Freedom Movement Part 1

Mentorship
FREEDOM MOVEMENT
Programme
MOHAMMED SAFWAN
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FREEDOM MOVEMENT
•From 1885-1947
•Into 2 sections:
British
Freedom Malabar
Movement
Cochin &
Travancore

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
FEATURES:
Influenced by National Freedom Movement
Formation of INC in 1885
INC early participants from Kerala: GP Pillai and Chettur Sanakran Nair
1897: C Sankaran Nair (President -Amaravati Session)
Influence of Kerala social reformative movements

Caste Eradication was one of the main objective.
Ideas of Equality, brotherhood,etc. (Samathva Samajam)
Motto of “Wage for Work’
Struggle for social status – Ezhava and Dalit Uplift programmes.
Role of Western Missionaries:

Western Education
Printing Press

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
BRITISH MALABAR

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
EARLY PROGRAMMES IN MALABAR:

represented by the educated middle classes.
1904- Conference at Kozhikkode under INC
1908 – a District Congress Committee
1913 onwards –began Political conferences
Organised Political Programmes:

•Started only in the second decade of 20th
century
•With Home Rule League Movement

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
HRL IN MALABAR
HRL: MAJOR POLITICAL ISSUES:
Irish Concept of Self Governing 1. Collector Innes Episode – Prevented KP
Power Kesava Menon to speak in Malayalam, in a
to achieve self-government meeting held at Calicut to raise fund for
within the British Empire (a WW 1.
Govt by Council, whose 2. Arrest of Annie Besant – attracted many
members would be Indians). people to the political movement.
•1916- Branch of Madras HRL in Calicut

•President: Manjeri Rama Aiyer
•Secretary: KP Kesava Menon

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
Further Political Developments in Malabar:
Malabar Congress held annual conferences passing various

resolutions
1916- At Palakkad- Presided by Annie Besant
1917 - At Kozhikode - Presided by Sir C.P Ramaswamy Iyer
1918- At Thalassery - Presided by Mir Azad Alikhan
1919- At Vadakara - Presided by K.P Raman Menon

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
MANJERI CONFERENCE OF 1920
President: Kasturi Rangayyangar

To discuss the Montague-Chelmsford reforms
This conference witnessed the ideological difference between the moderates
and extremists of Malabar.
Extremist leader KP Raman Menon opposed the reforms and the moderates
including Annie Besant were in favour of the reforms.
Here the moderates walked out of the Conference -Reversal of Surat Split.

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
Other resolutions passed include :

1. For the rights of tenants,
2. Appreciating Sir C.Sankaran Nair for resigning from Viceroy’s
council,
3. Supporting Indian Muslims on the Khilafath issue and exhorting both
Hindus and Muslims to participate in Non-cooperation movement led
by Gandhiji.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Last Malabar District Political conference
1921 Onwards- KPCC began to conduct All Kerala Political
Conference

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT AND KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
Pre-Gandhian National Movement in Malabar was an

Upper caste Movement.
Gandhi and Moulana Shoukat Ali visited Kerala to
organise khilafat committees and to increase the tempo of
national movement.

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
Under KPCC:
More Participation of Local people in the National Movement.
1st Conference @ Ottapalam -April 23, 1921
President: T. Prakasam
Beginning of All Kerala Political conferences
Malabar rebellion-1921
Most important event in Kerala during NCM and Khilafat
Movement.
Peasant Uprising against Janmis and their British allies
Held in South Malabar

FREEDOM MOVEMENT

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
MALABAR REBELLION-1921
Areas: Ernad (Manjeri, Malappuram, Pandikkad,

Tirurangadi and Mampuram), Valluvanad(
Perinthalmanna).
Immediate Cause: attempt to arrest Vadakke Veettil

Muhammad (the Khilafat secretary of Pookkottur)
Battle of Pookkottur

FREEDOM MOVEMENT

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
Other Popular Leaders:

Variankunnath Kunjahammad haji,
Sithi Koya thangal of Kumaranputhur and
Ali Musliyar.
They established a Parallel Govt for 6 months.

Killed the Supporters of British – eg: Chekkutty
Sahib in Anakkayam

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
One of the tragic episode was the ‘Wagon Tragedy’:

64 of the 90 Mappilas carried as prisoners in a
closed railway goods wagon from Tirur to
Coimbatore on November 20, 1921 had died of
suffocation by the time the train reached Podanur
 ‘Podanur tragedy
‘Black Hole of Podanur’ (by Sumit Sarkar)
Train wagon no: MSMLV 1711

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
By the end of 1921- the Movement was suppressed by British

The leaders were hanged in Public.
Commission: under KNAP
By 1922- Gandhi withdrew NCM

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
VAIKOM SATYAGRAHA
BACKGROUND:
Post NCM  Congress with Constructive Programmes
Kerala Leaders : Movement against Untouchability (Kakkinada Session
of 1923)
TK Madhavan presented this anti-untouchability resolution and hence
statrted Vaikom Satyagraha

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
VAIKOM SATYAGRAHA:
Aim: To To get the approach roads to the famous Siva

temple opened to Avarnas.
began on March 30, 1924
Active Congress Leaders: K. Kelappan, K.P.
Kesavamenon, K. Madhavan Nair, Kurur Neelakantan
Nambudiripadu, T.R.Krishna Swami Iyyer,etc.

