ASSIGNMENT

MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY - 3
TOPIC: Classify antibiotics with chemical structure and mechanism of action
and uses of main classification
Classify tertracycline with chemical structure and mechanism of action

Submitted by:
BHARTI
B. Pharmacy 6th Sem
Registration No. 190010256027

Submitted to:
Ms. SANGEETA NARWAL
Assistant Professor
(Pharmaceutical Chemistry)

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

INDIRA GANDHI UNIVERSITY, MEERPUR
REWARI-123401
 INTRODUCTION

The word antibiotic was derived from the word antibiosis which means against life.
Antibiotics were believed to be organic compounds produced by a microorganism toxic to
other microorganism .
An antibiotics was initially defined as a substance produced by a microorganism , which
prevent the growth of , or are fatal to other microorganisms even at low concentration.
Antibiotics can either kill other bacteria or inhibit their growth . Those antibiotics which kill
the bacteria are termed as bactericidal and those which inhibit bacterial growth are termed as
bacteriostatic.
Antibiotics are referred to as antibacterial agents , still they are differentiated as
antibacterial , antifungals and antivirals to indicate the type of microorganisms against which
they act.

CLASSIFICATION
a) Drug that inhibit cell wall synthesis :-Penicillin ,Cephalosporins, monobactam, beta
lactamase inhibitors.
b) Drug that inhibit protein synthesis :-Amino glycosides , Tetracycline , Macrolides.

PENICILLIN: It is extracted from Penicillin notatum.

CLASSSIFICATION OF PENICILLIN
 Natural penicillin: Penicillin G, Penicillin V
 Penicillinase resistant penicillin: Methicillin , Cloxacillin.
 Extended spectrum penicillin:
a. Amino Penicillin: Amoxycillin, Ampicillin , Bacampicillin
b. Carboxy Penicillin: Carbenicillin , Ticarcillin
c. Ureido Penicillin: Piperacillin , Mezlocillin .
 β -lactamase: Clavulanic acid , Sulbactam , Tazobactam.
STRUCTURE
1) Penicillin

2) Benzyl Penicillin

3) Phenoxy Methyl Penicillin

4) Ampicillin

5) Amoxicillin

6) Methicillin
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Antibiotics which have β lactam ring inhibit the cell wall synthesis disrupt the synthesis of
peptide glycan layer of bacterial cell wall.
It competitively inhibit the penicillin binding protein which is important for cell wall
synthesis.
Enzyme involved in the cell wall synthesis is trans peptide penicillin and other β lactam
derivates inhibit the cross linking of D -alanyl-D -alanine peptide chain and leads to bacteria
lysis and bacterial death.

THERAPEUTIC USES
 Anthrax
 Ciphillis respiratory infection
 Penicillin are used to treat a wide vareity of bacterial infection like stephalococcus
and manococcus

2). CEPHALOSPORINS : Cephalosporins are a class of β- lactam antibiotics.

CLASSIFICATION OF CEPHALOSPORINS

1). First generation :-

 Cefadroxil
 Cefazolin
 Cefalexin
  Cefazedone

2). Second generation:-

 Cefaclor
 Cefoxitin
 Cefuroxime

3). Third generation:-

 Cefixime
 Cefotaxime
 Ceftibuten

4). Fourth generation:-

 Cefepime
 Cefpirome

MECHANISM OF ACTION
Cephalosporins act against bacteria block the transpeptidase enzyme and rupture the cell wall
and cause bacterial cell wall death.

STRUCTURES
1).Cephalexin
2). Cefaclor

3).Cephadroxil

4).Cefuroxime
USES: They are the antibiotics used to treat the different bacterial infection like urinary
tract , skin infection and respiratory tract infection like cefixime bacteriostatic.

3). Monobactam

Monobactams are monocyclic novel β lactam antibiotics which has resistant to β lactamase
and effective against gram negative bacteria . other example of monobactam are :-
1). Aztreonam
2). Tigemonam
3).Tabtoxin
These are not effective against gram +ve cocci.

MECHANISM OF ACTION
Aztreonam is similar in action to penicillin. It inhibit synthesis of bacterial’s cell wall and
block the cross linking of peptide glycan.

4). β lactamase inhibitors

They are involved in to break the β-lactam ring.
β -lactamase inhibitors are a family of enzyme involved bacterial resistant to β-lactamase
antibiotics. They act by breaking the β-lactam ring and developed resistant but their inhibitors
prevent bacterial degradation of β-lactam antibiotics and inhibit cleavage of β-lactam ring .
these are effective against gram -ve bacilli anaerobic germs and other community acquired
diseases.
STRUCTURE

1).Clavulonic acid

2). Salbactum

3).Tazobactum
5). TETRACYCLINE

They are a class of broad spectrum antibiotics isolated from streptomysis bacteria.
Tetracycline reflects reversible binding to bacterial 30’s subunits. Which is specific at amino
acyl t RNA and prevent the ribosomal translation.

