j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf]

3f]if0ffkq

k|sfzs
j}1flgs ;dfhjfb lgdf{0f cleofg
j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] 3f]if0ffkq
k|sfzs M j}1flgs ;dfhjfb lgdf{0f cleofg
;+:s/0f M k|yd, @)&*
;jf{lwsf/ M k|sfzsdf
;xof]u d"No M ?= !)) .–
cfj/0f÷n]cfp6 M lele8 lqmP;g, afuahf/
 ljifo;"rL
!= jt{dfg o'usf] l;+xfjnf]sg ^
@= cleofgsf] cfjZostf $@
#= cleofgsf] p2]Zo $%
$= cleofgsf] sfo{qmd $(
%= cleofgsf] ;+/rgf ^)
 j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] 3f]if0ffkq
k'FhLjfbL ljZjn] ;dfhjfbsf] e'taf6 cfkm" d'Qm ePsf]
3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] . aln{gsf] kvf{n 9fn]/ z'? ul/Psf] Tof]
ljho cleofg ;f]leot ;+3sf] lj36gdf k"/f ePsf] lyof] .
t/ lj1fg–k|ljlwsf] cfwf/df ;dfhjfb kmls{;s]sf] 5 eGg]
tYo ljZjnfO{ ta yfxf x'g]5, ha ;Dk"0f{ zf]lift–pTkLl8t
ju{x¿n] o;nfO{ cfˆgf] lxtdf k|of]u ug]{5g\ .
dfS;{jfbsf] d"n efjgfg';f/ b'lgofFdf x/]s rLh
kl/jt{gzLn 5 . To;sf/0f dfS;{jfbn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf] Pp6f :j¿k -model_ cfˆgf]
P]ltxfl;s rl/qcg';f/ clxn] k'/fgf] ePsf] 5 . ca
To;af6 ;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf] sfo{ef/ k"/f x'g;Sb}g .
ctM kl/jlt{t kl/l:yltcg';f/ ;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf] gofF
:j?k k|:t't u/L ;Dk"0f{ d'lQmsfdL zf]lift–pTkLl8t
ju{x¿nfO{ dfu{lgb]{z ug'{ clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 . oxL
P]ltxfl;s sfo{ef/ k"/f ug{sf] nflu …j}1flgs ;dfhjfb
lgdf{0f cleofg sld6LÚ u7g ePsf] 5 . of] cleofg
sld6Ln] j}1flgs ;dfhjfbL Joj:yf lgdf{0fsf] j}rfl/s
dfu{bz{g …j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] 3f]if0ffkqÚ tof/ u/]sf] 5,
h;nfO{ g]kfnL, c+u|]hL / lxGbL efiffdf k|sflzt ul/g]5 .

5
 !
jt{dfg o'usf] l;+xfjnf]sg

cfh ljZjdf sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf ult/f]w cfPsf] 5,

k'/fgf ;dfhjfbL ;Qfx¿ 9n]sf 5g\ / ljBdfg sDo'li6
kf6L{x¿ / wf/fx¿ ls+st{Joljd"9 -clg0f{osf] aGbL_ ePsf
5g\ . ;g\ !*$* af6 cf/De ePsf] ljZj sDo'lgi6
cfGbf]ngsf] Pp6f r/0f -rqm_ k"/f ePsf] 5 . t/ j}1flgs
;dfhjfb–;fDojfb :yfkgf ug]{ sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] nIo
k"/f ePsf] 5}g . To;sf/0f of] nIo k"/f ug{sf] nflu ca
sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] gofF r/0f cf/De ug{' cfjZos ePsf]
5.
cf}krfl/s ?kn] sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng ;g\ !*$* af6 z'?
ePsf] lyof] / To;sf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ dfS;{jfb lyof] .
dfS;{jfbn] g} sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] nIo, ljlw, qmflGtsf/L
zlQm / ju{– ;j} s'/fx¿nfO{ j}1flgs 9+uaf6 ;'lglZrt
u/]sf] lyof] . o;n] sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] nIosf] ?kdf
j}1flgs ;dfhjfb–;fDojfb, of] nIo k|fKt ug]{ ljlwsf]
?kdf ju{–;+3if{ / ;dfhjfbL qmflGt ;DkGg ug]{ qmflGtsf/L
6
zlQmsf] ?kdf ;j{xf/f ju{nfO{ dfg]sf] lyof] . o;/L
dfS;{jfbn] :jtM:k"mt{ ?kdf rn]sf] sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngnfO{
j}1flgs 9+uaf6 dfu{bz{g u/]sf] lyof] .
dfS;{jfbsf] ;':ki6 dfu{bz{gdf klxnf] ;dfhjfbL qmflGt
;g\ !(!& df ?;df ;DkGg eof] . To;n] sDo'lgi6
cfGbf]ngnfO{ Jofjxfl/s ?kdf ;xL 5 eGg] l;4 ul/lbof] .
ca sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng l;4fGt / Jojxf/ b'j}df ;xL l;4
eof] . kl/0ffd:j?k of] ljZjel/ k}mlnof] .
t/ !(%) kl5 ljZj sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf ;d:of
b]lvgyfNof] / lj:tf/} of] sdhf]/ x'gyfNof] . cGttM ;g\
!((! Df klxnf] ;dfhjfbL ;Qfsf] ?kdf :yflkt ;f]leot
;+3 lj36g eof] . To;sf] k|efj ljZjel/ k¥of] / Tof]
cBfjlw sfod /x]sf] 5 .
o;/L ;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s b'j} kIfdf ;xL l;4 ePsf]
sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf ult/f]w cfpg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] < o;sf]
Pp6f j:t'ut sf/0f 5 . Tof] sf/0fsf] ;DaGwdf
uDeL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ta dfq ljZj
sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf cfPsf] jt{dfg ult/f]wnfO{ lr/]/
cufl8 a9\g ;Dej x'G5 .
dfS;{jfbsf] d"n s'/f Oltxf;sf] ef}ltsjfbL wf/0ff xf] . of]
wf/0ffcg';f/ ;dfhsf] cfwf/ ef}lts tTj xf], dfgl;s tTj
-ljrf/_ xf]Og . o;n] dfS;{jfbnfO{ cGo ;Dk"0f{ bz{gx¿af6
7
cnu ub{5 . dfS;{jfbsf] pTs[i6tf / j}1flgstf klg o;d}
ctlg{lxt 5 .
;dfhsf] cfwf/ dflgPsf] ef}lts tTjsf] cy{ pTkfbs zlQm
xf] . pTkfbs zlQm eg]sf] Tof] tTj jf ;|f]t xf], h;af6
dflg;sf] cfjZostf k"/f x'g] j:t' k|fKt x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf]
nflu hldg Pp6f pTkfbs zlQm xf], hxfFaf6 dflg;sf]
nflu cfjZos vfBfGg k|fKt x'G5 cyjf pTkfbg x'G5 .
To;}u/L sk8f a'Gg] oGq Pp6f pTkfbs zlQm xf], h;af6
dflg;sf] nflu cfjZos sk8f k|fKt x'G5 .
pTkfbs zlQmsf] cfwf/df pTkfbg ;DaGw aGb5 / To;sf]
cfwf/df ;Dk"0f{ ;fdflhs Joj:yf aGb5 . To;sf/0f
pTkfbs zlQmsf] :j?kn] ;dfhsf] :j?knfO{ lgwf{/0f ub{5 .
pTkfbs zlQmsf] cg'?k ;fdflhs Joj:yf aGb5 . To;}u/L
pTkfbs zlQm ablnPkl5 ;fdflhs Joj:yf klg ablnG5 .
jf:tjdf pTkfbs zlQmsf] ljsf;qmd g} dfgj ;dfhsf]
ljsf;qmd xf] .
dfgj ;dfhsf] ljsf; qmddf ljleGg pTkfbs zlQmx¿sf]
cfwf/df ljleGg ;fdflhs Joj:yfx¿ ag]sf 5g\ .
dfS;{jfbn] clxn];Dd ^ j6f ;fdflhs Joj:yfx¿sf]
lgwf{/0f jf klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . ltgLx¿ x'g\– cflbd
;fDojfb, bf;Joj:yf, ;fdGtjfb, k"FhLjfb, j}1flgs
;dfhjfb / j}1flgs ;fDojfb . ltgLx¿dWo] rf/j6f

8
-cflbd ;fDojfb, bf;Joj:yf, ;fdGtjfb / k"FhLjfb_
cfO;s]sf 5g\ / afFsL b'O{j6f -j}1flgs ;dfhjfb /
j}1flgs ;fDojfb_ lgs6 eljiodf cfpFb} 5g\ .
oL ;fdflhs Joj:yfx¿dWo] k|To]ssf] cfˆgf] cnu pTkfbs
zlQm 5 . cflbd ;fDojfbsf] pTkfbs zlQm k|s[lt lyof] .
bf;Joj:yfsf] pTkfbs zlQm dfgj >d lyof] .
;fdGtjfbsf] pTkfbs zlQm hldg lyof] . k"FhLjfbsf]
pTkfbs zlQm k"FhL xf] . /, j}1flgs ;dfhjfb / j}1flgs
;fDojfbsf] pTkfbs zlQm ljutdf dfS;{jfbn] ;fd"lxs
dfgj >d x'g]5 eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] lyof] .
pTkfbs zlQmsf] :j?kcg';f/ ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] :j?k
aGb5 . cflbd ;fDojfbsf] pTkfbs zlQm k|s[lt lyof],
To;sf/0f To;sf] :j?k klg k|s[ltsf] cg'?k lyof] .
k|s[ltsf] cufl8 ;j} dflg;x¿ ;dfg lyP / pgLx¿
k|s[ltdfly lge{/ lyP . ;dfh lgj{uL{o lyof] . To;j]nf
zf]if0f–pTkL8g lyPg . ;dfhdf :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf /
eft[Tjsf] /fh lyof] .
To;kl5 bf;Joj:yf cfof] . To;sf] pTkfbs zlQm dfgj
>d lyof], h'g cflbd ;fDojfbsf] pTkfbs zlQm k|s[ltnfO{
lj:yfkg u/]/ cfPsf] lyof] . ha dfgj >d pTkfbs zlQm
aGof], cyjf ha dfgj >daf6 dflg;sf] cfjZostf k"/f
ug]{ j:t' k|fKt x'gyfNof], ta dflg;n] cfˆgf] cfjZostf

9
k"/f ug{sf] nflu >d ug'{kg]{ eof] . t/ Pp6} dflg;n] ;j}
k|sf/sf >dx¿ ug{ ;Dej lyPg . To;sf/0f dflg;x¿sf]
aLrdf >d–ljefhg x'gyfNof] . ToxL >d–ljefhgaf6
ju{x¿sf] pbo eof] / ;dfh ljleGg ju{x¿df ljeflht
eof] . o;/L lgj{uL{o ;dfh juL{o ;dfhdf ablnof] .
bf;Joj:yf klxnf] juL{o ;dfh lyof] .
t];|f] ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] ?kdf cfPsf] ;fdGtjfbsf]
pTkfbs zlQm hldg lyof] . hldgn] ;fdGtjfbsf] :j?knfO{
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lyof] . ;fdGtjfbdf ;dfh hfltx¿df
ljeflht eof], ju{x¿ hfltdf ?kfGtl/t -kl/0ft_ eP,
/fhsLo kbx¿ j+zfg'ut clwsf/ ag] / Joj;fox¿ Jff
k]zfx¿ hftLo klxrfg jf ljz]iftf ag] . To;sf] sf/0f
lyof]– pTkfbs zlQmsf] ?kdf /x]sf] hldgsf] k|fs[lts,
:yfoL / ckl/jt{gzLn :j?k .
;fdGtjfbkl5 rf}yf] Joj:yfsf] ?kdf cfPsf] k"FhLjfbsf]
pTkfbs zlQm k"FhL xf] . o;sf k|d'v ljz]iftfx¿ x'g\–
ultzLntf, ;flj{stf / cd"t{tf . k"FhLs} cg'?k k"FhLjfbL
Joj:yf ag]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f of] ultzLn 5 . o;df x/]s
s'/f c:yfoL x'G5 . k"FhL ;flj{s -universal_ ePsf] x'Fbf
o;n] x/]s j:t'sf] d"Nosf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . kmn:j?k
k"FhLsf] cufl8 ;j} j:t'x¿ ;dfg x'G5g\ . ;dfhsf]
ljefhg clGtd ;Ldfdf k'Ub5, cyf{t\ ;dfhsf] ljefhg
JolQmx¿df x'G5 . hflt, j+z / lnËh:tf k|fs[lts

10
tTjx¿sf] ;§f JolQm k|d'v aGb5, lsgeg] JolQm k"FhLsf]
;d?k x'G5 . j}olQms :jtGqtf, Pslgi7 ljjfx,
k|ltlglwd"ns /fhgLlts k|0ffnL / lghL :jfldTj– oL ;j}
k"FhLsf] cg'?k ag]sf ;+/rgfx¿ x'g\ .
k"FhLjfbdf pTkfbg pkef]usf] nflu geP/ ljlgdosf] nflu
x'G5 . To;sf/0f o;df a[xt ;fdflhs >d–ljefhg x'G5 .
k"FhLjfbL pTkfbgsf] nIo k"FhLsf] k|flKt / ;+ro xf] . k"FhLsf]
:j?k ;flj{s ePsf] x'Fbf o;åf/f ;j} j:t'x¿ k|fKt
ug{;lsG5 . To;}sf/0f pTkfbgsf] s'g} Pp6f If]qdf dfq
nfUg ;Dej x'G5 / >d–ljefhgsf] k|j[lQ tLj| ultn]
cufl8 a9\b5 .
k"FhLjfbkl5 cfpg] ;fdflhs Joj:yfx¿ j}1flgs ;dfhjfb
/ j}1flgs ;fDojfbsf] pTkfbs zlQm ;fd"lxs jf ;fdflhs
dfgj >d x'g]5 eGg] lgisif{ dfS;{jfbsf] lyof] . j}1flgs
;dfhjfbdf ;fdflhs dfgj >d lgDg:t/sf] x'G5 /
j}1flgs ;fDojfbdf Tof] pRr:t/sf] x'G5 . klxnf]df
>dgLlt …of]Uotfcg';f/ sfd / sfdcg';f/ bfdÚ x'G5 /
bf];|f]df Tof] …of]Uotfcg';f/ sfd / cfjZostfcg';f/ bfdÚ
x'G5 . lgDg:t/sf] ;fdflhs >ddf zf/Ll/s >d /
dfgl;s >dsf] e]b tyf ufpF / zx/sf] e]b cyjf ljleGg
k|sf/sf >dx¿sf] e]b d]l6Psf] x'Fb}g, To;sf/0f j}1flgs
;dfhjfbdf >d–ljefhg x'G5 . pRr:t/sf] ;fdflhs
>ddf >dsf ;j} e]bx¿ d]l6Psf x'G5g\, To;sf/0f

11
j}1flgs ;fDojfbdf >d–ljefhg x'Fb}g . Pp6} JolQmn]
laxfg Pp6f sfd, lbpF;f] csf]{ sfd / ;fFem csf]{ sfd
ug{;S5 .
>d ;fd"lxs cyjf ;fdflhs x'g] x'Fbf j}1flgs ;dfhjfb /
;fDojfbdf ;dfh ju{x¿df ljefhg x'Fb}g . kmn:j?k
ju{ljxLg ;dfhsf] :yfkgf x'G5 .
dfS;{jfbn] j}1flgs ;dfhjfb / ;fDojfbdf pTkfbs zlQm
;fd"lxs jf ;fdflhs dfgj >d x'g]5 eGg] lgisif{
pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] dWo]df -;g\ !*$* df_ lgsfn]sf]
lyof] . To;sf] cfwf/df ljZj sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng cufl8
a9\of] . ;j{xf/f ju{sf] g]t[Tjdf qmflGtx¿ eP / ;dfhjfbL
;fdflhs Joj:yfx¿ :yflkt eP . o;/L pGgfO;f}+
ztfAbLsf] dWokl5 sl/a Ps;o jif{ ;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf]
cjlw aGof] .
t/ ;g\ !($% kl5 Pp6f dxfg 36gf 36\of] . Tof] 36gf
lyof]– j}1flgs–k|fljlws qmflGt . Tof] qmflGtn] lj1fg–
k|ljlwnfO{ k|ToIf pTkfbs zlQmdf ?kfGt/0f u¥of] . To;n]
of] sfo{ cnu–cnu /x]sf lj1fg / k|ljlwnfO{ ;+of]hg u/]/
;DkGg u/]sf] lyof] . klxn] lj1fg / k|ljlw cnu–cnu
lyP . To;sf/0f ltgLx¿ pTkfbs zlQmsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
dfgj–>dsf] ;xfos dfq lyP . j}1flgs–k|fljlws qmflGtsf]
kl/0ffd:j?k ha ltgLx¿sf] ;+of]hg eof], ta ltgLx¿