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
PROGRAMMES ASSOCIATED WITH:
supportive Savarna Jatha organised by Mannath Padmanabhan.

From Vaikom to Trivandrum
submitted their demand before the Regent Sethu Lakshmi Bai
Other supports:
Akalis in Punjab set up Kitchens for Satyagrahis
Active Participation of Periyar EV Ramaswamy Naicker (Vaikom
Hero)
ME Naidu conducted Savarna Jatha from Nagercoil to TVm.
Satyagraha was withdrawn on November 23, 1925 because of the

intervention of Mahatma Gandhi.

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
SIGNIFICANCE:
 First Organised anti-untouchablity programme in Kerala.
National level attraction and Participation
Successful in its objective.
The roads around the temple except the roads leading to the Sanketham of the
temple were opened to all Hindus irrespective of caste.
By 1928- Avarnas got the right to walk on Public roads leading to all temples in
Travancore. (Diwan Mr. Watts )

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
1929- Lahore session

1930 – 12th March- Dandi March
1931- Gandhi Irwin Pact : Temporary suspension of CDM
1932- 2nd CDM
By 1934- Congress officially withdrew CDM

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
IN KERALA:
•Under KPCC
•Main centres: Payyannur (1st) and Beypore (2nd)
•Major Leaders:
•K Kelappan: April 23,1930  Calicut to Payyannur
•TR Krishna swamy Aiyer : From Palakkad to Payyannur
•K.Kelappan, Muhammad Abdur Rahiman, and K. Madhavan Nair
caught for encroaching upon salt-law
•AV Kuttimalu Amma : arrested for 2 years for Picketing of Foreign
clothes in Calicut and went to Jail carrying her two month old baby
•Kuniraman Adiyodi- died during hunger strike

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
GURUVAYOOR SATYAGRAHA
•1931 – Aug: KPCC –resolution on Temple entry –

Guruvayoor SriKirshna Temple.
•Leaders: K. Kelappan with A.K. Gopalan, N.P. Damodaran,
Mannath Padmanabhan, M. Karthiyani Amma, T.S.
Tirumumb, K.P. Kayyalakkal.
•Satygraha Committee:
•President : Mannathu Padmanabhan
•Secretary: K Kelappan
•Volunteer captain: AK Gopalan

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
•1931- November 1: Satygraha started at the Eastern entrance of

Temple.
•P Krishna Pillai – 1st non-Brahmin to ring the bell in temple.
•1932- Sept 18- K Kelappan – Fast unto Death
•But on 2nd October 1932- Withdrew on request of Gandhi.
It Failed to achieve the immediate objective of Temple entry

But was helpful to receive support of Many Savarnas on this (Ponnani
Taluk-77% voted for) and later temple entry campaigns.

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
DEVELOPMENT OF LEFTIST IDEOLOGY:

1930s- new political ideas CSP-1934- BOMBAY
1934- Congress Socialist Party •Acharya Narendra Dev and Jai Prakash
Narayanan
CONGRESS SOCIALIST PARTY:1934

Cause:
• Pressure-Compromise attitude of Congress and Suspension of CDM.
•Lost faith in Gandhian Method of agitation

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
Features and Programmes:

•New Methods of agitation including peasants and workers.
•CSP Malabar formed in Calicut in 1934
•President- CK Govinda Nair
•Secretary – P Krishna Pillai
•Oragnised struggle for the better working conditions, better pay,etc.

•1936- AK Gopalan Pattinijatha from Kannur to Madras (32 followers)
•Weakness: More focus on anti-imperialist struggle and economic issues
than social inequalities.

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
COMMUNIST PARTY IN KERALA
CPI – 26th December 1925

1939 – Communist Party of Malabar was formed at PINARAYI in Kannur
The leftists under the leadership of A.K. Gopalan, E.M.S.
Nambuthiripad and P. Krishna Pillai.
2nd WW  Left led KPCC conducted mass struggle against the
British.
1940 – Communist became free from CSP completely and became
more powerful than CSP in southern states of Kerala, TN, and AP.

