PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATION ALGEBRAICALLY AND GRAPHICALLY

1) Maria tells her son “Five years ago, I was two times as old as you were then. Also two years from now,
I shall be two times as old as you will be”. Represent this situation algebraically and graphically.
Solution:
Step1:
Let Maria’s and her son’s present age be ‘x’ years and ‘y’ years respectively.
Step2:
Five years ago
Maria’s age was(x – 5) years
Her Son’s age was (y-5) years
Step3:
Two years later
Maria’s age will be(x + 2) years
Her son’s age will be (y + 2) years
Step4:
Given, 5 years ago Maria’s age = 2 times her son’s age then
 x  5  2( y  5)
 x  2y  5  0
Step5:
Given, 2 years hence, Maria’s age = 2 times her son’s age then,
 x  2  2( y  2)
 x  2y  2  0
Thus, algebraic representation of the given situations is
x  2 y  5  0 ………. (I)
x  2 y  2  0 ………… (II)
Step6:
To obtain equivalent graphical representation we find two points on the line representing each equation.
That is we find two solutions of each equation.
Now, x  2 y  2 ……………… FROM (II)
x2
y
2
02
Therefore, x  0  y   1
2
22
x2 y 0
2
Thus, the two solutions of the equation x  2 y  2  0 are:
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

x 0 2
y -1 0

Step7:

Plot the points A (0,-1) and B (2, 0) on a graph paper.

Draw a line passing through the points A and B.

Then, the line AB represents the equation x  2 y  2  0

Step8:

Also, consider x  2 y  5  0

x5
 y
2

1 5
Therefore, x  1  y  3
2

35
x3 y  4
2

Thus, the two solutions of the equation x  2 y  5  0 are:

x 1 3
y 3 4

Step9:

Plot the points P(1,3) and Q(3,4) on the same graph paper.

Draw a line passing through the point P and Q.

Then the PQ represents the equation x  2 y  5  0

We observe that line do not intersect anywhere.

 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

2. A shopkeeper sold 4 chocolates and 5 lollipops for Rs 8 to a customer. A little lateranothercustomer

purchased 5 chocolates and 5 lollipops for Rs 10. Represent the situation algebraically and graphically.

Solution:

Step 1:
Let the price of chocolate be Rs x , and that of lollipop be Rs y .
Given, 4 chocolates and 5 lollipops were purchased for Rs 8.
Step2:  4 x  5 y  8
Given, 5 chocolates and 5 lollipops were purchased for Rs 10.
Step3:  5x  5 y  10
Then the algebraic representation of the given situation is
4 x  5 y  8.....................( I )
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

5x  5 y  10....................( II )

Geometric/ graphical representation

Step4:
To obtain the equivalent graphical representation, we find two points on the line representing each equation,
that is, we find two solution of each equation.
Now, 4 x  5 y  8.....................( FromI )
8  4x
y
5

8  4 2
Therefore, x  2  y  0
5
8  [4  (2)] 16
x  2  y    3.2
5 5
Thus, the two solutions of the equation 4 x  5 y  8 are:
x 2 -2
y 0 3.2
Step5:
Plot the point A (2, 0) and B (-2, 3.2) on a graph paper.
Draw a line passing through the points A and B.
Then, the line AB represents the equation 4 x  5 y  8 .
Step6:
Now, 5x  5 y  10..............From( II )

10  5 x
y
5
10  5  2
Therefore, x  2  y  0
5
x  2  y  10  [5  (2)]  20  4
5 5
Thus, the two solutions of the equation 5x  5 y  10 are:
x 2 -2
y 0 4
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

Step7:
Plot the point P (2, 0) and Q (-2, 4), on the same graph.
Draw a line passing through the points P and Q.

Then, the line PQ represents the equation 5x  5 y  10

From the graph we observe that, the two lines representing the situation graphically, intersect at(2,0)

X axis- 1cm = 1 unit

Y axis- 1cm = 1unit

GRAPHICAL METHOD OF SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS

3) 9 students of Class 8 took part in a Science Quiz. If the number of boys is 5 more than
the number of girls, find the number of boys and girls who took part in the quiz.
Solution:
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

Step 1:
Let the number of boys be x , and the number of girls be y
Given, Number of girls + Number of boys = 9

Step2:  x  y  9

Given, Number of boys is 5 more than the number of girls.

