DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF

AGRICULTURE ROBOT

AGRICULTURE ROBOT

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

KAMESH WARAN A K (110819105302)

MOHAMMED FAISAL R (110819105303)

NAVEEN B (110819105305)

SRIJITH S (110819105703)

to
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

JAYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, THIRUNINRAVUR

ANNA UNIVERSITY::CHENNAI 600025

MAY 2023

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 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI - 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTICATE

Certified that this project report “ DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF

AGRICULTURE ROBOT“ is the bonafide work of KAMESH WARAN A K
(110819105302), MOHAMMED FAISAL R (110819105303), NAVEEN B
(110819105305) , SRIJITH S (110819105703) who carried out the project work
under my supervision.

SIGNATURE
Dr.V.NANDHAGOPAL,M.E.,Ph.D
PROFESSOR
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Department of EEE
Jaya Engineering College
Thiruninravur
Chennai – 602024
SIGNATURE
Dr.P.VEERAMANIKANDAN, M.E.,Ph.D
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
PROJECT SUPERVISOR
Department of EEE
Jaya Engineering College
Thiruninravur
Chennai – 602024

Submitted for the Anna university VIVA-VOICE exam held on …………………

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our sincere thanks to our honorable founder and chairman

Dr.A.KANAGARAJ our respected principal Dr.G.
SANKARANARAYANAN M.E., Ph.D and our respected Head of the
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering DR.V.NANDHAGOPAL
M.E.,Ph.D for giving us the opportunity to display our professional skills
through this project

We are greatly thankful to our project coordinator and guide

DR.P.VEERAMANIKANDAN M.E., Ph.D Associate Professor, Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for this valuable guidance and
motivation, which helped us to complete this project on time.
We thank all our teaching and non-teaching staff members of the
Electrical and Electronics department for their passionate support, for helping
us to identify our mistakes and also for the appreciation they give us in
achieving our goal.
We heartily thank our library staff and management for their extensive
support by providing the information and resource that helped us to complete
the project successfully. Also, we would like to record our deepest gratitude to
our parents for their constant encouragement and support which motivated us
to complete our project on time.

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 ABSTRACT

Presently, small land holding farmers use work bulls mostly for land
preparation. Their use can be increased and made more economical by using
them for other farm operations such as ploughing, harrowing, fertilizer
application, sowing and weeding. Improved hand tools will also facilitate farm
work. This paper is to develop a robot capable of performing operations like
automatic seeding, irrigation, fertilization. It also provides manual as well as
auto control. The main component here is the ARDUINO that supervises the
entire process. At the present time, robots are increasingly being integrated into
working tasks to replace humans especially to perform repetitive task. Seeding is
one of the first steps in farming. During this process seeding is carried out in all
the rows of the farming plot. In irrigation process, the soil sensor used for
monitoring the environmental condition. It checks this level and alerts the
farmer, then slowly applies small amount of water to the planted seeds in all the
rows of the farming plot. The fertilization process is same as irrigation process
but some crops need fertilizers when the seed germinates and the plant begins to
grow.

Keywords: ARDUINO, Seeding, Irrigation, Fertilization, Soil sensor.

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 INDEX

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

iv
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
vii

LIST OF TABLE viii

LIST OF ABBREVIATION ix
LIST OF SYMBOLS x

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 OBJECTIVE 3

2 LITERATURE SURVEY

3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM 10
3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM 13
3.2.1 STEP INVOLVED IN AGRICULTURE 14
3.2.2 EMBEDDED SYSTEM 34
3.2.3 ROLE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM 34
3.2.4 APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM 34
3.2.5 PERIPHERALS 35

4 SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

4.1 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 36
4.2 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 40
4.2.1 SQUARE TUBE 40
4.2.2 WIPER MOTOR 41
4.2.3 WHEEL 41
4.2.4 10MM ROD 42
4.2.5 SPUR GEAR 43
4.2.6 ARDUINO 44
4.2.7 BLUETOOTH 46
4.2.8 4-CHANNEL RELAY 48

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5 HARDWARE RESULT 51

6 ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

6.1 ADVANTAGES 53
6.2 APPLICATIONS 53

7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

7.1 CONCLUSION 54
7.2 FUTURE WORK 54

REFERENCE 55

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 LIST OF FIGURES
FIG NO NAME PG.NO

1.1 AGRICULTURE LAND 2

3.1 EXISTING AGRICULTURE ROBOT 10
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM 14
3.3 SELECTION OF SEEDING 15
3.4 LAND PREPARATION 17
3.5 FERTILIZER APPLICATION 19
3.6 FUNGICIDE 21
3.7 IRRIGATION 25
3.8 GERMICIDE 27
3.9 THINNING 29
4.1 ARDUINO IDE 37
4.2 SQUARE ROD 40
4.3 WIPER MOTOR 41
4.4 WHEEL 42
4.5 10MM ROD 42
4.6 SPUR GEAR 43
4.7 ARDUINO UNO 45
4.8 BLUETOOTH MODULE 47
4.9 4 CHANNEL RELAY 48
5.1 AGRICULTURE ROBOT PROJECT 51

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 LIST OF TABLE

TABLE NO LIST OF TABLES PAGE NO

1.1 Global ranking of India 3
in farm production and
productivity

viii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATION EXPANSION

IOT INTERNET OF THINGS

IC INTGRATED CHIPS
DC DIRECT CURRENT
AC ALTERNATING CURRENT
Tx TRANSMITTER
Rx RECEIVER
R/W READ/WRITE
AI ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
GPS GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
ROS ROBOT OPERATING SYSTEM

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 LIST OF SYMBOLS
S.NO SYMBOLS SYMBOLS NAME

1. Ipv Photo Voltaic Current

2. Σ Auxiliary Control Law
3. Y* Voltage Reference
4. ᶓ Damping Frequency
5. ωn Un Damped Natural Frequency
6. Rs Series Resistance
7. Imp Current at Maximum Power
8. Tsw Switching Period
9. IL Load Current
10. ᶯ Efficiency
11. Voc Open Circuit Voltage
12. Immp Current at Maximum Power Point
13. D/Dt Differential Operator
14. Kp Proportional Gain
15. Ki Integral Gain
16 Rp Parallel resistance
17 Tc Critical temperature
18 Id Drain current
19 K Boltzmann contstant
20 ISC Short circuit voltage
21 vpk Peak detector voltage
22 X State vector
23 U Control variable

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 CHAPTER 1

1.1INTRODUCTION
Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy and it
will continue to remain so for a long time. A man without food for three days
will quarrel, for a week will fight and for a month or so will die‖. Agriculture is
a branch of applied science. Agriculture is the science and art of farming
including cultivating the soil, producing crops and raising livestock. It is the
most important enterprise in the world. Over the years, agricultural practices
have been carried out by small-holders cultivating between 2 to 3 hectare, using
human labor and traditional tools such as wooden plough, yoke, leveler, harrow,
mallot, spade, big sikle etc. These tools are used in land preparation, for sowing
of seeds, weeding and harvesting. Modem agricultural techniques and
equipments are not used by small land holders because these equipments are too
expensive and difficult to acquire. By adopting scientific farming methods we
can get maximum yield and good quality crops which can save a farmer from
going bankrupt but majority of farmers still uses primitive method of farming
techniques due to lack of knowledge or lack of investment for utilizing modern
equipment. The use of hand tools for land cultivation is still predominant in
India because tractors require resources that many Indian farmers do not have
easy access to. The need for agricultural mechanization in India must therefore
be assessed with a deeper understanding of the small holder farmer‘s activities.
There is huge gap in technology adoption and Implement used with small and
marginal farmers. Sustainable improvement in the livelihoods of poor farmers
in developing countries depends largely on the adoption of improved resource
conserving cropping systems. While most of the necessary components already
exist, information on the availability and performance of equipment is lacking
and effective communication between farmers and agricultural research and
development department is unsuccessful.

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 Fig.1.1 Agriculture land
Main Features of Indian Agriculture
(i) Source of livelihood: Agriculture is one of the main occupation. It provides
employment to approximately 31% persons of total population. It contributes
25% to national income.
(ii) Dependence on monsoon: Agriculture in India mainly depends on monsoon.
If monsoon is good, the production will be more and if monsoon is less than
average then the crops fail. As irrigation facilities are quite inadequate, the
agriculture depends on monsoon.
(iii) Labor intensive cultivation: Due to increase in population the pressure on
land holding increased. Land holdings get fragmented and subdivided and
become uneconomical. Machinery and equipment cannot be used on such
farms.
(iv) Under employment: Due to inadequate irrigation facilities and uncertain
rainfall, the production of agriculture is less; farmers find work a few months in
the year. Their capacity of work cannot be properly utilized. In agriculture there
is under employment as well as disguised unemployment.
(v) Small size of holdings: Due to large scale sub-division and fragmentation of
holdings, land holding size is quite small. Average size of land holding was 2 to
3 hectares in India while in Australia it was 1993 hectares and in USA it was
158 hectares.

