Quarter 4 – Module 1:

Oh My Gas!
Getting to know gases and its behavior
Have you ever seen a hot air balloon? Do you wonder what makes it fly through the air?
Air pressure is a big part of how hot air balloons work. To get a clearerunderstanding,
let’s compare gas particles to people in a crowded dance floor. Too many people too close
together means there are a lot of collisions. Most of the time a bump doesn’t create any
problem, but occasionally a collision between two couples can be harder than usual. The
more active the dancing (rock and roll, for example, rather than the waltz), the more
frequent the possibility of bumping into someone else. Each gas particle is considered to
be independent of all other gas particles. There are variables used to describe gases:
mass, volume, pressure,
and temperature. Gases seem to be weightless, but they are classified as matter, which
means they have mass. It’s this very low density that allows us to be able to walk
through the room without concerning ourselves with air resistance. In a smaller
container, the molecules have less room to move. The
particles hit the sides of the container more often. Gas pressure results from the
collisions between gas molecules and the walls of the container they are in. More
molecules mean more collisions which means more pressure. Gases naturally move from
areas of high pressure to low pressure because there is
empty space to move into – a spray can is example.
Unlike couples on the dance floor, a gas particle that collides with another gas particle
just bounces off with no change in speed, just direction. Gas particles don’t respond to
heat the same way people do. When we get hot, we become less active and just want to
sit in the shade with a cool drink of water or soda. When gas molecules experience an
increase in temperature, they get excited and move faster. This concept is known as the
KINETICMOLECULAR THEORY which we will dig deeper as we proceed in this lesson.

Let’s investigate if there is interrelationship among properties of gases. Gas particles

have a very weak intermolecular force of attraction, hence they move as far as possible
from each other. They have the tendency to occupy all the spaces they are contained in.

Robert Boyle, an Irish physicist, published his law in 1662. His law was based on
research involving
the relationship of the pressure of a gas and volume of gas. Based on the findings of the
experiment he
conducted with the J-tube, he concluded that as the pressure increases, the volume of a
fixed amount of gas decreases, forcing the gas particles to move closer to one another.
The latter equation is simply read as:
The product of Pressure and Volume is constant. Since volume and pressure of the gas
can be varied, let P1 and V1 be the initial pressure and volume respectively and P2 and V2
be the final pressure and volume respectively.
Quarter 4 – Module 1:
“Kadayawan” Madayaw Festival
of Davao
“KADAYAWAN” Madayaw Festival of Davao
Kadayawan comes from the word “Madayaw” meaning thanksgiving for
nature’s gift; warm and friendliness greeting; and to describe things that is
good, valuable, superior, and beautiful. It originated from tribal festivals of
the “Lumads” and Muslim tribes of Davao in the 70’s. It is celebrated in the
3rd week of August yearly.
The distinguishing characteristics of the music of Kadayawan festival is
its use of vibrant and lively music of celebration to give thanks of the gods
(anitos) for the good yield of harvest in Davao.
In every parade, participants play drums or other instruments in
rhythmical patterns together with the use of pentatonic notes that serves
as their music during processions and parades. The tempo varies from
upbeat moderate to upbeat fast to portray gratefulness and thanksgiving.

Quarter 4 – Module 2:
Music of Philippine Festival and
Theatrical Forms (Kadayawan:
Davao’s Pride Festival)
KADAYAWAN: Davao’s Pride Festival
KADAYAWAN Festival is celebrated in Davao City, every third (3rd)
week of the month of August since 1986. The festival is a celebration of
thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest and celebration of unity among the tribes
who inhabit the city. The festival itself has brought the city its fame
showcasing the different events that would entice the people’s participation
and indulge in its offering of food and delicacies, indigenous cultural practices
and the very enjoying Indak-Indak sa Kadalanan and Pamulak sa
Kadayawan Parade. These are the events that will surely give you a glimpse
of the People of Davao on how we celebrate friendship and embrace the
richness of Davao’s Cultural Heritage.
In old-time, Davao’s Tribe people residing at the foot of Mt. Apo used to
do “pahinungod” or offering to their great god, the Supreme Being or
“Manama” where they display fruits, vegetables, flowers, rice, and corn grains
on mates and were showing the sign of respect for the great year they have
had. Also, people were dancing and singing in front of their homes, which is still
practiced and continued today as well, even more than 30 years after the
festival’s first official acknowledgment.
In the year 1970, then Mayor Elias B. Lopez had encouraged all the
Davao tribes, the Lumads (Non-Islam and Non-Christians) and Muslims to
showcase their thanksgiving rituals. And in the year 1986, after the turbulent
times of the Martial Law, the Davao City government united the people to a
huge gathering of tribes forming a festival with its first name, Apo Duwaling
Festival. This was to showcase the province, despite of the country’s dispute
as a peaceful destination to visit. This festival’s name was created as a
combination of three natural wonders: Mt. Apo, Philippine’s highest peak,
Durian, the king of fruits and Waling-waling, the queen of flowers.
It was officially named and called Kadayawan Festival by then
mayor, Rodrigo Roa Duterte in the year 1988, signifying all the goodness to
the people of Davao and to the fruits of their good labor in the bounty of good
harvest and thanksgiving. The festival’s name is derived from the Mandaya
word “madayaw,” meaning treasured or valuable.