CLASSIFICATION OF TETRACYCLINE
1).Natural tetracycline:-chlortetracycline, tetracycline oxytetracycline.
2). Semi synthetic: -Minocycline, Methacycline , Meclocycline

6). AMINO GLYCOSIDES

Amino glycosides antibiotics are obtained from antino mycetes . They contain amino sugar
joined with glycosidic bond.
CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO GLYCOSIDES
1).Systemic amino glycosides:-streptomycin , amikacin ,gentamycin ,tobramycin.
2). Topical amino glycosides:-Neomycin, framycetin.

MECHANISM OF ACTION
Initially amino glycosides penetrate bacterial cell wall to reach periplasmic place through
passive diffusion than they bind 30s ribosomal subunit interfere the initiation complex and
induce mis reading of genetic code on mRNA and break up of polysomes into monosomes
and inhibit the protein synthesis and bactericidal action.

STRUTUCRE
1).Streptomycin

2).Neomycin
7). MISCELLANEOUS DRUG
1).Chloramphenicol

 It is an antibiotics isolated from streptomysis venezuelae used in the treatment

of eye infection , typhoid , fever and cholera

 MECHANISM OF ACTION
It inhibit the protein synthesis. It bind to 30’s ribosomal subunit on rRNA and
inhibit the action of peptidal transferase enzyme.
2).Clindamycin

 It is a chlorine substituted derivatives of lincomycin. It is isolated from

streptomyces lincolnesis.

 MECHANISM OF ACTION
It inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 50’s ribosomal subunit and uses
against gram +ve and -ve bacteria to treat back joint infection , pneumonia ,
ear infection &also used in malaria in combination with other drug.

8).MACROLIDES
Macrolides antibiotics having macrocyclic lactone ring with two sugar ring /moiety used
treat infection caused by positive bacteria such as stephelococcus ureus , streptococcus
pyrogenes.

CLASSIFICATION
1).12membered ring :-Methymycin
2).14 membered ring :-
 Natural:-Erythromycin
 Semi synthesis:-Clarithromycin, Roxithromycin
3).15 membered ring agents:-Azithromycin
4).16membered ring agents:-Solithromycin

MECHANISM OF ACTION
Macrolides bind to 50s subunit of ribosomes causing them to dissociates from mRNA and
resulting in premature termination of amino acid chain and inhibit protein synthesis in
bacteria.

TETRACYCLINE

They are a class of broad spectrum antibiotics isolated from streptomysis bacteria.
Tetracycline reflects reversible binding to bacterial 30’s subunits. Which is specific at amino
acyl t RNA and prevent the ribosomal translation.
CLASSIFICATION OF TETRACYCLINE
1).Natural tetracycline:-chlortetracycline, tetracycline oxytetracycline.
2). Semi synthetic: -Minocycline, Methacycline , Meclocycline

STRUCTURE
1).Chlortetracycline

2).Oxytetracycline

3).Doxycycline
4). Minocycline

MCQ
1. Which of the following substance is chlortetracycline soluble:
a) water
b) ether
c) organic solvents
d)All of the above
Ans- water

2. Cell wall biosynthesis is inhibited by antibiotics by Inhibiting the biosynthesis of which of

the following?
a)lipopolysaccharide
b)cellulose
c)peptido glycan
d)Proteins
Ans- peptido glycan

3. Benzyl penicillin is the chemical name for which of the following penicillin ?
a) Penicillin G
b) Penicillin V
c)Penicillin F
d)Phenethicillin
Ans- Penicillin G

4. Which of the following dose does not affect the activity of penicillin
a) bile
b)Hcl
c)cysteine
d)sodium hydroxide
Ans- bile

5. Which of the following antibiotics functions as a protein synthesis inhibitors

a)Penicillin
b) tetracycline
c) cefotaxime
d) trimethoprin
Ans- tetracycline

6. At normal the ph value of penicillin remains in which form

a) solvent phase
b) precipitates
c)aqueous phase
d) both a and b
Ans- aqueous phase

7. Bacterial cell grown in a medium exposed to high osmotic pressure, changes shape from
rod shaped to ------- shaped
a) spherical
b) rod shaped
c) irregular
d) elongated
Ans- spherical

8. Which of the following antibiotics is most likely to cause depression of the bone marrow
a) streptomycin
b) Penicillin G
c) tetracycline
d) amphotericin B
Ans- amphotericin B

9. Which of the following fermentation processes is used in the production of penicillin

a) aerobic fermentation followed by anaerobic fermentation
b) anaerobic fermentation
c) aerobic fermentation
d) anaerobic fermentation followed by aerobic fermentation
Ans- aerobic fermentation

10. Streptomyces orientalis produces which of the following antibiotics

a) cephalosporins
b) cycloserine
c) bacitarin
d) vancomycin
Ans-vancomycin