ACTIVITY: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING)

Earthquake Engineering is an interdisciplinary scientific area and it identifies

and solves problems associated with occurrence of earthquakes, with the goal of
reducing seismic risks to socio-economically acceptable levels. It requires as it does
knowledge and development from geology, seismology, geotechnical, marine and
structural engineering and even architecture and insurance. To support this statement,
the 5 related articles are listed below and their summary.

According to Gravador, R.J. (2023), The Generation of Fragility Curves of a

Pier Under High Magnitude Earthquakes: A Case Study of the Metro Rail Transit-3 Pier,
usually when an earthquake occurs rail tracks may be affected it is because railroads
are fragile and can be brittle if an enormous force like the earthquake’s magnitude is
applied. In this study, this engineers designed accurate and efficient measurements for
the tracks and the material that will be applied for it to sustain the force of the magnitude
dealt by an earthquake.

The Philippines Earthquake of July 16, 1990 by Segundo, A. (2023), to be

seismically resistant, structures must be designed well. Buildings up to five stories tall,
with generally regular shapes, and rigidity survived despite inadequate seismic
resistance detailing in modern terms. Contrarily, the collapse of numerous buildings with
soft storey, some of which were only two stories, served as another reminder for
engineers and architects to incorporate sound structural principles into all construction
designs.

Furthermore, Seismic Isolation Retrofitting Solution for an Existing Steel

Cable-Stayed Bridge of Calalo, A. (2023) is all about seismic retrofitting of an existing
cable-stayed bridge through the use of a seismic isolation system. A three-dimensional
model of the bridge was created and its seismic behavior studied through nonlinear
dynamic time-history analysis. However, the overall seismic response of the cable-
stayed bridge substantially improved in the longitudinal and traverse directions in cases
where the isolation system was utilized between the supports and the deck-tower
connection of the bridges.

In addition to that, Mawal, T. (2023): Analysis of Damage Mechanism of Heihe

Bridge During the Maduo Earthquake discussed that the seismic harm system of Heihe
extension is examined in view of the post-quake information. The finite element
software Midas/Civil is used to analyze Heihe Bridge’s seismic response, and the data
from Dawu string earthquake records close to the bridge site are used to build the
bridge’s upward model. The internal force relationship between the bridge’s connecting
plate and substructure is discussed through experimental analysis of the ground motion
response.

Lastly, based on the research article of Malaluan, J. (2023), there are two
concerns in performance based on seismic design: Appropriate qualification of the
uncertainties associated with the performance evaluation process and satisfactory
characterization of the associated structural damage for direct incorporation into the
design or performance evaluation methodology. It attempts to resolve the primary
concerns by evaluating the performance of reinforced concrete frame by using the
nonlinear static procedures.