelum 5 g. se hara
hare ’.

t to dcBg ‘to-day’; compare on dcrg 1. se h untop

t aCt, hunting, what is taken in hunting, game ’. nese
* tor p®m 4. se sunnan-dag ‘ Sunday ’; sunnan gen.
0 seo sunne. ao 16. giestrand®g ‘ yesterday ’.
31. twegen 56 g.
32. ofstician, -ode ‘stab to death’; compare of’slean 26.
3. gedyrstig ‘ daring ’; dearr 16. bedrifan = drl/an 16.
 ?8 NOTES

ffflstlice ‘firmly 7; fast 16. on-gean ‘ against, to meet’, also

‘ again ’ 20. feerlice ‘ suddenly ’. feet spere ‘ spear ’.
34. fa ‘then’, also ‘when' rel. 9. forhtmod ‘timid';
forht 93g, pat mod ‘mood, heart, mind, disposition, character,
courage 51 gmissenlie ‘various’, wunian 79 g. se
wudu ‘ forest ’, nom. plur. and dat. sing, wnda; compare
se sunu, pd suna 19 g.
35. ymb 1 ‘around, concerning, with regard to’, huntof
30. sfllan, sglp, sealde, imper. sgle ! 83 g, ioog. sw& hwaat
swa ‘ whatever swa hzvett swa 91 g.
36. scry dan ‘clothe ’; pat scriid ‘ dress ’. fedan, hefett.
fedde 70 g. hwllum 29. feet hors 30 g. offe 16. se beag
‘ring, torque’; bugan, beagy bugon, gebogen ‘bend, bow', py
instrumental of se, as adverb ‘ the *; so also hwy ‘ why ’ is
the instrumental of hzvd, hwat. geornor adverb, comparative
of georne ‘ eagerly, zealously ’ (georn ‘ eager, willing ’).
38. begietan, begiett, begeat, begeaton, begieten ‘ acquire,
get *. of 9. se blleofa ‘ sustenance ’ ; libban, leofode 11. faet
scrud 36. fast feoh 47 g*
39. se bat 35 g. rowan, reow ‘ row ’. ut 16. seo ea
46 g. weorpan, wearp, wurpon, geworpe?i ‘ throw ’. se angel
‘hook’, fast £es ‘carrion, bait’, seo spyrte ‘basket’,
hfflftan ‘ seize, take ’. niman, nam, namon, genumen ‘ take ’.
40. gif 93 g. undone ‘impure’; ‘ clean, pure’.
se m£te 42g.—vie to m§te 6.
41. hwsr ‘where’. clepan, 15. ceaster i7g.
42. bycgan 95 g,bygp, bohte 83 g. ceasterware ‘citizens’;
compare D§ne 59 g. hira 37g. fela 29. sfllan 60.
43. se ©I ‘ eel’. se hacod ‘ pike’. seo sceote ‘ trout ’;
sceotan, sclett, sceat, scut on, scoten ‘shoot, dart’ trans. and
intr. ofer ‘other’, earn 46 g. swimman 12.
44. forhwy ‘for what, why’; hwy 36. fiscian, fiscode
 NOTES 79

‘fish*. s»46g. doi03g. seldon ‘seldom/ me 33g. past

rewett ‘ rowing *; rowan.
45. se haring ‘herring*, se leax ‘ salmon’, se styria
‘sturgeon*, seo lopestre ‘lobster*, se crabba ‘crab*. operra
43 > always governs the genitive.
48. wilt 105 g. hw©l9ig. nic ‘not I’ is an emphatic
‘ no *.
47. forhwy 44. pat pleoh 9ig. lasse 9g, 53g. ponne
95 g* se hwalhuntop 30. faran, fccrp, for, gefaren ‘ go,
travel ’.
48. leofre 53 g. ofslean 26. nealles pat an . . ac ‘ not
only . . but *; nealles ‘ not at all, not ealles ‘ entirely ’ (gen.
of eall); observe that an keeps its strong form after the
definite article to distinguish it from the weak ana ‘ alone,
only*, self 93g. eac swelce ‘also *; eac ‘also*; swelce 92 g
has here its other meaning ‘ like ’ (compare our likewise —
also ). se sl§ge ‘stroke’; slean 107 g. bes§ncan = spican,
sgncte ‘sink’ trans.; sincan, sane ‘ sink* intrans. opjre 36.
49. peah ‘yet, however*, also ‘though, although’ 98 g.
Beo frecennes ‘danger*; frecne ‘dangerous*, atberstan
escape ; berstan, biersl, bcerst, burslon ‘burst*. se sceatt
money, profit*, panon ‘thence*; compare hwanon 62 g.
begietan 38. past sop 8 g ‘ truth *; sop ‘ true *. pat mod
34* seo slawp ‘ sloth *; slaw ‘ sluggish.*
60. beswican, beswac, beswicon, beswicen ‘ deceive, get the
better of*, se fugol 12. manigfeald ‘ manifold, various *.
seo wise 106 g. pat grin ‘ snare ’. seo trappe ‘ trap *. se
lim paste, mortar, birdlime ’. seo wistlung ‘ whistling ’;
wis/lian ‘ whistle.* se hafoc 30 g.
61. giese 17.
62. t^mian, tgmede ‘tame*; tain ‘tame.* nytt 33g. butan
27. cupe subjunct. 93 g.
 8o NOTES

53. lustlice ‘willingly'; se lust‘ pleasure, desire '. mara 9.

hwffljjer 4 whether '—hwcsper-pe ‘ or
64. a'fedan =fedan 36. wintra dative of se whiter 16. ge
‘ and '. eac swelce 48. se l§ncten ‘ spring, Lent \ l®tan,
tcett, let, listen ‘let*, wuda 34. ©ffleogan ‘ fly away ’;
compare cel'berstan 49. me 33 g. niman 39. se bridd
‘ young bird ’. se hsBrfest ‘ autumn
55. nyle = ne wile, se sumor ‘summer', dat. sumcra;
compare wintra 54, wuda 34, suna. pearle 16. etan 73 g,
ill, 1st, is ton.
56. gearo 2 7g. swelc 92g. pset ge swine ‘labour, trouble,
hardship'; swine an 16. nealles 48.
57. se mangere ‘ merchant ' = ciepemann 15. nytt 52.
se ealdormann 34 g. welig ‘ rich ’; se wela ‘ wealth '. p®t
folc 16 g.
58. a stlgan 35 g, 97 g. se hlsest ‘load, freight '. faran
47. ofer see 35 g, set accusative, byegan 42. deorwierpe
‘ precious ’; wierpe ‘ worth, worthy, honoured '. p®t land
62 g. a-c^nnan ‘bring forth, produce', lsdan 8ig. hider
62 g. pleo 47, 47 g. polian, polode ‘suffer, endure’, seo
forlidennes ‘ shipwreck '; lip an, lap, lidon, geliden ‘ travel by
water, sail'; compare fordeosan, -leas, -luron, -loren * lose '.
losian, losode ‘ be lost, perish, escape ’; compare fordeosan.
uneape ‘ with difficulty,scarcely'; cape ‘ easily', cucu ‘alive .
ABfberstan 49.
59. lffltst 70 g. se pall ‘ purple ’. se seoloc ‘silk ’. seld-
cup ‘ rare'; seldon 4 4, cup 51 g. p® t reaf ‘ robe '. pset wyrt-
gemang ‘ spice'; seo wyrt ‘ plant, vegetable, herb ; pest
gemang ‘ mixture ' (compare mgngan 6 g). p®t win 2 g. se
ele ‘ oil', p®t elpendban ‘elephants' bone, ivory . se gimm
‘ gem ’. p®t gold 13 g. p®t tin ‘ tin se msstling ‘ brass .
p®t ar ‘ bronze '. p®t seolfor ‘ silver p®t gl®s ‘ glass.
 NO TES 8l

.' 60. wip prep, with acc. ‘against, towards, to5, with dat.
*m exchange for ’. s^llan wip weorpe ‘ give for a price, sell ’ ;
hence sgllan by itself comes to mean ‘ sell *. se ilea ‘ the
same, pe . . mid ‘with which*, ute ‘outside, out 35 g,
abroad . nie 46. frfmman, frgmcpy frgtnede ‘ perform,
help, benefit, promote*. paet gedeorf 19. p©t gestreon
gain, wealth*, p©t wif ‘woman i6g, wife*, paet beam
‘ child
61. wyrean 83 g 4 work, make, do*, seo nytt ‘utility*.
niedbehefe ‘ necessary *; seo ?iied ‘ need *. seo hyd ‘ hide ’.
paBt fell ‘skin*, gearcian, gearcode ‘prepare*; gearo 56.
missenlic 34. past oynn 6. paet gescy ‘ boots and shoes * ;
stoh 15. seo leperhose ‘ leather gaiter *. se pwang ‘ thong*.
}>a geradu neut. plur. ‘ harness*, seo flasce ‘ leather bottle ’.
sefestels pouch, bag . wunian, wunode 34 ‘ dwell, continue*,
butan 27.