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
MORAZHA STRUGGLE -1940
Kannur
Leadership under Dr KB Menon (Congress Socialist Leader)
Against British Cruelties during WW II
2 Young Police officers were Killed- Sub-Inspector K.M
Kuttikrishna Menon and Constable Raman.
K.P.R Gopalan –communist leader sentenced to Death
Penalty (later nullified with intervention of Gandhi)

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
KAYYUR STRUGGLE -1941

Hosdurg Taluk in Kasargode.
Peasants with Communist support rose against the Jenmi
exploitations, that led to clash between Police and people.
Led to death of a Police officer Subbarayan.
Death sentence to 4 (were hanged in 1943)
Koyithattil Chirukandan
Madathil Appu
Podavara Kunjampu Nair
Abubaker
Choorikkadan Krishnan Nair (minor) was put into life imprisonment.
Kannada Writer Niranjana’s work – Chirasmarane is about this.

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT-1942
The Quit India Movement of 1942 had only its weak echoes in Malabar.
Participation of USSR  Communists –Change in policy and cooperation with
British.
However, some socialist inside Congress actively participated in the movement
under the leadership of Dr. KB Menon.
conducted defiance programmes such as boycott of schools, colleges and courts
of law.
Swatantra Bharatam, a secret journal was published during this period.

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
KIZHARIYUR BOMB CASE:

Plan: to observe November 9, 1942 as sabotage day, pulling
down government structures; bridges, railway, offices,etc all over
Malabar in one stroke with bombs manufactured at Keezhariyur.
experimental explosion was conducted at Maavatumala
But the plan was leaked out and the police arrested the
Revolutionaries, in which 27 persons including Dr. KB Menon
were charge sheeted.
Subhash Chandra Bose wrote to Mr Menon asking about the

bomb case (Mentioned ‘Irumbazhikullil’ written by V.A
Keshavan Nair)

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
POST-WW II
THOLVIRAK STRUGGLE
Date :1946 November 15
Place: Cheemeni Estate- Kasargod
The Police arrested some people who went to gather firewood
on pre-text of breaking the forest conservation act.
Leading lady: Karthiyani Amma

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
KARIVELLUR STRUGGLE
Date:1946 December 20
Against the Hoarding food grains by Janmis
Karshaka Samiti leaders began to protest against this greedy
action.
A.V. Kunjambu, K. Devayani were the prominent leading
figuers
Farmers strike at Karivellur Police firingT. Krishnan, K.
Kunjikkannan two farmers were killed.
When India got independence, Malabar continued as a district of Madras State.

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
SOME IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
K KELAPPAN (1889-1971)
Place: Calicut
Career as Teacher
Title: Kerala Gandhi
Founding Member of NSS- 1914
Law at Bombay  Joined National Movement
Activities:
Swadeshi Movement
Vaikom Satyagraha
Guruvayur satyagraha
Individual Satyagraha (1st Satyagrahi from Kerala)
Leader of Sarvodaya Movement of Gandhi

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
1947:
KPCC President during Independence
Aikya Kerala President.
 Joined Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party and MP from Ponnani LS seat
Editor of Mathrubhumi (1929 and 1936) and Samadarshi (1954)

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
KP KESAVA MENON (1886-1978)
Place: Palakkad
Title: Grand old Man of Kerala
1915- Joined INC
1916- Secretary of HRL and Participated Lucknow Session
KPCC Secretary during Mappila rebellion
Joined NCM by giving up Practice
1923- Founder-editor of Mathrubhumi
Vaikom Satygraha – 6 months in Trivandrum central Jail
1927- Practice at Malaya
Very Active in INA but differed with Subhash C Bose.
After 2nd WW  returned back
1946- Editor of Mathrubhumi till death

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
'Padma Vibhushan‘ in 1966

Autobiography: Kazhinja Kalam (Kendra Sahitya Akademi
Award)
Other works:
Rasthrapithavu – Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award -1969
Bandhanatthil ninnu, Bhuthavum bhaviyum, Daanabhumi,
Abraham Lincoln, Gopalakrishna Gokhale, Jawahalal
Nehru,etc

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
EMS NAMBOOTIRIPPAD (1909-1998)
•Place: Perinthalmanna (MPM)

•one of the founders of the Congress Socialist Party
•1939- member of the Madras Legislative Assembly
•1939- Communist Party in Kerala
•Kerala CM for two times (1957 and 1967)
•‘Autobiography’
•1st English Book – ‘A short History of the Peasant Movement in
Kerala’ -1943
•Other Works:
•Kerala- the motherland of malayalees
•Berlin Diary
•Mahatma Gandhi and Iam

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
AK GOPALAN (1904-1977)
Place: Kannur
Title: Pavangalude Padathalavan
1927 –Joined INC
Volunteer captain of Guruvayur Sathyagraha.
1934- Joined CSP
1935- Tiruvannoor Cotton Mill strike
1936- Hunger strike from Kannur to Madras
1936 - Temple jatha from Kannur to Guruvayur
1939- founding member of CPI in Kerala
1944- secretary of Kerala communist Party