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(vi) Traditional methods of production: In India methods of production of crops
along with equipment are traditional. It is due to poverty and illiteracy of
people. Traditional technology is the main cause of low production.
(vii) Low Agricultural production: Agricultural production is low in India. India
produces 27 Qtls Wheat per hectare. France produces 71.2 Qtls per hectare and
Britain 80 Qtls per hectare. Average annual productivity of an agricultural
labour is 162 dollars in India, 973 dollars in Norway and 2408 dollars in USA.
(viii) Dominance of food crops: 75% of the cultivated area is under food crops
like Wheat, Rice and Bajra, while 25% of cultivated area is under commercial
crops. This pattern is cause of backward agriculture.

TABLE 1.1 Global ranking of India in farm production and productivity

1.2 OBJECTIVE
1. Stagnation in Production of Major Crops: Production of some of the major
staple food crops like rice and wheat has been stagnating for quite some.

2. High cost of Farm Inputs: Over the years rates of farm inputs have
increased. Farm inputs include fertilizer, insecticide, pesticides, HYV
seeds, farm labour cost etc. Such an increase puts low and medium land
holding farmers at a disadvantage.

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3. Soil Exhaustion: Soil exhaustion means loss of nutrients in the soil from
farming the same crop over and over again. This usually happens in the rain
forest.

4. Depletion of Fresh Ground Water: Most of the irrigation in dry areas of

Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh was carried out by excessive
use of ground water. Today fresh ground water situation in these states is
alarming. In the coming few years if this type of farming practice
continues, these states are going to face water famine.

5. Adverse impact of Global Climatic Change: Among various challenges,

global climatic change is the recent one. It is predicted that due to climate
change, temperature would increase from 2°C to 3°C, there would be
increase in sea level, more intense cyclones, unpredictable rainfall etc
These changes would adversely affect the production of crops.

6. Impact of Globalization: You can see the effect of globalization on the farm
sector in India. All developing countries have been affected by it. The most
evident effect is the squeeze on farmer‘s income and the threat to the
viability of cultivation in India. This is due to the rising input costs and
falling output prices. This reflects the combination of reduced subsidy and
protection to farmers.

7. Providing Food Security: Before the introduction of green revolution in

India, we were not self sufficient in terms of our food grain production.
With the introduction of green revolution, production of food grains
increased substantially and India became self sufficient. However, during
the last one decade the total production has become stagnant. On the other
hand we have added another 16 to 18 million populations over this period.
Although India has become self sufficient in good it is yet to ensure food
security which is dependent upon accessibility, affordability as well
nutritional value of the food available. One of the biggest challenges facing
India is Providing Food Security to its population.

8. Farmers Suicide: Every suicide has a multiple of causes but when you have
nearly 200,000 of them, it makes sense to seek broad common factors

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within that group. The suicides appear concentrated in regions of high
commercialization of agriculture and very high peasant debt. Cash crop
farmers seemed far more vulnerable to suicide than those growing food
crops. Yet the basic underlying causes of the crisis remained untouched.
Commercialization of the countryside along with massive decline in
investment in agriculture was the beginning of the decline. Withdrawal of
bank credit at a time of soaring input prices and the crash in farm incomes
compounded the problems. Shifting of millions from food crop to cash crop
cultivation had its own risks. Privatization of many resources has also
compounded the problems. The devastation lies in the big 5 States of
Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and
Chhattisgarh. These states accounted for two-thirds of all farm suicides
during 2003-08.Some of the major factors responsible are indebtedness,
crop failure and deterioration in economic status. Decline in social position,
exorbitant charges by local money lenders for the vulnerable farmers,
chronic illness in the family, addiction etc. have made life of farmers
difficult.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
The development of our agricultural robot and the idea used to implement
them, started with the study of various papers.

[1] Rakhra Manik, Partho Deb, Omdev Dahiya, Sahil Sonu Chandel,
Brinderjit Bhutta, Sumit Badotra, et al., "An Analytical Study of the Types
of Implements used by Farmers in Mechanized Agriculture", 2022
International Mobile and Embedded Technology Conference (MECON),
pp. 683-687, 2022.
The mechanization of agriculture is defined in various ways. This
involves the use of tools,implementations,and powered machines in agricultural
operations. Agricultural mechanization necessitates the use of electricity to
complete farm activities. Mechanical power, draught animal power, and human
power are the three basic energy sources in agricultural mechanization. The
earliest and most fundamental level of agricultural mechanization is human
power

[2] T. Fadhaeel, P. C. H. A. Al Ahdal, M. Rakhra and D. Singh, "Design

and development an Agriculture robot for Seed sowing Water spray and
Fertigation", 2022 International Conference on Computational Intelligence
and Sustainable Engineering Solutions (CISES), pp. 148-153, 2022.
Agriculture is one of the oldest activities practiced by man. Due to
its importance in our daily life and reliance on it, many technologists try to
update a new development based on agricultural robots that perform well in a
strict, efficient, and timely manner due to the tremendous development in the
field of robotics, the solution to the main problems faced by the agricultural
field those problems such as random sowing which cost more seeds that is
costly, consumption more water and quantity of fertilization

[3] Takkar Sakshi, Anuj Kakran, Veerpal Kaur, Manik Rakhra, Manish
Sharma, Pargin Bangotra, et al., "Recognition of Image-Based Plant Leaf
Diseases Using Deep Learning Classification Models", Nature Environment
& Pollution Technology, vol. 20, 2021.
Plant diseases are spread by a variety of pests, weeds, and
pathogens and may have a devastating effect on agriculture, if not handled in a
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timely manner. Farmers face umpteen challenges from a proper water supply,
untimely rain, storage facilities, and several plant diseases. Crops disease is the
primary threat and it causes enormous loss to farmers in terms of production
and finance. Identifying the disease from several hectares of agricultural land is
a very difficult practice even with the presence of modern technology
[4] M. Rakhra and R. Singh, "Economic and Social Survey on Renting and
Hiring of Agricultural Equipment of Farmers in Punjab", 2021 9th Int.
Conf. Reliab. Infocom Technol. Optim. (Trends Futur. Dir. ICRITO 2021,
pp. 1-5, 2021.
Many farmers in the world who strongly believe that modern
technological methods should not be used on their farms some of them are
willing to get with the technology, while others are uneasy about the revolution
in yields. It is in the third group in the developing world where scarce
information, and more importantly the cost of introducing technology, gets in
the way of development. These measures fail because they do not give attention
to the many varied circumstances and needs of each farmer group.

[5] Chadalavada Hemadri, "Solar powered semi-automated mutlipurpose

agriculture machine", Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 46, pp. 3469-
3473, 2021.
Agriculture is the main part of any country but in INDIA it is the
economy to the country and give life to many formers in forming. The main
abstract of this paper to produce a multipurpose agriculture machine which
increase production rate that helps formers to come across the problems facing
by them like seed sowing, water spraying, grass cutting etc.

[6] Azmi Hussain Nor et al., "Design and fabrication of an agricultural

robot for crop seeding", Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021
Crop seeding is a time-consuming and tedious activity for farmers and is
only exacerbated in large agriculture fields. Manually sowing seeds by hand is a
highly inefficient process that requires a lot of human effort and can lead to
health concerns for farmers, while spreading seedlings using tractors results in a
high wastage of seedlings. This research paper describes the development of a
low-cost agricultural robot for crop seeding.

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[7] Sihombing Yuan Alfinsyah and Sustia Listiari, "Detection of air
temperature humidity and soil pH by using DHT22 and pH sensor based
Arduino nano microcontroller", AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 2221,
no. 1, 2020.
The tools for detection of air temperature, humidity and soil pH by Using
DHT22 and pH Sensor based Arduino Nano microcontroller have been
successfully conducted. The components used in this research are Arduino
Nano, DHT22 sensor, pH sensor, LCD 16x2, and power supply. The entire
system on the device is supplied by a power supply. DHT22 sensor functions as
a gauge of temperature and humidity of the air. The pH sensor functions as a
soil pH meter.

[8] R Liu, Y Zhang, Y Ge, W Hu and B Sha, "Precision regulation model

of water and fertiliser for alfalfa based on agriculture cyber-physical
system", IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 38501-38516, 2020.
The regulation of water and fertilizer for alfalfa growth is not precise
enough because the regulation strategy cannot track alfalfa growth dynamically.
In this paper, we propose a precision regulation model of water and fertilizer for
alfalfa based on agriculture cyber-physical system (ACPS) for irrigation and
fertilizer management in alfalfa (PRMWFA-ACPS).

[9] Bhimanpallewar Ratnmala Nivrutti and Manda Rama Narasingarao,

"AgriRobot: implementation and evaluation of an automatic robot for
seeding and fertiliser microdosing in precision agriculture", International
Journal of Agricultural Resources Governance and Ecology, vol. 16.1, pp.
33-50, 2020.
In recent years, agriculture solutions using robotics and the internet of
things (IoT) technology provided advanced agricultural support for farmers to
produce food products with the highest yields. However, a lack of effective and
efficient agricultural device has resulted in the wide adoption of this IoT
technique recently. This study presents an automatic seeding and fertiliser
micro-dosing robot for farmers to achieve precision farming.

