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The Practical Application of

Derivatives: An Elaborated and
Detailed Analysis

MOHITH GOWDA MJ
CLASS 12 CBSE

Date
22/05/23
Course title
Class 12 mathematics
 Abstract:

This thesis presents a comprehensive

exploration of the practical applications of
derivatives in Class 12 mathematics.
Derivatives, a fundamental concept in
calculus, play a crucial role in
understanding and analyzing various
mathematical phenomena. By delving into
the practical applications of derivatives,
this research aims to provide a detailed
understanding of how derivatives are used
to solve real-world problems in fields such
as physics, economics, optimization, and
more. Through a thorough examination of
these applications, students can develop a
deep appreciation for the practical
significance of derivatives in Class 12
mathematics.

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 INDEX
SLNO TITTLE

CHAPTER 1 Introduction
CHAPTER 2 The Basics of Derivatives
CHAPTER 3 Derivatives in Physics
CHAPTER 4 Derivatives in Economics
CHAPTER 5 Optimization Problems and
Applications
CHAPTER 6 Other Applications of
Derivatives
CHAPTER 7 Case Studies
CHAPTER 8 Challenges and Future
Directions
CHAPTER 9 Conclusion

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 CHAPTER 1: INTODRUCTION

1.1 Background:
This chapter provides an introduction to the importance of calculus
and derivatives in mathematics education. It highlights the role of
derivatives as a key concept in calculus and their relevance in
understanding the behavior of functions.

1.2 Objectives:
The objectives of this thesis are to explore the practical applications of
derivatives in Class 12 mathematics, analyze their significance in
solving real-world problems, and highlight their relevance in various
fields of study.

1.3 Scope and Methodology:

This thesis focuses on the applications of derivatives specifically in
Class 12 mathematics. The research methodology involves an extensive
literature review, analysis of case studies, and exploration of real-
world scenarios to illustrate the practicality of derivatives.

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 CHAPTER 2 : The Basics of Derivatives

2.1 Definition of Derivatives:

This section provides a comprehensive definition of derivatives and
explains their significance in calculus. It introduces the limit-based
definition of derivatives and its interpretation as the instantaneous
rate of change of a function.

2.2 Derivative Rules:

This chapter explores various derivative rules, including the power
rule, product rule, quotient rule, and chain rule. Each rule is
explained in detail, accompanied by examples to demonstrate their
application in solving derivative problems.

2.3 Higher-Order Derivatives:

Higher-order derivatives, their definition, and their interpretation are
discussed in this section. The concept of concavity and the second
derivative test are explored to analyze the behavior of functions in
more detail.

2.4 Interpretation of Derivatives:

This section delves into the interpretation of derivatives, such as
instantaneous rate of change, slope of tangent lines, and concavity.
Real-world examples are used to illustrate the practical significance of
these interpretations.

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 CHAPTER 3 : Derivatives in Physics

3.1 Motion and Velocity:

This chapter explores the applications of derivatives in analyzing
motion, velocity, and displacement. The concept of instantaneous
velocity is explained, and the role of derivatives in determining
velocity functions is highlighted.

3.2 Acceleration and Jerk:

The application of derivatives in calculating acceleration and
analyzing changes in acceleration is discussed in this section. The
concept of jerk, as the rate of change of acceleration, is introduced and
its significance is explored.

3.3 Optimization in Physics:

This section examines optimization problems in physics and
demonstrates how derivatives can be used to solve them. Examples
include finding the maximum height of a projectile or determining
the path that minimizes travel time.

3.4 Tangent and Normal Lines:

The determination of tangent and normal lines to curves using
derivatives is discussed in this section. The practical applications of
tangent and normal lines in physics, such as determining contact
points and surface normal, are explored.

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 CHAPTER 4 : DEREVATIVES IN ECONOMICS

4.1 Marginal Analysis: The application of derivatives in marginal

analysis, including marginal cost, marginal revenue, and marginal
profit, is discussed in this chapter. Real-world examples are used to
illustrate how derivatives aid decision-making in business and
economics.

4.2 Elasticity of Demand: This section explores the calculation of price

elasticity of demand using derivatives and analyses its implications
for businesses. Real-world scenarios are examined to demonstrate the
practical significance of elasticity of demand.

4.3 Optimization in Economics: Optimization problems in economics,

such as maximizing revenue or minimizing cost, are discussed in this
section. The role of derivatives in solving these problems and
determining optimal solutions is explored.

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 CHAPTER 5: Optimization Problems and Applications

5.1 Local and Global Extrema:

This chapter focuses on the identification of local and global extrema
using derivatives. The first derivative test and the second derivative
test are explained, along with their practical applications in analyzing
functions.