62. eala 19. fr^mep 60. p»t fl®sc ‘flesh*; mfttas

p Ur. of se mgte 40. brucan 42 g, breac, brucon. swetm^ttas
ainties , swe/e ‘sweet. paet sealt 15. se swaecc ‘taste,
avour . gefylp 21. ee cleofa ‘chamber, pantry*, paet
eda9ni storeroom ; hedan ‘heed, take care of’, pcct tern
louse . losap 58. butan ‘unless*, bealdan, hielt, heold,
gt-’ icalden ‘hold, preserve, protect* 88 g. ne ‘not, nor’—
7l€ ' ' ne neilher . . nor*, furpum ‘ even *. seo wyrt 59.
63. hwaper (53) is sometimes used in direct questions,
* uig the subj. when the question is to be answered in
t ie negative, past lif ‘ life *. a’dreogan ‘ endure, pass (life),
perorm ,y , dreogati, drlehp, dreag, drug on, ‘endure*, to
wile for a time . 29. na 92 g. lange adverb ‘long*,
ang adject.; compare leohle 1, swipe \ypearle 16. to ‘loo,
. ^ * we^21* fflle 16. se beod ‘ table *. aemettig ‘ empty *.
gepuht 4—hip gepuht / seems ’. se hlaf 9 g. se wlaetta
G
82 NOTES

nausea \ hwierfan ‘ turn ’ trans.; hweorfan io. strangian,

strajigode ‘ strengthen ’; strang ‘ strong ’. seo heorte ‘ heart .
se wer ' man (as opposed to woman)’. past maegen 57 g.
ge 54. furpum 62. se lytling ‘child’; lytel. nyllap=
ne willap. me dat. for’polian ‘dispense with’; poliany
polode 58.
04. se coc ‘ cook ’. sfcge we : when the pronoun im¬
mediately follows the verb, -ap becomes -e\ compare wille
git 58 g. hwseper 63, here with the indie. to awihte ‘at
all’; awiht neut. ‘ anything \ bepearf^/^’tfr/'‘ need, require ,
pu pearft, pur/on, por/te\ seo pearf 51 g. se geferscipe
‘community’; sege/era. etap 55. grene6g. hreaw‘raw.
fffitt ‘ fat ’. paBt brop ‘ broth ’.
65. rfccan, rgcp, rohte ‘ care for, heed ’. seopan, seap,
gesoden ‘ boil ’. brsedan ‘ roast ’. se peow ‘ slave, servant .
peah/hwaepre ‘ nevertheless
66. pa opre: oper always strong, wyrhta io8g. munue
14. geseon, -si/ip, -scah (25 g), -sawon, -sewen. eac (48) i
w. dat. ‘ besides ’. paet Isen ‘ iron also adjective, smip
I3g. se treowwyrhta ‘carpenter’; treow log.
67. wis 9g. se gepeahtere ‘ councillor, adviser, manager .
gewisslice ' certainly ’; gewiss ‘ certain ’; compare /astUte,
fdr lice 33, lustlice 53. wissian, wissode ‘guide, manage .
68. wlsa: the weak form is used to show the vocative
relation, fyrmest ‘ first ’, adverb ‘ in the first place . gepuht
63. god 3ig. se peowdom ‘service’, 65. betweox
prep, with dat. ‘between, among’. Crist ‘Christ . past
peel spell ‘ narrative, story . • ewepan,
godspell ‘ gospel ’;
ewerp, cwddon, geeweden ‘speak, say’, secan 83 g. Pffit
rice 16 g. iecan, ichte ‘ increase ’; eac.
69. seo woruld ‘world’, seo eorptilp ‘agriculture .
* 70. hwanon 62 g. se awel ‘awl’, se seamere tailor ;
 NOTES
83
se seam ‘ seam \ seo nsedl 4 needle \ J?®t geweorc 4 act
of working, what is made or done \
f andswarian, -ode 58 g. soJ> 49. wician, wlcode
1 lodge, dwell, encamp, anchor', se drynce ‘drink'. seo
smiJjJje ‘ smithyIsen 66. se spearca ‘ spark beatan,
be°i ‘beat', se slfcg ‘sledge-hammer'; slean. se sweg
‘sound', blawan, bleow ‘blow*, se bylig ‘leather baa-'
plur. ‘ bellows'.
72. notian, nolode ‘enjoy, make use of’, pmt f®t, plur.
fatu (compare dagas) ‘ vessel, dish
73. jjffit Jjyrel ‘ hole ’; J>urh prep, with acc. ‘ through ’.
74. hrsdlioe 7 g. geseman ■ reconcile, settle (dispute)
fast geflit ‘dispute, rivalry, emulation’, sie 102 g, 88g
(mood), seo sibb ‘peace, relationship’, seo gebwSrnes
‘concord, tranquillity ’ ; gepwmre ‘not at variance ’. betweox
68. frgmman 60. uton ‘let us 1 ’ Weorjrian, weorjeode
honour, respect’; 58. se bileofa 38. ]>®t fodor
food fodder . lSran ‘ teach ’ 58 g, ‘ advise ’ with dat. or
acc. of the person, se r®d • advice, deliberation, resolution,
policy, what is desirable, help ’. anra-gehwelc ‘ each ’; ge/nveU
each, geornllce =georne 36. sS->e 63g. forlstan ‘ leave,
abandon ; istan 54. fram 108 g. swa hwelc swa 01 g.
we 91 g (mood), swa . . swa ‘ whether . . or’, se m®sse-
prSost mass-priest ’; seo masse ‘ mass,’ se preost ‘ priest ’.
se ceorl ‘ free man of the lowest rank, plebeian ’. se c?mpa

^ ‘that "'hich ’• 80 d?mm 108 e- Bio scand

disgrace’, nyle 55. seeal 16.

JL ?®t .6Ud 11 /• lician- Rcode 3 2 g- seo sprSc ‘ talk,

o ’ SP-TeCan 1 g’ Sprit,>' SpraC' *Pr^°n. deoplice 95 g.
f ?Vfr 35 g’ ' bey°nd ’• bSo m®]> ‘ capacity ’. wip 60.
ine- S’ aCCOrding to ’• Pmt andgiet ‘understand-
g, ntellect . under'standan ‘ understand ’; standan 20.
G 2
84 NOTES

76. ascian, ascode 90 g. leomian, leornode ‘learn’, nyl-

laj) = ne willap; nyle 55. stunt ‘stupid’, pset nieten
‘ animal nyton = ne witon. f»aet gaers 6 g.
78. se wisdom ‘ wisdom ’; compare se peowdom 68.. lytig
‘cunning’, facenfull ‘treacherous’; per/ facen ‘treachery .
]>ffit yfel 41 g. J>fmcan 83 g. se byrgels ‘tomb’, wijrutan
‘outside’, faeger 65 g. wijvinnan ‘inside’, ful 'foul,
seo licettung ‘ hypocrisy ’. beswican 50.
79. bilewit ‘innocent, simple’. forbugan ‘avoid ;
bugan 36. J)aBt god ‘goodness, good thing’, feahhwaefre
65. giet 18. deoplicor 95 g; compare geomor 36. seo
ieldo 95 g. a beran 95g, 9. maBge 95 g (mood), se gewuna
‘ habit ’. nffis ‘ not ’.
80. ealswa 1. biddan 91 g. se cnapa 17. to dsBg 30.
niht dat. 62 g—on pisse niht ‘ last night*. pa-J>a ‘when =
Pd 34. se cnyll ‘sound of bell’, arisan, a’ris/, a-ras,
d-rison 75 g. J>aat b§dd 97 g. seo cirice 5 g. eode i o3o*
singan, sang, sungon, gesungen ‘ sing ’. se uhtsang ‘ matins ,
se uht ‘ time just before dawn ’, se sang 4 song ’. gebroj>ru
‘ brothers 30 g, monks ’. se halga 6 g; halig 6 g. se lofsang
‘hymn’; Port lof ' praise’. }>® t prim ‘prime’. seofon
* seven ’. se sealm ‘ psalm ’. seo letanie litany . ^ seo
capitolmaesse ‘first mass’. seo underntid ‘tierce , se
undern ‘nine in the morning’, /id 8. se middasg ‘midday .
drincan, dratio, druncon, druncen ‘ drink . sl®pan, step
‘sleep’, past non ‘noon’, nu 89 g. beforan prep, with
dat. ‘before’.
81. hwonne 4 when ’. se aefensang 20. se nihtsang
‘ compline ’. se tima ‘ time ’.
82/ beswingan= szvingan, swang, swungoti, geswungen
‘beat’, nese 30. warlike ‘cautiously ; war N'ar)
io.me heold ‘I behaved’, 62.
 NOTES 85
83. hwfflt ‘ what, why \ seo aiegelnes ‘ secret ’ ; diegle
S1^* yppan ‘ reveal ’; uppe 10. gehwelc 74.
84. pset fflg ‘ egg plural agrn. seo bean ‘ bean ’. seo
fancung ‘ thanking, thankfulness ’; fiancian, pa?icode ‘ thank '.
seo gierd ‘rod’, drohtian, drohlode ‘pass (life), remain,
be’; dreogan 63.
85. gifre ‘greedy’. Jxmne ‘when 81, since (causal).*
beforan 80, 11. se swelgere ‘glutton’; swelgan 20. peet
cynn 61. m§ttas 62. J>aet msel ‘time, proper time, food¬
time, meal ’.
80. Jjset ealo ‘ ale ’.
87. win 95g. spedig 95g. se drynce 71. dysig
‘ foolish \
88. slSpan 80. peet slajpaarn ‘ dormitory ’; compare fiat
he darn 62.
89. a'wfccan — wgccan, w§cfi, weahte ‘ wake’, se lareow
58 g. stIJjlice ‘ severely ’; st'/fi ‘ stiff, severe *. seo gierd 84.
80. manian, manode ‘ exhort ’. godcund ‘ divine ’. seo
lar ‘what is taught, doctrine, advice’; laran 74. gehlsr-
8umian, -ode ‘ be obedient to ’; gekiersum ‘ obedient ’, from
gehieran. gerisenlice ‘ suitably, decorously ’. gebreran
‘bear oneself, behave’; her an. seo stow 26. seo belle
_el1’ feawlice ‘ properly ’; fieaw ‘ custom, habit
fieawas conduct, virtue’, past gebed ‘prayer’; • gebiddan
Pra> , biddan 80. bugan 36. eajjmodlice ‘ humbly ’ ;
eafimdd humble . pmt weofod ‘ altar ’. anmodlice ‘ unanim-
OUSly * anmod ‘ of one (an) mind (mod) ’. seo synn ‘ sin
Beo hy&eliest ‘ levity ’; hygeleas ‘ thoughtless ’. J>®t clauster
c oister . seo leornung ‘learning, study’, 76.
91. se sij) ‘ expedition’. X)§ne 59 g. gelimpan, gelamp
appen*. geo ‘formerly*, haten 3. se Hrofgar ‘the
(above-mentioned) HroJ>gar*. msere 40 g. se h§retoga
86 NOTES