Step3:  x  y  5
 x y 5
Then the algebraic representation of the given situation is
x  y  9.....................( I )
x  y  5....................( II )

Step 4 : Geometrical / graphical representation

In order to represent the above pair of linear equations graphically, we find two points on the line represented
by each equation .i.e, we find two solutions of each equation.
Now, x  y  9.....................( FromI )

 y 9 x

Therefore, x  9  y  0
x0  y 9

Thus, the two solutions of the equation x  y  9 are:

x 9 0
y 0 9
Step5:
Plot the point A(9,0) and B(0,9) on a graph paper.
Draw a line passing through the points A and B.

Then, the line AB represents the equation x  y  9 .

Step6:
Now, x  y  5..............From( II )
 y  x5
Therefore, x  5  y  0 x  0  y  5
Thus, the two solutions of the equation x  y  5 are:
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

x 5 0
y 0 -5

Step7:
Plot the points P (5, 0) and Q (0,-5), on the same graph.
Draw a line passing through the points P and Q.
Then, the line PQ represents the equation x  y  5 .
The two lines representing the two equations intersect at (7, 2)

Hence x  7 and y  2 is the solution of the pair of linear equations

That is, the number of girls is 7 and number of boys is 2.

X axis- 1cm = 1 unit

Y axis- 1cm = 1unit

 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

4) Draw the graphs of the equation x  y  5  0 and 2 x  4 y  6  0 . Determine

the coordinates of the vertices of triangle formed by these lines and the x-axis, and
Shade the region.
Solution:
Step1:
Graph of the equation x  y  5  0

 yx5

Therefore, x  0,  y  5

x  5,  y  0
Thus, we have the following table for x  y  5  0
x 0 -5
y 5 0

Step2:
Plot the points A(0,5) and B(-5,0) on a graph paper.
Draw a line passing through the points A and B.
Then the line AB is the graph of the equation x  y  5  0
Step3:
Graph of the equation 2 x  4 y  6  0
Dividing the above equation by 2 we get,
x  2y 3  0

3 x
y
2
Therefore, x = 1 => y = 1
x  5,  y  1
Thus, we have the following table for 2 x  4 y  6  0

x 1 5
y 1 -1
Step4:
Plot the points P(1,1) and Q(5,-1) on the same graph paper.
Draw a line passing through the points P and Q.
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

The line PQ is the graph of 2 x  4 y  6  0

We observe that (-5, 0), (-2.4,2.6) and (3, 0) are the vertices of
the triangle formed by the lines and the X-axis.
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

5) Determine graphically the vertices of a square, and the equations of whose sides are:
x  0, y  4, y  0 and x  4 , and also determine the length of each diagonal of this square.

Solution:
The vertices of the square are:
(0,0), (0,4),(4,0) and (4,4).
To find the diagonal of the square:
Consider Triangle BCD
BD 2  BC 2  CD 2
BD 2  4 2  4 2
BD 2  16  16
BD 2  32
BD  32
BD  4 2.

Since Squares of diagonals are equal so,

AC = 4√2

X axis- 1cm = 1 unit

Y axis- 1cm = 1unit

Y’
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

6 Solve the pair of linear equation by elimination method:

 x  3 y  8.
4 x  7 y  25
Solution:
Consider the given two equations,
 x  3 y  8...........( I )
4 x  7 y  25..........( II )

Multiplying equation(I) by 4, we get

 4 x  12 y  32...........( III )
Adding equations (II) and (III) we get,

4 x  7 y  25...........( II )
 4 x  12 y  32..........( III )
_____________________
19 y  57
57
Therefore, y  3
19
Substituting value of y = 3in equation (I) we get,
 x  3 3  8
 x9 8
 x  1
x 1

Thus, the required solution of the given equation is x=1 and y=3.