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[10] B. Ranjitha, M. N. Nikhitha, K. Aruna, Afreen and B. T. V. Murthy,
"Solar Powered Autonomous Multipurpose Agricultural Robot Using
Bluetooth/Android App", 2019 3rd International conference on Electronics
Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA), 2019.
In India nearly about 25 percentage of people are depending on
agriculture. Numerous operations are performed in the agricultural field like
seed sowing, grass cutting, ploughing etc. The present methods of seed sowing,
pesticide spraying and grass cutting are difficult. The equipment's used for
above actions are expensive and inconvenient to handle. So the agricultural
system in India should be encouraged by developing a system which will reduce
the man power and time.

[11] AB Abbes, R Magagi and K Goita, "Soil moisture estimation from

smap observations using long short- term memory (lstm)", 2019 IEEE
international geoscience and remote sensing symposium, 2019.
Soil Moisture (SM) estimation is of growing interest. In the recent years,
different Machine Learning (ML) methods were developed in order to better
understand the spatio-temporal variability of SM. Among the different ML
methods, neural networks were the most used for SM estimation. The purpose
of this paper is to propose a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) based
methodology to estimate the SM.

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 CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

Agriculture is one of man’s earliest known occupations.

Because of its pervasiveness in our life and our reliance on it, many
engineers search for ways to improve agricultural robots. Despite this, the
vast majority of farmers still use obsolete methods and implements, such as
wooden ploughs and sickles, to cultivate their land. Random sowing is one
approach, but it requires more resources (seeds, water, fertiliser) and hence
increases the expense of addressing the issues in agriculture

There are many existing designs and implementations of

agricultural robots. For example, a solar-powered agricultural robot has been
designed and implemented 2. Another example is the design and fabrication
of an agricultural robot for crop seeding.

Fig.3.1 Existing Agriculture Robot

An agricultural robot is a machine designed and programmed to perform
various tasks related to farming and agriculture. These robots are developed to
automate and optimize agricultural processes, increasing efficiency,
productivity, and sustainability in the field.
The physical appearance and capabilities of agricultural robots can vary
depending on their intended purpose. Here is a general description of an
existing agricultural robot.

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 Agricultural robots often have a mobile platform to navigate through
different terrains and reach different areas of the farm. They may be equipped
with wheels, tracks, or even autonomous flying capabilities (drones) for aerial
monitoring and spraying.
Sensing and Perception: These robots are equipped with a variety of
sensors to gather data about the environment. These sensors can include
cameras, infrared sensors, LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), GPS (Global
Positioning System), and other technologies that allow them to detect and
interpret information about crops, soil conditions, temperature, humidity, and
more.
Crop Monitoring and Management: Agricultural robots can monitor crops
at a granular level, collecting data on plant health, growth rates, and nutrient
levels. This information helps farmers make informed decisions about
irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. Some robots are equipped with
computer vision systems that can identify and classify pests, diseases, and
weeds, allowing for targeted treatment.
Planting and Seeding: Planting and seeding robots can automate the
process of sowing seeds or transplanting seedlings into the soil with precision.
These robots can ensure uniform spacing and depth, optimizing crop growth and
minimizing waste.
Harvesting and Picking: Robots designed for harvesting tasks can identify
ripe fruits or vegetables and use specialized arms or grippers to pick them
without damaging the crops. This automation can increase efficiency and reduce
labor costs associated with manual harvesting.
Weed Control: Agricultural robots equipped with robotic arms or
specialized tools can identify and remove weeds autonomously or with minimal
human intervention. They can use different techniques such as mechanical
weeding, laser-based weed removal, or targeted herbicide application to
minimize the use of chemicals and reduce the impact on the environment.
Crop Spraying: Spraying robots are designed to apply fertilizers,
pesticides, and herbicides with precision. They can utilize sensors and mapping
technology to target specific areas, reducing chemical usage and environmental
contamination.

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 Data Analysis and Integration: Agricultural robots generate vast amounts
of data through their sensors and operations. Advanced algorithms and AI
systems can analyze this data to provide real-time insights and
recommendations to farmers. This data can help optimize farming practices,
resource allocation, and yield prediction.

It's important to note that the development of agricultural robots is an

ongoing field of research and innovation. As technology advances, new
capabilities and applications for agricultural robots continue to emerge, driving
improvements in sustainable farming practices and food production.

DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING METHOD

High initial cost: Agriculture robots can be expensive to purchase and
maintain.
Limited capabilities: Current agriculture robots are specialized to
perform specific tasks such as planting, harvesting, or spraying.
Limited adaptability: Agriculture robots may not be able to adapt to
changes in weather or other unforeseen events, such as pest outbreaks.
Safety concerns: Agriculture robots are often large and heavy machines
that can pose a safety risk to humans and animals on the farm.
Potential job loss: As agriculture robots become more advanced and
capable, there is a risk that they may replace human workers, leading to job loss
and economic dislocation in rural communities.

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3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM
There are various methods proposed for agriculture robots that aim
to increase efficiency, reduce labor costs, and improve yields. Here are a few
examples:

Autonomous Farming: This method involves using agriculture robots that are
equipped with sensors, GPS, and other advanced technologies to perform tasks
such as planting, irrigation, and harvesting without the need for human
intervention. These robots can use machine learning algorithms to analyze data
from sensors to make decisions based on weather conditions, soil moisture
levels, and other factors.

Swarm Robotics: This method involves using a swarm of smaller robots that
work together to perform tasks such as planting and harvesting. These robots
can communicate with each other to coordinate their actions, making them more
efficient and adaptable to changing conditions.

Crop Monitoring: This method involves using drones equipped with cameras
and other sensors to monitor crop health and growth. These drones can provide
farmers with detailed data on plant health, nutrient levels, and pest infestations,
allowing them to make more informed decisions about how to manage their
crops.

Precision Agriculture: This method involves using agriculture robots that are
equipped with advanced sensors and GPS to perform tasks such as planting and
fertilizing with pinpoint accuracy. By using precise amounts of inputs, farmers
can reduce waste and improve yields.

Greenhouse Automation: This method involves using agriculture robots to

manage the growing conditions inside a greenhouse, including temperature,
humidity, and lighting. This can help to optimize plant growth and reduce
energy costs.

Overall, these proposed methods aim to increase efficiency, reduce labor costs,
and improve yields in agriculture, while also reducing the environmental impact

13
of farming. However, it is important to carefully consider the costs and benefits
of each method before implementing it on a farm.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 3.2 Block Diagram

3.2.1 Steps involved in Agriculture

Agriculture is the art and underlying science in production and
improvement of field crops with the efficient use of soil fertility, water, labor
and other factors related to crop production. It is the most important enterprise
in the world. About 70% of Indian populations are either farmers or involved in
some agricultural related activities
a. Seed selection
Seed selection is the process of choosing the right seeds for planting in
agriculture. The success of a crop depends largely on the quality of the seeds
used, and choosing the right seeds can make a significant difference in the yield
and quality of the crop. There are several factors that should be considered
14
when selecting seeds for planting, such as the plant variety, seed quality,
germination rate, disease resistance, and environmental conditions.

When selecting seeds, it is important to choose a variety that is well-suited to

the local climate and soil conditions. This will help ensure that the plants will
grow well and produce a good yield. It is also important to choose seeds that are
of high quality, as this will help ensure good germination and strong plant
growth. Seed quality can be assessed by checking for things like seed size,
color, and uniformity.

Germination rate is another important factor to consider when selecting

seeds. A high germination rate means that more of the seeds will sprout and
grow into healthy plants. This can help maximize the yield of the crop. It is also
important to choose seeds that are disease-resistant, as this can help prevent
losses due to plant diseases.

Finally, environmental conditions should be taken into account when

selecting seeds. Different plant varieties may have different requirements in
terms of water, temperature, and sunlight. Choosing seeds that are well-suited to
the local environmental conditions can help ensure that the plants will thrive
and produce a good yield.

Fig 3.3 Selection Of Seeding

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b. Land preparation
Land preparation in agriculture refers to the process of getting the
land ready for planting or sowing crops. It involves various activities aimed at
creating a favourable environment for seeds or seedlings to germinate and grow.
Land preparation practices may vary depending on factors such as the type of
crop, soil conditions, climate, and farming techniques employed. Here are some
common methods and techniques used in land preparation:
1. Clearing: The first step in land preparation is to clear the area of any
existing vegetation, such as weeds, grass, bushes, or trees. This can be
done manually using tools like machetes, or with the help of machinery
like tractors and brush cutters.
2. Plowing: Plowing is the process of turning over the soil to break up clods,
remove weeds, and incorporate organic matter. It improves soil aeration,
water infiltration, and nutrient availability. Plowing can be done using a
moldboard plow, chisel plow, or disc plow, depending on the soil type
and desired results.
3. Harrowing: Harrowing follows plowing and involves breaking up soil
clods further, leveling the surface, and preparing a seedbed. It helps in
creating a finer soil texture and facilitates uniform distribution of seeds or
seedlings. Harrows can be either disc harrows, tine harrows, or chain
harrows, depending on the soil conditions.
4. Levelling: Levelling is the process of smoothing the soil surface to
remove bumps, depressions, and unevenness. It ensures uniform water
distribution during irrigation and helps in preventing waterlogging or
runoff. Techniques like land grading, laser leveling, or manual leveling
with rakes or scrapers can be employed for this purpose.
5. Raking: Raking involves using a rake or harrow to remove stones, debris,
and large clods from the soil surface. It helps in creating a finer seedbed
and facilitates seed-to-soil contact, promoting better germination.
6. Tilling: Tilling is the process of breaking up the soil in the upper layers
without inverting it. It helps in weed control, incorporates crop residues
into the soil, and improves soil structure. Techniques like rotary tillers or
power tillers are commonly used for tilling.