‘ general ’; se hgre ‘ army -toga from teon 9. se msg,

plural mdgas ‘ kinsman '. georne 36. gehieran ‘ hear, obey’.
op-past 26. se folgoJ> 4 body of followers'; folgian^folgode
\ follow ’. weaxan 7. se sige ‘ victory ’. hwider 64g, 9ig.
iegfer ‘ each (of two) ’—ccgper ge . . ge ‘ both . . and ’.
92. sona 10 ; so?ia swa ‘ as soon as ’. fon (28) to rice (68)
‘succeed to the throne', samnian io8g. seo fierd‘army’;
faran 47. fiend 90g. secan 68 ‘seek, attack', agen 6og.
swij>e 62 g. forslean ‘slaughter’; slean io7g.. for'don
‘ destroy ’. op (3) is here a conjunction ‘ until ’. ungemetlie
‘ excessive '; pcct ungemet ‘ excess poet ge?tiet ‘ measure,
moderation, what is right’, se fge 16. fram 3.
93. J>a 34. sfndan, spit, sgnde 81 g ‘ sendse serendraca
‘ messenger, ambassador'; pert ccrende ‘ errand, message .
frizes 43g. getij?ian 44g. on past gerad past ‘on con¬
dition of'. pdBt gafol ‘tribute’; gie/an. gieldan, geald,
guldofi ‘ pay '. liim to hlaforde ‘ to be their lord '. ceosan,
eeas, curon, gecoreti ‘ choose gelsestan ‘ perform, carry out
se gisel ‘ hostage’. se a)> ‘ oath'. man 9ig. se freond-
scipe ‘friendship’. faBstnian 16. past wfdd ‘pledge',
fflgfer 91. seo healf 2.
94. a’swfrian = ^z£^r/(2«, szvor, gesworen ‘swear’, w^n-
dan 7. on'gean 20. gefeon, gefeah, ge/ccgon, gefccgen
‘rejoice ’; ge/crgen has an active sense ‘ rejoicing ’. sippan. 10.
seo gefweernes, seo sibb 74.
95. timbran, timbrede ‘build’, be‘iernan*•
pest mod 34—beam hi??i on mdde ‘it occurred to him, he
thought of’, seo heall 39g. J>£§r*inne ‘in it , literally
‘ there inside ’. deelan ‘ divide ’; se debt ‘ part'. seo h^rehyj?
‘booty’; se hgre 91. ©r gefengon ‘had taken’; &r (41 o)
often makes a preterite into a pluperfect.
96. het 3. bgtst 39g. se cynestol ‘capital’, literally
 NOTES 87
‘royal seat', bannan, beonn ‘proclaim, summon'. seo
feod ‘ peopleunder Jnedan ‘ subdue ’; peod. peat weorc
==geweorc 70. on-ginnan, -gann, -gnnno?i> -gtinnen 1 begin
97. se fierst ‘ space of time ’. m»st superlative of micel.
lteger 78. locian 65g, locode ‘ look ’. a'seieppan —scieppan,
stop, scapen ‘ create, appoint ’; compare seo gesceafl 11. se
nama 2 3g.
• 98. aleogan ‘ fail in (promise)'; leogan, leag, Uigon,
gelogen ‘ tell lie ’. psat beot ‘ vow, boast ’. se gebeorscipe
4i g. ah, we agon, he ah/e ‘ possess ’. se maj>m ‘precious
thing, treasure
99. The first J>®r=‘there’, the second =‘where’. man 93.
geseon 66. seo bliss ‘ happiness, merriment ’. eft ‘ after¬
wards’. seo ierm)> ‘ misery ’; earm ‘ poor, wretched ’. seo
hearpe ‘harp’, se sweg 71. se scop 10. seo frumsceaft
‘creation’; sefruma ‘beginning’. eBlmihtig 88g. worhte6i.
utan ‘ outside ’. ymblicgan ‘ surround ’; licgati, lip, lag,
logon, gel egen ‘lie’, s^ttan 6. past leoht 5. )>eet treow 66.
fratwian,frCEtwode ‘adorn’, peat gears 76. seo wyrt 62.
lif 63. eucu 58. seo wiht ‘creature, thing’; compare
awiht 64. geond’hweorfan ‘ traverse ’; hweor/an 10.
100. jmrh/wunian 63g. onseege ‘assailing’, unfale
‘evil, uncanny*; fcele ‘faithful, gentle’, hatte passive of
ha/an 91 ‘is or was called’, bun, btide ‘dwell’, seo meare
border ’; pat meareland ‘border or waste land', peat fasten,
%^>f(£slennes * fortress ’; fcest. J>aet f^nn ‘ fen ’. onmiddan
prep, with dat. ‘ in the midst of’, sweart ‘ black ’. se mor
‘moor’.

101. ware 89g (mood), peat cynn 6. gram ‘angry’,

se wraecsij) ‘ exile'; seo wracu ‘ exile ', se sip 91. a'sfndan
Si g. het 96. peat westen, gen. westennes, ‘ desert ’. feorr 4
adverb with dat. )>anon 49. on-wacan, -woe ‘ awake,
88 NO TES

originate ’. se dweorg ‘ dwarf’, se ©If, plur. iel/e (compare

Dpie) ‘ elf, sprite se eoton ‘ giant wi)? 60. winnan,

wann, wunnon ‘ fight, war

102. polian 58. ©Ice d©ge 16. seo piestro ‘ dark¬

ness 19 g.
103. repe ‘fierce’, on ungearwe 26. him on-best©l
33 g; s/c/an, slat, station, stolen ‘steal’, yfel 79. wenan
4 1 g. genam 39. fgrian 79 S' ham ‘ home(wards) , acc.
of ham 16. f©gnian, fagnode ‘rejoice’; gefeon 94. se
peaw 90. se lichama ‘ body ’; pat lie ‘ body, corpse .
p©t blod ‘ blood ’.
104. pffls on morgenne 21. seo h^rgung ‘ ravaging,
warfare ’; hpgian ‘ ravage, make war ’, jc here, cup 51 g. se
wop ‘weeping’; wepan, weop ‘weep’, ahfbban = hgbbati, hdf,
Jiafen ‘lift, raise, exalt’, seo heofung ‘lamentation . sittan,
s/ll, sat, salon, geseten, imper. site 100 g. unblipe ‘ sad ’; blipe
‘cheerful, happy, kind, well-disposed’, him (33 g) is here
pleonastic, wanian, wanode ‘ lament, bewail'. s§o heard-
sffllp ‘hardship, misfortune’; compare gesalpa 63 g. p©t
folc 57.
105. p©t spor ‘track’; gespyrian ‘track, follow up.
sweotole adv., from sweolol ‘clear, distinct’. gesiene
< visible ’; geseon. n©s para nan pe . . ‘ there was none
of those who ’ = ‘there was no one’, strang ‘strong, severe’.
108. lffitan 54—let he nd langne fierst (97) P&t he e/t ne
com ‘ he did not let a long time elapse that he did not
come again — without coming again’, ymb here ‘after’.
se wffilsliht ‘slaughter’; slean, he shhp. fr^mman 6o%
murnan, meant, murnon \ feel remorse, care, mourn . seo

fJehp ‘ feud ’. , ,
107. nolde 109 g. l?ng adv., compar. of lange 63.
flles-hwar ‘ elsewhere ’. seo rfst 6. se bur ‘ chamber,
 iXO TES 89

cottage’. ©mettig 63. unnytt ‘useless' 52. on piam 4 in

that (state)’, twelf ‘ twelve '. winter plur. of se winter 57 g.
108. wenan ‘ expect' 103, ‘think’, atfllan ‘enumerate,
tell’; tflan 3. se d^mm 74. to eacan 8. manigfeald 50.
yfel 103. dreogan 63. pearf 64. ofslasgenra 48 g
(inflect.), seo bot ‘ mending, remedy, compensation ’. ©t
prep. w. dat. ‘ at, from ’. gepingian, -ode 4 make terms,
be reconciled *. wip 60. forgieldan ‘ atone, requite, pay ’;
gieldan 93. riht ‘ right ’; pat riht ‘ what is right, duty ’.
109. pat wundor ‘wonder, miracle’, ana 48. winnan
101. p©t f©c 3. ricsian ‘rule’; pat rice. p©t oynesetl
‘throne’; Pat setl ‘seat’; compare cynesiol 96.- gretan
24 g‘greet, meddle with, touch’, sona p©s ‘ as soon as’.
dagian ‘ dawn ’. gewitan, gewdt, gewiion, gewitcn ‘ depart ’.
wilde 4 wild ’.