12
k|ToIf pTkfbs zlQm ag] / dfgj–>d pTkfbs If]qaf6
lj:yflkt eof] . sf/0f lj1fg–k|ljlwsf] Ifdtf dfgj–>dsf]
eGbf w]/} u'0ff a9L lyof] .
lj1fg–k|ljlw pTkfbs zlQm ag]kl5 To;af6 ;Dk"0f{
;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf cfd"n kl/jt{g eof] . To;sf] k|efj
k'FhLjfb / ;dfhjfb b'j}df k¥of] . k'FhLjfbn] cfkm"nfO{
kl/dfh{g u/]/ arfof], t/ ;dfhjfbn] To;f] ug{ ;s]g .
kmn:j?k ;dfhjfb kl5 k¥of] / ;+s6u|:t eof] .
o;/L kl/jlt{t jt{dfg ljZj kl/j]znfO{ lgDgfg';f/ tLg
zLif{sx¿df pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5– !_ pTkfbs zlQmdf
kl/jt{g, @_ ju{–;+3if{sf] gofF ljlwsf] cfjZostf / #_
;dfhjfbsf] gofF k|f?ksf] cfjZostf .
!= pTkfbs zlQmdf kl/jt{g
ljutdf dfS;{jfbn] ;dfhjfb / ;fDojfbsf] pTkfbs
zlQmsf] ?kdf ;fd"lxs jf ;fdflhs dfgj >dnfO{ dfg]sf]
lyof] . ;fdflhs dfgj >dn] k"FhLjfbsf] pTkfbs zlQmsf]
?kdf /x]sf] k"FhLnfO{ lj:yflkt ug{;SbYof] / To;;Fu}
k'FhLjfbL Joj:yfsf] cGTo x'GYof] . t/ clxn] ;fdflhs
dfgj >dsf] :yfg lj1fg–k|ljlwn] lnPsf] 5 . To;sf/0f
ca ;fdflhs dfgj >dn] kF"hLnfO{ lj:yflkt ug{;Sb}g .
o;nfO{ lj:yflkt ug]{ sfd gofF pTkfbs zlQm lj1fg–
k|ljlwn] dfq ug{;Sb5 . k"FhLjfbnfO{ cGTo u/]/ To;sf]

13
:yfgdf ;fdfhjfbnfO{ :yflkt ug{sf] nflu lj1fg–k|ljlw
lg0ff{os zlQm ePsf] 5 .
;fdflhs dfgj >d pTkfbs zlQm ePsf] ;dfhdf >lds
ju{nfO{ qmflGtsf/L zlQm dflgPsf] lyof] . t/ lj1fg–k|ljlw
pTkfbs zlQm ePsf] jt{dfg ;dodf lj1fg–k|ljlwnfO{
k|of]u ug]{ ju{ g} qmflGtsf/L zlQm x'G5 . ljutdf
dfS;{jfbn] >lds ju{nfO{ qmflGtsf/L zlQm dfg]sf] lyof] .
To;j]nf ;fdflhs >d pTkfbs zlQm lyof] .
@= ju{–;+3if{sf] gofF ljlwsf] cfjZostf
dfS;{jfbn] cltl/Qm d"Nosf] l;4fGtsf] /x:o pb\3f6g
u/]sf] lyof] . clt/Qm d"Nosf] l;4fGtcg';f/ k"FhLjfbL
pTkfbgsf] nIo cltl/Qm d"Nosf] k|flKt xf] / cltl/Qm
d"Nosf] ;|f]t czf]lwt >dsf] -d"No gltl/Psf] >dsf]_
clws/0f xf] . k"FhLklt ju{n] cltl/Qm d"Nosf] ?kdf >lds
ju{nfO{ zf]if0f ub{5 / cfˆgf] ;DklQ ;+ro ub{5 . o;/L
ca k"FhLklt ju{sf] ;DkGgtf / >lds ju{sf] ljkGgtf
b'j}sf] /x:o :ki6 eof] .
k'FhLklt ju{ / >lds ju{sf] aLrdf ;+3if{ cltl/Qm d"NonfO{
lnP/ x'GYof] . k"FhLklt ju{n] cltl/Qm d"NonfO{ oyf;Dej
a9fpg rfxGYof] eg] >lds ju{n] To;nfO{ oyf;Dej
36fpg rfxGYof] . k"FhLklt ju{sf] lj?4 ;j{xf/f ju{sf]
;+3if{sf] cy{ k"FhLklt ju{nfO{ cltl/Qm d"No zf]if0f ug{af6
14
/f]Sg' lyof] . cltl/Qm d"Nosf] zf]if0f g} k"FhLklt ju{ /
kF"hLjfbsf] cfwf/ lyof] . To;sf/0f o;sf] zf]if0fsf]
cGTo;Fu} kF"hLjfbsf] klg cGTo x'GYof] .
t/ pTkfbs zlQm g} ablnPkl5 ju{–;+3if{sf] :j?k klg
kl/jt{g x'g' clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 . ca pTkfbs zlQmsf] ?kdf
lj1fg–k|ljlw cfPsf] 5 / dfgj >dzlQm lj:yflkt ePsf]
5 . To;sf/0f cltl/Qm d"Nosf] ;|f]t dfgj >dsf] ;§f
lj1fg–k|ljlw ePsf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j?k ca ju{–;+3if{
cltl/Qm d"NonfO{ lnP/ x'Fb}g, lj1fg–k|ljlwsf] pkof]unfO{
lnP/ x'G5 . ju{–;+3if{sf] nIo kF"hLjfbL ju{sf]
Psflwsf/af6 lj1fg–k|ljlwnfO{ d'Qm u/]/ clwsf/ljxLg
ju{sf] :jfldTjdf Nofpg' xf] .
;fdGtjfbdf hldgn] kF"hLnfO{ cfˆgf] cwLg:y agfPsf]
lyof] . clxn] kF"hLn] lj1fg–k|ljlwnfO{ cfˆgf] cwLg:y
agfPsf] 5 . To;sf/0f ca ju{–;+3if{sf] p2]Zo kF"hLsf]
cwLgaf6 lj1fg–k|ljlwnfO{ d'Qm ug'{ / ;dfhsf] :jfldTjdf
Nofpg' xf] .
#= ;dfhjfbsf] gofF k|f?ksf] cfjZostf
Oltxf;sf] ef}ltsjfbL wf/0ffcg';f/ pTkfbs zlQmsf]
:j?kn] ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] :j?knfO{ lgwf{/0f ub{5 .
pTkfbs zlQmsf] cg'?k pTkfbg ;DaGw x'G5 / pTkfbg
;DaGwsf] cg'?k ;fdflhs Joj:yf x'G5 . To;sf/0f ha
15
gofF pTkfbs zlQm cfpF5, ta k'/fgf] pTkfbg ;DaGw;Fu
To;sf] cGtlj{/f]w z'? x'G5 . kmn:j?k gofF pTkfbg
;DaGwsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
clxn] gofF pTkfbs zlQmsf] ?kdf lj1fg–k|ljlw cfPsf] 5 .
o;;Fu k'/fgf pTkfbg ;DaGwx¿ d]n vfFb}gg\, h;df
k"FhLjfbL / ;dfhjfbL b'j} pTkfbg ;DaGwx¿ kb{5g\ .
To;sf/0f ca lj1fg–k|ljlwsf] cg'?k pTkfbg ;DaGw
ePsf] ;fdflhs Joj:yf cfjZos ePsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu
;dfhjfbsf] gofF k|f?k lgdf{0f ug{' cfjZos 5 . gofF
pTkfbs zlQm lj1fg–k|ljlwsf] cg'?k pTkfbg ;DaGw
ePsf] ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] ?kdf ;dfhjfbsf] gofF k|f?k
cfpFb5 .
log} tLg ljifox¿df ljrf/ ul/;s]kl5 sDo'lgi6
cfGbf]ngsf] gofF sfo{lbzf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
ca sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] gofF sfo{lbzf lgdf{0f ubf{ d"ntM
tLgj6f ljifox¿df Wofg s]lGb|t ug{' cfjZos 5 . ltgLx¿
x'g\– !_ gofF pTkfbs zlQmsf] pkof]u, @_ ju{–;+3if{sf] gofF
ljlwsf] k|of]u / #_ ;dfhjfbsf] gofF k|f?ksf] lgdf{0f .
!= gofF pTkfbs zlQmsf] pkof]u
jt{dfg o'usf] gofF pTkfbs zlQm lj1fg–k|ljlw xf] .
To;sf/0f k'/fgf] ;fdflhs Joj:yfnfO{ cGTo u/]/ gofF

16
;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf ug{sf] nflu lj1fg–k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u ug{' cfjZos 5 . o;n] k"FhLjfbsf] pTkfbs zlQmsf]
?kdf /x]sf] kF"hLnfO{ lj:yflkt ub{5 . kl/0ffd:j?k k"FhLdf
cfwfl/t ;fdflhs Joj:yf k"FhLjfbsf] cGTo x'G5 / To;sf]
:yfgdf lj1fg–k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs Joj:yf
;dfhjfb / ;fDojfbsf] :yfkgf x'G5 .
ca lj1fg–k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/]/ sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngnfO{
cufl8 a9fpg' cfjZos 5 . h'g ;fwgåf/f k"FhLjfb
zlQmzfnL ePsf] 5, ToxL ;fwgåf/f dfq To;nfO{ sdhf]/
agfpg / k/flht ug{;lsG5 . k"FhLjfb clxn] lj1fg–
k|ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6 zlQmzfnL ag]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f
lj1fg–k|ljlwsf] k|of]uåf/f g} o;nfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg /
cGttM k/f:t ug{ ;Dej x'G5 .
To;}u/L ;dfhjfb / ;fDojfbsf] pTkfbs zlQm lj1fg–
k|ljlw xf] . sf/0f o;af6 lghL :jfldTjsf] cGTo ug{ ;Dej
x'G5 . k"FhLjfbLx¿n] lj1fg–k|ljlwsf] pkof]u k"FhLjfbsf]
ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{sf] nflu ul//x]sf 5g\ .
;dfhjfbLx¿n] o;sf] pkof]u ;dfhjfbsf] ljsf; /
;'b[9Ls/0f ug{sf] nflu ug{'kb{5 .
kF"hL k|d'v pTkfbs zlQm ePsf] ;dodf k"FhLklt ju{
qmflGtsf/L zlQm x'GYof] . To;}u/L ;fdflhs >d pTkfbs
zlQm ePsf] ;dodf >lds ju{ qmflGtsf/L zlQm x'GYof] .

17
ca lj1fg–k|ljlw pTkfbs zlQm ePsf] ;dodf o;nfO{
pkof]u ug]{ ju{ g} qmflGtsf/L zlQm x'G5 . oxL qmflGtsf/L
ju{n] k"FhLjfbnfO{ Wj:t kf/]/ ;dfhjfbsf] lgdf{0f ub{5 .
To;sf/0f ca pTkfbg If]qaf6 lj:yflkt >lds ju{ /
lj1fg–k|ljlwsf] ;+of]hgaf6 lg0ff{os qmflGtsf/L zlQmsf]
lgdf{0f x'G5 .
@= ju{–;+3if{sf] gofF ljlwsf] k|of]u
ljutdf h'g j]nf dfgj >d pTkfbs zlQm lyof], ;j{xf/f
ju{ ->lds ju{_ pTkfbg Ifqdf x'GYof] . To;j]nf ;j{xf/f
ju{n] k"FhLjfbL Joj:yfleq} /x]/ To;sf] lj?4 ;+3if{ ug{
;SbYof] . t/ clxn] dfgj >d pTkfbs zlQm g/x]kl5 Tof]
pTkfbg If]qaf6 lj:yflkt ePsf] 5 . To;sf/0f ;j{xf/f
ju{n] k"FhLjfbL Joj:yfleq /x]/ To;sf] lj?4 ;+3if{ ug{
;Dej 5}g . ljutdf ;j{xf/f ju{sf] sfd x'GYof] t/
bfd x'Fb}gYof] . To;sf/0f sfdcg';f/ bfdsf] nflu ;+3if{
ul/GYof] . clxn] To;sf] sfd klg 5}g / bfd klg 5}g .
sfd gePsf] ;j{xf/f ju{n] bfdsf] nflu ;+3if{ ug{ ;Dej
ePg . csf]{ zAbdf, clxn] ;j{xf/f ju{ pTkfbg If]qaf6
lj:yflkt ePsf] xF'bf To;n] k"FhLjfbL Joj:yfleq /x]/
To;sf] lj?4 ;+3if{ ug{ ;Dej 5}g .
To;sf/0f ca k"FhLjfbL Joj:yfeGbf aflx/ ;dfgfGt/df
;dfhjfbL Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0f u/]/ dfq To;sf] lj?4 ;+3if{
18
ug{;lsG5 . ca ju{–;+3if{sf] ljlw k"FhLjfbsf] lj?4
;dfgfGt/df ;dfhjfbsf] lgdf{0f xf] . oxL ljlwsf] k|of]u
u/]/ lg0ff{os ju{–;+3if{ ug{;lsG5 .
#= ;dfhjfbsf] gofF k|f?ksf] lgdf{0f
jt{dfg k"FhLjfbL Joj:yfaf6 pTkGg ;+s6af6 d'Qm x'g
;dfhjfblagf ;+ej 5}g . t/ Tof] ;dfhjfb k'/fgf]
;dfhjfb xf]Og, gofF ;dfhjfb xf] . of] gofF ;dfhjfb
…j}1flgs ;dfhjfbÚ xf] . e"d08nLs[t eofgs k"FhLjfbaf6
cfqmfGt hgtf ;dfhjfbsf] nflu alnbfg ug{ tof/ x'G5g\,
t/ ljutsf] h:tf] ;dfhjfbsf] nflu xf]Og . olb hgtfnfO{
;dfhjfbsf] nflu pTk|]l/t ug]{ xf] eg], To;sf] pko'Qm
:j?k, h'g ljutsf] eGbf leGg x'G5, k|:t't ug'{ cfjZos
5.
j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] ljz]iftf
j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf ljz]iftfx¿ o;k|sf/ x'g]5g\–
!_ lj1fg–k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;dfhjfb, @_ ;fdflhs
lgoGq0fdf cfwfl/t ;dfhjfb / #_ ;fdflhs :jfldTjdf
cfwfl/t ;dfhjfb .
!_ lj1fg–k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;dfhjfb
x/]s ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] :j?ksf] cfwf/ pTkfbs zlQmsf]
:j?k xf] . pTkfbs zlQmsf] cg'?k pTkfbg ;DaGw
19
-;fdflhs Joj:yf_ x'g'kb{5 . jt{dfg o'usf] pTkfbs zlQm
lj1fg–k|ljlw xf] . To;sf/0f ca aGg] ;dfhjfb lj1fg–
k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t x'g]5 . pTkfbs zlQmsf] ?kdf lj1fg–
k|ljlwsf] ljsf; jt{dfg o'usf] k|d'v 36gf xf] . o;n]
;dfhjfbsf] cfwf/nfO{ ablnlbPsf] 5 / gofF cfwf/df
;dfhjfbnfO{ cem lgs6 tyf ;+ej agfOlbPsf] 5 .
;dfhjfbsf] k'/fgf] cfwf/ dfjg>d lyof] . o;sf] gofF
cfwf/ lj1fg–k|ljlw xf], h'g dfgj>dsf] t'ngfdf w]/}
Ifdtfjfg 5 . kmn:j?k ca ;dfhjfb cltlgs6 ePsf]
5.
bf];|f] s'/f, ;dfhjfbdf hLjgsf] nflu cfjZos ;fwgx¿sf]
h'g k|r'/tfsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5, Tof] lj1fg–k|ljlwaf6 dfq
;+ej 5 . cfh lj1fg–k|ljlwn] pTkfbg If]qdf h'g cfd"n
kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5, h'g qmflGt NofPsf] 5, To;af6 ca
;dfhdf hLjgsf] nflu cfjZos ;fwgx¿sf] cefjsf]
sf/0f pTkGg ;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofx¿, åGåx¿sf] cGTo x'g]
;+efjgf b]lvPsf] 5 . ;dfhjfbsf] k|d'v zt{ dfgjLo
cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ ;fwgx¿sf] k|r'/tf xf] . cfh lj1fg–
k|ljlwsf] c;Lldt tyf ljzfn Ifdtfaf6 of] zt{ k"/f ePsf]
5 . ljutdf dfgj>daf6 of] c;+ej lyof] . kmn:j?k
ljutdf ;dfhjfb ;fsf/ x'g;s]g . ca dflg;sf] nflu
cfjZos kg]{ ufF;, af; / skf;sf] cltl/Qm cGo w]/}
j:t'x¿ tyf ;fwgx¿sf] k|r'/tf ;+ej 5 .