7. Solve:
3 y  2 x  2  0.
6 y  8 x  16  0
Solution:
Taking the constant terms on the RHS we get,
3 y  2 x  2................( I )
6 y  8 x  16................( II )
On dividing equation (II) by 2 we get,
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

3 y  4 x  8..........( III )
Changing the sign of equation (I) we get,

 3 y  2 x  2..........( IV )
Adding equation (III) and (IV) we get,

3 y  4 x  8..........( III )
 3 y  2 x  2..........( IV )
____________________
 2 x  10
Therefore,  2 x  10
x  5

Substituting the value of x = -5 in equation (I) we get,

3 y  2  (5)  2
3 y  10  2
3 y  12
 y  4

Thus, the required solution is x= -5 and y=-4.

8. Solve: [ Equations reducible to a pair of Linear equations in Two Variables]

5 2
 6
x y x y
32 1 65
 
x y x y 2
Solution:
1 1
Let  u and v
x y x y
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

Then, the given equation becomes,

 5u  2v  6............( I )
and
65
32u  v 
2
 64u  2v  65............( II )

5u  2v  6............( I )
64u  2v  65............( II )
Changing the sign of equation (II) we get,

 64u  2v  65............( III )

Adding equation (I) and (III) we get,

5u  2v  6............( I )
 64u  2v  65............( III )
________________________
 59u  59
 59u  59
 u 1
Putting u  1 in equation (I) we get,
5 1  2v  6
 5  2v  6
 2v  1
1
v 
2

1
Now put , u = 1------ (IV) and v= ………. (V)
2

1 1
Re-substituting u  and v in equation (IV) and (V) we get,
x y x y
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

1
1
x y
 x  y  1...........(VI )
1 1

x y 2
 x  y  2...........(VII )
x  y  1.........(VI )
x  y  2.........(VII )
Adding equation (VI) and (VII) we get,
x  y  1.........(VI )
x  y  2.........(VII )
__________________
2x  3
3
i.e. x 
2
3
Substituting the value of x  in equation (VI) we get,
2
3
 y 1
2
3
y  1
2
1
y 
2

3 1
Thus, the required solution is x= and y = .
2 2
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

9 Solve:
9 2
 2
2(2 x  y ) x  2 y
5 2 7
 
2x  y x  2 y 6
Solution:
1 1
Let  u and v
2x  y x  2y
Then, the given equation become,

9
u  2v  2
2
 9u  4v  4.............( I )
and
7
5u  2v 
6
 30u  12v  7............( II )
Thus we have,

9u  4v  4.............( I )
30u  12v  7............( II )

Multiplying equation (I) by 3 we get

27u  12v  12............( III )

30u  12v  7............( II )
Adding equation (III) and (IV) we get,

57u  19
19 1
u  ........( III )
57 3

1
Substituting the value of u  in equation (I) we get,
3
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

1
9   4v  4
3
 4v  4  3
 4v  1
1
v .........( IV )
4
1 1
Re-substituting the value of u  and v  in equation (III) and (IV) we get,
2x  y x  2y
1 1

2x  y 3
 2x  y  3

1 1

and , x  2y 4
 x  2y  4

2 x  y  3.......(V )
x  2 y  4......(VI )
Multiplying equation (V) by 2, we get,
4 x  2 y  6.........(VII )

Adding (VII) and (V) we get,

4 x  2 y  6.........(VII )
x  2 y  4.......(V )
______________________
5 x  10
x2
Substituting the value of x=2 in equation(VI) we get,
2  2y  4
 2y  2
 y 1
Thus, the required solution is, x=2 and y=1.
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

10. Solve: (Cross multiplication method)

4x  y  8
x y4
Solution:
First we will write the equation in general form.
4x  y  8  0
x y40

Here a 1  4 , b1  1, a 2  1 , b 2  1 c1  8 c 2  4
a1 b 2 a 2 b1  4  (1)  (1)  (1)
= -4+1
= 30
Hence, the given pair of linear equations has a unique solution.