110. a p§ncan90g. a/cr©ftan ‘ devise ’; se craft, wip-

standan 90 g. se eard 89 g. on*ginnan 96. smeagan
‘consider’. radlic ‘advisable’; se' rad 74. beorgan,
^earg, bnrgon, geborgen ‘ preserve, save ’. fordon 92.
111. nahwfflper ‘neither’ pronoun—ndhwaper ne . . ne
‘neither . . nor’; compare hwaPer 53. deah, dugon, do/ite
‘avail, be worth something, be good’, p©t wig ‘war’.
geradan ‘ resolve blotan, bleol ‘ offer sacrifice ’; pat gebldt
‘sacrificing’, se hearg‘temple’. hapen‘heathen’. gewuna
79- Beo help ‘help’, na py las for ‘none the less for, in
spite of’: compare 20. feran ‘go, travel, proceed, act’;
faran, gefera. eann 99. slean 107 g. hienan ‘ humiliate,
bully, illtreat ’.

112. £©t loop ‘ poem ’. pat norpiand ‘ northern land ’

brocian • afflict ’; brecan 4 break ’.

, r“?- fs° ^od 96. Sweoland ‘ Sweden Geatas

S . Be fiegti ‘ thane, soldier, brave man se nefe
9o NOTES

‘ nephew *; also ‘ grandson ’. eene 5 g. strang 105, compar..

strptgra, superl. strongest, pmt masgen 63. se gripe ‘ grasp\
114. seo undffld 25 g. hrape = hrcedlice 74— hr ape
pees pe ‘ as soon as ’. gierwan, gierede ‘ prepare, dress,
arm’ ; gearo. pa ‘when', here ‘ since ’ (causal), seo Jrearf
5ig. ceosan 93. fiftiene ‘ fifteen 7. se c^mpa 74* findan,
fi?it, funde (weak !), gefunden ‘ find ’.
115. se strand 46 g. wiste * knew (to be there) scufan,
sceaf scufon ‘ push ’ — ut scufan ‘ launch '. h^regeatwa
fem. plur. ‘ equipment, armour*; se tyre, se segel * sail .
ambyre ‘favourable (wind)', wician 71. siglan ‘sail,
furpor ‘further’. pfflt clif ‘cliff’. hwit 10. se weall
‘ wall *.
110. tugon 9. pset sand ‘ sand’. pancian, pancode 44 g.
pses pe ‘ for that that, for ’ 44 g. gesund ‘ safe and sound .
pider ‘ thither’, bringan, hrohte ‘ bring 83 g.
117. se weard ‘ (coast)guard, sentinel ’; seo weard ‘ guard¬
ing, guard’, se pegn 113. up-gan ‘go up, land’, mid
wspnum mid ealle (52 g) 1 with weapons and all . brecan,
hricp, brccc, briecon, gebrocen ‘ break ’. p©t firwit ‘ curiosity
—hine firwit brccc ‘ he was curious ’. hwaBt 90 g. weren
90 g (mood).
118. ridan, rad, ridon 66 g. niper ‘ down ’. p®t spere
33. a’cwgccan=r7£;/r^«, eweahte ‘ shake ’. unforlit 93 £*.
gewapnod ‘ armed'. p£Bt langscip 6 g. wfrian, wgrede
‘defend’. py’l®spe 20. se sciphfre ‘fleet*. n»fre 108 g.
openlice ‘ openly ’; open ‘ open ’. f
119. micel here ‘ tall ’. sum ‘ some one ’, here ‘ one .
gerisan, -ras ‘ befit ’ ; compare gerisenlice 90. butan 52. seo
ansien ‘ countenance, what is seen, sight ’; geseon. leogan
08. witan 84 g. hwanon 92 g. furpor 115. sceawian,
-ode 65 g. se seemann 108 g; observe the invidious suggestion
 NOTES 9*
of the idea ‘pirate \ anfeald ‘ plain ’, literally ‘ onefold se
gef>oht ‘ thought, intention seo ofost ‘ speed, haste ’. cyjmn
‘ make known ’; cup.
120. fflj>ele ‘ noble, excellent ’. hold ‘ friendly, gracious,
faithful'. se hyge ‘ mind, heart ’; compare hygelicst 90.
fast ffirende 93. diegle 83. unas^cgendlic ‘ indescribable’;
a'sgcgan ‘relate’, yfel plur. midp®mf>e ‘with that that,
by’, forswelgan 20. jnestre ‘dark’; compare piesiro
102. se rad 74. lffiran 74, here with acc. of the person.
oferswi)>an ‘overcome’; swip ‘strong’, whence swipe
very . seo bot 108. onsaege 100.
121. gedafenian 51 g. past gescad ‘difference’, ic p&t
gehiere past . . ‘ I hear (that, namely) that . . .’ peat werod
troop ; wer 63. gewltan 109. wisian, w'isode 106 g, with
dat. swelce eac=reac swelce 48. bebeodan 74 g, 75 g;
beodan, blett> bead, budon, geboden ‘ offer ’. beran 9. swelc
56. gifepe ‘ granted ’ adjective, him gesunde (116) beorgan
(110) ‘ preserve themselves so as to be uninjured ’, gesunde
agreeing with hie.

122. leetan 106. behindan adv., prep, with dat. ‘behind ’.

se ancor ‘ anchor ’. fast 16. him 104. forf> ‘ forth, for¬
wards \ h^regeatwa 115. se helm ‘ helmet ’. past heafod 1.
se eofor ‘wild boar’, paet lie 103. seo anlicnes ‘ likeness,
image ; anlid ' like’. topabsxipast ‘ in order that*, feorum
47 £• seo frecennes 49.
o. mare 91. se hrof ‘roof’, frastwian 99. psBt
leoht 99. scinan 1. se giest ‘ stranger, guest ’. tsecan
teecan 21.
hle (acc.) ger^stan ‘rest themselves ’. past m®l 85.
H. feran
II1' i6 t5 s® wile ‘ I am going to the sea’ ; verbs of
m°tion are often omitted in this way. se un£rij>h§re ‘ hostile
army or fleet ’; frip 93. Beo weard 117.
124. seo stanstr®t= street 34 g. al^cgan ‘lay down’; •
92 NO TES

tycgan, tygp, Iggde 4 lay se scield 4 shield se weall 115.

seo hyrne 4 corner ’ ; se horn 4 horn ’. set’samne 4 together ’;
samnian 92. seo b^ne 4 bench ’. werig 4 weary’. seofaru
4 journey ’; faran 47.
125. hatte 100. se ©rendraca 93. modig 4 proud ’;
feet mod 34. seo wen 4 expectation, hope’—wen is 4 it is
probable'; we nan 108. seo m£§rj> ‘glory’; mcere 91.
nealles 48. se wraecsIJ? 101—for wrcccslpe 4 because of
being exiled from your native land
126. seo godnes 4 goodness unnan infinitive of ann,
unnon, upe 91 g. mot, pu mdsty mo ton, moste 91 g.
127. abeodan 4 announce ’ ; beodan 121. seo andswaru
32 g. J>»r-rihte 4 immediately '. cyjmnii9.
128. hraedlice 74. peer 3. se ealdormann 57. seo
eaxl 4 shoulder paBt riht 108. feorran-cumen 4 come
from afar, foreign’, 25 g. se latteow 4 guide, leader’,
wiernan 4 deny, refuse ’. wierf>e 58. j>yncan 4. hwffit,
plur. hwate 4 brisk, bold ’. se dom 4 judgement, sentence,
glory’, bel^cgan 4 cover, credit with ’ 124. huru 4 at any
rate, however, certainly’, deah 111. laBdan 59*
129. se cniht 4 boy ’. se nefa 4 grandson ’113. hold 120.
se freond 4 friend’, plur. friend; compare Jeond 92. so
scipmann 4 sailor \ seo s?len 4 gift ’; compare sgUan. seo
str^ngo 4 strength '; strong, fultum 91 g. se br5ga 4 terror ’.
maj>m 98. se snelscipe 4 bravery’. ofost 119. se wilcuma
‘ wished-for or welcome guest’, also weak adj. ; se witla