20
@_ ;fdflhs lgoGq0fdf cfwfl/t ;dfhjfb
;dfhjfb ;fdflhs lgoGq0fdf cfwfl/t x'G5, /fHosf]
lgoGq0fdf xf]Og . /fHosf] lgoGq0f t tL ;fdflhs
Joj:yfx¿df x'G5, h;df ax';+Vosdfly cNk;+Vossf]
zf;g x'G5 . cNk;+Vosn] /fHooGqsf] andf ax';+Vosdfly
lgoGq0f ub{5 . t/ ;dfhjfbdf ;fdflhs lgoGq0f x'G5 .
;fdflhs lgoGq0f ;dfhsf ;+36sx¿sf] -;f]leotx¿sf]_
;Gt'ngdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . /, ;Gt'ng ltgLx¿sf ;DaGw /
cGtlg{e{/tfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . ;dfhsf ;+36sx¿
;fdflhs ;d"xx¿ x'g\Ù pbfx/0fsf] nflu s[ifs ;d"x, dhb"/
;d"x, j}1flgs ;d"x, lzIfs ;d"x, OlGhlgo/ ;d"x, cflb .
oL ;d"xx¿df zlQmsf] ljefhg tyf x:tfGt/0f ug'{kb{5
.
#_ ;fdflhs :jfldTjdf cfwfl/t ;dfhjfb
;dfhjfbsf] nIo pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿dfly ;dfhsf]
:jfldTj :yflkt ug'{ xf] . cyjf o;sf] nIo pTkfbgsf
;fwgx¿dfly JolQmut :jfldTjnfO{ cGTo u/L ;Dk"0f{
;dfhsf] :jfldTj :yflkt ug'{ xf] . t/ of] nIo pTkfbgsf
;fwgx¿sf] /fli6«os/0f u/]/ k"/f x'g;Sb}g, h'g ljutsf]
cg'ejaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . To;}u/L of] nIo pTkfbgsf
;fwgx¿dfly ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhsf] :jfldTj 3f]if0ff u/]/ klg
k"/f x'g;Sb}g, lsgeg] Tof] cd"t{ x'G5 . o;sf] nflu

21
;j{k|yd ;dfhsf ;d"xx¿sf] :jfldTj :yflkt ug'{kb{5 .
o;sf] ljlw /fli6«os/0f u/]/ pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿nfO{
/fHosf] :jfldTjdf Nofpg' xf]Og, ;dfhsf ;d'bfox¿sf]
:jfldTjdf Nofpg' xf] . ;dfhsf ljleGg ;d"xx¿,
;+36sx¿ pTkfbg k|lqmofsf c+ux¿ x'g\ . ltgLx¿sf]
:jfldTjdf ;Dk"0f{ pTkfbg ;fwgx¿ / ;Dkbf Nofpg'
cfjZos 5 .
;dfhsf ;+36sx¿sf] ?kdf ljleGg ;d"xx¿ x'G5g\ . tL
;d"xx¿n] ;dfhsf cnu–cnu sfo{x¿ ;DkGg ub{5g\ /
cnu–cnu e"ldsfx¿ lgjf{x ub{5g\ . ;dfhLs/0fsf]
k|lqmof tL ;d"xx¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] cfˆgf] If]qsf] :jfldTj
k|bfg u/]/ ;DkGg ug{;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu,
ls;fgx¿sf] ;d"xx¿nfO{ s[lifsf] :jfldTj, dhb"/x¿sf]
;d"xx¿nfO{ pBf]usf] :jfldTj k|bfg u/]/ s[lif tyf
pBf]usf] ;dfhLs/0f ug{;lsG5 . sf/0f s[lifsf] jf:tljs
:jfdL ls;fgx¿ / pBf]usf jf:tljs :jfdL dhb"/x¿
x'G5g\ . ;dfhsf] k|To]s If]q To;df ;+nUg dflg;x¿sf]
;d"xnfO{ ;'lDkg' jf:tljs :jfldTj :yfkgfsf] jf:tljs
k|lqmof jf ljlw xf] . t/ ;dfhjfbsf] nflu jf:tljs
:jfldTj :yfkgf dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g . of] To;sf] Pp6f kIf
dfq xf] . To;sf] csf]{ kIf ;dfhLs/0f xf] . ;dfhLs/0fsf]
nflu x/]s pBdnfO{ ;dfhsf] Pp6f c+u agfpg' kb{5 .
o;/L x/]s pBd ;Dk"0f{ ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] Pp6f c+udf
kl/0ft ePkl5 To;sf] :jtGq cl:tTj ;dfKt x'G5 / To;n]
22
;dfhdfly zf;g ug{ kfpFb}g . sf/0f To;nfO{ cGo
c+ux¿n] -pBdx¿n]_ lgoGq0f ub{5g\ .
j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] ;+/rgf
x/]s ;dfhsf lglZrt ;+36s k|0ffnLx¿ x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿
x'g\– -!_ cfly{s k|0ffnL, -@_ ;fdflhs k|0ffnL, -#_
/fhgLlts k|0ffnL / -$_ ljrf/wf/f . logLx¿sf] ;dli6af6
;dfhsf] ;+/rgf aGb5 . j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] ;+/rgf
lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5–
!_ cfly{s k|0ffnL
cfly{s k|0ffnLsf b'O{ kIfx¿ -efux¿_ x'G5g\– pTkfbs
zlQm / pTkfbg ;DaGw . pTkfbs zlQmsf] cy{ dfgjLo
cfjZostf k"/f ug{sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ j:t' k|fKt x'g]
;|f]t jf j:t' xf] . pTkfbg ;DaGwsf] cy{ pTkfbs zlQmnfO{
pkof]u u/]/ dfgjLo cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ j:t' pTkfbg
ug{sf] nflu lgdf{0f x'g] dflg;x¿sf] ;DaGw jf ;+u7g xf] .
o;df pTkfbg, ljlgdo, ljt/0f / pkef]u tyf ltgLx¿sf]
cGt;{DaGw kb{5 . logLx¿sf] ;dli6af6 pTkfbg ;DaGw
aGb5 .
jt{dfg o'udf lj1fg–k|ljlw k|d'v pTkfbs zlQm ag]sf] 5 .
To;sf/0f j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] pTkfbs zlQm lj1fg–
k|ljlw x'G5 . /, o;sf] pTkfbg ;DaGw lj1fg–k|ljlwdf
cfwfl/t x'G5 . lj1fg–k|ljlwnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ dfgjLo
23
cfjZostf k"/f ug{sf] nflu aGg] ;+u7g g} j}1flgs
;dfhjfbsf] pTkfbg ;DaGw x'G5 .
j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] nIo pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿dfly lghL
:jfldTj / /fHosf] :jfldTj b'j}sf] cGTo u/L ;fdflhs
:jfldTj :yflkt ug{' xf] . ;fdflhs :jfldTj :yflkt ug]{
cfwf/ pTkfbgsf ;fwgsf] ;fd"lxs pkof]u / pkef]u xf] .
o;nfO{ lqmofTds :jfldTj -effective ownership_
elgG5 . s'g} klg pTkfbgsf] ;fwgsf] pkof]u / pkef]u
;dfhsf] h'g ;d"xn] ub{5, To;sf] :jfldTj ToxL ;d"xsf]
x'G5 . To;sf/0f ;fdflhs :jfldTjsf] k|ltlglwTj
;fd'bflos :jfldTjn] ub{5 . ;fdflhs :jfldTjnfO{ :yflkt
ug]{ ljlw ;fd'bflos :jfldTj :yflkt ug'{ xf] .
o;df ljleGg ;d'bfox¿ Jff ;d"xx¿ cfly{s PsfO{ tyf
cy{tGqsf] ;+rfns x'G5g\ / ;DklQsf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/
;d'bfodf x'G5 .
To;}u/L j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ nIo jt{dfg
o'usf] k|d'v pTkfbs zlQm lj1fg–k|ljlwdfly k"FhLklt
ju{sf] :jfldTjnfO{ cGTo u/L To;sf] :yfgdf ;fdflhs
:jfldTj :yflkt ug'{ xf] . kl/0ffd:j?k lj1fg–k|ljlwsf]
pknlAw ;j}sf] kx'Frdf x'G5 .

24
@_ ;fdflhs k|0ffnL
dfgjLo cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg k|lqmofsf]
qmddf dflg;x¿sf] aLrdf lglZrt ;DaGw aGb5 . o:tf]
;DaGwaf6 dfgj ;d"xx¿ aGb5g\, h;nfO{ ju{ elgG5 .
o;/L pTkfbg k|lqmofsf] cfwf/df aGg] ;fdflhs ;d"xx¿ g}
;dfhsf jf:tljs ;+36s -component_ x'g\ . logLx¿sf]
;d'lrt Joj:yf -arrangement_ g} ;fdflhs k|0ffnL xf] .
ju{x¿sf] lgdf{0f pTkfbg k|lqmofdf ltgLx¿sf] e"ldsfsf]
cfwf/df x'G5 . To;sf/0f ju{x¿sf] cfwf/ pTkfbg
k|lqmofdf x'g] e"ldsf xf] . o;af6 ljt/0f k|0ffnL :yflkt
x'G5 .
ju{x¿sf] lgwf{/0f pTkfbs zlQmsf] :j?kn] ub{5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu, bf;Joj:yfdf bf; / bf;dflns lyP,
;fdGtjfbdf ;fdGt / ls;fg lyP / k"FhLjfbdf k"FhLklt /
;j{xf/f 5g\ . x/]s ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] cfˆgf] cnu
pTkfbs zlQm x'G5, h;af6 lglZrt k|sf/sf ju{x¿
aGb5g\ .
ju{–;+3if{sf] ;'?jft ePkl5 /fHo;Qfsf] pTklQ eof], h;n]
;+3if{/t ju{x¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ub{Yof] . kl/0ffd:j?k ;dfhdf
/fHosf] ;jf]{Rrtf :yflkt eof] .
ljutdf /fHosf] :yfg ;jf]{Rr lyof] . cGo ;j} ;+u7gx¿
/fHoåf/f lgolGqt lyP / /fHosf] cwLg:y lyP . t/ ha
25
ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d"xx¿sf] ;+Vof / dxTj a9\b} uof], ta
/fHosf] e"ldsf sd x'Fb} uof] . ca /fHosf] sfd cfwf/e"t
;fdflhs ;d"xx¿sf] ;+of]hg / ;dGjo xf] .
j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] p2]Zo /fHosf] lgoGq0fnfO{ cGTo u/L
;dfhsf] lgoGq0f :yflkt ug'{ xf] . To;sf/0f o;sf]
lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;dtnLo -horizontal_ x'G5 . ljutsf]
pWj{ufdL -vertical_ lgoGq0f k|0ffnLnfO{ ;dtnLo
k|0ffnLåf/f k|lt:yflkt ug'{kb{5 . /fHosf] lgoGq0f k|0ffnL
pWj{ufdL x'G5 t/ ;dfhsf] lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;dtnLo x'G5 .
ljutdf k"FhLjfbL Joj:yf / ;dfhjfbL Joj:yf b'j} /fHosf]
pWj{ufdL lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t lyP . jt{dfg o'udf
;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0f /fHosf] pWj{ufdL lgoGq0f
k|0ffnLaf6 xf]Og, ;dfhsf] ;dtnLo lgoGq0faf6 aGb5 .
ljutdf ;fdflhs ;d"xx¿sf] ;DaGw zf;s / zfl;t,
pTkL8s / pTkLl8t tyf zf]ifs / zf]lift /x]sf] lyof] . ca
;dfhjfbdf ltgLx¿sf] ;DaGw ;dfgtf / cGtlg{e{tfsf]
x'G5 .
#_ /fhgLlts k|0ffnL
j}1flgs ;dfhjfbdf /fhgLlts k|0ffnL k|ToIf
;xeflutfd"ns hgjfb -Direct Participatory
Democracy_ x'G5 .

k|frLg u|L;df :jtGq gful/sx¿n] ;j{k|yd hgjfbsf]