16
 7. Fertilizer application: During land preparation, farmers may apply
fertilizers to provide essential nutrients for the crops. Fertilizers can be
spread manually or using specialized machinery like fertilizer spreaders.
8. Irrigation system installation: If the area requires irrigation, land
preparation may include the installation of irrigation systems, such as drip
irrigation or sprinklers, to ensure proper water supply to the crops.
It's important to note that land preparation practices may vary
depending on specific agricultural practices, regional variations, and the
requirements of different crops. Farmers should consider factors such as soil
health, crop rotation, erosion control, and sustainability when deciding on
the appropriate land preparation techniques to employ. Local agricultural
extension services or experts can provide guidance tailored to specific
regions and crops.

Fig 3.4 Land Preparation

c. Fertilizer application:
Fertilizer application in agriculture refers to the process of adding
nutrients to soil or plants to promote plant growth, increase crop yields, and
improve overall agricultural productivity. Fertilizers contain essential
elements such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), as well as
secondary and micronutrients needed for plant growth.
Here are some key aspects of fertilizer application in agriculture:
Soil Testing: Before applying fertilizers, it is important to conduct soil
testing to determine the nutrient levels and pH of the soil. This helps in

17
identifying the specific nutrient deficiencies or imbalances in the soil,
allowing farmers to choose the appropriate fertilizers and application rates.
Types of Fertilizers: Fertilizers can be broadly categorized into two
types: organic and inorganic (synthetic). Organic fertilizers are derived from
natural sources, such as animal manure, compost, or plant residues.
Inorganic fertilizers, on the other hand, are manufactured through chemical
processes and often contain higher concentrations of specific nutrients.
Macronutrients and Micronutrients: Fertilizers are formulated to provide
macronutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), which
are required in large quantities by plants. These are often represented as the
N-P-K ratio on fertilizer labels. In addition, fertilizers may also contain
secondary nutrients like calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S), as
well as micronutrients like iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper
(Cu), molybdenum (Mo), and boron (B), which are needed in smaller
amounts.
Application Methods: Fertilizers can be applied to crops using various
methods, including broadcasting (spreading evenly over the soil surface),
banding (placing the fertilizer in a concentrated band near the plant roots),
foliar application (spraying the fertilizer solution directly on the leaves), or
fertigation (applying fertilizer through irrigation systems). The choice of
application method depends on factors such as crop type, nutrient
requirements, soil conditions, and available equipment.
Timing and Rates: The timing and rates of fertilizer application depend
on crop growth stages, nutrient demands, and regional climate conditions. It
is crucial to follow recommended guidelines to avoid under or over-
fertilization, which can lead to nutrient deficiencies or environmental
pollution. Splitting the fertilizer applications into multiple doses throughout
the growing season can ensure optimal nutrient availability to the crops.
Environmental Considerations: While fertilizers play a crucial role in
enhancing crop productivity, their excessive or improper use can have
negative environmental impacts. Nutrient runoff from fields can contaminate
water bodies and contribute to eutrophication. Therefore, it is important to
practice responsible fertilizer management, including following best
management practices, using precision agriculture techniques, and adopting
nutrient management plans to minimize environmental risks.

18
 Integrated Nutrient Management: Fertilizer application should be part of
an integrated nutrient management approach that incorporates other soil
fertility practices, such as crop rotation, cover cropping, organic matter
addition, and efficient irrigation practices. This holistic approach helps
maintain soil health, minimize nutrient losses, and improve long-term
sustainability.
It is important for farmers to consider their specific crop, soil conditions,
and local regulations when deciding on fertilizer application strategies.
Consulting with agricultural extension services or agronomists can provide
valuable guidance in optimizing fertilizer use for sustainable and productive
agriculture.

Fig 3.5 Fertilizer Application

d. Seed preparation:
Seed preparation in agriculture involves various activities to ensure
that seeds are ready for planting, have good germination rates, and possess
desirable traits for crop production. Here are some key aspects of seed
preparation:
Seed Selection: Farmers should select high-quality seeds that are adapted
to the local climate and growing conditions. It is important to choose seeds
from reputable sources, considering factors such as seed purity, germination
rates, disease resistance, and yield potential.
Seed Cleaning: Seeds are often cleaned to remove impurities like dirt,
plant debris, weed seeds, and other contaminants. This can be done using
mechanical seed cleaners, air screen cleaners, or sieves. Seed cleaning
19
improves seed viability, reduces the risk of disease transmission, and ensures
uniformity in seed size and weight.
Seed Treatment: Seed treatments involve the application of substances to
protect seeds from pests, diseases, and environmental stressors. Treatments
may include seed coating, fungicide or insecticide application, or inoculation
with beneficial microorganisms. Seed treatments help enhance seedling
vigor, protect against pathogens, and improve overall crop establishment.
Seed Priming: Priming is a seed treatment technique where seeds are
soaked in water or a nutrient solution to initiate the germination process
without completing it. This technique enhances uniform germination,
accelerates seedling emergence, and improves stress tolerance.
Seed Scarification: Some seeds have hard seed coats that inhibit
germination. Scarification involves mechanically breaking, scratching, or
chemically treating the seed coat to promote water absorption and
germination. Scarification techniques include sandpaper rubbing, hot water
treatment, or acid treatment, depending on the seed species.
Seed Drying and Storage: Proper drying and storage conditions are
crucial to maintain seed viability and prevent deterioration. Seeds should be
dried to a moisture content suitable for long-term storage. Excess moisture
can lead to mold, fungal growth, or seed rot. Seeds are typically stored in
cool, dry environments in containers that protect them from pests, rodents,
and fluctuations in temperature and humidity.
Seed Testing: Seed testing is conducted to assess seed quality,
germination rates, and the presence of pathogens or seed-borne diseases.
Testing helps ensure that the seeds meet required standards and are suitable
for planting. Seed testing can be done through laboratory analysis or using
on-farm testing kits.
Seed Certification: Seed certification programs ensure that seeds meet
specific quality standards and are true to their labeled variety. Certified seeds
have undergone rigorous quality control measures and are often
accompanied by a certification tag or label. Using certified seeds provides
assurance of genetic purity, uniformity, and high-quality crops.
Seed preparation plays a crucial role in establishing healthy and
productive crops. By following proper seed selection, cleaning, treatment,
and storage practices, farmers can maximize the potential of their seeds,
improve crop performance, and ultimately achieve better yields.

20
 Fig.3.6 Fungicides
e. Sowing

Sowing, also known as planting, is a critical step in agricultural practices

where seeds or seedlings are placed in the soil to initiate crop growth. The
success of sowing greatly influences crop establishment and overall agricultural
productivity.
Here are key aspects of sowing in agriculture:
Timing: The timing of sowing depends on factors such as crop type, regional
climate, soil conditions, and market demand. Farmers aim to sow seeds when
environmental conditions are favorable for germination and early plant growth.
It is essential to consider the optimal sowing window to ensure plants have
sufficient time to mature before adverse conditions, such as extreme heat or
frost, occur.
Seedbed Preparation: Before sowing, the soil needs to be prepared to create a
suitable seedbed. This involves activities such as plowing, harrowing, or tilling
to break up soil clumps, remove weeds, and create a loose and well-aerated
seedbed. Proper seedbed preparation promotes good seed-to-soil contact,
facilitates root penetration, and enhances water and nutrient uptake.

21
 Seeding Methods: Different seeding methods are used depending on the crop
and farming system.
Common seeding methods include:
a. Broadcast Sowing: Seeds are scattered uniformly over the soil surface by
hand or using mechanical seed spreaders. This method is commonly used for
crops like wheat, barley, or cover crops.
b. Drill or Row Seeding: Seeds are placed in rows or furrows using a seed drill
or planter, ensuring proper seed spacing and depth. Row seeding allows for
efficient weed control, easier crop management, and facilitates mechanized
cultivation and harvesting.
c. Transplanting: Instead of sowing seeds directly, seedlings are grown in
nurseries and then transplanted into the field. This method is common for crops
such as rice, vegetables, or tobacco. Transplanting provides better control over
plant spacing, promotes uniformity, and allows for the early establishment of
young plants.
Seed Spacing and Depth: Proper seed spacing and seeding depth are
crucial for optimal plant growth and yield. The recommended spacing and depth
depend on the crop species and variety. Seeds should be sown at a depth that
ensures good seed-to-soil contact, adequate moisture availability, and protection
from birds or other pests. Planting too deep or too shallow can adversely affect
germination and emergence.
Seeding Rate:
The seeding rate refers to the amount of seed required per unit area. It is
determined by considering factors like seed germination rates, desired plant
population density, row spacing, and crop management practices. The
appropriate seeding rate ensures an optimum plant stand, competition against
weeds, and efficient use of resources.
Fertilizer Placement: In some cases, fertilizers can be applied at the time
of sowing to provide essential nutrients directly to the developing seedlings.
This can be achieved through banding fertilizers near the seed or utilizing
a seed treatment that contains nutrients. Care should be taken to avoid direct
contact between seeds and high-concentration fertilizers, which can cause
seedling injury.

