General Biology 2

SACRED HEART SCHOOL -

ATENEO DE CEBU

General Biology 2
Module 1
Pia Angelica S. Cinco
__Nina A. Villamor__
Biology Teacher
Unit 1: Introductory
Skill Development
Introduction to Understanding the
Human Body
Feedback Mechanisms

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The Human Body Orientation

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Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the
body and its parts

Physiology – study of how the body and its parts

work or function

Anatomy - Levels of Study

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Microscopic Anatomy
Very small structures
Can only be viewed with a microscope
Levels of Structural Organization

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Organ System Overview

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Integumentary
Forms the external body
covering
Protects deeper tissue
from injury
Synthesizes vitamin D
Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
Organ System Overview

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Skeletal
Protects and supports body
organs
Provides muscle attachment
for movement
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals
Organ System Overview

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Muscular
Allows locomotion
Maintains posture
Produces heat
Organ System Overview

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Nervous
Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and
external change
Activates muscles and glands
Organ System Overview

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Endocrine
Secretes regulatory
hormones
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Organ System Overview

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Cardiovascular
Transports materials in
body via blood pumped
by heart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
Organ System Overview

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Lymphatic
Returns fluids to blood
vessels
Disposes of debris
Involved in immunity
Organ System Overview

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Respiratory
Keeps blood
supplied with
oxygen
Removes carbon
dioxide
Organ System Overview

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Digestive
Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
Eliminates
indigestible material
Organ System Overview

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Urinary
Eliminates
nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid –
base balance
Regulation of
materials
Water
Electrolytes
Organ System Overview

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Reproductive
Production of
offspring
Survival Needs

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Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins,
and minerals
Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions
Survival Needs

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Water
60–80% of body weight
Provides for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperature
Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
Homeostasis

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Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a
dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body
functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in
homeostasis resulting in disease
Homeostasis

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The body communicates through neural and hormonal control
systems
Receptor
Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control center
Control center
Determines set point
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate response
Effector
Provides a means for response to the stimulus
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Feedback Mechanisms
Negative feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its
intensity
Works like a household thermostat
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Feedback Mechanisms
Positive feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push the
variable farther
In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and
birth of a baby
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In a 1/4 sheet of yellow paper:
Differentiate positive and negative
feedback mechanisms and give examples of
each
List down 1-2 methods/practices that can
help your body maintain homeostasis and
BRIEFLY explain the principle behind each
practice.
Explain the mechanism of the process with a flowchart,

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specify which parts are the stimulus, receptor, integrating
center, effector, and response, then identify if the feedback
mechanism is positive or negative and why.

Group 1 = Thermoregulation (Hot and Cold)

Group 2 = Blood pressure
Group 3 = O2 and CO2 levels
Group 4 = Blood clotting
Group 5 = Giving birth
Group 6 = Osmoregulation
The Language of Anatomy

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Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for:
Position
Direction
Regions
Structures
Orientation and Directional Terms

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Orientation and Directional Terms

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Body Landmarks

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Anterior Posterior
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Body Planes
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Body Cavities
Abdominopelvic Quadrants

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Abdominopelvic Regions

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Abdominopelvic Major Organs

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