Druga gimnazija Sarajevo

International Baccalaureate Middle Years Programme

Chemistry

LAB REPORT

RATE OF REACTION

Word count: XYZ

Students: Teacher:

Nedim Begović, Faruk Ibrahimović, Stanislava Marjanović

Anđela Skramončin
Research Question:

- Do the specifications of the experiment produce significant error when

measuring rate of reaction of the reaction between NaOH and HCl?

Theoretical background

Chemical reactions happen as a result of collisions between atoms and molecules. Inside

a mixture of two or more chemicals, the molecules are moving around with a certain

kinetic energy and frequently “bump” into one another. If the energy of the molecules is

sufficiently high, during their collision, they will cause the restructuring of their inner

bonds and then new molecules will form. This specific energy is called the activation

energy of a reaction and the reaction can only start when this energy level is reached.

Once the reaction has started, its rate can be measured by determining the change of a

certain property of the mixture in a certain time interval. The reaction can unfold at

faster and slower rates depending on the kinetic energies of the individual molecules

that are colliding, as well as the frequency of their collisions. In this experiment, the

rate of reaction of HNO3 and NaOH will be determined.

Hypothesis and justification

Materials

- Calorimetre

- Beaker 100ml

- Pipette with Propipette 5ml

- Measuring Cylinder - ±0.5ml

- Thermometer - ±1C°

- NaOH – 1M – 20ml
 - HNO3 – 2M – 10ml

- Digital stopwatch - ±0.005 s

Procedure

- Place the beaker inside the calorimeter

- Measure the temperature inside the calorimeter, along with the temperatures of

the individual chemicals using the thermometer

- Pour 10ml of HNO3 inside the beaker within the calorimeter and place the

thermometer inside the beaker, so that it is in contact with the acid

- Pour the 20ml of NaOH inside the beaker within the calorimeter and start the

stopwatch at this moment

- Using the “Lap” feature on the stopwatch, measure the time needed for the

temperature of the mixture to rise to 14 and 18 degc respectively.

Safety Issues

HNO3- exposure to the acid may cause skin and eye irritation, as well as other medical

problems such as pneumonitis, dental erosion, bronchitis, among others.

NaOH- contact with said chemical may cause severe ourns to our eyes, skin, and internal

organs akin to the lungs. Said damage may prove to be permanent.

Glass- In the experiment we used some materials that are made of glass which can lead

to unwanted cuts if some of these materials breaks, or they are already in bad condition.

Variables

Independent

- Change in temperature of the mixture – Celsius (C°)

 - Time at which temperatures is measure – seconds (s) – we change this variable

by measuring at different times, namely at 1s, 2s, 3s, … (mozemo promijeniti)

Dependent

- Change in temperature of the mixture – Celsius (C°) – this depends on the

concentration and amount of substance as well as what time has passed since the

substances were mixed

Controlled

- Volume of NaOH and HNO 3 – milliliters (ml) – NaOH 20.0ml, HNO 3 10.0ml– the

more there is of some substance the more collisions there will be as there are

more molecules to go around and so the temperature will increase as there will

be more reactions since the reaction is exothermic

- Temperature in the calorimeter – Celsius (C°) - 14° C – The temperature in the

calorimeter affects the temperature of the mixture so keeping it controlled is

important

- Concentration of NaOH – (M) 1 M – The concentration of NaOH affects how much

NaOH is needed to make it so that all the NaOH reacts with all the HNO 3

- Concentration of HNO3 - (M) 2 M - The concentration of HNO 3 affects how much

HNO3 is needed to make it so that all the HNO3 reacts with all the NaOH

Data

The volumes of the individual compounds were acquired via the following equation.

NaOH (aq) + HNO3 (aq) → NaNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)

From this, it can be concluded that the amount of NaOH must be the same as the amount

of HNO3 for the equation to be balanced. From this, and the molar concentrations of the
compounds, the ratio of volumes of NaOH to HNO 3 is 2:1. Therefore, the volumes of the

compounds were: 20ml for NaOH and 10ml for HNO3.

Processed data

Evaluation

Errors