4 desire, pleasure ’.
130. cierran 4 turn ’ trans. and intrans. —cierran eft4 return ’.
on'bidan 4 await ;
seo gebyrd 4 birth, lineage’; beran.
expect ’. seo sprac
hid an, bad, bidon, gebiden 4 wait, await,
7r seo ge§ndung 4 end, result’.
131. a rasSo. se heap «troop ISfan «leave bfflftan
 NOTES 93

91 g. under 35 g. se hrof 123. pat he gestod ‘ so that’,

seheorp ‘ hearth \ fsegerum (78) wordum 52 g.
. 132. hal ‘ uninjured, healthy ’—hdl wes Jm ! ‘ hail !'
marllc=///a?r£ 91. dada 45 (case), seo geogop ‘ youth
Idel ‘ useless, trivial, idle (talk) sippan ‘ since, when
file 98 g (mood).
133. laran 74. wig 111. blodig ‘ blood-stained ’ ; peel
blod 103. par ‘ where, when’, se eoton 101. se gars^cg
‘ocean’, forslog and fordyde 92. fife: numerals which
are otherwise uninflected take the inflections of Dpie when
used absolutely, without a noun, bindan, bint, band, bundon,
gebunden ‘ bind
134. seo ben ‘request, prayer’—pccrc bene 43 g. nu ‘now
that’. psBt werod 121. faelsian, ftclsode ‘make safe or
pleasant, purify ’ ; /tele 100. seo rejmes ‘ ferocity ’; repe 103.
r^ccan 65, here with gen. for hycgan ‘ despise, disdain ’ ;
hycgan ‘ think ’, se hygc 120 ; for the prefix comparefor'beodan
‘ forbid ', beodan ‘ command ’. ic past for hycge past .. 121.
swa ‘as, on the understanding that’, blipe 104, here with
dat. pat wig 133. bar plur. bare (compare hwate 128)
‘ ^>are io him wip-fo ‘ grasp against, contend ’ ; compare
he him on-bestcd 103. fo, bip 106 g (tense). stip 89.
gemot 51 g. to'gadre ‘ together’—to'gcedre fon ‘ come in
conflict, engage hand to hand
136. wen is 125. se sige 91. unforhtlice ‘fearlessly’,
118. afeallan =feallan 9. bebyrigan ‘bury’, sorgian,
sorgode ‘ be grieved or anxious, trouble oneself ’. on'sgndan=
spidan 93. eeo byrne ‘ corslet, coat of mail ’. seo laf ‘ relic,
hierloom ’; laf an 131. pat geweorc 70. seo wyrd ‘ fate ’;
geweorpan ‘ happen weorpan ‘ become a ‘ ever, always/
eceal 16.
• 136. pat gefeoht ‘ fight, battle se fultum 129. seo sorg
94 NOTES

1 sorrow, anxiety, solicitude ’. seo iermj? 99. seo h§rgung

104. se folgof> 91. wanian 7 ; is gewanod active 108 g.
137. full adv. ‘ full, very ’. oft ‘often ’. beotian ‘ promise,
vow, boast, boast, threaten ’; beot 98. dagian 109. seo
beno 124. begSotan ‘cover (with liquid) ’; geotan, geat,
gut oil) goten ‘pour ’. py 36. l»s ‘ less ' adv. is used also
like a noun, with the gen.
138. site 104. blif>e 134. hw^ttan, hwgtte ‘sharpen,
incite ’; hwcet 128.
139. wistfullian, -ode ‘ feast ’; seo wist * food, feast,
luxury ’. ryman ‘ make room, clear ’; poet rum ‘ space ’.
©t’samne 124. behealdan ‘ practise, watch’; healdan 62.
se byrele ‘ cup-bearer, butler ’; beran. seo notu ‘ employ¬
ment, office ’; cp. seo nytt 61, fiotian 72. ©fter here ‘ along ’.
se medo ‘ mead ’. soenoan ‘ pour out ’. hlutor ‘ clear
peet ealo 86—hlutor ealo was a superior kind of ale. gieddian
10. beorht ‘bright, clear ’. s6o stemn ‘voice’. seo
gesamnung ‘ gathering '; samnian.
140. se fot 18 g. se pyle ‘ orator ’. se Unfer}> 91.
cefestig ‘envious’. ne unnan 126 ‘grudge’. seo
weor))mynt ‘ glory, honour ’; compare weorp 60, seo
gemynd ‘ memory, mind ’. se aeffanca ‘ disgust, cause of
displeasure ’.
141. fffit sund ‘swimming’, flltan, flat, fliton ‘ contend,
dispute ’; pcet geflit 74. git 58 g. pset gielp 97 g* p&t
feorh 122. nej>an ‘risk, venture’. se garsfcg 133.
laj? ‘ hostile ’—fie leof fie lap ‘ neither friend nor foe '. for-
-wiemeLn=wiernan 128. seofon 80. niht plur. of seo niht
—seofon niht ‘ seven days ’; compare the similar use of the
plur. winter 107. seo yp ‘wave’, swincan 16. ofer'flitan
‘overcome in a contest’, eard no. seo strgngo 129. weorpan
39. befullan ‘fully’, gelaestan 93. wiersa comparative
 NOTES 95
of yfel ‘bad'. seo gemeting ‘meeting’—-gemitinge gen.
bldan 130. seo neawist ‘proximity ’; neah 7 g, wesan 102 g.
142. hWfflt'loT Idel 132—fela idles ‘much of what is idle,
much nonsense '. paet sop 49—to sofie ‘in truth \ unc
Brecan (both acc.) ‘me and Breca \ gelimpan 91.
143. se cnihthad ‘boyhood'; cniht 129. gecwepan
agreegebQotian 137. nacod ‘ bare’. pohton 78. paet
d6or ‘wild beast'; cp. wildeor 26. w^rian 118. op’swim-
man ‘swim away from' w. dat., 12.
144. yfele ‘ badly'; yfel ‘ bad ’, fiat yfel ‘ evil' 103. seo
faru 124. pfflt unc on-becom . . ‘namely that . . ' hreoh
rough, severe '. p®t weder ‘ weather ’. wod ‘ mad, raging ’.
strang 105. se norpwind ‘ north wind’. wide ‘ widely, far ';
wid'wide', to drlfan ‘ drive apart'.
146. a h-wftta,n.=z/nv£llan 138. se grund ‘bottom, depths’,
tSon 116. h.-WfBpTQ=fieahJiWcrfire 65. se Dryhten ‘the
t 0FC^ * *°r£iefan 1 grant, give '; gif an, geaf geaf on, giefen
^give . ^ ofstingan ‘ stab to death '; sling an, slang, slungon
pierce . pat wundor 109. ana 109. a w^rian = wgrian.
pfflt lean ‘ reward, requital’, forgieldan 108. ehtan 42 g.
n®fd©_ne hcrfde. se gefea 46 g. him to m^te ‘as their
,°° * l^cgan, frigede ‘take, eat.' licgan 99. uppe 10,
n the surface. for*wundian, -ode ‘wound severely'.
nigon nine \ se nicor ‘ water-monster '.
, ^rom the south’, gestillan ‘calm'; stille
Quiet, to pain p©t ‘ to such a degree that', werig 124.
wxpov 119.

b T 8®banf ‘ murderer, cause of deathseo h?ll ‘ hell'.

i punishment, torment’, dreogan 108. p®t gewitt
^standing, duge in. tgllan 3. onfindan ‘ find out,
perceive * • ^ i r ° 7
4£ , > findan 114. seo febhp 106. on'drrodan, on'dred
to Dgnum ‘ at the hands of, from ’. se wigcrasft
96 NOTES

‘ strategy, warfare to morgen ‘ to-morrow ’ compare td'dcrg

30. gehwele 83. orsorg ‘without anxiety, secure ’; sorg 136.
148. gellefan ‘believe’, seo help m. f®3tr»d ‘firm,
stedfast ’; se rccd 74. se gef>oht 119.
149. seo cwen 32g. . ©rest adv. * first ’. seo cuppe ‘cup .
150. geong ‘ young '. snotor ‘ sagacious, wise ’. se willa
129. seo frofor ‘ consolation’. lange 63.
151. on'fon 5 with acc. or gen. oirbryrdan ‘ inspire,
excite ’. ahwaBjjer ‘ either \ leode plur. ‘ people . to’niht
‘to-night’. se fegnscipe ‘manliness, bravery ; se pegn.
cyj>an 119. se §nde ‘end’.
153. seo bliss 99. se hleahtor ‘laughter betffican 21.
psBt gemotaBm ‘meeting-house’; gemot 134. arn 62. sBpele
120. gemyne imper. of geman^pugemanst,gemunon>gemunde
‘remember’, wacian 21. peet god 79. se wana ‘want,
lack’; wania?i 136.
154. feohtan, feaht ‘ fightlsfan 131. an has plur. ane
‘only, alone ’.
155. seo byrne 135. of 33 g. se helm 122. se hand
jjegn ‘ attendant ’. samod ‘ together, also ’. earg ‘ cowardly .
eaj>e 58. eann ‘knows (how to), can'..- wealdan,^ weol
‘control, wield’, ofersittan ‘abstain from . deman judge,
decide ’. swa hw£Bj>er swa ‘ whichever . p&t gemet 92. ^
156. on hieldan ‘bend, lay down’, p&t bolster ‘ bo ster .
swa same ‘likewise’, friend 126. sl®P 32 &• < on geo,
33, here prep. w. acc. se cyme ‘coming . ierre ^
157. awierged 6 g. stealcian, -ode ‘ stalk . piece t ic
se mist ‘ mist ’. besierwan, -sierede ‘ circumvent, la 'e y
surprise’; cp. gierzvan, gierede, 114* _ ,
n _ _ - n ^ oir&ietan 6 understand,
158. am i. seo duru I9£- ong
perceive’, inflected like begietati 38. fiesteadverb o feest 122
belucan, -leac, lucon, -locen ‘ lock, close . lfflhte
 NOTES