22
 Post-Sowing Activities: After sowing, some additional activities may be
required, such as light rolling to improve seed-to-soil contact, irrigation to
ensure adequate moisture for germination, or mulching to conserve soil
moisture and suppress weeds. These post-sowing activities can aid in seed
germination, early seedling growth, and overall crop establishment.
Proper sowing practices are essential for maximizing crop yield and
quality. By considering factors like timing, seedbed preparation, seeding
methods, spacing, depth, and post-sowing care, farmers can establish healthy
crops and set the stage for successful agricultural production.
f. Irrigation
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to agricultural fields or
crops to supplement natural rainfall and ensure adequate moisture for plant
growth. It plays a vital role in agricultural production, particularly in regions
with limited rainfall or unpredictable weather patterns.
Here are key aspects of irrigation in agriculture:
Water Sources: Irrigation systems can utilize various water sources,
including surface water (rivers, lakes, reservoirs), groundwater (wells or
aquifers), or recycled/reclaimed water. The choice of water source depends
on availability, quality, and legal restrictions or permits.
Irrigation Methods: Different irrigation methods are employed based on
factors such as crop type, soil characteristics, topography, and water
availability.
Common irrigation methods include:
a. Surface Irrigation: Water is distributed over the soil surface through
furrows, borders, or basin flooding. It is a simple and low-cost method, but
can result in water loss due to evaporation or runoff.
b. Sprinkler Irrigation: Water is applied through sprinkler heads or nozzles,
mimicking rainfall. Sprinkler systems can be overhead or mounted on the
ground or moving platforms. They provide uniform water distribution and
are suitable for various crops, including field crops, orchards, and vegetable
gardens.
c. Drip Irrigation: Water is delivered directly to the plant root zone through
small emitters or drip lines. Drip irrigation is efficient in water use as it
minimizes evaporation and delivers water precisely to the plants, reducing
weed growth and disease incidence. It is commonly used in row crops,
orchards, and greenhouse production.
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d. Center Pivot Irrigation: This method involves a large, circular, rotating
arm with sprinklers that pivot around a central point. Center pivot irrigation
is suitable for large-scale, flat fields and offers high water application
efficiency.
e. Subsurface Irrigation: Water is applied below the soil surface through
buried pipes or drip lines. Subsurface irrigation reduces water loss due to
evaporation and is beneficial in water-restricted areas or for crops with
shallow roots.
Irrigation Scheduling: Proper irrigation scheduling is crucial to optimize
water use and prevent over- or under-irrigation. It involves determining the
correct timing, duration, and frequency of irrigation based on crop water
requirements, soil moisture levels, climate conditions, and plant growth
stages. Various techniques and tools, such as soil moisture sensors, weather
data, or evapotranspiration models, can assist in irrigation scheduling
decisions.
Water Management: Efficient water management practices are essential
to conserve water and minimize wastage. These practices include avoiding
water runoff, managing irrigation system uniformity, using irrigation
scheduling tools, employing mulching techniques to reduce evaporation,
implementing soil moisture monitoring, and adopting precision irrigation
technologies.
Drainage:
Proper drainage systems are necessary to remove excess water from
fields and prevent waterlogging, which can be detrimental to plant growth.
Adequate soil drainage ensures proper aeration and prevents root suffocation
or diseases caused by waterlogged conditions.
Water Quality and Treatment: Water quality plays a significant role in
irrigation. Poor water quality containing high levels of salts, minerals, or
contaminants can negatively affect plant growth and soil health. Water
treatment methods such as filtration, sedimentation, or desalination may be
required to remove impurities and maintain suitable water quality for
irrigation.
Environmental Considerations: Sustainable irrigation practices aim to
minimize environmental impacts. Proper irrigation management can help
conserve water resources, protect water quality by preventing leaching of

24
 fertilizers or pesticides, and reduce the energy consumption associated with
water pumping or distribution.
Irrigation is a critical component of modern agriculture, enabling farmers
to grow crops in areas with limited rainfall or unreliable water supply. By
implementing efficient irrigation systems, practicing proper water
management, and adopting sustainable

Fig 3.7 Irrigation

g. Germination
Germination in agriculture refers to the process by which a seed
sprouts and develops into a new plant. It is a crucial stage in crop production as
it marks the beginning of the plant’s life cycle.
Here are key aspects of germination in agriculture:
Environmental Factors: Germination is influenced by several
environmental factors, including moisture, temperature, light, and oxygen
availability. Seeds require adequate moisture to absorb and activate enzymes,
which initiate the germination process. The optimum temperature range varies
for different crops, but most common crops germinate well within 20-30
degrees Celsius. Some seeds require exposure to light for germination, while
others prefer darkness. Oxygen is also essential for seed respiration during
germination.
Seed Dormancy: Dormancy is a state in which a seed fails to germinate
even under favorable environmental conditions. It is a natural mechanism that
prevents premature germination and ensures the seed’s survival. Seeds may

25
have various types of dormancy, including physical, physiological, or seed coat
dormancy. Different techniques such as scarification, stratification, or seed
treatments can be used to break seed dormancy and promote germination.
Water Absorption: Seeds need to absorb water during germination to
rehydrate their tissues and activate metabolic processes. Water uptake softens
the seed coat and triggers enzymatic activity, leading to the breakdown of stored
nutrients and growth of the embryonic plant. Proper soil moisture is crucial for
successful germination, and farmers need to ensure that seeds have access to
sufficient water during this stage.
Seed Respiration: During germination, seeds undergo respiration, a
process that releases energy for growth and metabolism. Oxygen is necessary
for respiration, and adequate air exchange in the soil is essential to support this
process. Overly compacted or waterlogged soils can limit oxygen availability
and hinder germination.
Seedling Emergence: Germination involves the initial emergence of the
seedling from the seed coat and its exposure to light. The emerging seedling
develops roots to absorb water and nutrients from the soil and shoots to perform
photosynthesis and establish itself above ground. Proper soil structure, free of
crusting or compacted layers, promotes easy seedling emergence.
Germination Tests: Germination tests are conducted to assess seed
viability and germination capacity. Seeds are placed under controlled
conditions, and the percentage of seeds that successfully germinate within a
specified period is determined. Germination tests help farmers evaluate seed
quality, estimate seeding rates, and ensure successful crop establishment.
Germination Enhancers: In some cases, farmers may use germination
enhancers or treatments to promote uniform and rapid germination. These
treatments include seed priming (soaking seeds in water before planting), seed
coatings (application of substances to enhance germination or provide
protection), or pre-sowing treatments with growth regulators or beneficial
microorganisms.
Germination Timing: Germination timing is critical as it determines the
appropriate time to sow seeds for optimal crop establishment. Farmers need to
consider the specific crop’s germination requirements, regional climate patterns,
and expected growing season to ensure that seeds germinate and establish well
within favorable conditions.
26
 Fig 3.8 Germination
h. Thinning
Thinning in agriculture refers to the process of removing excess plants or
seedlings from a crop stand to achieve the desired plant density or spacing. It is
a common practice used to optimize plant growth, improve crop yield, and
promote healthy development. Thinning can be done manually or mechanically,
depending on the crop and farming system. Here are key aspects of thinning in
agriculture:
Purpose of Thinning:
Thinning is carried out to achieve specific objectives, which may vary
depending on the crop and farming practices. The primary purposes of thinning
include:
a. Plant Spacing: Thinning helps establish proper plant spacing, ensuring that
each plant has enough space to grow, access sunlight, air circulation, and soil
resources (water and nutrients). It reduces competition among plants and
prevents overcrowding, which can lead to stunted growth and decreased yields.
b. Yield Optimization: By thinning, farmers remove weaker or less desirable
plants, allowing the remaining plants to receive more resources and grow
vigorously. This improves crop productivity and quality by directing resources
to the most productive individuals.
c. Disease and Pest Management: Thinning can help reduce the risk of disease
spread and pest infestations. By removing overcrowded plants, airflow
improves, which decreases humidity levels and hinders the development and
spread of diseases. Thinning also makes it easier to monitor and control pests or
weeds, as there is increased visibility and access to the crop.