cEof; u/]sf lyP . Tof] hgjfb k|ToIf hgjfb -Direct

26
Democracy_ lyof] . t/ Tof] ;Lldt k|sf/sf] hgjfb
lyof] . lsgeg] To;df bf;dflnsx¿ Dffq ;xefuL x'Gy],
h;nfO{ :jtGq gful/s dflgGYof] . t/ 7"nf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf
bf;x¿n] To;df efu lng kfpFb}gy], h;sf] ;+Vof *)–*%
k|ltzt x'GYof] .
k|frLg u|L;sf] hgjfb ;Lldt k|sf/sf] ePsf] x'Fbf Tof] k|ToIf
hgjfb x'g ;Dej ePsf] lyof] . To;df ;j} dflg;x¿ Ps
7fpFdf e]nf x'Gy] / ;j} lg0f{ox¿ k|ToIf ;xefuL eP/
ub{y] . ToxfF sf]xL s;}sf] k|ltlglw x'Fb}gYof] .
k|frLg u|L;sf] Tof] k|ToIf hgjfb k|frLg lu|s ;Eotfsf]
cGTo;Fu} ;dfKt eof] / dWosfnsf] cGwsf/df lanfof] .
To;kl5 sl/a Psxhf/ jif{;Dd ;fdGtjfbL zf;g rNof] .
Psxhf/ jif{sf] cGwsf/ o'ukl5 o'/f]kdf k'ghf{u/0f cfof] .
k|frLg lu|s ;Eotf tyf /f]dg ;Eotfsf] cfnf]sdf, h'g
lj:d[ltsf] cf]em]ndf k/]sf lyP, gofF o'usf] cf/De eof] .
t/ Tof] k|frLg ;Eotfsf] pxL ?kdf k''g/fj[lQ jf k'g?Tyfg
lyPg . k|frLg sfnsf 1fg–lj1fgx¿n] gofF o'usf
dflg;x¿nfO{ oyfy{sf] af]w t u/fPsf lyP, t/ ltgLx¿
gofF ;Eotfsf] cf/De ug{ eg] kof{Kt lyPgg\ . To;sf/0f
ltgLx¿sf] k'gM;+/rgf ul/of] .
ToxL s'/f /fhgLlts If]qdf klg eof] . k/Dk/fut ;fdGtL
;Qfsf] :yfgdf hgjfbnfO{ :yflkt ul/of] . t/ Tof] hgjfb
27
k|frLg u|L;sf] h:tf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfd"ns hgjfb lyPg,
k|ltlglwd"ns hgjfb lyof] . To;nfO{ ;fdflhs ;+emf}tfsf]
kl/sNkgfåf/f j}wtf lbOof] . ;fdflhs ;+emf}tfsf]
l;4fGtcg';f/ zf;g ug]{ clwsf/ hgtf;Fu x'G5, t/
pgLx¿n] To;nfO{ Pp6f ;+emf}tfåf/f cfˆgf k|ltlglwx¿sf]
xftdf ;'lDkG5g\ . To;sf/0f /fhgLlts ;Qf hgtfåf/f
lgld{t x'G5 . of] s'g} cnf}lss b}jL zlQmåf/f ;[lht, zfZjt
tyf ckl/jt{gLo s'/f xf]Og . of] l;4fGtsf k|jQ{sx¿ lyP–
cfw'lgs o'usf k|l;4 bfz{lgsx¿ 6d; xA;, hf]g ns /
hLg HofS; ?;f] .
bfz{lgsx¿åf/f kl/slNkt ;fdflhs ;+emf}tfsf] l;4fGt
oyfy{ 36gf lyPg . lsgeg] s'g} klg ;fdflhs Joj:yf
dflg;x¿sf] OR5fn] :yflkt x'Fb}g . of] t ju{–;+3if{ /
To;sf] cleJolQmsf] ?kdf /fhgLlts zlQmx¿sf] ;+3if{åf/f
:yflkt x'G5 . t/ To;n] Pp6f ;TonfO{ rflxF cleJoQm
ub{Yof] . Tof] s] lyof] eg] /fHo;Qf dfgjLo s[lt xf], s'g}
O{Zj/Lo j/bfg xf]Og .
o;/L k|frLg sfnsf] k|ToIf hgjfbsf] :yfgdf
k|ltlglwd"ns hgjfb cfpg'sf b'O{ sf/0fx¿ lyP . klxnf],
hg;+Vofsf] j[l4 tyf dflg;x¿sf] :jtGq ultljlwsf]
kl/0ffd:j?k ;dfh ljljwtfk"0f{, hl6n / j[xt ag]sf]
lyof] . To;sf/0f ca ;a} dflg;x¿ Ps 7fpFdf e]nf eP/
k|ToIf ?kdf lg0f{o ug{ ;Dej lyPg . To;sf] nflu s]xL
lglZrt k|ltlglwx¿ 5gf}6 ug{' cfjZos eof] . To;} ul/of]
28
/ To;af6 k|ltlglwd"ns hgjfbsf] cf/De eof] . bf];|f],
cfw'lgs sfnsf] cfudg;Fu} k"FhLjfbsf] cf/De ePsf] lyof]
/ k|ltlglwd"ns hgjfb k"FhLjfbsf] nflu pko'Qm lyof] .
k"FhLjfbdf h;/L k"FhL ;Dk"0f{ j:t'x¿ -comodities_ sf]
k|ltlglw x'G5, To;}u/L g]tfx¿ ;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf k|ltlglw
x'G5g\ . To;sf/0f of] k"0f{ hgjfb xf]Og . of] t k"FhLklt
ju{sf] zf;g xf], h;n] ;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ bfjL
ub{5 .
k"FhLjfbL Joj:yfsf tLg k|d'v ljz]iftfx¿ 5g\– !_ >d–
ljefhg, @_ k|lt:kwf{ / #_ of]Uotdsf] zf;g .
k"FhLjfbdf k"0f{:t/df >d–ljefhg x'G5 . lsgeg] o;df ;j}
sfd Pp6}n] ug{ ;Dej xF'b}g . pTkfbsTj tyf Ifdtfsf]
j[l4sf] nflu >d tyf To;sf] ljifosf] ljlzi6Ls/0f
ug'{kb{5 . kl/0ffd:j?k /fhgLltdf klg ljlzi6Ls/0f x'G5 .
of] s]xL k]z]jf/ tyf k|lzlIft /fhgLlt1x¿sf] ljifo aGb5 .
To;}u/L k"FhLjfbdf ljleGg kIfx¿sf] aLrdf k|lt:kwf{ x'G5 .
kl/0ffd:j?k of]Uotdsf] 5gf}6 ug{'kg]{ cj:yf cfpFb5 .
o;/L of]Uotdsf] zf;g :yflkt x'G5 .
log} sf/0fx¿ lyP, h;af6 k"FhLjfbdf k|ltlglwd"ns
hgjfb :yflkt ePsf] lyof] . t/ klg of] clGtd / lglj{sNk
Joj:yf xf]Og . h;/L ljlgdo k|lqmof ljljwtfk"0f{, hl6n /
j[xt ePkl5 j:t'–ljlgdosf] :yfgdf d'b|f–ljlgdo cfPsf]
29
lyof], To;}u/L dfgj ;dfh ljljwtfk"0f{, hl6n / j[xt
ePkl5 k|ToIf hgjfbsf] :yfgdf k|ltlglwd"ns hgjfb
cfPsf] lyof] . To;sf/0f o;sf] cGTo / ljsNk ckl/xfo{
5.
ha k"FhLjfbsf] ljsf; r/d cj:yfdf k'Ub5, ta of] Pp6f
cGtlj{/f]wdf km:b5 . To;kl5 k|ltlglwd"ns hgjfbdf klg
lj;+ult pTkGg x'G5, h'g k"FhLjfbsf] hgjfb xf] . clxn]
oxL ePsf] 5 . k|ltlglwd"ns hgjfb cf}krfl/s /
gfddfqsf] hgjfb ag]sf] 5 . hgk|ltlglwx¿ Jofkf/Lh:tf
ePsf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{gg\, gfkmf
sdfpF5g\ . To;sf/0f ca k|ltlglwd"ns hgjfbsf] cGTosf]
3G6L aHgyfn]sf] 5 .
of] k|ltlglwd"ns hgjfbsf] :yfg ca k|ToIf
;xeflutfd"ns hgjfbn] lnG5 . k|ToIf ;xeflutfd"ns
hgjfb ;dfhjfbsf] hgjfb xf] . ;dfhjfbdf >d–ljefhg,
k|lt:kwf{ / of]Uotdn] zf;g ug]{ s'/fsf] cGTo eO;s]sf]
x'G5 . To;sf/0f ca k|ltlglwd"ns Joj:yfsf] cfjZostf
kb}{g . To;sf] :yfgdf k|ToIf ;xeflutfd"ns hgjfb
:yflkt x'G5 .
;dfhjfbdf k'gM k|ToIf ;xeflutfd"ns hgjfb :yflkt
x'G5 . t/ of] k|frLg bf;Joj:yfsf] hgjfbsf] k'g/fj[lQ
xf]Og . lsgeg] Tof] ;Lldt k|sf/sf] hgjfb lyof] . To;n]
ax';+Vos bf;x¿nfO{ ;d]6\b}gYof] . ca ;dfhjfbsf] k|ToIf
30
hgjfbn] ax';+Vos hgtfnfO{ ;d]6\b5 . o;df ;dtfn]
dfq xf]Og, ljljwtfn] klg :yfg kfpFb5 . o;df k"FhLjfbsf]
;Dk"0f{ ljsf; ;dflxt x'G5 . To;s/0f of] k|ToIf hgjfbsf]
pRrtd ljsf; xf] . ;fy;fy} of] k|ltlglwd"ns hgjfbsf]
lgif]w klg xf] .
k|ToIf ;xeflutfd"ns hgjfbdf b'O{ k|sf/sf lgsfox¿
x'G5g\– -!_ :jlgld{t -;fj{ef}d_ lgsfo / -@_ lgjf{lrt
lgsfo .
!_ :jlgld{t -;fj{ef}d_ lgsfo
of] ;fdflhs -;fj{df}d_ ;d"x xf], h'g ;dfhsf] PsfO{
cyjf ;+36s x'G5 . of] ;d"xdf cfa4 ;Dk"0f{
dflg;x¿ o;sf clgjfo{ ;b:o x'G5g\ . o:tf w]/}
;d"xx¿ ldn]/ Pp6f ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . of]
sfo{sf/L lgsfo xf] . o;n] ljwflosf / sfo{kflnsf
b'j}sf] sfd ub{5 . ;Dk"0f{ /fhsLo zlQm / clwsf/
o;df /xG5 / To;sf] k|of]u klg of] :jo+n] ub{5 .
To;sf/0f ;dfhsf] x/]s JolQm /fhsLo sfo{df
;xefuL x'G5 . hgtfn] cfˆgf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|of]u
cfk}+mn] ub{5g\ .
ljutdf o:tf :jlgld{t ;fdflhs ;d"xx¿nfO{
k|mfG;df sDo'g / ?;df ;f]leot elgGYof] .
;f]leotx¿ tLg k|sf/sf lyP– dhb"/ ;f]leot, ls;fg

31
 ;f]leot / ;}lgs ;f]leot . ;f]leotx¿ g} gofF ;Qfsf
-;dfhjfbsf_ e|"0fx¿ x'g\, To;sf/0f ltgLx¿sf] xftdf
;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ ;'lDkg' kb{5 eGg] eL= cfO{= n]lggsf]
dfGotf lyof] . ;f]leotx¿ g} jf:tljs ;Qfsf xsbf/
x'g\ eGg] cfwf/df n]lggn] ;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ klg
lj36g u/]sf lyP .
@_ lgjf{lrt lgsfo
of] k|ltlwd"ns lgsfo xf] . o;sf] lgdf{0f :jlgld{t
;fdflhs ;d"xx¿sf k|ltlglwx¿af6 x'G5 . o:tf]
lgsfosf] sfo{ ;fdflhs ;d"xx¿sf] ;+of]hg tyf
;dGjo ug{' xf] . To;sf/0f of] sfo{sf/L lgsfo xf]Og .
k|ToIf ;xeflutfd"ns hgjfbdf of] lgsfo
clwsf/ljxLg x'G5 . o;sf] sfo{ cnu–cnu /x]sf
ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d"xx¿nfO{ ;+of]hg / ;dGjo u/]/
Pstfa4 agfpg' xf] / ltgLx¿nfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{' xf] .
o;afx]s afFsL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{sf/L clwsf/ :jfoQ tyf
:jtGq hg;d"xx¿df lglxt x'G5 .
;dfhjfbsf] nIo ju{x¿sf] cGTo / ;Fu;Fu} juL{o
;dfhsf] cfjZostfn] pTkGg /fHo;Qfsf] klg cGTo
xf] . t/ o;nfO{ Ps}k6s pGd"ng ug{ ;lsFb}g . of]
:jo+ cf]OnfP/ nf]k x'G5 . cyf{t\ o;sf] e"ldsf qmdzM
36\b} hfG5 / cGTodf of] cf}lrToxLg aGb5 .

32
o;sf]] nflu ;j{k|yd k|ToIf ;xeflutfd"ns hgjfb
nfu" ug{'kb{5 . of] hgjfbn] /fHo;Qfsf] cGTo ub{5 .
o;sf b'O{ ljlwx¿ 5g\– -!_ zlQm ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / -@_
/fhsLo sfo{sf] ;/nLs/0f .
o;sf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f k]l/; sDo'gn] k|:t't u/]sf]
lyof] . k]l/; sDo'gn] lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwd"ns
lgsfonfO{ lgoGq0f ug{sf] nflu b'O{ ljlwx¿ ckgfPsf]
lyof] . ltgLx¿dWo] Pp6f zlQm ljs]Gb|Ls/0f cyjf
clwsf/sf] s6f}tL lyof] / csf]{ /fhsLo sfo{sf]
;/nLs/0f lyof] . ToxfFsf] gu/ kl/ifbsf] ;b:osf]
tna Pp6f dhb"/sf] tna;Fu a/fa/ lyof] . To;}u/L
/fhsLo sfo{ ca s'g} /x:odo, s'g} ljz]if k|lzlIft
JolQmn] dfq ug{;Sg] ljifo lyPg . To;sf/0f pRr
kbsf] nflu s;}n] klg lvrftfgL ub}{gYof] / /fHosf]
sfo{ x/]s JolQmn] ug{;SbYof] . kmn:j?k /fHo
cf]OnfP/ hfg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] lyof] .
o;/L k|ToIf ;xeflutfd"ns hgjfbsf] dfWodaf6
;dfhlgolGqt ;dfhjfb :yflkt x'G5 . o:tf]
;dfhjfbdf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ hgtfsf] xftdf cfpFb5 .
dfgj ;dfhsf] cf/Dedf hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf
hgtf;Fu} lyof] . t/ ;dfh ljsf;sf] qmddf ju{x¿sf]
pbo ePkl5 hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf hgtfaf6
cnlUuof] . Tof] Pp6f lglZrt zf;s ju{sf] xftdf
33
 uof] . To;f] x'g' juL{o ;dfhdf clgjfo{ 5 . ca
;dfhjfbdf hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf k'gM hgtfsf]
xftdf cfpFb5 .
;dfhdf ju{x¿sf] cl:tTjsf] sf/0f pTkfbs zlQmsf]
ljsf;sf] lgDg:t/ xf] . ;dfhdf ju{x¿ /x];Dd
/fhgLlts sfo{ Pp6f ju{sf] lhDdfdf cfpFb5 . ha
pTkfbs zlQmsf] ljsf; pRr:t/df k'Ub5, ta
/fHo;Qf / To;;Fu ;DalGwt ju{sf] klg cGTo x'G5,
cyjf zf;s ju{sf] klg cGTo x'G5 .
$_ ljrf/wf/f
gofF ;dfhjfbsf] ljrf/wf/f j}1flgs bz{g xf], h'g
åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbsf] ljsl;t r/0f xf] . o;sf] :j?k
lj1fgsf] jt{dfg ljsf;:t/åf/f lgwf{l/t ePsf] 5 .
To;sf/0f gofF ;dfhjfbsf] ljrf/wf/f lj1fgsf] jt{dfg
ljsf;:t/df cfwfl/t åGåfTds ef}ltsjfb xf] .
/]g] 8]sf6{af6 cf/De ePsf] cfw'lgs bz{g x]u]n;Fu} ;dfKt
-cGTo_ x'G5 . To;kl5 pQ/–cfw'lgs bz{gsf] cf/De x'G5 .
of] bz{gsf] ;"qkft dfS;{jfbn] u/]sf] lyof] . dfS;{jfbdf
pQ/–cfw'lgs bz{gsf ;j} tTjx¿ aLhsf ?kdf -e|"0f
?kdf_ ljBdfg 5g\ . of] bz{gnfO{ j}1flgs bz{g
-scientific philosophy_ elgG5 .

