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JDBC Introduction
• Standard Java library for accessing relational databases
– JDBC standardizes:
Database Access with JDBC • Establishing connection to database
• Approach to initiating queries
• Methods for creating stored (parameterized) queries
• The data structures for query results (table)
– Determining the number of columns, metadata, etc.
– API does not standardize SQL syntax
• JDBC is not embedded SQL
– JDBC classes are in the java.sql package

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JDBC Drivers Steps in Using JDBC

 JDBC consists of two parts:
1. Load the JDBC driver
 The JDBC API, a purely Java-based 2. Define the Connection URL
API 3. Establish the Connection
 JDBC Driver Manager, which 4. Create a Statement object
communicates with vendor-specific
5. Execute a query
drivers that interact with the database
 Point: translation to vendor format is
6. Process the results
performed on the client 7. Close the connection
 No changes needed to server
 Driver (translator) needed on client

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JDBC Class Usage JDBC URLs

jdbc:subprotocol:source
DriverManager
 each driver has its own subprotocol
 each subprotocol has its own syntax for the source
Driver
jdbc:odbc:DataSource
 e.g. jdbc:odbc:Northwind
Connection jdbc:msql://host[:port]/database
 e.g. jdbc:msql://foo.nowhere.com:4333/accounting

Statement Jdbc:oracle:thin:@host:port:database
 jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:ORCL

ResultSet

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DriverManager Connection
DriverManager Method:
• A Connection represents a session with a specific database.
Connection getConnection (String url, String user, String password) • Within the context of a Connection, SQL statements are
executed and results are returned.
 Connects to given JDBC URL with given user name and
• Also provides “metadata” -- information about the database,
password
tables, and fields
 Throws java.sql.SQLException
 returns a Connection object
• Also methods to deal with transactions

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Obtaining a Connection Connection Methods

Statement createStatement()
 returns a new Statement object
String url = "jdbc:odbc:Northwind";
try { PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String
Class.forName ("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); sql)
 returns a new PreparedStatement object
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url);
} CallableStatement prepareCall(String sql)
catch (ClassNotFoundException e)  returns a new CallableStatement object

{ e.printStackTrace(); }
catch (SQLException e)
{ e.printStackTrace(); }

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Using JDBC Statements Useful Statement Methods

 A Statement object is used for executing a static SQL
statement and obtaining the results produced by it.
– Through the Statement object, SQL statements are
sent to the database
– Three types of statement objects are available:
• Statement
– For executing a simple SQL statement
• PreparedStatement
– For executing a precompiled SQL statement passing in parameters
• CallableStatement
– For executing a database stored procedure
• RessultSet executeQuery(String)
– Executes the SQL query and returns the data in a table (ResultSet)
– The resulting table may be empty but never null
ResultSet results = statement.executeQuery("SELECT a, b
FROM table");
• int executeUpdate(String)
– Execute for INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statements
– Returns number of rows affected
– Supports Data Definition Language (DDL) statements CREATE
TABLE, DROP TABLE and ALTER TABLE
int rows = statement.executeUpdate("DELETE FROM
EMPLOYEES WHERE STATUS=0");

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Useful Statement Methods(Cont’d) Prepared Statements

• execute
– Execute stored procedures, prepared statements
– Execution may or may not return a ResultSet (use
statement.getResultSet). If the return value is true, two or more
result sets were produced
• getMaxRows/setMaxRows
– Maximum number of rows a ResultSet may contain
– Unless explicitly set, the number of rows is unlimited (return value of
0)
• getQueryTimeout/setQueryTimeout
– Specifies the amount of a time a driver will wait for a STATEMENT
to complete before throwing a SQLException
• If executing similar SQL multiple times, using “prepared”
(parameterized) statements may be more efficient
– Statement is created in standard form that is sent to the
database for compilation before actually being used
– Each time you use it, you simply replace some of the marked
parameters using the setXxx methods
• As PreparedStatement inherits from Statement, the
corresponding execute methods have no parameters
– execute(), executeQuery(), executeUpdate()

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Prepared Statement Example Callable Statements

Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, password); • on the RDBMS server
PreparedStatement stmt = con.prepareStatement("UPDATE employees "+ – So-called “stored procedures”
"SET salary = ? " + "WHERE id = ?"); – Code created and maintained on server
int[] newSalaries = getSalaries();
– Benefit is performance, cost is yet another language to learn
int[] employeeIDs = getIDs();
for(int i=0; i<employeeIDs.length; i++) { • Stored procedures are like Java methods—they take input
statement.setInt(1, newSalaries[i]); parameters and can return results (possibly more than one)
statement.setInt(2, employeeIDs[i]); – Setup to pass parameters can be painful
statement.executeUpdate();
}