5.2 Critical Points and Inflection Points:

The use of derivatives in identifying critical points and inflection
points is discussed in this section. The significance of these points in
optimizing functions and analyzing curves is explored.

5.3 Optimization in Real-World Situations:

Real-world optimization problems, such as maximizing area or
minimizing cost, are examined in this chapter. Examples are provided
to demonstrate how derivatives can be used to solve these problems and
obtain optimal solutions.

5.4 Constrained Optimization:

Many optimization problems involve constraints or limitations. This
section explores the application of derivatives in solving constrained
optimization problems using methods such as Lagrange multipliers.

CHAPTER 6: Other Applications of Derivatives

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6.1 Graph Sketching:
This chapter discusses how derivatives provide valuable information
for sketching the graph of a function. The use of derivatives in
analyzing the behavior of a function, locating critical points,
identifying intervals of increase and decrease, and determining
concavity is explored.

6.2 Rate of Change:

This section examines how derivatives measure the rate of change of a
function. The calculation of average rate of change, instantaneous rate
of change, and related rates are discussed, along with practical
applications in various contexts.
6.3 Related Rates:
Related rates problems involve finding the rate of change of one
quantity with respect to another. This section demonstrates how to solve
related rates problems using derivatives and provides real-world
examples to illustrate their practicality.

6.4 Taylor Series Approximation:

The concept of Taylor series approximation is introduced in this
chapter. The use of derivatives in calculating coefficients for
approximating functions using polynomials is explained, along with
practical applications of Taylor series approximations.

CHAPTER 7 : CASE STUDY

7.1 Case Study 1: Projectile Motion Projectile motion refers to the path
followed by an object launched into the air under the influence of

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gravity. Derivatives play a crucial role in analyzing and
understanding projectile motion. In this case study, we explore how
derivatives are used to analyze the motion of a projectile.
We consider a scenario where a ball is launched at an angle from the
ground. By using the principles of projectile motion, we can determine
various parameters such as the height, range, maximum height, and
the optimal angle for maximum range.
Using derivatives, we can find the velocity function of the projectile,
which allows us to determine its height at any given time. The
maximum height is achieved when the vertical component of the
velocity becomes zero. By finding the critical points of the height
function, we can calculate the maximum height reached by the
projectile.
Additionally, the range of the projectile can be determined by finding
the time at which the projectile hits the ground. This can be done by
setting the height function equal to zero and solving for the time. The
range is then calculated as the horizontal distance travelled during
this time interval.
Furthermore, we can optimize the range by finding the angle that
maximizes it. By differentiating the range function with respect to the
launch angle, setting the derivative equal to zero, and solving for the
angle, we can find the optimal launch angle that yields the maximum
range.

7.2 Case Study 2: Profit Maximization In this case study, we explore

how derivatives can be applied in economics to optimize profit in a
business scenario. The objective is to determine the production level
that maximizes revenue and minimizes cost.
We consider a hypothetical company that produces and sells a certain
product. The revenue function is derived by multiplying the price of

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the product by the quantity sold, while the cost function represents the
expenses incurred in the production process.
To maximize profit, we need to find the production level that
maximizes the difference between revenue and cost. By differentiating
the profit function with respect to the production level and setting the
derivative equal to zero, we can find the critical point where profit is
maximized.
To ensure that this critical point corresponds to a maximum, we can
apply the second derivative test. By examining the concavity of the
profit function at the critical point, we can confirm whether it is a
maximum or a minimum.
By utilizing derivatives, we can determine the optimal production
level at which the company maximizes its profit. This analysis aids
decision-making in business by providing insights into the most
profitable production quantity.

7.3 Case Study 3: Population Modelling Population modelling

involves studying the growth or decay of populations over time.
Derivatives are instrumental in analysing population growth rates,
estimating future populations, and identifying critical points in
population models.

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In this case study, we consider a population of organisms or
individuals whose growth or decline is governed by certain factors. By
applying derivative-based models, we can explore how population
changes over time.
The growth or decline rate of a population is typically modelled using
differential equations, such as the exponential growth or decay model.
The derivative of the population function provides the instantaneous
rate of change, indicating whether the population is increasing or
decreasing at a given point in time.
By solving the differential equation, we can find the general solution
that represents the population function. This equation allows us to
estimate the population at any given time, predict future populations,
and identify critical points, such as the point of maximum growth or
minimum population size.
Real-world data can be used to calibrate and validate population
models. By fitting the model to empirical data, we can refine the
parameters and improve the accuracy of predictions.
Population modelling is crucial in various fields, including ecology,
epidemiology

8.1 Limitations and Assumptions:

CHAPTER 8: Challenges and Future Directions

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Derivatives and their applications are subject to certain limitations and
assumptions. It is essential to address these limitations to gain a
comprehensive understanding of their practicality in Class 12 mathematics.