swiplic = swJp 120. seo miht ‘strength, power’, se heorr

‘ hinge’, a-hof 104. stod 4 stood, shone’. psBt fyr 11.
169. ahliehhan=hliehhan, bldg ‘laugh’, beheold 139.
faran 47, ‘ act’. .
100. ieldan ‘ delay ’; eald. styccemffilum 5 g. tobregdan
‘ tear to pieces ’ ; bregdan 33 g. tobrecan ‘ break to pieces ’ ;
brecan 117. p&t ban ‘bone’, se tusc ‘tusk’, seo ®dre
‘vein’, se lichama 103. mid ealle 117.
101. licgende for licgendne\ licgan 145. gesittan ‘sit up’,
se earn ‘ arm ’—gescet wip earm ‘ leaned on his elbow ’.
on-geat 158. gemetan ‘ meet with, find, experience’.
102. forht 34. fleon, fliehp, fleab ‘ flee \ seo wunung
‘ dwelling ’. se scueca 6 g. se drohtoj? ‘ way of life, con¬
dition, circumstances’; drohtian 84. swelce ‘as*.
103. gemunde 153. uplang ‘upright’, faestllce 33.
utweard ‘ outwards, towards the door faestor compar. of
the adverb fcEste 158. fuTneah ‘very nearly,’137. berstan
49- ungemetlie 92, 52 g. se nip ‘ violence, hostility’, win-
nan 101. dynian, dynede ‘ resound’, seo syll ‘ foundation,
setting . a’bugan ‘ be bent or pulled ’; bugan 90. a’hreosan
hreosan, hreas, hruroti, gehrore?i 75 S* grundlunga ‘from
the foundations, completely’; grund 144. seo isenb^nd
‘ iron bond, clamp besmijrian ‘ cover, fit (with metal) ’.
innan ‘ inside for-barnan ‘ burn ’ trans.
104. begen ‘ both is inflected like twegen 56 g. ymb-
hringan, -prang, -prungon ‘crowd round, surround’. he a wan,
beow hew, cut . nyste 109 g. for*sw§rian ‘ forswear,
renounce, be proof against’; swgrian 94. se drycraeft
‘ sorcery ’ ; se dry1 magician’ (originally ‘ druid ’).
106. hrieman 4 shout, yell’; bream 17. §geslice adv.
fi om ggeslid * terrible ’ ; se £gesa ‘ terror, fear ’ (compare se
ZgeY furj>um 62. se weard 117. a*fyrht ‘terrified’.

H
98 NOTES

186. seo wund 108 g. gesiene 105. seo eaxl 128. seo
sinu ‘ sinew on'springan ‘crack ’ ; springan, sprang,
sprung on ‘ spring’. to*berstan=berstan. se deap 32 g. wun-
dian‘wound’. fl§ah 162. gefredan‘feel’. peah‘however .
167. p©t gielp 141. fSlsian 134. betan‘mend, cure’;
seo bot 120. sweotol 105. paet tacen ‘sign, proof . se
stapol ‘flight of steps’, dura dat. of seo duru 158. seo
wfflferslen ‘ spectacle ’; compare seo ansien 119.
168. seo m§nigo I9g. nean ‘from near’; neak ‘near’ adj.
and adv. se deap 166. sarlic ‘grievous’;/^/ sar ‘pain, grief.
169. se mfre 35 g. se nicor 145. drefan ‘make turbid
or sad ’.
170. him 122. hamweard ‘ homewards’. se hagosteald-
manii ‘ bachelor ’.
171. se weg 27 g. norp adv. ‘in the north, north’, sup
adv. ‘in the south, south’, wierpe 128. tslan ‘blame .
huru 128.
172. sernan ‘ gallop *, literally ‘ make to run ’, from iernan
—on geflit (74) cp.rnan ‘ race’. f©ger ‘ fair, good ’.
173. seo leopwise ‘metre’; leop 112, wise 5°* a slo¬
gan 120. wel-gesftt ‘ well composed ’. se wr^cca ‘exile,
knight errant ’; wracu 101. begen 164. se earn ‘uncle .
him ana ‘alone by himself’; the him is pleonastic.
174. se draca ‘ dragon ’. pset scraf ‘ cave ’. a’cw^llan,
- ewe aide 1 kill’, har ‘ hoary, grey’, nepan 141. hftellce
‘ violently ’; se hgte ‘ hatred, violence ’. piede 17. set’standan
‘ stand still ’. meltan, mealt ‘ melt ’ intrans. seo hate 38 g.
for-swffllan‘burn up’, snelscipe 129. pset goldhord^ trea¬
sure (of gold) *. gegan ‘ gain literally ‘ get by going^. ^
176. modiglice ‘proudly’, 125. stsppan, stop ‘step .
on*middan 100. se heap 131. samod 155.
‘maiden’, se stapol 167.
 NOTES 99

177. se Dryhten 145. s© }>ane ‘ thanks \ seo ansien 119.

pmt bismer ‘ insult, humiliation". gebldan ‘ await, endure " ;
bidati 141. geara ‘ long ago ". leode 151. se scucca 162.
bew§rian = wgrian 118. a 135. feorrancund ‘foreign,
from afar ’; compare godcund 90. purh'teon ‘ accomplish ’;
teon. ure gen. seo snytro ‘wisdom’; snotor 150. hwaat 142.
geberan ‘ bear, bring forth’, giet 79. leofap 11. estig
‘ gracious s© bearnteam ‘ child-bearing ".
178. leofa 68. nu ‘ now that 134, since (causal) ’. lufian,
lufode ' love’. for)> ‘ forwards 122, in future", niwe 51 g.
seo sibb 74. se wana 153. p&a-pe 63 g. pmt geweald
power, control ; wealdan 155. leanian, -ode ‘reward,
requite ’ with dat. of the person and acc. of the thing; pcet
lean 145. wac ‘weak, insignificant", se dom 128.
179. J?aat geswinc 56. pmt gewinn ‘ warfare". blifjelice
adv. from btipe 138. moste 126. ixpe 126. se fleam‘flight",
for-wieman 141. aBffeolan ‘adhere, stick to"; feolan,
fealh.fulgon ‘enter", pmt fe}>e ‘movement, walking", for-
•leBtan 74. peah 166. seearm 161. behindan 122. lgngra
compar.of/a^ 55g. deop 75. se dom 128. on-bidan 130.
deman 155.
180. geswlgian ‘ be silent" with gen. se finger 2 g. se
najgel ‘ nail'. heard 3 g. p»t stlele ‘ steel", scearp ‘ sharp ".
for-ceorfan ‘ cut off'; ceor/an, cearf 33 g.
181. innan 163. wer 63. gearcian 61. se wag ‘wall",
deorwierpe 58. past godew^bb ‘ precious cloth, purple
bewreon, -wrah, -wrigon ‘ cover ".
182. tobrecan 160. innanweard ‘inside", ofer ©all
(neut.) ‘everywhere", se heorr 158. to hlidan, -/dad,
-hitdon, -hlidm ‘be broken open, split". purhwunian
100. ansund ‘sound, entire"; gesund 116.
183. blissian, -ode ‘ rejoice in" with gen., ‘ be festive"; seo
h 2
 IOO NOTES

dl/ss 99. b§t adv. of bgtera; compare Ipig 107, Igngra 179.
gebfflran 90.
184. for’giefan 145. gylden ‘ of goldse segn ‘banner’.
paet lean 108. porfte 108. scamian ‘be ashamed". seo
giefu ‘ gift ’. eahta ‘ eight\ se sadol ‘ saddle\ past wighors
‘war-horse", brucan 62. manlice ‘like a man", leanian
178. se pegnscipe 151.
185. p& giet=gJe/ ‘ yet, in addition pone anne 48. mid
feo for’gieldan 108. a cwealde 174.
186. past leop 112. seo burg 18 g, dat. by rig; compare
pdre sylh 16.
187. asingan ‘sing to an end", se hleahtor 153. p®t
gamen ‘sport, merriment", peat win 59. paBt fast 72.
188. seo cynewippe ‘ diadem"; cyne-stdl 96, seo wippe
‘withy, chaplet", se earn 173.
189. past cynerice ‘kingdom’. glasd ‘cheerful, kind",
gemsne ‘ common arlice ‘ kindly"; seo dr ‘ honour, mercy,
kindness", se willa rgo.
190. se aspeling ‘ young noble, heir apparent"; aspele 120.
psBt hrasgl ‘ dress, robe'. iewan ‘ show ’. se healsbeag
‘ torque ’; se heals 1 neck ", beag 36.
191. gepeoh imper. of gepeon, gepah ‘prosper’. Upe
‘gentle, kind", se lareow 89. id pe pass lean geman ‘I
will bear in mind a reward to thee for that", peat lof 80.
aTfflran 4 raise ’; a'risan. aeghwele ‘ each \ getriewe 20.
gepwaere 74. lustliee 53.
193. ge^ndian 130.
194. meder dat. of seo viddor 11 g. se bur 107.
195. peat b§dd 80. past bolster 156. geond'brffldan
‘ cover or spread throughout ’; brcedan ‘ make broad, spread ,
from brad 4. geh^nde ‘near", se peaw 103. ealneweg
27 g. ast ham 16. ute 60. peet folc 57.
 NOTES IOI