27
d. Harvesting Ease: Thinning facilitates easier harvesting by creating uniform
plant spacing and reducing plant-to-plant variability. It allows for efficient use
of mechanical harvesting equipment and reduces the risk of plant damage
during harvesting operations.
Timing of Thinning: The timing of thinning depends on the specific crop,
growth stage, and the desired plant density. Thinning can be performed at
different stages of crop development, including:
a. Pre-Emergence: Some crops, such as direct-seeded vegetables or field crops,
may require thinning shortly after germination to establish the desired plant
density. This is often done by manually removing excess seedlings or using
mechanical thinning equipment.
b. Early Growth Stage: Thinning can be done when seedlings have developed a
few true leaves, allowing farmers to assess plant vigor, health, and growth
potential. Removing weaker or less healthy seedlings at this stage can promote
uniformity and enhance the overall crop performance.
c. Mid to Late Growth Stage: In certain crops, thinning is performed after the
establishment of a certain plant stand to allow for stronger individuals to grow
and produce more effectively. This can involve removing excess plants or
thinning out multiple shoots from individual plants to achieve the desired
spacing.
Thinning Techniques: Thinning can be carried out through different
methods, depending on the crop type and scale of production. Common thinning
techniques include:
a. Hand Thinning: Manual thinning involves physically removing excess plants
by hand, typically for smaller-scale operations or crops with delicate or
sensitive growth points. Skilled labor is required to ensure accurate plant
selection and minimize damage to the remaining plants.
b. Mechanical Thinning: Mechanized thinning is used for larger-scale
operations or crops that can tolerate mechanical handling. Specialized
machinery, such as precision planters or thinning equipment, can remove excess
plants while maintaining the desired plant spacing.
Considerations for Thinning: When performing thinning, several factors should
be considered:

28
a. Plant Vigor: Select plants for thinning based on their overall health, vigor,
and growth characteristics. Weaker or less desirable plants, such as those with
deformities, diseases, or poor growth, should be removed.
b. Desired Plant Density: Determine the ideal plant density for the specific crop
and adjust thinning practices accordingly. Consult crop-specific guidelines

Fig 3.9 Thinning

i. Filling
Filling in agriculture refers to the process of replacing or replenishing
soil or substrate in specific areas to level the ground, correct uneven
surfaces, or create suitable conditions for plant growth. Filling is often
necessary in agricultural practices to ensure proper soil structure, improve
drainage, and provide an optimal growing environment for crops. Here are
key aspects of filling in agriculture:

Purpose of Filling: Filling serves various purposes in agricultural settings,

including:

a. Leveling: Filling is used to even out the terrain, creating a flat or gently
sloping surface. This aids in irrigation and facilitates machinery operations,
such as planting, harvesting, and soil management.

29
b. Soil Amendment: Filling may involve adding organic matter, compost, or
soil amendments to improve soil fertility, structure, and nutrient content.
This helps create a suitable environment for plant growth and enhances soil
water-holding capacity and nutrient availability.

c. Drainage Improvement: In areas with poor natural drainage or

waterlogging issues, filling can be used to raise the ground level, allowing
excess water to drain more effectively. This prevents waterlogging, reduces
the risk of root diseases, and promotes healthy root development.

d. Erosion Control: Filling can be employed to address erosion issues

caused by wind or water. By adding soil or substrate to eroded areas, erosion
is minimized, and soil fertility is restored.

Site Preparation: Before filling, proper site preparation is crucial. This

involves assessing the area's topography, identifying areas that require
filling, and planning the desired final contours or grading. It is important to
consider water flow patterns, natural drainage systems, and the specific
needs of the crops to be grown.

Filling Materials: The choice of filling materials depends on various

factors, including availability, cost, and specific requirements. Common
filling materials used in agriculture include:

a. Topsoil: Topsoil is the uppermost layer of soil, rich in organic matter and
nutrients, and is ideal for promoting plant growth. It is commonly used for
filling to provide a fertile growing medium for crops.

b. Subsoil: Subsoil refers to the layer of soil beneath the topsoil. It may be
used for filling, especially if it contains suitable properties for plant growth
or can be combined with other materials to improve soil structure.

c. Compost or Organic Matter: Adding compost or organic matter to

filling material helps improve soil fertility, structure, and moisture-holding
capacity. It enhances nutrient availability and microbial activity, promoting
healthier plant growth.

30
 d. Sand or Gravel: Sand or gravel may be used as filling material in areas
with poor drainage or to create specific soil conditions for certain crops.
These materials improve soil porosity and aid in drainage.

e. Soil Amendments: Depending on soil test results and specific crop

requirements, soil amendments such as lime, gypsum, or fertilizers may be
incorporated into the filling material to adjust pH, improve nutrient balance,
or address specific nutrient deficiencies.

Filling Techniques: Filling can be accomplished using different techniques,

including:

a. Cut and Fill: In areas where there are significant elevation differences, a
cut and fill technique is used. This involves cutting soil from higher areas
and filling lower areas to create a more level surface.

b. Layering: When filling large areas, layering is often used. It involves

placing alternating layers of filling material and compacting each layer to
ensure stability and proper compaction.

c. Backfilling: Backfilling is commonly used for filling trenches or holes. It

involves adding filling material to refill excavated areas, ensuring proper
compaction to avoid settling.

Compaction and Grading: Proper compaction and grading are

important during the filling process to ensure stability and even surfaces

j. Weeding:
Weeding in agriculture refers to the process of removing unwanted
plants, commonly known as weeds, from cultivated areas. Weeds compete
with crops for resources such as nutrients, water, and sunlight, and can
significantly reduce crop yield and quality if left uncontrolled. Effective
weed management through proper weeding techniques is essential for
maintaining crop health and maximizing agricultural productivity. Here are
key aspects of weeding in agriculture:

31
 Identification: Proper identification of weeds is crucial to determine the
most effective control methods. Weeds can be classified into different
categories based on their life cycle (annuals, biennials, perennials), growth
habit (broadleaf weeds, grassy weeds), or morphology (leaf shape, stem
structure, flower characteristics). Understanding the weed species present in
a field helps in selecting appropriate control strategies.

Manual Weeding: Manual weeding involves physically removing weeds

by hand or using handheld tools such as hoes, weeders, or cultivators. It is
commonly practiced in smaller-scale or organic farming systems. Manual
weeding is effective for removing individual weeds or small patches of
weeds and can be targeted directly around crop plants.

Mechanical Weeding: Mechanical weeding involves the use of

mechanized equipment to remove or control weeds. Common mechanical
weed control methods include:

a. Tillage: Conventional tillage practices, such as plowing or disking, can

bury weeds or disrupt their growth. However, excessive tillage can also
bring weed seeds to the surface and promote weed germination.
Conservation tillage systems, such as minimum tillage or no-till, reduce soil
disturbance but may require additional weed control measures.

b. Cultivation: Cultivation implements, such as rotary hoes or harrows, are

used to disturb the soil surface and uproot or damage emerging weeds.
Cultivation is effective in row crops and can be timed to target weeds before
they compete with crop plants.

c. Mowing or Cutting: Regular mowing or cutting of weeds can prevent

them from setting seeds and reduce their vigor. It is commonly used in non-
crop areas, field borders, or pastures.

d. Flame Weeding: Flame weeding utilizes propane burners or

flamethrowers to apply controlled heat to weed foliage, causing cell damage
and killing the weeds. It is effective for small weeds and in situations where
herbicide use is limited.

32
 Chemical Weed Control: Herbicides are chemical substances used to
control or kill weeds. Herbicides are applied selectively to target weeds
while minimizing damage to crops. They can be applied pre-emergence
(before weed germination) or post-emergence (after weed emergence).
Herbicides vary in their mode of action, selectivity, and persistence in the
environment. It is essential to follow label instructions, proper application
techniques, and safety precautions when using herbicides.

Cultural Weed Control: Cultural weed control practices involve

modifying agronomic practices to reduce weed pressure. These practices
include:

a. Crop Rotation: Rotating crops helps break weed cycles by disrupting

their life cycle and reducing the buildup of weed populations. Different crops
may also have different weed suppression abilities.

b. Mulching: Applying organic or synthetic mulch materials around crop

plants suppresses weed growth by blocking sunlight, reducing weed
germination, and preventing weed establishment.

c. Crop Density and Spacing: Dense crop stands and appropriate plant
spacing can help shade the soil surface, reducing weed germination and
growth.

d. Irrigation Management: Proper irrigation practices, such as using drip

irrigation or precision watering techniques, can help avoid unnecessary
moisture availability for weed growth.

Integrated Weed Management (IWM): IWM involves combining

multiple weed control strategies to achieve long-term and sustainable weed
management. It integrates cultural, mechanical, chemical, and biological
control methods,

33
3.2.2 EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Embedded systems are controllers with on chip control. They consist of
microcontrollers, input and output devices, memories etc., on chip and they can
be used for a specific application. A small computer designed in a single chip is
called a single chip microcomputer. A single chip microcomputer typically
includes a microprocessor RAM, ROM, timer, interrupt and peripheral
controller in a single chip. This single chip microcomputer is also called as
microcontroller; These Microcontrollers are used for variety of applications
where it replaces the computer. The usage of this microcomputer for a specific
application, in which the microcontrollers a part of application, is called
embedded systems. Embedded systems are used for real time applications with
high reliability, accuracy and precision, Embedded systems are operated with
Real Time Operating systems like WinCE, RT Linux, VxWorks, PSOS, etc..,
Embedded systems are very popular these days Most of the Electrical,
Electronics, Mechanical, Chemical, Industrial, Medical, Space and many more
areas have the embedded systems in their applications
3.2.3 ROLE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Embedded systems are compact, smart, efficient, and economical and
user friendly, they are closed systems and respond to the real world situation
very fast,
closed system means, everything required for a specific application is embedded
on the chip and hence, they do not call for external requirement for their
functioning.
3.2.4 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
 Robotics
 Aviation
 Telecommunication and Broadcasting
 Mobile Phones and mobiles networking
 Satellite Communication
 Blue Tooth
 Electronic sensors
 Home Appliances etc.