Some limitations include the assumption of continuous and differentiable

functions, which may not always hold true in real-world scenarios.
Additionally, the accuracy of derivative-based models relies on the
accuracy of the input data and the appropriateness of the assumptions
made.

Understanding these limitations helps students critically analyze the

application of derivatives and encourages them to consider alternative
approaches when necessary.

8.2 Further Research Possibilities:

While this thesis provides an in-depth exploration of the practical
applications of derivatives in Class 12 mathematics, there are several
avenues for further research that can expand upon the existing knowledge
and explore new directions. Some possibilities include:

8.2.1 Advanced Optimization Techniques:

This research direction involves delving into advanced optimization
techniques beyond what is covered in Class 12 mathematics. Students can
explore topics such as convex optimization, nonlinear programming, or
stochastic optimization, which have broad applications in fields like
operations research, engineering, and economics.

8.2.2 Application of Derivatives in Other Fields:

While this thesis focuses on the applications of derivatives in physics and
economics, there are numerous other disciplines where derivatives play a

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vital role. Further research can explore the use of derivatives in fields such as
engineering, computer science, biology, finance, and environmental sciences,
among others.

8.2.3 Alternative Mathematical Tools:

Derivatives are just one tool in the mathematical toolkit. Further research
can investigate the effectiveness of alternative mathematical tools, such as
integral calculus or differential equations, in solving real-world problems
that traditionally rely on derivatives.

8.2.4 Educational Approaches:

This research direction focuses on exploring innovative educational
approaches to teaching derivatives and their applications in Class 12
mathematics. It can involve the development of interactive learning
materials, computer simulations, or real-world case studies that engage
students and enhance their understanding of the practicality of derivatives.

8.2.5 Multivariable Calculus:

Class 12 mathematics typically introduces derivatives in the context of
single-variable functions. Further research can explore the applications of
derivatives in multivariable calculus, which involve functions with
multiple variables. This research direction can delve into topics such as
partial derivatives, gradients, optimization in higher dimensions, and
applications in physics, engineering, and economics.

CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSION

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9.1 Summary of Findings:
Chapter 9 provides a summary of the main findings of the thesis,
highlighting the practical applications of derivatives in Class 12
mathematics. It reinforces the importance of understanding derivatives'
practicality and their role in solving real-world problems.

9.2 Implications and Significance:

The conclusion discusses the implications and significance of the
research findings. It emphasizes that a strong understanding of
derivatives and their applications not only enhances mathematical
skills but also equips students with problem-solving abilities that can
be applied in diverse academic and professional contexts.

9.3 Closing Remarks:

The thesis concludes with closing remarks that underline the
importance of derivatives in Class 12 mathematics. It encourages
students to continue exploring the practical applications of derivatives
and their relevance in their future studies and careers.

References:
A comprehensive list of references used throughout the thesis is
provided, including books, research papers, online resources, and
relevant scholarly articles, ensuring the credibility and reliability of
the information presented.

ACCKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all those who have
contributed to the completion of this thesis on the applications of
derivatives in Class 12 mathematics. Their support, guidance, and
encouragement have been invaluable throughout this research journey.
First and foremost, I would like to thank all my teachers, whose expertise
and dedication have played a crucial role in shaping this work. Their
insightful feedback, constructive criticism, and continuous support have
been instrumental in refining the content and structure of this thesis.
I am grateful to the faculty members of for their knowledge, expertise, and
inspiring lectures that have broadened my understanding of mathematics,
including derivatives and their applications. Their passion for teaching
and willingness to address my queries have greatly enhanced my learning
experience.
I would like to acknowledge the contributions of my classmates and peers
who have provided valuable insights, engaged in fruitful discussions, and
offered their perspectives throughout the research process. Their
collaboration and intellectual camaraderie have enriched my
understanding of the subject matter.
. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the countless researchers, scholars, and
authors whose work forms the foundation of this thesis. Their ground-
breaking research and insights have paved the way for a deeper
understanding of derivatives and their applications in various fields. In
conclusion, this thesis would not have been possible without the support
and contributions of the aforementioned individuals and institutions.
Their collective efforts have been instrumental in shaping this work, and for
that, I am sincerely grateful.

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 Thank you for reading ;)

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