196. on'slfflpan ‘ fall asleep ’. on’gieldan ‘ pay for ’; g/e/-

dan 93. sarlice adv. of sar/ic 168. seo nihtrfst ‘night
rest’, se nl}> 163. se wrecend 66 g ‘ avenger ilea 60.
se gefea 145. seo gedrefednes ‘sadness', 169. cierran
*3°* fealh 179. nees 79.
197. ahafen 104. se broga 129. afyrht 165. on fun-
den 147. teohhian, -ode, ‘appoint’, hangian, -ode 35 g.
198. dead‘dead’. f?tian ‘ fetch bidan 141. aacian 76.
getaBse pleasant, comfortable ’. ware ‘ had been ’.
199. J>a ges»lf>a 63 g. niwian, -ode ‘ renew ’; niwc 51 g.
leldra 55 g. )>®t gefeoht 136. se fe)>a ‘band of infantry,
troop ; compare/!^ 1 79- hnltan 7 g, Imat, hniton. cnyssan,
cnysede ‘ clash.'.
200. se bana 147. ojrfleon ‘ escape fleon 162. wrecan
wrcec^ U)i iccon ‘avenge', pe 2. giestran-niht ‘ yesterday
™ght'; compare giestran-dag 30. afeallan 135.
201. upl^ndisc maim ‘ rustic, up-country man swelce
plur. of swelc. hwearfian, -ode ‘wander’; compare geond-
'hweorfan 99. dpar . . oper ‘one . . the other’, p&a-pe 4.
anlic 122. se waestm ‘growth, stature, form’. n?mnan
name ; se noma, ealddagas ‘ days of yore ’. hwa^er 53.
202. eardian, -ode ‘dwell’; se eard. weste ‘ desert ’; com¬
pare/^/ tvesten 101. £m§nne ‘solitary', literally ‘ without
men . nabbap=ne habbaj>. se wulf 20. pmt wildeor 26.
geffcre accessible ; feran 123. scearp 180, here ‘rugged',
staniht ‘stony’, heah 3g has plur. hea, dat. beam with
contraction 46 g. J>©t clif 115. wiide 109. seo ea 39.
0 __ se stream ‘current, stream'.
eceotan 43. 8e gars^cg 133.
203. heonon ‘hence . har 174.. a’weaxan ‘grow out’;
weaxan 7. hrimis ‘ rimy ’; « hrlm ‘ rime, hoar-fro; t bear-
waa plur. of se bearo ‘grove, wood’, ofer-helmian, -ode
h 3
102 NOTES

‘overhang’; se helm, neopan ‘ below ’; compare tiiper 118.

bieman, barn ‘burn’ intrans.
204. se fgesa 165. seo annes ‘solitude’. widgille
‘ extensive nanig ‘ not any, no adreogan 63 befleon
‘avoid’; fleon 162. se heorot 29. se wudu 54. se ofer
‘bank’, for'lcetan 179. unhlere 4 cheerless, dismal’. hreoh
144. rignan ‘rain’; se regn 9. weope 104.
205. rad 74. an here ‘alone’, gelang ‘attainable .
frecne 49. dyrre 16. on'weg ‘away’, lit. ‘on the road’.
206. snotra 150, 68 (inflection), b^tere 53 g. murnan
106. geghwele 192. gefcidan 177. aefter his dsegc 34g*
uton 74. gehatan ‘promise’, losian 58. pys daege ‘this
day’; pys instrumental ofpes (comparepy 36). seo gepyld
‘ patience ’; polian 102. to here ‘ from ’.
207. a hleapan ‘ leap up ’; hleaf.an, hleop ‘ leap ’. se last
‘ track ’. lepgesiene ‘ easy to see ’; lepe ‘ easy ’ (eape ‘ easily
155)>gesiene 105. drifan (16) past spor (105) ‘ follow up the
track’, se ascer 16. seo m*ed, plur. mddwa ‘meadow .
byne adj. ‘inhabited’; bun 100. se weald ‘forest .
208. se psep ‘ path ’, plur. papas, sticol ‘ steep, rough .
nearo ‘narrow’, plur. nearwe; cp. gearo 26. feowera gen.
of /lower 3g used absolutely 133 —feowera sum (119) ‘ one
of four’, that is ‘with three others’. fabringa.=fdr/lce 33.
for'se aria n, -ode ‘wither’, se beam 35g- hangian 197*
under*neopan = ;/^/<7;z 203.
209. wearp him ange on mode ‘ he was anxious or
distressed in mind’; ange is the adverb of $nge ‘narrow.
distressing’. gemetan 161. blawan 71. se horn 124.
wi2ian 71. seo naedre ‘serpent’, se draca 1 74* se n®ss
‘ headland, promontory hreosan 163 ‘ fall, rush ’. seo fian
‘ arrow ’. of sceotan ‘ shoot to death ’; sceolan 202 ; compare
0/sling an 145, o/slean. lfttan ‘hinder’, paet sund M1*
 AO TES 103

tostician ‘stab severely’; compare ofstician 32. se hoc

hook . sceawian 119. fgeslic 165. se giest 123.
210. gierede 114. craeftig ‘ skilful bes^ttan ‘ set round
(with), cover’, bitan, bat, bi/on ‘bite, cut’, ®nlic ‘unique,
excellent’; an. onlah strong preterite of the weak on'he nan
^end . se pyle 140. seo J?earf 114. seolafi35. swican,
swac, sivicon ‘fail’; compare beswlcan 50. hum 128.
®rra comparative adj. corresponding to the adv. dr ‘former',
hreom dat. of hreoh 204. aliegan ‘fail, perish’, pa (then)
•fit niehstan ‘thereupon, then’; nlehst superl. of neah 168.
bemetan ‘estimate’; me tan, meet ‘ measure ’. naht, nauihi neut.
nothing’ hine to nahte bemetan ‘think himself of no account
211. gepencan ‘ consider fus 89g. sipian ‘set out ’; sip
91- ^esprecan ‘discuss, agree on’, peet st®l ‘place, stead',
-e fbrpsip departure, death ’. se mundbora ‘ protector,
patron . ons^ndan 135. ongietan 158. starian ‘gaze’,
cystig 5ig. min deorwierpe sweord is the one mentioned
111 184. Hrunting is the name of Unferp’s sword.
212. efstan ‘hasten’; o/osi 119. sceat 202. dufan,
dcaf' duf°n * dive ’. pffit spell 68.
213. under p£m ‘meanwhile’, onfindan 147. ufan
^ iom above . fandian, -ode ‘ test, explore '; fitidan. gripan,
*/<;A grip on ‘grasp, togeanes prep, with dat. ‘towards,
.0 meet . seo clawu ‘ claw ’. naht lapes ‘ nothing hostile, no
_2IO» I4I* isen 71. se hring ‘ring (of the corslet)',
urh fon penetrate ’. befon ‘ encompass, clasp ’. wealdan
sw^n®an *afflict, persecute’; swincan 141. tusc 160.