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
He founded Calicut Labour Union with Krishnan Pillai

1951- He became the president of All India Kissan Sabha
A.K.G was elected to Loksabha from Kasaragod thrice
First opposition leader in Lok Sabha
1958- Founder of Indian Coffee house.(Thrissur)
Autobiography: Ente Jeevitha Kadha
Other works:
Njan oru puthiya lokam kandu,
Ente poorvakala smaranakal,
Ente diary,
Work in Parliament

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
PYQs
1. Who is popularly called as “Vaikkom hero”? 2. The leader of Salt Satyagraha in Kerala was
a) RK Dhadabi a) K Kelappan
b) EV Ramaswami b) Ramakrishna Pillai
c) CN Annadurai c) TK Madhavan
d) MannathPadmanabhan d) Vakkomabdul Khader Moulavi

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
3. The Kizhariyur Bomb Case was in connection with:

4. The first mass struggle against
a) The khilafath movement
Untocuhability in Kerala was
b) The Non-Coperation Movement
a) Guruvayoor Satyagraha
c) The Civil Disobedience Movement
b) Paliyam Satyagraha
d) The Quit India Movement
c) Channar revolt
d) Vaikom Satyagraha

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
MAINS MODEL QUESTIONS
1. Write a short note on black hole of Podanur? (2 Marks)

2. The Manjeri Conference of 1920 is significant in the Freedom Movement. Opine (5
marks)
3. Asses the role of communist party in the freedom movement of Kerala. (10 Marks)

FREEDOM MOVEMENT
Thank you

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Mentorship

90614 74766 / 90614 84877 kaskerala@gmail.com kasmentor.com

Influence of Kerala social reformative movements

Role of Western Missionaries:

90614 74766 / 90614 84877 kaskerala@gmail.com kasmentor.com

90614 74766 / 90614 84877 kaskerala@gmail.com kasmentor.com

EARLY PROGRAMMES IN MALABAR:

Organised Political Programmes:

90614 74766 / 90614 84877 kaskerala@gmail.com kasmentor.com

•1916- Branch of Madras HRL in Calicut

90614 74766 / 90614 84877 kaskerala@gmail.com kasmentor.com

Further Political Developments in Malabar:

Malabar Congress held annual conferences passing various

90614 74766 / 90614 84877 kaskerala@gmail.com kasmentor.com

MANJERI CONFERENCE OF 1920

President: Kasturi Rangayyangar

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Other resolutions passed include :

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NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT AND KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

Pre-Gandhian National Movement in Malabar was an

90614 74766 / 90614 84877 kaskerala@gmail.com kasmentor.com

90614 74766 / 90614 84877 kaskerala@gmail.com kasmentor.com

90614 74766 / 90614 84877 kaskerala@gmail.com kasmentor.com

Areas: Ernad (Manjeri, Malappuram, Pandikkad,

Immediate Cause: attempt to arrest Vadakke Veettil

90614 74766 / 90614 84877 kaskerala@gmail.com kasmentor.com

90614 74766 / 90614 84877 kaskerala@gmail.com kasmentor.com

Other Popular Leaders:

They established a Parallel Govt for 6 months.

90614 74766 / 90614 84877 kaskerala@gmail.com kasmentor.com

One of the tragic episode was the ‘Wagon Tragedy’:

90614 74766 / 90614 84877 kaskerala@gmail.com kasmentor.com

By the end of 1921- the Movement was suppressed by British

90614 74766 / 90614 84877 kaskerala@gmail.com kasmentor.com

90614 74766 / 90614 84877 kaskerala@gmail.com kasmentor.com

Aim: To To get the approach roads to the famous Siva

90614 74766 / 90614 84877 kaskerala@gmail.com kasmentor.com

PROGRAMMES ASSOCIATED WITH:

supportive Savarna Jatha organised by Mannath Padmanabhan.

Satyagraha was withdrawn on November 23, 1925 because of the

90614 74766 / 90614 84877 kaskerala@gmail.com kasmentor.com

90614 74766 / 90614 84877 kaskerala@gmail.com kasmentor.com

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT

1929- Lahore session

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90614 74766 / 90614 84877 kaskerala@gmail.com kasmentor.com

•1931 – Aug: KPCC –resolution on Temple entry –

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•1931- November 1: Satygraha started at the Eastern entrance of

It Failed to achieve the immediate objective of Temple entry

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DEVELOPMENT OF LEFTIST IDEOLOGY:

CONGRESS SOCIALIST PARTY:1934

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Features and Programmes:

•Oragnised struggle for the better working conditions, better pay,etc.

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COMMUNIST PARTY IN KERALA

CPI – 26th December 1925

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MORAZHA STRUGGLE -1940

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