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ResultSet
• A ResultSet provides access to a table of data generated
by executing a Statement.
• Only one ResultSet per Statement can be open at once.
• The table rows are retrieved in sequence.
• A ResultSet maintains a cursor pointing to its current
row of data.
• The 'next' method moves the cursor to the next row.
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ResultSet Methods
• Type getType(int columnIndex)
– returns the given field as the given type
– fields indexed starting at 1 (not 0)
• Type getType(String columnName)
– same, but uses name of field
– less efficient
• int findColumn(String columnName)
– looks up column index given column name
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ResultSet Methods
• boolean next()
– activates the next row
– the first call to next() activates the first row
– returns false if there are no more rows
• void close()
– disposes of the ResultSet
– allows you to re-use the Statement that created it
– automatically called by most Statement methods
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ResultSet Methods
• String getString(int columnIndex)
• boolean getBoolean(int columnIndex)
• byte getByte(int columnIndex)
• short getShort(int columnIndex)
• int getInt(int columnIndex)
• long getLong(int columnIndex)
• float getFloat(int columnIndex)
• double getDouble(int columnIndex)
• Date getDate(int columnIndex)
• Time getTime(int columnIndex)
• Timestamp getTimestamp(int columnIndex)
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ResultSet Methods JDBC Class Diagram

• String getString(String columnName)
• boolean getBoolean(String columnName)
• byte getByte(String columnName)
• short getShort(String columnName)
• int getInt(String columnName)
• long getLong(String columnName)
• float getFloat(String columnName)
• double getDouble(String columnName)
• Date getDate(String columnName)
• Time getTime(String columnName)
• Timestamp getTimestamp(String columnName)

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Using Microsoft Access via

Using Microsoft Access via ODBC
 Database that comes preinstalled with Microsoft Office
 Click Start, Settings, Control Panel, Administrative Tools, Data
Sources, System DSN, and select Add
 Select Microsoft Access Driver, Finish, type a name under Data
Source Name, and hit Select
 Navigate to the Samples directory of MS Office, select
Northwind.mdb, hit OK, then hit OK in following two
windows
ODBC (Continued)
 Use sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver as the class name
of the JDBC driver.
 Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
 Use "jdbc:odbc:Northwind" as the database address, and
use empty strings for the username and password.
Connection connection =
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:Northwind", "","");

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Example: Example: (cont’d)

import java.sql.*;
public class NorthwindTest { System.out.println("Employees\n" + "=========");
public static void main(String[] args) { Statement statement = connection.createStatement();
String driver = "sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"; String query = "SELECT firstname, lastname FROM employees";
String url = "jdbc:odbc:Northwind"; // Send query to database and store results.
String username = ""; ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery(query);
String password = ""; // Print results.
showEmployeeTable(driver, url, username, password); while(resultSet.next()) {
} System.out.print(resultSet.getString(1) + " "); // First name
public static void showEmployeeTable(String driver, String url, String username, System.out.println(resultSet.getString(2)); // Last name
String password) { }
try { } catch(ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
// Load database driver if not already loaded. System.err.println("Error loading driver: " + cnfe);
Class.forName(driver); } catch(SQLException sqle) {
// Establish network connection to database. System.err.println("Error connecting: " + sqle);
Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(url, }
username, password); }
}
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Using JDBC MetaData ResultSetMetaData answers:

• Metadata: “data about the data”
– Not “How many customers have sales over $100K?” but “How
many columns have a datatype of BIT (boolean)?”
• System-wide data
– connection.getMetaData().getDatabaseProductName()
– connection.getMetaData().getDatabaseProductVersion()
• Table-specific data
– resultSet.getMetaData().getColumnCount()
• When using the result, remember that the index starts at 1, not 0
– resultSet.getMetaData().getColumnName()
• What's the number of columns in the ResultSet?
• What's a column's name?
• What's a column's SQL type?
• What's the column's normal max width in chars?
• What's the suggested column title for use in printouts and displays?
• What's a column's number of decimal digits?
• Does a column's case matter?
• Is the column a cash value?
• Will a write on the column definitely succeed?
• Can you put a NULL in this column?
• Is a column definitely not writable?
• Can the column be used in a where clause?
• Is the column a signed number?
• Is it possible for a write on the column to succeed?
• and so on...

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DatabaseMetaData answers: Transactions

 What tables are available?
 What's our user name as known to the database?
 Is the database in read-only mode?
 If table correlation names are supported, are they restricted
to be different from the names of the tables?
 and so on…
• By default, after each SQL statement is executed the changes
are automatically committed to the database
– Turn auto-commit off to group two or more statements
together into a transaction:
connection.setAutoCommit(false);
– Call commit to permanently record the changes to the database
after executing a group of statements
– Call rollback if an error occurs

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Useful Transaction Methods Example:

Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(url, username, passwd);
connection.setAutoCommit(false);
• These methods apply to the Connection
try {
• getAutoCommit/setAutoCommit statement.executeUpdate(...);
– By default, a connection is set to auto-commit statement.executeUpdate(...);
connection.commit();
– Retrieves or sets the auto-commit mode } catch (Exception e) {
• Commit try {
connection.rollback();
– All changes since last commit to become permanent
} catch (SQLException sqle) {
– Database locks held by this Connection are released // report problem
• rollback }
} finally {
– Drops all changes since the previous call to commit try {
– Releases database locks held by this Connection object connection.close();
} catch (SQLException sqle) { }
}

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