By cross multiplication method, we have

X Y -1
-1 8 4 -1

4 1 -1
-1

x y 1
= =
(1)  4  (1)  (8) (1)  (8)  (4)  (4) (4)  (1)  (1)  (1)
x y 1
  
 4  8 8  16  4  1
x y 1
  
4 8 3
x 1 y 1
   
4 3 8 3
 3x  4 and  3 y  8
4 8
x y
3 3
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

4 8
Hence, x  and y  is the required solution
3 3
11. Solve: (Cross multiplication method)
9x  5 y  5
18 x  35 y  0
Solution:
Here a 1  9 , b1  5 , a 2  18 , b 2  35
a1 b 2 a 2 b1  9  (35)  (18)  (5)
= -315+90
 225  0
Hence, the given pair of linear equations has a unique solution.
By cross multiplication method, we have

x y -1
5 9 -5
-5

0 -35
-35 18
x y 1
= =
(5)  0  (35)  (5) (5)  (18)  (0)  (9) (9)  (35)  (18)  (5)
x y 1
  
0  175 90  0  315  90
x y 1
  
175 90  225
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

x 1 y 1
   
175 225 90 225
 225 x  175  225 y  90
175 and 90
x y
225 225
7 2
x y
9 5

7 2
Hence, x  and y  is the required solution.
9 5

12 Solve:
px  qy  r
qx  py  1  r

Solution:
The given pair of linear equations may be written as
px  qy  r  0
qx  py  (1  r )  0
By, cross multiplication we have

x y 1
-r p q
q

-(1+r) q p
p

x y 1
  2
 q(1  r )  p(r )  r (q)  (1  r ) p p  q 2

x y 1
   2
 q  qr  pr  qr  p  pr p  q 2
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

x y 1
   2
 q  qr  pr  qr  p  pr p  q 2
x y 1
   2
pr  qr  q pr  qr  p p  q 2
x y 1
   2
r ( p  q)  q r ( p  q)  p p  q 2

r ( p  q)  q r ( p  q)  p
 x and y 
p2  q2 p2  q2

r ( p  q)  q r ( p  q)  p
Hence, x  and y  is the required solution.
p q
2 2
p2  q2

13 Solve: Find whether the pair has unique solution, no solution or infinite many solution:
4 x  5 y  10
5 x  4 y  15

Solution:
4 x  5 y  10  0
5 x  4 y  15  0
Let us use the elimination method to solve these equations.
4 x  5 y  10.........1
5 x  4 y  15.........2
Multiplying equation(1) by 5 and equation (2) by 4. We get,
(5)(4) x  (5)(5) y  (5)(10)  0.........3
(4)(5) x  (4)(4) y  (4)(15)  0.........4
Subtracting equation (4) from equation (3) we get,
(5)(4)  (4)(5)x  (5)(5)  (4)(4)y  (5)(10)  (4)(15  0)
Therefore,
y
(5)(10)  (4)(15).......5
(5)(5)  (4)(4)
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

If equation (1) and (2) are written as

a1 x b1 y c1  0 a 2 x b 2 y c 2  0
And

a 1  4 , b1  5 , c 1  10 , a 2  5 , b 2  4 , c 2  15

b1 c 1 b 2 c 2
y
b1 a 2 b 2 a 1

Similarly we can write

a c a c
x 1 1 2 2
b1 a 2 b 2 a 1
Simplifying equation (5) we get,
  50  60  10
y    
 25  16  9
Similarly we get the value of x
(4)(10)  (5)(15)  40  75 35
x  
(5)(5)  (4)(4) 25  16 9
35 10
Therefore, x  , y   is the solution of the given pair of equations.
9 9

14.Solve:
Find the value of k for which the following pair of linear equation has exactly one solution:
6 x  ky  5  0
3x  5 y  10  0

Solution:
Here a1  6,a 2  3,b1  k ,b 2  5
Now, a1 b 2 a 2 b1  6  5  3  k
= 30  3k
The given pair of linear equation will have exactly one solution, if
a1 b 2 a 2 b1  0
 30  3k  0
 10  k  0
 k  10
Therefore, for all the real values of k except 10, the given pair of linear equations will have exactly one solution.
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