34
j}1flgs bz{gsf tLg ljz]iftfx¿ 5g\ . ;j{k|yd t o;n]
clwe"tjfb -metaphysics_ nfO{ vf/]h ub{5 . o;f] u/]/
o;n] ;j} k|sf/sf lg/k]If wf/0ffx¿dfly clGtd k|xf/
ub{5 . To;}u/L o;n] cg'ejut ;QfeGbf k/sf] s'g} klg
cnf}lss ;Qfsf] cl:tTjnfO{ c:jLsf/ ub{5 .
o;sf] bf];|f] ljz]iftf ;Dk"0f{ lrGtgsf] cfwf/ k|s[lt–lj1fg
-natural science_ nfO{ dfGg' xf] . of] wf/0ffcg';f/ 1fg
dfgj a'l4sf] pkh xf]Og, g of] s'g} cnf}lss ;Qfaf6 k|fKt
rLh g} xf] . o;sf] ljkl/t, 1fgsf] ;|f]t jf cfwf/
cg'ejut tYox¿ x'g\ . o:tf cg'ejut tYox¿sf] kl/is[t
?k lj1fg xf] . To;sf/0f ;Dk"0f{ 1fgsf] cfwf/ k|s[lt–
lj1fg xf] . k|s[lt–lj1fgn] h'g ;To k|fKt u/]sf] 5, Tof] g}
;Dk"0f{ 1fgsf] cfwf/ xf] .
of] bz{gsf] t];|f] ljz]iftf bz{gsf] sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .
klxn] bz{gnfO{ …lj1fgx¿sf] lj1fgÚ dflgGYof] . t/ j}1flgs
bz{gsf] cfudgkl5 of] e"ldsf ablnPsf] 5 . ca bz{gsf]
sfo{ ;Dk"0f{ lj1fgx¿nfO{ clGtd l;4fGt k|bfg ug{' xf]Og,
a? k|s[lt–lj1fgsf lgisif{x¿sf] JofVof / ljZn]if0f ug'{
xf] .
oL tLgj6} ljifox¿ dfS;{jfbsf k|:yfglaGb' lyP .
dfS;{jfbn] clwe"tjfbsf] lj?4 åGåjfbnfO{ cfˆgf]
ljZjb[li6sf]0f agfPsf] lyof] . To;kl5 o;nfO{ j:t'ut

35
hutsf ;Dk"0f{ If]qx¿df nfu' ug]{ sfo{ef/ cfˆgf] xftdf
lnPsf] lyof] . lsgeg] ……ljZjsf], To;sf] ljsf;sf],
dfgjhfltsf] ljsf;sf] / dfgjsf] dl:tisdf of] ljsf;sf]
k|ltlaDasf] jf:tljs lrq åGåfTds k|0ffnLåf/f dfq k|fKt
x'g;Sb5 .ÚÚ -k]|m8l/s P+u]N;, 8\o"xl/Ë dt–v08g_
To;}u/L dfS;{jfbn] ;Dk"0f{ lrGtgsf] cfwf/ lj1fgnfO{
dfg]sf] lyof] . h:tf] ls k|]m8l/s P+u]N;n] eg]sf lyP–
……åGåjfbsf] k|df0f k|s[lt xf], / of] dfGg} kb{5 ls cfw'lgs
lj1fgn] of] k|df0fsf] nflu cToGt} d"Nojfg ;fdu|L k|:t't
u/]sf] 5 / of] ;fdu|L k|ltlbg a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 -8\o"xl/Ë
dt–v08g_ .ÚÚ
cGttM dfS;{jfbn] ;j{k|yd bz{gsf] sfo{ …lj1fgx¿sf]
lj1fgÚ aGg' xf]Og eGg] pb\3f]if u/]sf] lyof] . k|]m8l/s
P+u]N;sf] egfOdf æha k|To]s k[ys lj1fgn] j:t'x¿sf]
lj:t[t ;dli6df / ltgLx¿sf] af/]df 1fgsf] ;dli6df
cfˆgf] l:ylt :ki6 agfpFb5, ta of] ;dli6;Fu ;DalGwt
ljz]if zf:q -bz{g_ lg/y{s cyjf k|of]hgxLg x'G5 . k'/fgf]
bz{gsf] olb s'g} efu alr/xG5 eg] Tof] xf] lrGtg /
To;sf lgodx¿sf] lj1fg– ts{zf:q / åGåjfb . afFsL ;j}
k|s[lt tyf Oltxf;sf tYoljifos lj1fgsf c+u aGb5g\
-8\o"xl/Ë dt–v08g_ .Æ
of] bz{gsf tLg cfwf/x¿ 5g\– -!_ ts{zf:q, -@_ ul0ft /
-#_ lj1fg . oL tLg ljifox¿sf] ;+of]hgaf6 j}1flgs
bz{gsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 .
36
j}1flgs bz{gsf cg';f/ 1fg b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\–
ljZn]if0ffTds 1fg / ;+Zn]if0ffTds 1fg . ts{zf:q /
ul0ftaf6 k|fKt x'g] 1fg ljZn]if0ffTds x'G5 / lj1fgaf6
k|fKt x'g] 1fg ;+Zn]if0ffTds 1fg x'G5 . To;sf/0f ts{zf:q,
ul0ft / lj1fgaf6 k|fKt x'g] 1fg g} jf:tljs 1fg xf]] .
oyfy{df s]jn b'O{ k|sf/sf ;+sygx¿ -propositions_ dfq
5g\ . ltgLx¿ x'g\– ts{zf:q / ul0ftsf ;+sygx¿ /
lj1fgsf ;+sygx¿ . ts{zf:q / ul0ftsf ;+sygx¿
ljZn]if0ffTds -analytic_ x'g\ / lj1fgsf ;+sygx¿
;+Zn]if0ffTds -synthetic_ x'g\ . ljZn]if0ffTds ;+sygx¿
tfls{s x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿n] s'g} tYosf] af/]df atfpFb}gg\,
tYox¿sf] ;DaGwsf] af/]]df dfq atfpF5g\ . ;+Zn]if0ffTds
;+sygx¿ tYok/s x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿n] tYosf] af/]df
atfpF5g\ . To;sf/0f ts{zf:q, ul0ft / lj1fgn] k|bfg
ug]{ 1fgafx]s c? s'g} 1fg x'g;Sb}g .
;f/f+zdf, lj1fgx¿n] j:t'ut hutsf] af/]df atfpF5g\ /
ts{zf:q / ul0ftn] lj1fgsf lgisif{x¿sf] JofVof tyf
ljZn]if0f ub{5g\ .
j}1flgs bz{gsf] nflu ef}lts lj1fg / ljz'4 ul0ftn]
kof{Kt ;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw u/fPsf 5g\ . of] sfo{ ljz]ifu/L
;fk]Iftfsf] l;4fGt / SjfG6d l;4fGtaf6 ePsf] 5 .
;fk]Iftfsf] l;4fGtsf] bfz{lgs kIf s] xf] eg] o;n] :yfg /
;donfO{ :yfg–;doåf/f k|lt:yfkg u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L
37
SjfG6d l;4fGtn] sf/0f–sfo{ lgodnfO{ ;DefJotfsf]
lgodåf/f k|lt:yfkg u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 sf/0f–sfo{sf]
;'lglZrt ;DaGw / lgoltjfb vl08t ePsf 5g\ .
lj1fgn] k'/fgf bfz{lgs wf/0ffx¿df NofPsf] kl/jt{gsf]
j0f{g /;]nn] o;/L u/]sf 5g\– æef}ltslj1fgn] kbfy{nfO{
sd ef}lts agfO/x]sf] 5, dgf]lj1fgn] dgnfO{ sd
dfgl;s agfO/x]sf] 5 .Æ
j}1flgs bz{gn] a|Xdf08sf] JofVof ug]{ sfd k"0f{?kdf
j}1flgsx¿nfO{ 5f]8\b5 . o;n] cfˆgf] 1fg–l;4fGtsf]
lgdf{0f lj1fgsf lgisif{x¿sf] ljZn]if0fåf/f ub{5 .
j}1flgs bz{gn] ef}lts hutsf] s'g} klg 1fgnfO{ k"0f{?kdf
lglZrt dfGg c:jLsf/ ub{5 . lsgeg] ljz]if 36gfx¿ /
ltgLx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ lgodx¿ lglZrttfk"j{s cleJoQm
x'g;Sb}gg\ . ts{zf:q / ul0ftsf lgodx¿n] dfq Tof]
If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Sb5g\, hxfF lglZrttf k|fKt
x'g;Sb5 .
ljutdf bz{g b'O{ ljkl/t wf/fx¿df ljeflht lyof]– -!_
cWofTdjfb / -@_ ef}ltsjfb . cWofTdjfbn] cfTdf cyjf
r]tgfnfO{ k|wfg -d"n_ dfGbYof] / ef}ltsjfbn] kbfy{ cyjf
h8nfO{ k|wfg -d"n_ dfGbYof] . t/ jt{dfg bz{gn] oL
ljkl/t wf/fx¿nfO{ ;+Zn]if0f u/]/ Pp6} wf/fdf PsLs[t
u/]sf] 5 . ca cfTdf / kbfy{ cyjf r]tgf / h8 cnu
;Qf xf]Ogg\, a? Pp6f ;Qfsf b'O{ k|d'v ?kx¿ dfq x'g\ .

38
jt{dfg o'udf h;/L lj1fgsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 kbfy{sf b'O{
k|d'v ?kx¿ 5g\– zlQm / b|Jo . To;}u/L bz{gsf]
b[li6sf]0faf6 ;Qfsf b'O{ k|d'v ?kx¿ 5g\– r]tgf / h8 .
jt{dfg bz{gsf] ;Qf h8 / r]tgfsf] ;+o'Qm ?k xf] .
ljutdf ;Qf dflgPsf r]tgf / h8 ca ;Qfsf b'O{ ?kdf
ablnPsf 5g\ .
lj1fg hutdf kbfy{ eg]sf] zlQm -energy_ / b|Jo
-substance_ sf] ;+o'Qm ?k xf] . cyjf d"n j:t' kbfy{ xf] /
zlQm tyf b|Jo To;sf k|d'v b'O{ ?kx¿ x'g\ . To;}u/L
bz{gsf] If]qdf d"n ;Qf kbfy{ xf] / r]tgf tyf h8 To;sf
b'O{ k|d'v ?kx¿ x'g\ .
jt{dfg o'usf] bz{gdf r]tgf / h8sf] e]b d]l6Psf] 5 .
klxnf] s'/f, r]tgf / h8 kbfy{sf b'O{ ?kx¿df kl/0ft
ePsf 5g\ . bf];|f] s'/f, h8 klg :jtGq tyf :jrflnt 5 /
r]tgf klg lgodfg'zfl;t 5 . klxn] :jtGq / :jrflnt x'g'
r]tgfsf] u'0f dflgGYof] / lgodfg'zfl;t x'g' h8sf] u'0f
dflgGYof] . ca h8 / r]tgfdWo] Pp6f k|wfg / csf]{ uf}0f,
Pp6f u'0f / csf]{ u'0fL xf]Og, a? b'j} ;dfg :t/sf j:t'x¿
x'g\ . logLx¿ Ps–csf]{df ?kfGtl/t x'g ;Sb5g\ .
h8 / r]tgf d"n ;Qfsf b'O{ k|d'v ?kx¿ dfq x'g\ . d"n
;Qf kbfy{ xf], h;sf cg]s ?kx¿ x'G5g\ . oL ?kx¿dWo]
s'g} klg ?knfO{ k|d'v / clGtd, k"0f{ / lg/k]If dfGg
;lsFb}g . cyjf d"n ;Qf kbfy{sf] s'g} Pp6f lglZrt ?k
5}g, h;nfO{ cfwf/e"t, k|fylds, lg/k]If / k|d'v dfGg
39
;lsof];\ . To;sf] ljkl/t, o;sf cg]s ?kx¿ 5g\,
h;dWo] k|To]s ?k cfˆgf] If]qdf k|d'v / cfwf/e"t cyjf
lg/k]If x'G5 / csf]{ If]qdf uf}0f / ;fk]If aGb5 . To;}u/L
oL ?kx¿ cGt;{DalGwt 5g\, lsgeg] logLx¿ Ps–csf]{df
?kfGt/0f x'G5g\ .
jt{dfg o'udf s'g} klg j:t' clGtd, cfwf/e"t 5}g . g
h8nfO{ clGtd, cfwf/e"t dfGg ;lsG5 / g r]tgfnfO{
clGtd, cfwf/e"t dfGg ;lsG5 . g b|JonfO{ clGtd,
cfwf/e"t dfGg ;lsG5 / g zlQmnfO{ clGtd, cfwf/e"t
dfGg ;lsG5 . To;}u/L g k/df0f'nfO{ clGtd, cfwf/e"t
dfGg ;lsG5 / g cfwf/e"t s0fx¿nfO{ g} clGtd dfGg
;lsG5 . logLx¿ cfˆgf]–cfˆgf] If]qdf clGtd, cfwf/e"t
x'G5g\, t/ Tolt;Dd dfq . cGo If]qdf c? g} clGtd,
cfwf/e"t x'G5g\ .
jt{dfg bz{gsf] t];|f] ljz]iftf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f xf] . cfw'lgs
sfndf Pp6f s]Gb|df cfwfl/t a[xt\ ;+/rgf x'GYof] . t/
clxn] s]Gb|Lo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ s'g} tTj 5}g . To;sf/0f
ca ;+;f/sf] lgoGq0f / lgodg s'g} s]Gb|af6 xf]Og,
kf/:kl/s ;Gt'ngaf6 x'G5 .
To;sf/0f jt{dfg o'usf] bz{g clwe"tjfbaf6 k"0f{tof d'Qm
ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L of] bz{g k|frLg sfnsf] cå}tjfb /
cfw'lgs sfnsf] å}tjfbsf] ;Ldfaf6 klg d'Qm ePsf] 5 .

40
åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbL bz{g klxn] cd"t{ lyof] . o;nfO{
lj1fgsf] ljsf;n] d"t{ agfOlbPsf] 5 . lj1fgsf] ljsf;sf]
jt{dfg :t/Aff6 åGåfTds ef}ltsjfb ;d[4 ag]sf] 5 .
jt{dfg lj1fgåf/f o;sf] gofF :j?k lgwf{/0f ePsf] 5 .

41
 @
cleofgsf] cfjZostf

ljZjdf qmflGtsf tLg ljsNkx¿ 5g\– k"FhLjfbL qmflGt, gofF

hgjfbL qmflGt / ;dfhjfbL qmflGt . ;fdGtjfbL ;dfhnfO{
k"FhLjfbL ;dfhdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ qmflGt k"FhLjfbL qmflGt xf] .
cfw'lgs o'usf] z'?jft ePkl5 of] qmflGtsf] nx/ ljZjel/
rNof] . klxnf] k"FhLjfbL qmflGt ;g\ !%&^ df g]b/Nof08df
eof] . bf];|f] kF"hLjfbL qmflGt ;g\ !^$( df a]nfotdf eof] /
t];|f] k"FhLjfbL qmflGt ;g\ !&*(df k|mfG;df eof] . oL
qmflGtx¿ ;DkGg ePkl5 ljZjdf k"FhLjfbL Joj:yf :yflkt
eof] .
k"FhLjfbL ;dfhnfO{ ;dfhjfbL ;dfhdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{
qmflGt ;dfhjfbL qmflGt xf] . klxnf] ;dfhjfbL qmflGt ;g\
!*&! df k|mfG;sf] /fhwfgL k]l/;df ePsf] lyof] . bf];|f]
;dfhjfbL qmflGt ;g\ !(!& df ?;df ePsf] lyof] . ?;df
ePsf] ;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf] nx/ ljZjel/ k}mlnof] .
kl/0ffd:j?k o'uf]:nfleof, cNaflgof, x+u]/L, a'Nu]l/of,
kf]Nof08, r]sf]:nfleof, /f]dflgof, k"jL{ hd{gL, pQ/ sf]l/of,
42
leotgfd, So'af, cflb ljZjsf w]/} b]zx¿df ;dfhjfbsf]
:yfkgf eof] .
cw{–;fdGtL / cw{–pklgj]zL ;dfhnfO{ gofF hgjfbL
;dfhdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ qmflGt gofF hgjfbL qmflGt xf] . of]
qmflGt ;g\ !($( df rLgdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5
of] qmflGtsf] nx/ klg ljZjel/ k}mlnof] . ef/tsf]
gS;njf8L cfGbf]ng, k]?sf] ;fOlgË kfy, g]kfnsf] emfkf
ljb|f]x, bzjif]{ hgo'4, cflb gofF hgjfbL qmflGtsf]
sfo{lbzfdf ;~rfng ePsf lyP .
t/ ca qmflGtsf oL tLg ljsNkx¿dWo] s'g} klg
ljsNkaf6 ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f ;Dej b]lvFb}g . k"FhLjfbL
qmflGt cfˆgf] k|f/lDes r/0fdf cToGt} k|ultzLn lyof] . t/
kl5 ;fd|fHojfbL r/0fdf of] qmdzM k|efjxLg x'gyfNof] .
jt{dfg o'udf k"FhLjfbL qmflGtaf6 ;dfhsf] ?kfGt/0f
x'g;s]sf] 5}g . ljsl;t k"FhLjfbL b]zx¿df k'/fgf] df]8nsf]
;dfhjfbL qmflGt klg x'g;s]sf] 5}g . To;}u/L gofF hgjfbL
qmflGt ;g\ !($( df rLgdf ePkl5 cGt st} ePsf] 5}g .
g]kfndf k"FhLjfbL qmflGtsf] nflu tLgj6f k|oTgx¿ ePsf
lyP . tL k|oTgx¿ @))& ;fndf, @)$^ ;fndf / @)^@–
^# df ePsf lyP . t/ s]xL cf+lzs pknlAwx¿sf] afjh'b
ltgLx¿ c;kmn eP . klxnf] k|oTgaf6 lg/+s'z /f0ff
zf;gsf] cGTo / k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . bf];|f]

43
k|oTgaf6 lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTo / ax'bnLo
Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . t];|f] k|oTgaf6 /fhtGqsf]
cGTo / u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf eof] . oL cf+lzs ;kmntfx¿
lyP . t/ oL ;j} k|oTgx¿af6 d"n nIo k|fKt x'g;s]g .
Tof] xf]– k"FhLjfbL Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; .
To;}u/L gofF hgjfbL qmflGtsf] nflu klg tLgj6f k|oTgx¿
ePsf lyP . tL k|oTgx¿dWo] klxnf] @))^ ;fndf :yflkt
g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf gofF hgjfbL qmflGtsf]
sfo{+qmd cufl8 ;f/]/ ulPsf] lyof] . bf];|f] k|oTg g]kfn
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ Pdfn]sf] g]t[Tjdf ax'bnLo hgjfbsf]
sfo{qmd cufl8 ;f/]]/ ul/Psf] lyof] . t];|f] k|oTg g]kfn
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ dfcf]jfbLsf] g]t[Tjdf ;z:q hgo'4sf]
sfo{qmd cufl8 ;f/]/ ul/Psf] lyof] . ltgLx¿af6 s]xL
cf+lzs pknlAwx¿ eP, t/ d"n nIo k|fKt x'g ;s]g . Tof]
xf]– gofF hgjfbsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; .
To;sf/0f ca qmflGtsf] gofF ljsNk vf]Hg' / lgdf{0f ug'{
cfjZos 5 .
ca ljZjdf qmflGtsf] gofF ljsNk j}1flgs ;dfhjfbL
qmflGt xf] . of] qmflGt ;DkGg ug{sf] nflu e"d08nLs[t
k"FhLjfbaf6 pTkLl8t ljZjsf ;Dk"0f{ ju{x¿nfO{ ;+ul7t ug{
/ dfu{bz{g ug{ Pp6f ljZjJofkL cleofgsf] cfjZostf
5 . oxL cleofg …j}1flgs ;dfhjfb lgdf{0f cleofgÚ xf] .