34
3.2.5 PERIPHERALS
Embedded Systems talk with the outside world via peripherals, such as:
 Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI): RS-232, RS-422, RS-485 etc.
 Synchronous Serial Communication Interface: I2C, SPI, SSC and ESSI
(Enhanced Synchronous Serial Interface)
 Universal Serial Bus (USB)
 Multi Media Cards (SD Cards, Compact Flash etc.)
 Networks: Ethernet, Lon Works, etc.
 Fieldbuses: CAN-Bus, LIN-Bus, PROFIBUS, etc.
 Timers: PLL(s), Capture/Compare and Time Processing Units
 Discrete IO: aka General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO)
 Analog to Digital/Digital to Analog (ADC/DAC)
 Debugging: JTAG, ISP, ICSP, BDM Port, BITP, and DP9 ports.

35
 CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
4.1 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

The Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a software

platform designed to facilitate the development of code for Arduino
microcontrollers. Here are some details about the Arduino IDE:

Open-source software: The Arduino IDE is open-source software, which

means that it is free to use, modify, and distribute.

Cross-platform compatibility: The Arduino IDE is available for

Windows, macOS, and Linux operating systems, making it accessible to a wide
range of developers.

User-friendly interface: The Arduino IDE has a simple, intuitive interface

that makes it easy for beginners to get started with Arduino programming.

Code editor: The IDE includes a code editor that supports syntax
highlighting, code completion, and error highlighting to help developers write
clean, error-free code.

Library manager: The IDE includes a library manager that allows

developers to easily add and manage libraries of pre-written code that can be
used in their projects.

Board manager: The IDE includes a board manager that simplifies the
process of adding new boards to the IDE, allowing developers to quickly and
easily switch between different Arduino boards.

Serial monitor: The IDE includes a serial monitor that allows developers
to communicate with their Arduino board over a serial connection, making it
easy to debug and troubleshoot their code.

Integrated compiler: The IDE includes an integrated compiler that can

compile and upload code to the Arduino board directly from the IDE.

36
 Overall, the Arduino IDE provides a powerful, yet user-friendly platform
for developing code for Arduino microcontrollers, making it an excellent choice
for both beginners and experienced developers.

Fig 4.1 Arduino IDE

SOURCE CODING

const int STEP_1 = 4;

const int STEP_2 = 5;

const int GRIPPER_1 = 6;

const int GRIPPER_2 = 7;

unsigned char inByte;

char flag2 = 0;

void setup()

37
{
Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(STEP_1, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(STEP_1, HIGH);

pinMode(STEP_2, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(STEP_2, HIGH);

pinMode(GRIPPER_1, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(GRIPPER_1,

HIGH);
pinMode(GRIPPER_2, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(GRIPPER_2,
HIGH);
}

void loop()
{
if(Serial.available() > 0)
{
inByte = Serial.read();

Serial.write(inByte);

if(inByte == 'F')flag2 = 1;
else if(inByte == 'B')flag2 = 2;
else if(inByte == 'L')flag2 = 3;
else if(inByte == 'R')flag2 = 4;
else if(inByte == 'S')flag2 = 0;

inByte = '\0';

38
 }
if(flag2 == 1)
{
digitalWrite(STEP_1, HIGH); digitalWrite(STEP_2, LOW);
}
else if(flag2 == 2)
{
digitalWrite(STEP_1, LOW); digitalWrite(STEP_2, HIGH);
}
else if(flag2 == 3)
{
digitalWrite(GRIPPER_1, HIGH); digitalWrite(GRIPPER_2,
LOW);
}
else if(flag2 == 4)
{
digitalWrite(GRIPPER_1, LOW); digitalWrite(GRIPPER_2,
HIGH);
}
else if(flag2 == 0)
{
digitalWrite(STEP_1, HIGH); digitalWrite(STEP_2, HIGH);

digitalWrite(GRIPPER_1, HIGH); digitalWrite(GRIPPER_2,

HIGH);
}

39
4.2 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
 SQUARE TUBE
 WIPER MOTOR
 BATTERY
 SPUR GEAR
 WHEEL
 10MM ROD
 ARDUINO
 BLUETOOTH
 RELAY

4.2.1 SQUARE TUBE

Rectangular and square HSS are also commonly called tube steel or box
section. Circular HSS are sometimes mistakenly called steel pipe, although true
steel pipe is actually dimensioned and classed differently from HSS.Square
tubes are generally used for maintenance and structural purposes. Some
examples of applications would be building construction, railings, and sign
posts. They are measured by their outside dimensions and their wall
thickness.Square Steel Tube is a welded structural grade tubing that is available
in either type A513 or A500 Grade B, depending on it's size and wall thickness.
Either grade is ideal for all structural applications, general fabrication,
manufacturing and repairs.

Fig 4.2 Square rod

40
4.2.2 WIPER MOTOR

Fig 4.3 Wiper Motor

A motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct
current () electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types
rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of motors have
some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically
change the direction of current in part of the motor.Motors were the first form
of motor widely used, as they could be powered from existing direct-current
lighting power distribution systems. A motor's speed can be controlled over a
wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of
current in its field windings. Small motors are used in tools, toys, and
appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current but is a
lightweight brushed motor used for portable power tools and appliances. Larger
motors are currently used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists,
and in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made
replacement of motors with AC motors possible in many applications. A coil of
wire with a current running through it generates an electromagnetic field
aligned with the center of the coil. The direction and magnitude of the magnetic
field produced by the coil can be changed with the direction and magnitude of
the current flowing through it.

4.2.3 WHEEL
A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing.
The wheel is one of the key components of the wheel and axle which is one of the
six simple machines. Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be
41
moved easily facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load, or
performing labor in machines. Wheels are also used for other purposes, such as
a ship's wheel, steering wheel, potter's wheel and flywheel.
Common examples are found in transport applications. A wheel greatly
reduces friction by facilitating motion by rolling together with the use of axles.
In order for wheels to rotate, a moment needs to be applied to the wheel about
its axis, either by way of gravity or by the application of another external force
or torque. Using the wheel, Sumerians invented a contraption that spins clay as
a potter shapes it into the desired object.

Fig 4.4 Wheel

Fig 4.5 10MM Rod

42
4.2.4 10MM Rod
Rebar (short for reinforcing bar), known when massed as reinforcing
steel or reinforcement steel, is a steel bar used as a tension device in reinforced
concrete and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and aid the concrete
under tension. Concrete is strong under compression, but has weak tensile
strength. Rebar significantly increases the tensile strength of the structure.
Rebar's surface features a continuous series of ribs, lugs or indentations to
promote a better bond with the concrete and reduce the risk of slippage.
The most common type of rebar is carbon steel, typically consisting of
hot-rolled round bars with deformation patterns embossed into its surface. Steel
and concrete have similar coefficients of thermal expansion, so a concrete
structural member reinforced with steel will experience minimal
differential stress as the temperature changes.
Other readily available types of rebar are manufactured of stainless steel,
and composite bars made of glass fiber, carbon fiber, or basalt fiber. The carbon
steel reinforcing bars may also be coated in an epoxy resin designed to resist the
effects of corrosion, especially when used in saltwater environments. Bamboo
has been shown to be a viable alternative to reinforcing steel in concrete
construction.[3][4] These alternate types tend to be more expensive or may have
lesser mechanical properties and are thus more often used in specialty
construction where their physical characteristics fulfill a specific performance
requirement that carbon steel does not provide.

4.2.5 SPUR GEAR

Fig 4.6 Spur Gear

43
 Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist
of a cylinder or disk with teeth projecting radially. Viewing the gear at 90
degrees from the shaft length (side on) the tooth faces are straight and aligned
parallel to the axis of rotation. Looking down the length of the shaft, a tooth's
cross section is usually not triangular. Instead of being straight (as in a triangle)
the sides of the cross section have a curved form (usually involute and less
commonly cycloidal) to achieve a constant drive ratio. Spur gears mesh together
correctly only if fitted to parallel shafts.[1] No axial thrust is created by the tooth
loads. Spur gears are excellent at moderate speeds but tend to be noisy at high
speeds.[2]
Spur gear can be classified into two pressure angles, 20° being the current
industry standard and 14½° being the former (often found in older
equipment).[3] Spur gear teeth are manufactured as either involute profile or
cycloidal profile. When two gears are in mesh it is possible that an involute
portion of one will contact a non-involute portion of the other gear. This
phenomenon is known as "interference" and occurs when the number of teeth
on the smaller of the two meshing gears is less than a required
minimum. Undercutting (cutting the tooth narrower closer to its base) is
sometimes used to avoid interference but is usually not suitable because the
decreased thickness leaves the tooth weaker at its base. In this situation,
corrected gears are used. In corrected gears the cutter rack is shifted upwards or
downwards.
Spur gears can be classified into two main categories: External and
Internal. Gears with teeth on the outside of the cylinder are known as "external
gears". Gears with teeth on the internal side of the cylinder are known as
"internal gears". An external gear can mesh with an external gear or an internal
gear. When two external gears mesh together they rotate in the opposite
directions. An internal gear can only mesh with an external gear and the gears
rotate in the same direction. Due to the close positioning of shafts, internal gear
assemblies are more compact than external gear assemblies.