15. Determine whether the following pair of linear equations is consistent or inconsistent.
3x  5 y  20
6 x  10 y  40

Solution:
The pair of linear equations
a1 x b1 y c1  0 and a 2 x b 2 y c 2  0 is said to be inconsistent if,
a 1 b1
  k and c1  kc2
a2 b2
And if there is no solution then too equation are inconsistent.
a b c
i.e 1  1  1
a2 b2 c2
The given pair of linear equation may be written as
3x  5 y  20  0
6 x  10 y  40  0
Comparing these equations with the general form of a pair of linear equations in two variables x and y.
a1 x b1 y c1  0 and a 2 x b 2 y c 2  0
We get, a1  3,b1  5,c1  20
And a 2  6,b 2  10,c 2  40
a 3 1 b1 5 1
Therefore, 1   and  
a2 6 2 b 2  10 2
a b 1
Therefore, 1  1   k
a2 b2 2

c1  20
1
kc2   (40)  20
2
Therefore, c1  kc2
Hence, the given pair of linear equations has no solution and is therefore inconsistent.
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

16. Find out if the given pair of equations has infinite solutions, unique solution or no solution.
 x  3y  7
 4 x  12 y  28

Solution:
The given pair of linear equation can be written as
 x  3y  7  0
 4 x  12 y  28  0
Comparing these equations with the general form of pair of linear equations in two variables x and y.
a1 x b1 y c1  0 and a 2 x b 2 y c 2  0
We get, a1  1,b1  3,c1  7
And a 2  4,b 2  12,c 2  28
a 1 1 b1 3 1
Therefore, 1   and  
a2  4 4 b 2 12 4
a b 1
Therefore, 1  1   k
a2 b2 4
c1  7
1
kc2   28  7
4
Therefore, c1  kc2
Hence, the given pair of linear equations has infinitely many solution.

17. For what value of p, the pair of linear equation represents coincident lines.
2x  y  8  0
4 x  py  16  0

Solution:
2x  y  8  0
4 x  py  16  0
Comparing these equations with the general form of pair of linear equations in two variables x and y.
a1 x b1 y c1  0 and a 2 x b 2 y c 2  0

We get, a1  2,b1  1,c1  8

And a 2  4,b 2   p,c 2  16
The given pair of linear equation represents coincident lines when they have infinitely many solutions.
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

For infinitely many solutions, we must have

a 1 b1 c 1
 
a2 b2 c2
2 1 8
  
4  p 16
1 1 1
  
2 p 2
1 1
 
2 p
 p2
Hence, the given pair of linear equations represents coincident lines, when p=2.

18. The larger of two complementary angles exceeds the smaller by 18 degrees. Find them
(By substitution method)

Solution:
Let x  and y  be two complementary angles (x>y)
Then, x  y  90 …….(1)(Complementary angles)
And x  y  18 ……..(Given)
 x  18  y ……..(2)
Substituting the value of x from equation (2) in equation(1) we get,
18  y  y  90
 18  2 y  90
 2 y  90  18
 2 y  72
 y  36
Substituting value of y=36 in equation (2) we get,
x  18  36
 x  54

Hence, two complementary angles are 54 and 36

 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

19. Half the perimeter of a rectangular ground, whose length is 6m more than its width, is 36m. Find the
dimensions of the ground.

Solution:
Let the length of rectangular ground be x metres and its breadth be y metres.
1
Given: perimeter  36m
2
 2( x  y )  36
1
2
 x  y  36............(1)
Given, Length – Width = 6m
 x  y  6............(2)
Solving equation (1) and (2) we get,
2 x  42
 x  21
Substituting value of x=21 in equation (1) we get,
21  y  36
 y  15
Hence, length of the ground is 21m and breadth is 15m.

20. Heena can row downstream 40 km in 4 hours and upstream 8km in 4 hours. Find her speed of rowing in still
water and the speed of the current.

Solution:
Let Heena’s speed of rowing in still water be xkm/ h .
Let the speed of current be ykm/ h
Speed downstream = ( x  y)km / h
Speed upstream = ( x  y)km / h

Measures Downstream Upstream

Distance 40km 8km
Speed ( x  y)km / h ( x  y)km / h
Dis tan ce 40 8
Time= hours hours
Speed x y x y

Given, Time taken to row 40km downstream = 4 hours

40
 4
x y
 x  y  10.........(i)
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

Given, Time taken to row 8km upstream = 4 hours

8
 4
x y
 x  y  2..........(ii )
Adding equations (i) and (ii) we get,
2 x  12
x6
Substituting value of x=6 in equation (i) we get,
6  y  10
 y4
Hence, Heena’s speed of rowing in still water is 6km/ h
And, Speed of current is 4km/ h