44
 #
cleofgsf] p2]Zo

of] cleofgsf] p2]Zo e"d08nLs[t k"FhLjfbsf] ;dfgfGt/df

j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ xf] .
x/]s ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] cGTo csf]{ ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf]
pbo ePkl5 dfq x'G5 . To;}u/L x/]s ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf]
ue{af6 clgjfo{ ?kdf csf]{ ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] hGd x'G5,
h;n] ljsl;t eP/ To;nfO{ lj:yflkt ub{5 . ljutdf
;fdGtjfbsf] ue{af6 k"FhLjfbsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] / To;n]
kl5 ;fdGtjfbnfO{ g} lj:yflkt u/]sf] lyof] . jt{dfg o'udf
k"FhLjfbsf] ue{af6 j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] hGd eO/x]sf] 5 .
s'g} klg gofF ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0f k|lqmof
qmflGteGbf klxn] g} ;'? x'G5 . qmflGtn] t To;nfO{ k"0f{tf
dfq k|bfg ub{5 . qmflGtn] 6fpsf]n] 6]s]/ plePsf]
Joj:yfnfO{ v'§fn] 6]sfP/ pEofpg] sfd ub{5 . k"FhLjfbsf]
lgdf{0f k"FhLjfbL qmflGt ;DkGg ePkl5 ;'? ePsf] xf]Og .
To;sf] hGd ;fdGtjfbs} ue{df ePsf] lyof] . o'/f]kdf
45
k"FhLjfbsf] cf/De k'ghf{u/0f sfnaf6 ePsf] lyof], hals
k"FhLjfbL qmflGt a]nfotdf ;g\ !^** df / k|mfG;df ;g\
!&*( df ePsf] lyof] . h;/L aRrf hlGdPkl5 aGb}g,
cfdfsf] ue{df klxn] g} alg;s]sf] x'G5, rNnf c08faf6
lgl:sPkl5 aGb}g, c08fleq klxn] g} alg;s]sf] x'G5,
To;}u/L ;dfhjfb klg qmflGtk"j{ g} aGb5 .
cfˆgf] ljsf;sf] qmddf gofF ;fdflhs Joj:yf Pp6f
lglZrt r/0fdf k'u]kl5 k'/fgf] ;fdflhs Joj:yf;Fu
;dfgfGt/ jf å}t ;Qfsf] cj:yf ;[hgf x'G5 . To;kl5
qmflGt clgjfo{ x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, ?;df ;g\ !(!&
sf] k]ma|'c/Ldf ePsf] k"FhLjfbL qmflGtkl5 å}t ;Qfsf] cj:yf
;[hgf ePsf] lyof] . Pp6f s]/]G:sLsf] g]t[Tjdf j}wflgs ;Qf
lyof] / csf]{ ;f]leotx¿sf] g]t[Tjdf dhb"/x¿, ls;fgx¿ /
;}lgsx¿sf] gofF ;Qf lyof] . ;g\ !(!& sf] cS6f]a/df
ePsf] ;dfhjfbL qmflGtn] ;f]leotx¿sf] ;QfnfO{ :yflkt
u¥of] / k'/fgf] j}wflgs ;QfnfO{ cGTo ul/lbof] .
o;/L Pp6} ;dfhleq b'O{ ;fdflhs Joj:yfx¿sf] cl:tTj
x'G5 . k"FhLjfbL Joj:yfsf] ;dfgfGt/df ;dfhjfbL
Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0f ;dfhaflx/ xf]Og, ;dfhleq} x'G5 .
To;df h'g–h'g tTjx¿, ju{x¿ / ;fwgx¿ ;dfhjfbsf]
kIfdf 5g\, ltgLx¿sf] ;+o'Qm zlQm / k|oTgåf/f
;dfhjfbsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . gofF Joj:yf lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu
cfjZos kg]{ tTjx¿dWo] s]xL t clxn] g} ;dfgfGt/df

46
ag]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu k"FhLjfbLx¿sf] cfˆg}
ljrf/wf/f 5 / ;dfhjfbLx¿sf] cfˆg} ljrf/wf/f 5,
kF"hLjfbLx¿sf] cfˆg} /fhgLlts ;+u7g 5 /
;dfhjfbLx¿sf] klg cfˆg} /fhgLlts ;+u7g 5 / ;do–
;dodf cnu–cnu ;]gfx¿ klg ag]sf lyP . ca afFsL b'O{
tTjx¿ cy{tGq / /fhgLlts ;Qfsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos
5 . log} kfFr tTjx¿ ljrf/wf/f, ;+u7g, ;]gf, cy{tGq /
/fhgLlts ;Qfsf] cfwf/df ;dfhjfbsf] lgdf{0f ug{;lsG5 .
pTkfbs zlQmsf] ?kdf lj1fg–k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ePkl5
>ldsx¿ pTkfbg If]qaf6 lj:yfklt ePsf 5g\ . To;sf/0f
ca k"FhLjfbL Joj:yfleq /x]/ To;sf] lj?4 ;+3if{ ug{ ;+ej
5}g . To;eGbf aflx/ ;dfgfGt/df ;dfhjfbsf] lgdf{0f u/]/
dfq To;nfO{ 9fNg ;lsG5 . ha k"FhLjfbsf] lj?4
;dfgfGtf/ ?kdf ;dfhjfb cl:tTjdf cfpF5, ta
ltgLx¿sf] aLrdf ;+3if{ x'G5 . of] ;+3if{sf] sf/0f k"FhLjfb
qmdzM b'a{n tyf lj3l6t xF'b} hfG5 / ;dfhjfb ;an tyf
;+ul7t x'Fb} hfG5 . kl/0ffd:j?k cGtdf Pp6f dxfg
;fdflhs qmflGt -;dfhjfbL qmflGt_ sf] dfWodaf6
k"FhLjfbsf] k/fho / ;dfhjfbsf] ljho x'g]5 .
gofF ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0f gofF pTkfbs zlQmx¿nfO{
gofF pTkfbg ;DaGwdf ;+ul7t u/]/ cf/De x'G5 . o;
qmddf k'/fgf] ;fdflhs Joj:yfdf ljsl;t gofF pTkfbs
zlQmnfO{ gofF pTkfbg ;DaGwdf ;+ul7t u/]/ gofF

47
;fdflhs Joj:yfcGtu{t NofOG5 . To;sf/0f gofF
;fdflhs Joj:yf ;dfhjfbsf] lgdf{0f gofF pTkfbs zlQm
lj1fg–k|ljlwnfO{ ;dfhjfbL pTkfbg ;DaGwdf ;+ul7t u/]/
cf/De ug'{kb{5 . of] sfo{ef/ k"/f ug'{ j}1flgs ;dfhjfb
lgdf{0f cleofgsf] p2]Zo xf] .

48
 $
cleofgsf] sfo{qmd

x/]s ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf lglZrt, cfwf/e"t ;+36sx¿

x'G5g\, h;sf] cfwf/df Tof] cl:tTjdf, ;Qfdf /xG5 .
ltgLx¿ x'g\– -!_ ljrf/wf/f, -@_ ;+u7g, -#_ ;]gf,
-$_ /fhgLlts ;Qf / -%_ cy{tGq . To;sf/0f s'g} klg
zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ Wj:t kfg{sf] nflu log} kfFr tTjx¿sf]
cfjZostf kb{5, t/ ltgLx¿sf] :j?k ljkl/t x'gkb{5 . oL
tTjx¿ g} qmflGtsf ;fwg x'G5g\ . o; cfwf/df jt{dfg
k"FhLjfbnfO{ Wj:t kfg{sf] nflu cfjZos qmflGtsf ;fwgx¿
lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5g\– !_ ljrf/wf/fsf] ?kdf åGåfTds
ef}ltsjfb, @_ ;+u7gsf] ?kdf e"d08nLs[t k"FhLjfbaf6
pTkLl8t ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿sf] ;+u7g, #_ ;]gfsf] ?kdf hg;]gf,
$_ /fhgLlts ;Qfsf] ?kdf hgtfsf] k|ToIf zf;g /
%_ cy{tGqsf] ?kdf cGt;{DalGwt cy{tGq .
oL ;fwgx¿sf] ljsf; u/]/ k"FhLjfbsf] lj?4 ;dfgfGt/df
gofF ;fdflhs Joj:yf ;dfhjfbsf] lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5,
h;af6 Pp6f ;fdflhs zlQm pTkGg x'G5 . ToxL zlQmn]
jt{dfg k"FhLjfbnfO{ Wj:t agfpg]5 .

49
!_ ljrf/wf/f -Ideology_
x/]s ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] cfˆgf] Pp6f j}rfl/s cfwf/
x'G5 . To;nfO{ Wj:t kfg{sf] nflu To;sf] j}rfl/s
cfwf/nfO{ Wj:t kfg'{kb{5 . pbf/x0fsf] nflu, ljutdf
;fdGtjfbL Joj:yfsf] j}rfl/s cfwf/ wfld{s ljrf/wf/f
lyof] . To;nfO{ Wj:t kfg{sf] nflu k"FhLjfbn] ef}ltsjfbL
ljrf/wf/fnfO{ cufl8 Nofof] . To;sf/0f k"FhLjfbL Joj:yfsf]
ljrf/wf/f ef}ltsjfb xf] . ca o;nfO{ Wj:t kfg{sf] nflu
åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbsf] cfjZostf 5 . k"FhLjfbsf]
ljrf/wf/fsf] ?kdf /x]sf] -cfPsf]_ ef}ltsjfb clwe"tjfbL
ef}ltsjfb xf] . o;n] ljZjsf] ckl/jt{gzLntfsf],
oyfl:yltsf], k"FhLjfbsf] zfZjttfsf] kIfkf]if0f ub{5 .
To;sf/0f o;nfO{ åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbn] lj:yfkg ub{5,
h;n] ;Dk"0f{ ljZjsf] ultzLntf, kl/jt{gzLntfsf]
kIfkf]if0f ub{5 . clwe"tjfbL ef}ltsjfbsf] nflu k"FhLjfb
lgTo, ckl/jt{gzLn / cg}ltxfl;s 5 . Oltxf; ljutdf
lyof], ca k"FhLjfbsf] o'udf 5}g . To;sf/0f Oltxf;sf]
cGTo eof] . of] dfgj ;dfhsf] tfls{s lgisif{ xf],
Oltxf;sf] clGtd r/0f xf] . -k'ms'ofdf, The End of
History_

cfh k"FhLjfbL ljrf/wf/fdf clwe""tjfbL bz{gsf ljleGg

?kx¿ JofKt 5g\– cl:tTjfb, z"Gojfb, pkef]Qmfjfb,
k|ToIfjfb, ;f/;+u|xjfb, cflb . logLx¿ ;j}sf] p2]Zo
k"FhLjfbL Joj:yfnfO{ ;xL, lglj{sNk l;4 ug'{ xf] .
50
o;sf] ljkl/t, åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbsf] nflu s'g} klg j:t'
clGtd, lg/k]If tyf zfZjt 5}g . o;n] x/]s j:t'df
kl/jt{gzLn u'0f k|blz{t ub{5 . o;sf] ;fd' lgDgfj:yfaf6
pRrfj:yflt/ hfg] cGtxLg -c;Lldt_ ljsf;qmd, pTklQ /
ljgfzsf] cgj/t k|lqmofafx]s c? s'g} j:t' /xg ;Sb}g .
o;n] clGtd, lg/k]If ;To / To;cg'?k dfgjhfltsf
lg/k]If cj:yfx¿sf cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{ cGTo ul/lbG5 . o;n]
s] dfGb5 eg] dfgj 1fg / ;dfhsf lglZrt cj:yfx¿
lglZrt ;do / kl/l:yltsf] ;Gbe{df Gofo;+ut x'G5g\ .
pTs[i6 ;dfh, pTs[i6 /fHo, oL ;j} sNkgfsf] ;+;f/df dfq
cl:tTjdfg x'g;Sb5g\ . o;sf] ljkl/t, ;j} ;fdflhs
Joj:yfx¿ dfgj ;dfhsf] lgDgfj:yfaf6 pRrfj:yflt/
hfg], cGtxLg ljsf;qmdsf s]jn cNksfnLg r/0fx¿ dfq
x'g\ . x/]s r/0f cfjZos x'G5 . To;sf/0f h'g ;do /
kl/l:yltx¿sf] sf/0f To;sf] pTklQ x'G5, ltgLx¿sf] nflu
Tof] plrt x'G5 . t/ gofF / pRrt/ kl/l:yltx¿sf] ;fd',
h'g lj:tf/–lj:tf/ To;sf] ue{df ljsl;t x'G5g\, To;n]
cfˆgf] j}wtf / cf}lrTo u'dfpFb5 . Tof] cfk"meGbf pRrt/
r/0fsf] nflu :yfg 5f]8\g afWo x'G5 .
o; b[li6sf]0fcg';f/ k"FhLjfb s'g} zfZjt, clGtd, k"0f{ /
lg/k]If Joj:yf xf]Og, h;/L k"FhLjfbLx¿n] bfjL ub{5g\ . of]
klg ljutsf cGo Joj:yfx¿h:t} dfgj ;dfhsf]
ljsf;qmdsf] Pp6f r/0f dfq xf] . To;sf/0f o;sf] cGTo
;'lglZrt 5 .
51
åGåfTds ef}ltsjfb lg/Gt/ ljsf;sf] qmddf 5 . o;sf]
ljsl;t ?k j}1flgs bz{g xf] .
@_ ;+u7g (Organization)
/fhgLlts ;+u7gsf] sfo{ ;Dk"0f{ qmflGtsf/L ju{x¿nfO{
-zlQmx¿nfO{_ Pstfa4 ug{' xf] . ha 5l/P/ /x]sf ju{x¿
;+ul7t x'G5g\, ta Pp6f lg0ff{os zlQmsf] ;[hgf x'G5 .
ljutdf ;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf] nflu >lds ju{nfO{ lg0ff{os
k|d'v zlQm dflgPsf] lyof] / >lds ;+u7gnfO{ qmflGtsf]
k|d'v ;fwg . t/ ha pTkfbg If]qdf lj1fg–k|ljlwsf]
cfudg eof] / o;n] pTkfbg If]qaf6 >d–zlQmnfO{
lj:yflkt u¥of], ta >lds ju{sf] ;+Vof 36\g yfNof] . clxn]
>lds ju{ cToGt} ;fgf], cNk;+Vos 5 . To;sf/0f ca
o;n] ;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf] nflu lg0ff{os e"ldsf lgjf{x
ug{;Sb}g . /, >lds ;+u7g lg0ff{os ;fwg x'g;Sb}g .
;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf] nflu lgdf{0f x'g] ;+u7gdf tL ;Dk"0f{
kIfx¿ ;DnUg x'g'kb{5, h'g jt{dfg e"d08nLs[t
k"FhLjfbaf6 pTkLl8t 5g\ / h;sf] d'lQm ;dfhjfbdf dfq
;Dej 5 . ca >lds ;+u7gn] tL ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿nfO{
;d]6\g ;Sb}g, h'g jt{dfg o'usf lg0ff{os qmflGtsf/L zlQm
x'g\ . ljz]ifu/L o;n] Tof] kIfnfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sb}g, h'g
jt{dfg k"FhLjfbsf] clgjfo{ kl/0ffd xf]– cyf{t\ pTkfbg
If]qaf6 lj:yflkt, ;LdfGts[t ju{ . oxL ju{ jt{dfg o'usf]