4.2.6 ARDUINO
Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project, and user
community that designs and manufactures single-board
microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices. Its
hardware products are licensed under a CC BY-SA license, while software is

44
licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU
General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards
and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially
from the official website or through authorized distributors.
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers.
The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins
that may be interfaced to various expansion boards ('shields')
or breadboards (for prototyping) and other circuits. The boards feature serial
communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some
models, which are also used for loading programs. The microcontrollers can be
programmed using the C and C++ programming languages, using a standard
API which is also known as the Arduino language, inspired by the Processing
language and used with a modified version of the Processing IDE. In addition to
using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated
development environment (IDE) and a command line tool developed in Go.

Fig 4.7 Arduino UNO

45
FEATURES
 It has 22 input/output pins in total.
 14 of these pins are digital pins.
 Arduino Nano has 8 analogue pins.
 It has 6 PWM pins among the digital pins.
 It has a crystal oscillator of 16MHz.
 It's operating voltage varies from 5V to 12V.
 It also supports different ways of communication, which are:
 Serial Protocol.
 I2C Protocol.
 SPI Protocol.
 It also has a mini USB Pin which is used to upload code.
 It also has a Reset button on it

4.2.7 BLUETOOTH
Bluetooth module is a slave bluetooth module designed for wireless serial
communication. It is a slave module meaning that it can receive serial data
when serial data is sent out from a master bluetooth device(device able to send
serial data through the air: smart phones, PC).When the module receives
wireless data, it is sent out through the serial interface exactly at it is received.
No source code specific to the Bluetooth module is needed at all in the arduino
chip. An app on the phone is used to send out inputs to the module which
receives and then transfers this to the arduino. The arduino and actuators in turn
responds accordingly, as specified in the source code. When the module is not
in a paired state, the LED on the module blinks rapidly whereas when paired
with the app on the phone, the LED on the module is a steady red.

46
 Fig 4.8 Bluetooth Module
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard that is used for
exchanging data between fixed and mobile devices over short distances
using UHF radio waves in the ISM bands, from 2.402 GHz to 2.48 GHz, and
building personal area networks (PANs). It is mainly used as an alternative to
wire connections, to exchange files between nearby portable devices and
connect cell phones and music players with wireless headphones. In the most
widely used mode, transmission power is limited to 2.5 milliwatts, giving it a
very short range of up to 10 metres (33 ft).
Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG),
which has more than 35,000 member companies in the areas of
telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics.
The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but no longer maintains the
standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the specification,
manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks. A
manufacturer must meet Bluetooth SIG standards to market it as a Bluetooth
device. A network of patents apply to the technology, which are licensed to
individual qualifying devices.

47
4.2.8 4-CHANNEL RELAY
The 4 Channels Relay Module is a convenient board which can be used to
control high voltage, high current load such as motor, solenoid valves, lamps
and AC load. It is designed to interface with microcontroller such as Arduino,
PIC and etc. The relays terminal (COM, NO and NC) is being brought out with
screw terminal. A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of
input terminals for a single or multiple control signals, and a set of operating
contact terminals. The switch may have any number of contacts in
multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or combinations
thereof.

Fig 4.9 4 Channel Relay

Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an

independent low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by
one signal. Relays were first used in long-distance telegraph circuits as signal
repeaters: they refresh the signal coming in from one circuit by transmitting it
on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and
early computers to perform logical operations.
The traditional form of a relay uses an electromagnet to close or open the
contacts, but other operating principles have been invented, such as in solid-
state relays which use semiconductor properties for control without relying
on moving parts. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes
multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or

48
faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by
digital instruments still called protective relays.
CALCULATIONS
WIPER MOTOR
Given data:
Volt 12v
Speed=145rpm
Length of base=380mm
Width of base =203mm
Height =175mm
Material =mild steel
Weight =1.5kg
T =60 N-m
Power=W/t = V.I
W= electric energy
v = volt
I = Current amp)
T= time
M/r power(P)
I) Low speed
P = I1×V
=3×12
P =36 watts
ii) High speed
P = I2×V
= 5×12
P= 60 watts
49
Torque at are given pivot point × (M/V shaft diameter / are gear diameter)
= 22.5×(10/50)
4.5Nm
Argule speed for arc gear
= linear gear/ arc gear diameter
=60/45
=1.33 rad/sec
Speed requeied for arc gear
= angula speed for one gear × 60/2×3.14
= 1.33×60/2×3.14
= 13 rpm
Speed required for m/r
= speed required for arc gear × gear ratio
=13×5
=65rpm
Low speed
P = 2πNt/60

50
 CHAPTER-5
HARDWARE RESULT

Fig 5.1 Agriculture Robot Project

A seeding agriculture robot is a machine that is designed to automate the
process of planting seeds in agricultural fields. It typically consists of a chassis,
a seeding mechanism, sensors, and a control system. Here's an overview of the
design and implementation of a seeding agriculture robot:
Chassis design: The chassis of the robot should be designed to traverse
through various terrains of the agricultural field. The size and shape of the robot
will depend on the type of crops and the size of the field. A robust and durable
material such as aluminum or steel should be used to construct the chassis to
withstand the rugged terrain and long-term usage.

51
 Seeding mechanism: The seeding mechanism should be designed to
dispense the right amount of seeds at the right depth and spacing.
The mechanism can be either a drill or a planter. The drill will create
furrows in the soil, and the seeds will be deposited into the furrows. The planter
will create holes in the soil and drop the seeds into the holes. A mechanism to
cover the seeds after they are deposited, such as a plow or harrow, can also be
integrated into the robot.
Sensors: The robot should be equipped with sensors to navigate through
the field, avoid obstacles, and locate the ideal planting spots. A GPS system can
be used to create a map of the field and determine the location of the robot.
Other sensors such as proximity sensors and LIDAR can be used to detect
obstacles and avoid collisions.
Control system: The control system of the robot should be designed to
ensure the robot moves in a specific pattern, plants seeds at the desired depth
and spacing, and covers the seeds after they are deposited. A microcontroller
can be used to control the motors and actuators of the robot. The control system
should also include software to process sensor data and make decisions based
on the data.
Power source: The robot should be powered by a reliable power source
such as a rechargeable battery or a solar panel. The power source should be
capable of providing sufficient power for the robot to operate for extended
periods.
Implementation: Once the design is finalized, the robot can be built and
tested. The testing should include the robot's ability to navigate through the
field, plant seeds at the desired depth and spacing, and cover the seeds after they
are deposited. The robot should also be tested for durability and performance in
different terrains and weather conditions.
In summary, the design and implementation of a seeding agriculture robot
involve designing a chassis that can navigate through the field, a seeding
mechanism that can plant seeds at the right depth and spacing, sensors to detect
obstacles and locate planting spots, a control system to ensure the robot
operates.

52
 CHAPTER 6
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

6.1 ADVANTAGES

 Modern machines can reduce efforts of farmers.

 It can reduce the production time.
 It is used to supply water to the crops.
 Machines are useful for sowing the seeds.
 It is chemical pest control.
 Improves fertility of the soil.
 Increase the price and demand of the products.

6.2 APPLICATIONS
Automatic Land Plough
Automatic Ground Leveling
Fertilizer Applier
Automated Seed Dispenser

53
 CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
CONCLUSION
This project is mainly based on minimizing man power as well as cost of
the equipment. The robot can be with open source system instead of normal
robotic car. Automation is needed such as industry, bio-medical, survey line etc.
Especially in agriculture field for increasing yield of crops. Flexibility of
automation system is high than traditional system. The advantage of this system
reduce the labour cost, and time. In this work a robot is built and established to
carry out automatic and manual seeding, Irrigation, Fertilization in an
agriculture field. The functioning of the robot is performed by renewable energy
like solar energy. It is expected that the robot will support the farmers in
improving the efficiency of operations in their farms. It can help the farmers in
the initial stage of agriculture

FUTURE WORK
The future of agriculture is becoming more sophisticated with the
integration of robotics and automation. Robotics are bringing precision farming
to life and have the potential to address many challenges faced by farmers
today, such as an aging workforce, a shortage of low-cost labor, environmental
hazards and climate change.
Agricultural robots are being developed for a variety of tasks, including
picking fruit, pulling weeds, and collecting data. For example, WiFi-enabled
moisture sensors can help farmers conserve water by only watering parts of the
field that need it most.

54
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