<1 r 86 fl6f * flOOC1, Water *; fl°™an>fleow ‘ flow ’. derian,

lnJure . inne on ‘in’, beorhte adv. of bcorht 7g.
-d **' “^‘-i^hty’. rfflsan 9g. slog 107 g. hleoprian,
0 e resound’. Se dynt ‘stroke ’. se forma sip ‘the first
tune . &-l8Bg2I0. V
io4 NOTES

216. anreed ‘resolute’; cp.antndd 90, fwslrwd 148. of-dune

9. getriewan‘ trustlangsum ‘ lasting’; compare gehiersum
90. past word here ‘ reputation \ carian, -ode ‘care’, rohte
134. paet feax ‘head of hair’, grimme adv. of grimm ‘ fierce,
cruel’. for*geald 145. oferweorpan ‘throw backwards,
on the back ’. se fiell ‘ fall '—on fiellc weorpan ‘ fallpset
seax ‘ short sword
217. haefde sub]. for*si)?ian ‘ perish literally ‘ make a
disastrous expedition’; stpian 211. gescildan ‘protect ;
^ scield. a-standan ‘stand up’; compare Cvhleapan 207.
se wag 181. orwena adj. ‘despairing ; seo wen 125,
compare orsorg 147. seo sceaj> ‘ sheath . a'teah 9.
h^teliie 174* 80 heals 190. Jmrh’wadan ‘penetrate ,
zaadan, wad ‘wade, go’. p*t flBso 62. _ banhringas
< vertebrae ’; ban 160, bring 213. az.lga.n = sfgan, sag, sigon
‘sink, fall, descend, go’; compare onsage 100. alffltan
‘ let go, send forth, give up ’.
218. gefeah 94. miclum gefean : here michmi is cqui-
valent to inicle 52 g. wilnian, -ode ‘ desire *. unaiimedlic
* innumerable ’ ; tinman ‘ count up fad rim ‘ number .
bodig ‘ trunk, body wide 144- sprangi66. windan,
wand. wwidon ‘ wind, roll seo flor ‘ floor .
219. wendon 108, 89g (mood), untweogendliee ‘with¬
out doubt ’; tweogan or tweon, tiviode ‘ doubt *<• tweo acc.
tweon (46 g) ‘doubt .
forleton 74- bellfan -/of, -li/on,
220. past non 80.
se ofer 204. seoe ‘ ill ’. starian.
6 remain ’; seo Idf 135*
211. wyscan ‘wish .
221. under J»8m 213. se *nt * giant wanian 7- se
2303 giecel * icicle ’ ; fact is ‘ ice ’. to )«m ‘ to that degree .
^ . hot Stren « poisonous ’; fad dtor ‘ poison . gemealt
i 74. p^t hilt ‘ hilt ’. an 205. flies 107.
 NOTES io5

222. wearp on sunde ‘ began to swim ' ; compare wearp

on fielle 216. deaf 212.
223. seo byrpen, gen. byrpenne ‘ burden ’. of dydon 155.
dreopan, dreap ‘ drip m§ngan 6 g.
224. earfoplice adv. of earfop ‘ difficult \ se stgng ‘ pole
J)8Bt feax 216. modor gen. weefersien 167. wundrian,
-ode ‘wonder’ with gen. seldcup 59. seo gesihp 4.
225. p©tlac ‘gift, offering’. paat tacen 167. geeode 174.
forweorpan ‘perish’; comparefor'slpian 217.
220. geweorpan ‘ happen ’—hu hine hoefde gewordeii ‘ how
he had fared’, gehatan 206. se hearm ‘injury, insult’,
on*dr©dan 147. seo healf 2.
227. a giefan-=giefan. fesgere adv. offorger. mearcian,
‘mark’, atiefran ‘paint, draw’, flod 214. ©rest adj.,
adv. 149. runstafas ‘runic letters’. hw©m ‘for whom’.
228. swlgian 180. la 16. eall p©s pe ‘all (of) that
which . p©t lof 191. upahafen ‘ lifted up, elated, arrogant’,
seo gepyld 206; abstract nouns are often used in the plur.
with singular meaning, hieltst 62.
229. geweaxan ‘grow up’; weaxan 91. seo forwyrd
' destruction ’; for'weorpan 225. amierran ‘ destroy ’.
aflieman ‘ expel ’; se fleam 179. hwearfian 201. gego-
dian, -ode ‘endow’; god. growan, greow ‘grow’, hwspre
I45* seo wffllhreownes ‘cruelty ’. seo gitsung‘avarice’, seo
uncyst ‘vice ; compare cyslig 211. p©t bispell ‘example
spell212. a‘r§ccan, a'reahle * relate ’; compare Izrendraca 93.
230. seo giefu 184. m§nn dat. of se ma?in; compare
dat.byrig 186—-poem mgnn ‘to a man’: ‘the’ is often used to
show that the noun is to be taken in an abstract sense, him
his willan to-forl©tt ‘ grants him what he wishes ’. seo
Wynn ‘joy’. underpiedd 96. se unwisdom ‘folly’,
wista 139 ‘luxury ; compare gepylda 228. sw^ncan 213.
 io6 NOTES

seo adl ‘ disease \ dr^ccan, drgcp, dreahle ‘ afflict \ se

unfriph^re 123.
231. p©t wierse 141 ‘ the less pleasant side of things,
adversity '. on'innan prep, with dat. ‘ within '. ofermetto
plur. 19 g> 228 ‘pride'; ofermod ‘proud'. se gngel
‘angel', seo sawol ‘soul', gleman ‘regard, take care of
with gen. se boga ‘ bow'. faoenlice ‘ treacherously '; P<zt
facen 78. seo heorte 63. ofscoten 209. biter ‘bitter,
painful’, s£o flan 209. him on hand g©p ‘surrenders to
him '. past bebod ‘ command'; bebeodan 121.
232. se wela 57. pffit ungemet 92. se gltsere ‘ miser ;
seo gltsung 229. hordian, -ode ‘hoard'; poet hord 174-
hwflwgndlie = ‘ temporary'; seo hwil. seo sped,
pa speda ‘ riches'; spedig 87. for-gietan, -geat 70 g. for-
‘gieman ‘ neglect' ; gleman 231. toweard ‘future’.
233. fffige ‘fated to die'. fehp to 92. unhneawlice
‘ ungrudgingly ’. ne giemp na his §ges ‘ does not care for
the fear of him ' = ‘ does not fear his anger ’.
234. for bugan ‘ avoid'; bugan 36. ece rad (74) ‘eternal
good’, seo geogop 132. • se bl®d ‘prosperity, prime .
beniman ‘ deprive '; niman. se f§ng ‘ grasp '; fon. se
wielm ‘ boiling, surging'. se bearhtm ‘ glance ’ (beorht)
eagena bearhtm ‘ the evil eye '. for fleon ‘ escape '; fleon 162.
235. heardlice ‘ vigorously, bravely'. bew^rian 177*
se wiperwinna ‘adversary’; wiper- ‘against’, winnan 101.
seo edwenden ‘change, reverse'. unlibbende ‘dead.
p®t setl 109.
236. blissian 183. mielum ‘ greatly ’. wistfullian 139.
seo gereordung ‘ entertainment, feasting .
237. se lust 53. mepig ‘ tired '. se sglepegn ‘ chamber-
lain'. geteohhian 197. p©t d©gred 16. bodian, -ode
‘ announce'.
 NOTES 107

239. seo hen ‘loan’. se pane 177. h^rian, -ede

‘praise’, leahtrian, -ode ‘ blame’.
240. p©t cynesetl 109. se cuma ‘stranger’, fus 211.
bew^nian ‘treat (kindly)’; wgtiian, -ede ‘accustom, wean’,
us wel dohtest ‘ stoodest us in good stead ’. seo neahpeod
‘ neighbouring nation’. pusend 57 g. se ©peling 190. to
Geata lande p^nep: compare ic to see wile 123. fierlen
‘ distant ’; feorr.
241. pe dat. snotorllce adv. of snotor. flles-hwaat
‘anything else’, 107. geseelan ‘happen’; gescel'/> 63 g. lifes
beon ‘ be alive’. b§t 183—swd Igng swa bgt ‘ the longer the
more’, gemane 189. f®stnian 93. ealles 48. f®stmod
‘ firm, constant, reliable ’.
242. cyssan ‘kiss’. se heals 217. se tear ‘tear’,
for’beran ‘ restrain ’. se langop ‘ longing ’. on'rolan ‘ in¬
flame . wyscan 220. wilnian 218. tweon 219, here
impersonal w. acc. of the pers. and gen. of the thing.
243. weorpian 74. seo oystignes ‘liberality, generosity’.
orleahtre ‘blameless’; compare leahtrian 239, orwena 217.
benam 234.
244. se hearm 226. freondllce ‘in a friendly manner’.
se ancor 122. hladan, hlod, gehlade?i ‘load’, missenlic
34* se bat 39. golde-fieted ‘ornamented with gold’,
wierpe 58.
246. geffflgen 94.
246. befrignan ‘ question ’. sweotollice adv. == sweotole
io5* sume pa mapmas : mapmas in apposition to sume.
247. seo landar ‘ estate’; seo ar 189 has also the mean¬
ing ‘ revenue, property \ seo weorpung ‘ honour, dignity \

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Anglo-Saxon, comprising a
short grammar, some selections
from the Gospels and a parsing
glossary, by John Earl. 4/e,
1902. Pp. viii + 112. 2s. 6d. net.
/
/ The Student's Dictionary of
Anglo-Saxon, by Henry Sweet.
1911. Small 4to, pp. xvi + ai8.
6d. net.
Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
on the Collections of
rth, edited and en-
* ; • \ N. Toller. 1882-
% ' ; n 4to (io| x83), pp.
55s- net.
- » °artl, 1908. Part II,
.1
•>. and 1 os. 6d. net.
J ..
Dictionary (12th to 15th cen-
tury), rearranged, revised, and
enlarged by H. Bradley. 1891.
Small quarto, pp. xxii, 708. Half¬
morocco, 31s. 6d. net.
A History of English Versifi¬
cation, by J. Schipper. 1910.
Pp. 410. 8s. 6d. net.
Contents Book I, The Line.
Part I, The Native Metre ; Part
II, Foreign Metres.
Book II, Part I, The Structure of
Stanzas ; Part II, Stanzas com¬
mon to middle and modern Eng¬
lish. -Part III, Modern Stanzas
and Metres originating under the
influence of the Renaissance or
introduced later.
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