52
jf:tljs qmflGtsf/L ju{ -zlQm_ xf] . of] ju{ jt{dfg
k"FhLjfbL Joj:yfsf] tVtf gkN6fO{ cl:tTjdf /xg ;Sb}g .
To;sf/0f gofF qmflGtsf/L ;+u7g oxL ju{nfO{ lnP/
aGb5 .
ca >lds ju{n] ;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf] g]t[Tj ug{;Sb}gÙ
lsgeg] Psflt/ clxn] o;sf] cfsf/ ;fgf] ePsf] 5, /
csf]{lt/ jt{dfg ;dfh >d–zlQmdf cfwfl/t 5}g, lj1fg–
k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 5 .
#_ ;]gf -Army_
x/]s zf;s ju{;Fu cfˆgf] ;]gf x'G5 . To;n] ;]gfsf] andf
cfˆgf] lj/f]wLnfO{ bafpg] / cfˆgf] ;Qf sfod /fVg] k|oTg
ub{5 . To;sf/0f zf;s ju{nfO{ k/flht ug{sf] nflu
To;sf] ;]gfnfO{ k/flht ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .
clxn] k"FhLjfbLx¿;Fu b'O{ :t/sf ;]gfx¿ 5g\– -!_ /fli6«o
:t/sf] ;]gf , / -@_ cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] ;]gf . /fli6«o :t/sf]
;]gfsf] ?kdf pgLx¿sf] ;]gf cfˆgf] b]zsf] ;]gf xf] .
lsgeg] juL{o b[li6sf]0faf6 pgLx¿ ;Qf?9 -;Qfwf/L_ ju{
x'g\ / k"FhLjfbL Joj:yfsf ;Dk"0f{ tTjx¿n] pgLx¿sf] ;]jf
ub{5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] ;]gfsf] ?kdf pgLx¿sf] ;]gf
g]6f] -NATO_ ;]gf / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;]gf x'g\ . -cyjf
k|ToIf ?kdf g]6f] ;]gf / ck|ToIf ?kdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]
;]gf
53
x'g\ ._ qmflGtsf/L ju{n] k"FhLjfbL ju{sf oL b'j} ;]gfx¿sf]
;fdgf ug'{ cfjZos 5 . To;sf/0f qmflGtsf/L ju{;Fu klg
ca /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf b'O{ k|sf/sf ;]gfx¿
x'g'kb{5 . /, oL ;]gfx¿ cTofw'lgs xltof/n] ;';lHht
x'g'kb{5, k/df0f' ad tyf cGt/–dxfb]zLo ld;fOnåf/f
;';lHht x'g'kb{5 . qmflGtsf/L ju{n] ca /fli6«o /
cGt/f{li6«o b'j} :t/af6 o'4 n8\g', ;+3if{ ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
k"FhLjfbLx¿n] cf}krfl/s / cflwsfl/s ;]gfafx]s cGo
;]gfsf] cl:tTj dfGo x'Fb}g eg]/ of] qmflGtsf/L ;]gfsf]
lj/f]w ug{ ;Sb5g\ . t/ pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] lj/f]wsf] v08g
cfk+}m ul//x]sf 5g\ . Tof] xf]– g]6f] ;]gfsf] cl:tTj, h'g s'g}
cflwsfl/s / cf}krfl/s ;]gf xf]Og . olb pgLx¿n] cfˆgf]
/Iffsf] nflu lghL ;]gf /fVg kfpF5g\ eg], c?n] lsg
gkfpg] <
$_ /fhgLlts ;Qf -Political power_
gofF /fhgLlts ;Qfsf] lgdf{0f ;dfhsf gofF ;+36sx¿sf]
?kdf pTkGg ePsf ;d"xx¿ / ;+u7gx¿af6 x'G5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu, ?;df dhb"/x¿, ls;fgx¿ / ;}lgsx¿sf
;f]leotx¿ ;dfhsf gofF ;+36sx¿sf] ?kdf pTkGg ePsf
lyP / ltgLx¿af6} gofF /fhgLlts ;Qfsf] lgdf{0f ePsf]
lyof] .
ju{–;+3if{ ta;Dd qmflGtdf ?kfGtl/t x'Fb}g, ha;Dd
å}t;Qfsf] cj:yf ;[hgf x'Fb}g / å}t;Qfsf] cj:yf ta;Dd
54
;[hgf x'Fb}g, ha;Dd k'/fgf] /fhgLlts ;Qfsf] lj?4
;dfgfGt/df gofF /fhgLlts ;Qfsf] pbo x'Fb}g . gofF
/fhgLlts ;Qfn] k'/fgf] /fhgLlts ;QfnfO{ lj:yflkt
ub{5 .
jt{dfg k"FhLjfbL /fhgLlts ;QfnfO{ lj:yflkt ug{sf] nflu
qmflGtsf/L ju{;Fu o;sf] ljkl/t gofF /fhgLlts ;Qf x'g'
cfjZos 5 . of] /fhgLlts ;Qf ;+;bLo, k|ltlglwd"ns
xf]Og, h'g a'h'{jf Joj:yfsf] ljz]iftf xf], To;sf] ljkl/t of]
hgtfsf] k|ToIf zf;gdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . k"FhLjfbL Joj:yfdf
JolQmsf] clwsf/sf] cfwf/ of]UotfnfO{ dflgG5, To;sf/0f
clwsf/ :yflkt ug]{, clwsf/ l;4 ug]{ ljlw k|lt:kwf{ x'G5 .
t/ ;dfhjfb x/]s JolQmsf] clwsf/ g};lu{s, hGdl;4
x'G5 . of] Ps cy{df cflbd ;fDojfbsf] g};lu{s clwsf/sf]
k'g/fj[lQ xf], t/ pxL ?kdf xf]Og . cflbd ;fDojfbsf]
g};lu{s clwsf/ of]Uotf/lxt lyof], t/ of] ;dfhjfbsf]
g};lu{s clwsf/ of]Utf;lxtsf] 5, lsgeg] cfh s'g} klg
JolQm cof]Uo 5}g / s'g} klg JolQm ljz]if of]Uotfn] ;DkGg
5}g . of] clwsf/sf] pRr:t/df ljsf; xf] .
To;sf/0f ca dflg;x¿, hgtf, ;dfhsf] k|ToIf zf;gdf
;xefuL x'g ;Sb5g\ . oxL k|ToIf zf;g gofF /fhgLlts
;Qfsf] ?k xf] .
Pp6} b]zdf b'O{ /fhgLlts ;Qfx¿ s;/L dfGo x'G5g\ eGg]
k|Zg k'h
F LjfbLx¿n] p7fpg ;Sb5g\ . t/ o;sf] alnof]
55
pQ/ tfOjfgsf] cl:tTj xf], h;nfO{ rLgsf] lj/f]wsf]
afjh'b ltg} k"FhLjfbLx¿n] dfGotf lbO/x]sf 5g\ .
%_ cy{tGq -Economy_
;j{xf/f ju{sf] cfGbf]ng ;Dk"0f{ dfgjhfltsf] d'lQm–cfGbf]ng
xf] . ;j{xf/f ju{ Tof] clGtd pTkLl8t ju{ xf], h;sf]
:jtGqtf k|flKt;Fu} juL{o ;dfh cGTo x'g]5 . ;j{xf/f
qmflGtaf6 k'/fgf] zf]if0fd"ns ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] cGTo /
gofF zf]if0f/lxt ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] pbo x'g]5 . t/ clxn]
;j{xf/f ju{sf] cfGbf]ng cToGt hl6n / bL3{sfnLg ag]sf]
5 . cfˆgf] ljsf;sf] qmddf k"FhLjfbn] cg]sf}+ ;+s6x¿nfO{
kf/ u/]/ k'ghL{jg k|fKt u/]sf] 5 / cem zlQmzfnL
aGguPsf] 5 . pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] k|yd ;+s6af6 ar]/
k"FhLjfb ;fd|fHojfbdf ljsl;t ePsf] lyof] . aL;f}F
ztfAbLsf] bf];|f] ;+s6af6 ar]/ of] clxn] e"d08nLs[t
k"FhLjfb ag]sf] 5 . o;sf cfwf/x¿ ax'/fli6«o sDkgL
-Multinational Company_, ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g -World
Trade Organization_, ljZj a}+s -World Bank_,
cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if -International Monetary Fund_,
cflb ljZjJofkL ;+u7gx¿ x'g\ . oL ljZj:t/Lo
;+u7gx¿sf] ;~hfnåf/f jt{dfg k"FhLjfb PsLs[t / ;zQm
ePsf] 5 . csf]{lt/, ;j{xf/f ju{ ljvl08t / sdhf]/ ePsf]
5 . p;sf] k|lt/f]w zlQm k|efjxLg ePsf] 5 . kmn:j?k
p;sf] cfGbf]ng lzlyn aGgk'u]sf] 5 .

56
of] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g'sf] sf/0f lj1fg–k|ljlwsf] pRrtd
ljsf; x'guPsf] 5 . k"FhLjfbn] klxnf] ;+s6nfO{
;fd|fHojfbsf] ;xfotfaf6 kf/ u/]sf] lyof] / o;n] bf];|f]
;+s6nfO{ lj1fg–k|ljlwsf] ;xfotfaf6 kf/ u/]sf] 5 .
lj1fg–k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/]/ cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf cfly{s
;+u7gx¿sf] dfWodaf6 e"d08nLs[t k"FhLjfbn] ;Dk"0f{
ljZjsf] cy{tGqnfO{ cfˆgf] lgoGq0fdf lnPsf] 5 . o;af6
k"FhLkltx¿sf] cfk;L ;+3if{ tyf k"FhLklt ju{ / ;j{xf/f
ju{sf] aLrsf] ;+3if{ b'j} lzlyn x'guPsf 5g\ . kmn:j?k
k"FhLjfb Ps xb;Dd ;+s6d'Qm ePsf] 5 .
o;af6 clgjfo{ ?kdf Pp6f lgisif{ lg:sG5– ;j{xf/f
ju{sf] nflu cfˆgf] :jfoQ cy{tGqsf] cfjZostf 5 .
of] cy{tGq lgdf{0fsf] nflu clxn] tLg cj:yfx¿ ljBdfg
5g\ . klxnf], ;j{xf/f ju{ pTkfbg If]qaf6 lj:yflkt ePsf]
5 . pTkfbg k|lqmofdf ePsf] cfd"n kl/jt{gn] dfgj
>dnfO{ lj:yflkt u/]sf] 5 . dfgj >dsf] :yfg lj1fg–
k|ljlwn] lnPsf] 5 . kmn:j?k ;j{xf/ ju{ ->lds ju{_
pTkfbg If]qaf6 lj:yflkt ePsf] 5 . To;sf/0f ca p;n]
cfˆgf] cl:tTjsf] nflu cfˆgf] :jfoQ cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f ug'{
cfjZos 5 . bf];|f], lj1fg–k|ljlwsf] pRr ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
jt{dfg o'udf lj1fg–k|ljlwsf] ljsf; cToGt pRr :t/df
ePsf] 5 . kmn:j?k lj1fg–k|ljlw Pp6f :jfoQ pTkfbs
zlQmdf ?kfGt/0f ePsf] 5 . o;n] k|fs[lts zlQmx¿h:t}

57
lgMz'Ns ;]jf k|bfg ub{5 . t/ o;nfO{ k"FhLklt ju{n]
Psflwsf/L ?kdf k|of]u u/]sf] 5 / >lds ju{sf] lj?4
;+3if{sf] ;fwg agfPsf] 5 . To;sf/0f of] gofF pTkfbs
zlQmsf] ?kdf cfPsf] lj1fg–k|ljlwnfO{ pkof]u ug{sf] nflu
;j{xf/f ju{n] cfˆgf] cy{tGq lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 . / t];|f],
e"d08nLs[t k"FhLjfbn] cfly{s x:tIf]k ub{5 . k'/fgf]
;fd|fHojfbn] k|ToIf ?kdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k ub{Yof] .
To;nfO{ pklgj]zx¿sf] d'lQm–cfGbf]ngn] cGTo ul/lbof] .
e"d08nLs[t k"FhLjfbsf] ?kdf pbfPsf] gofF ;fd|fHojfbn]
cfly{s x:tIf]k ub{5 . To;sf/0f o;nfO{ cGTo ug{ ;j{xf/f
ju{n] cfˆgf] cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
pTkfbg If]qaf6 lj:yflkt ;j{xf/fnufot ;Dk"0f{ pTkLl8t
ju{n] qmflGt ;DkGg x'g'eGbf cufl8, qmflGt ;DkGg ug{s}
nflu, k"FhLjfbL cy{tGqsf] ;dfgfGt/df cfˆgf] :jfoQ
cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 / To;nfO{ :yfgLo :t/af6
/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o :t/df lj:tf/ tyf ljsf; ug'{kb{5 .
of] cy{tGqsf] pkl:yltdf Psflt/, k"FhLjfbL cy{tGqsf]
cfsf/ 36\g]5 / Tof] sdhf]/ x'g]5 . csf]{lt/, pTkLl8t
ju{n] cfˆgf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf] cfwf/ e]§fpg]5 . To;}u/L
lj1fg–k|ljlwdfly k"FhLklt ju{sf] Psflwsf/ klg ;dfKt
x'g]5 . of] cy{tGq g} e"d08nLs[t kF"hLjfbaf6 pTkLl8t
;Dk"0f{ ju{x¿sf] Pstfsf] dfWod, ;zlQms/0fsf] cfwf/ /
ljZjJofkL k"FhLjfbsf] lj?4 ;+3if{sf] ;fwg x'g]5 .

58
To;sf/0f ljZjJofkL k"FhLjfbL cy{tGqsf] lj?4 e"d08nLs[t
k"FhLjfbaf6 pTkLl8t ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿ ;lDdlnt ;dfgfGt/
:jfoQ cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .
jt{dfg e"d08nLs[t k"FhLjfbsf] lj?4 aGg] ;dfhjfbL
cy{tGq -qmflGtsf/L cy{tGq_ lj1fg–k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t,
PsLs[t / e"d08nLs[t x'g'kb{5 .
PsLs/0fsf tLg r/0fx¿ / :j?kx¿ 5g\ . k|yd r/0fdf
;dfg k|sf/sf pBdx¿sf] ;+3a4tf x'G5, bf];|f] r/0fdf
leGg k|sf/sf t/ kl/k"/s pBdx¿sf] ;+3a4tf x'G5 /
t];|f] r/0fdf ;Dk"0f{ pBdx¿sf] ;+3a4tf x'G5 . h'g k|lqmof
/ r/0faf6 PsLs[t k"FhLjfbLdf PsLs/0f ePsf] 5, ToxL
k|lqmof / r/0faf6 ;dfhjfbdf PsLs/0f x'g;Sb5– -!_
l;l08s]6, -@_ sf6]{n / -#_ skf]{/]zg . t/ l;l08s]6, sf6]{n
/ skf]{/]zg k"FhLjfbsf ;+oGqx¿ x'g\, To;sf/0f logLx¿
;dfhjfbdf k|s6 x'Fb}gg\ . ;dfhjfbdf logLx¿ PsLs/0fsf
r/0f / k|lqmofsf] ?kdf kl/0ft x'G5g\ .
To;}u/L of] cy{tGq lj1fg–k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5,
lsgeg] jt{dfg o'usf] -;dfhsf]_ k|d'v pTkfbs zlQm
lj1fg–k|ljlw xf] . /, of] e"d08nLs[t x'g'kb{5 .

59
 %
cleofgsf] ;+/rgf
of] cleofgsf] ;+/rgf k|ToIf hgjfbdf cfwfl/t x'G5 .
o;df k|d'v tLg ;+/rgfx¿ x'G5g\– -!_ cfly{s ;+/rgf,
-@_ ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / -#_ ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf -/fhgLlts
;+/rgf_ .
!_ cfly{s ;+/rgf
P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbsf cg';f/ cfly{s k|0ffnL ;Dk"0f{
;dfhsf] cfwf/ xf] . x/]s ;fdflhs Joj:yf cfly{s
k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df lgdf{0f x'G5 . /, cfly{s k|0ffnL pTkfbs
zlQmsf] cg'?k aGb5 . cyf{t\, cfly{s k|0ffnLn] ;fdflhs
Joj:yfsf] :j?knfO{ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . lsgeg] ;dfhsf]
ef}lts tTj g} cy{tGq xf] .
cfly{s k|0ffnLsf b'O{ kIfx¿ x'G5g\\ . ltgLx¿ x'g\– -!_
pTkfbs zlQm / -@_ pTkfbg ;DaGw .
-!_ pTkfbs zlQm
dfgjLo cfjZostf k"/f ug{sf] nflu ul/g] cfjZos
kg]{ j:t' tyf ;]jf, h'g tTjaf6 k|fKt x'G5, To;nfO{
60
 pTkfbs zlQm elgG5 . pTkfbs zlQm dfgj>d,
pTkfbgsf ;fwg / pks/0fsf] ;dli6ut ?k xf] .
jt{dfg o'udf lj1fg–k|ljlw k|d'v pTkfbs zlQmsf]
?kdf ljsl;t ePsf] 5 . To;sf/0f dfgjhfltn]
j}1flgs ;dfhjfb lgdf{0fsf] nflu lj1fg–k|ljlwnfO{
k|d'v pTkfbs zlQmsf] ?kdf pkof]u ug{' clgjfo{
ePsf] 5 .
-@_ pTkfbg ;DaGw
pTkfbs zlQmsf] cfwf/df ag]sf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfnfO{
pTkfbg ;DaGw elgG5 . pTkfbg ;DaGwn] pTkfbs
zlQmnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ pTkfbg ug]{ dfgjLo ;DaGwsf]
e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . pTkfbs zlQmdf cfwfl/t eP/ g}
pTkfbg ;DaGwsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . To;sf/0f pTkfbs
zlQmdf cfpg] kl/jt{gn] clgjf{o ?kdf pTkfbg
;DaGwnfO{ klg kl/jt{g ub{5 .
pTkfbg ;DaGwdf rf/ cfwf/e"t tTjx¿ lglxt
x'G5g\– -!_ pTkfbg, -@_ ljlgdo, -#_ ljt/0f / -$_
pkef]u .
dfgjLo cfjZostf k"/f ug{ cfjZos kg]{ j:t' tyf
;]jf l;h{gf ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ pTkfbg elgG5 . cnu–
cnu cfjZos j:t' tyf ;]jfnfO{ ;f6f;f6 jf
cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ ljlgdo elgG5 . pTkfbg
61
 k|lqmofdf ;+nUg kIfx¿sf] aLrdf pTkfbgsf] k|ltkmn
e"ldsfcg';f/ efua08f jf ljefhgnfO{ ljt/0f
elgG5 . pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jfaf6 dfgjLo
cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ pkef]u elgG5 .
;dfhjfbL cfly{s k|0ffnLdf oL rf/j6} tTjx¿ Pp6}
;fdflhs Joj:yfleq ;dfj]z x'g'kb{5 . To;sf/0f
xfdLn] ;dfhjfbL cy{Joj:yf lgdf{0f ubf{ pTkfbgsf
oL rf/j6} tTjx¿ Pp6} Joj:yfcGtu{t ;+rfng
ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L cy{Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ k|d'v
pTkfbs zlQmsf] ?kdf lj1fg–k|ljlwnfO{ lnOG5 /
cfly{s :jfldTj ;d'bfodf /xg] Joj:yf ul/G5 .
o;af6 kF'hLjfbdf x'g] lghL :jfldTj / ljutdf
;dfhjfbdf ul/Psf] /fli6«os/0f b'j}sf] cGTo x'G5 /
;fdflhs :jfldTj :yflkt x'G5 .
@= ;fdflhs ;+/rgf
JolQmx¿ ldn]/ ;d"x aGb5 / ;d"xx¿ ldn]/ ;dfh
aGb5 . o:tf ;d"xx¿ d"ntM rf/ k|sf/sf 5g\– !_ ju{,
@_ ;d'bfo, #_ hft÷hflt / $_ ;d"x .
oL ;d"xx¿nfO{ b'O{ efux¿df ljefhg ug{;lsG5–
!_ pTkfbs ;d"x / @_ u}/–pTkfbs ;d"x . pTkfbs ;d"xdf
ju{x¿ kb{5g\ / u}/–pTkfbs ;d"xx¿df hflt, ;d'bfo /
;d"x kb{5g\ .

62
!_ ju{– dfgjLo cfjZostf k'/f ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ef}lts
;fwgsf] pTkfbg ug{sf] nflu aGg] dfgjLo ;DaGw g}
ju{ xf] . xfdLn] ljsf; ug]{ ;dfgfGt/ ;fdflhs
Joj:yf -j}1flgs ;dfhjfb_ leq zf]ifs / zf]lift ju{
/xg]5}gg\ . t/ ju{x¿ JolQmsf] :jlgld{t ;+/rgfdf
;xefuL aGg] ;d'bfo x'g]5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
ls;fg, dhb'/, lzIfs, a'l|4hLjL, ;+:s[ltsdL{, OToflb .
-!_ bnfn kF"hLklt ju{– ljutsf ;fdGtju{, gf]s/zfxL
k"FhLklt ju{ / bnfn k"FhLklt ju{ cGt3{'lnt eP/
e"–d08nLs[t k"FhLjfbsf] dftxtdf bnfn k"FhLklt
ju{ ag]sf] 5 . bnfn k"FhLklt ju{ cg'TkfbgzLn
x'G5 . o;n] k"FhLjfbsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;d]t cj?4
ub{5 . e"–d08nLs[t k"FhLjfbsf] k|ltlglw ePsf]
xF'bf /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0fdf o;n] cj/f]w
k'¥ofpFb5 . To;sf/0f of] ju{ g} cfhsf] k|d'v zq'
ju{ xf] . lgud k"FhLjfbsf] k|ltlglw ePsf]n] o;n]
/fli6«o :jfwLgtfsf] /Iff ug{;Sb}g . a? o;n]
b]znfO{ gjcf}klgj]lzs g} agfO/fV5 .
-@_ dWod ju{– dWod :t/sf] cfly{s cj:yf,
Jofj;flos cj:yf / k]zfut cj:yfsf] cfwf/df
lgdf{0f ePsf] ju{nfO{ …DfWodju{Ú elgG5 .
o;cGtu{t ;fgf Jofkf/L, ;fgf pBf]uL, sd{rf/L,
OlGhlgo/, :jf:YosdL{, ljleGg k]zfsdL{, OToflb

63
 kb{5g\ . of] ju{ cu|ufdL ljrf/ / g]t[Tj kfPsf]
v08df ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f cyjf qmflGTfsf]
;xof]uL aGg;Sb5 . cfˆgf] ;+s6u|:t cfly{s
cj:yfsf] sf/0f of] ju{ qmflGtsf] nflu ldqzlQm
x'G5 .
-#_ ;j{xf/f ju{– lgoldt >dsf] k|lqmofdf /x]sf] ju{
;j{xf/f >lds ju{ xf] . pTkfbg If]qaf6 >d
qmdzM lj:yfkgsf] k|lqmofdf ePsf] x'Fbf of] ju{sf]
cfsf/ 3l6/x]sf] 5 . of] ju{sf] hLljsf]kfh{g
>ddf cfwfl/t x'G5 . ljutsf] ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf]
nflu k|d'v qmflGtsf/L zlQm ePsf] of] ju{sf]
e"ldsf jt{dfg qmflGtsf] k|lqmofdf uf}0f ePsf]
5.
-$_ lj:yflkt ju{– k|d'v pTkfbs zlQmsf] ?kdf
cfPsf] lj1fg–k|ljlwsf] sf/0f pTkfbg If]qaf6
dfgj >d lg/Gt/ lj:yflkt x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .
lj1fg–k|ljlwdf cfPsf] c;fwf/0f qmflGtn] klxnf]
r/0fdf zf/Ll/s >d ug]{ >ldsx¿nfO{ pTkfbg
If]qaf6 lj:yfkg u/]/ ;8sdf ˆofFlslbPsf]
lyof] . bf];|f] r/0fdf s'zn >daf6 klg >ldsx¿
lj:yflkt eP . clxn] cfl6{lkml;on OG6]lnh]G;
-AI_ n] af}l4s >d ug]{ >ldsx¿nfO{ klg
pTkfbgsf] If]qaf6 lj:yflkt ul//x]sf] 5 . o;/L

64
 pTkfbg If]qaf6 dfgj >dsf] lj:yfkgsf] sf/0fn]
ax';+Vos dflg;x¿ >dsf] If]qaf6 lj:yflkt
ePsf 5g\ . o;af6 Pp6f gofF ju{sf] pbo EfPsf]
5, h;nfO{ …lj:yflkt ju{Ú eGg ;lsG5 .
ljZjel/ lj:yflkt ju{sf] ;+Vof lg/Gt/ al9/x]sf]
5 . of] ju{ ;bfsf nflu /f]huf/Laf6 ˆofFlsPsf]
x'Fbf jt{dfg qmflGtk|lqmofsf] clgjfo{ ju{ / k|d'v
zlQm ag]sf]] 5 . kF"hLjfbLx¿sf] sAhfdf /x]sf]
lj1fg–k|ljlwnfO{ lj:yflkt ju{sf] :jfldTjdf
NofP/ dfq jt{dfg qmflGtsf] sfo{ef/ k"/f
ug{;lsG5 .
@_ ;d'bfo– u}/–pTkfbsd"ns ;dfg ;fdflhs rl/q
ePsf dflg;x¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ ;d'bfo elgG5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu dlxnf, blnt, o'jf, OToflb .
#_ hflt– Pp6} gZn, efiff, ;+:s[lt, If]q / klxrfg ePsf
dflg;x¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ hflt elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
/fO{, lnDa', tfdfª, du/, u'?ª, yf?, a|Xd0f, If]qL,
ljZjsdf{, ef]hk'/f, ldlynf, OToflb .
$_ ;d"x– lglZrt ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / ;fdflhs p2]Zon]
;+ul7t lglZrt dflg;x¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ ;d"x elgG5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu lxGb', af}4, d'l:nd, u'7L, h}g, /]8qm;,
h]l;h, OToflb .

65
ljleGg pTkLl8t hfltx¿ / ;d'bfox¿nfO{ pTkL8gaf6
d'Qm ug{sf] nflu ;fd"lxs k|oTg ug{ j}1flgs ;dfhjfb
lgdf{0f cleofgdf ;+ul7t ul/G5 .
jt{dfg ljZjdf ;j{xf/f ju{sf] cfsf/ 36\b} uPsf] 5 .
To;sf] ;§f dWod ju{ / lj:yflkt ju{sf] cfsf/ a9\b}
uPsf] 5 . dWod ju{, >lds ju{ / lj:yflkt ju{nfO{
k"FhLjfbsf] lj?4 ;dfhjfbsf] lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ;+ul7t
ul/G5 .
jt{dfg ;dfhsf] k|d'v zq' bnfn k"FhLklt ju{ xf] . lsgeg]
o;n] e"–d08nLs[t k"FhLjfbsf] k|ltlglwsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x
ub{5 . To;sf/0f of] ju{nfO{ j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] lgdf{0f
k|lqmofdf lgif]w ul/G5 .
;dli6df e"d08nLs[t k"FhLjfbaf6 pTkLl8t ;Dk"0f{ ju{x¿,
hfltx¿, ;d'bfox¿ / ;d"xx¿ j}1flgs ;dfhjfb lgdf{0f
cleofgsf clgjfo{ ;+36s c+ux¿ x'g]5g\ .
#_ ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf
juL{o ;dfhsf] pbo;Fu} ju{–;+3if{ tLj| ePkl5 lj/f]WfL
ju{nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ /fHo;Qfsf] pbo ePsf] lyof] .
/fHo;Qfsf] pbo;Fu} cfˆgf] ;Qf / ju{:jfy{sf] /Iffsf] nflu
;f]xL cg's"nsf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnL ljsl;t xF'b} uof] . cnu–
cnu ;fdflhs Joj:yfdf ju{x¿ klg cnu–cnu x'g] xF'bf

66
/fhgLlts k|0ffNfL klg ;f]xL cg'?k cnu–cnu x'G5g\ .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu bf; Joj:yfdf bf;dflnsx¿sf] /fHo;Qf
lgdf{0f ePsf] lyof] . ;fdGtjfbdf ;fdGt ju{sf] :jfy{ k"/f
ug]{ /fHo;Qf lgdf{0f eof] . kF"hLjfbdf kF"hLkltx¿sf]
/fHo;Qf lgdf{0f eof] . To;kl5 cfPsf] jf cfpg] ;fdflhs
Joj:yf j}1flgs ;dfhjfbdf klg Pp6f lglZrt ju{sf]
/fHo;Qf lgdf{0f x'G5 .
lglZrt ju{sf] k|ltlglwTj ug{sf] nflu Pp6f /fhgLlts
;+u7gsf] lgdf{0f clgjfo{ x'G5 . j}1flgs ;dfhjfbL
Joj:yfdf ;dfhjfbsf kIfw/ ju{x¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ug{sf]
nflu cnu /fhgLlts ;+u7g cfjZos 5 . ljutsf]
;dfhjfbL cEof;df ;+u7gsf] s]Gb|Ls[t :j?ksf] sf/0f
;j{xf/f ju{n] /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] pkof]u ug{ ;s]g .
kl/0ffd:j?k /fHo;Qf g} k|d'v eof] . To;sf/0f ca aGg]
j}1flgs ;dfhjfbL Joj:yfdf ;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts clwsf/
;j{xf/f / pTkLl8t ju{df cGtlg{lxt x'g] / To;sf] k|of]u
klg pgLx¿n] g} ug]{ Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0f ug{'kb{5 .
j}1flgs ;dfhjfb lgdf{0f cleofgsf] /fhgLlts
k|0ffnLcGtu{t /fhgLlts ;+u7gsf] ;+/rgf o;k|sf/ x'g]5 .
/fhgLlts ;+u7gdf b'O{j6f ;f+u7lgs kIfx¿ /xg]5g\– -!_
;fJf{ef}d ;+u7g / -@_ cleofg ;ldlt .

67
-!_ ;fj{ef}d ;+u7g
hgtfsf] ;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts clwsf/ cGtlg{lxt x'g]
;+u7g ;fj{ef}d ;+u7g xf] . o;df ls;fg ;+u7g,
dhb"/ ;+u7g, cflb kb{5g\ .
;fj{ef}d ;+u7gsf ljz]iftfx¿
-s_ sfo{sf/L– ;fj{ef}d ;+u7gn] ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{o /
To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{5 .
-v_ pTkfbgd"ns– ;fj{ef}d ;+u7g pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t
x'g]5 .
-u_ hgjuL{o– s]xL ;fj{ef}d ;+u7gx¿ hgjuL{o
x'g]5g\ . oL ;+u7gx¿ pTkfbgd"ns gx'g klg
;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu dlxnf, blnt, o'jf,
cflb .
-3_ clgjfo{ ;+/rgf– ;fj{ef}d ;+u7gdf ;DalGwt
If]qsf ;Dk"0f{ JolQmx¿ clgjfo{ ;b:o x'g'kb{5 .
;fj{ef}d ;+u7gdf a9Ldf b'O{ jif{sf nflu ;fj{ef}d
;u7gsf] !) k|ltzt ;b:o cleofgaflx/sf klg
x'g ;Sb5g\ .
;fjef}d ;+u7gsf] ;+/rgf
!_ ;fj{ef}d ;+u7gdf Go'gtd @) b]lv clwstd
!)) ;Dd ;b:ox¿ x'g]5g\ .
68
 @_ ;fj{ef}d ;+u7gdf ;DalGwt ;ldltn] g} rqmLo
k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t Ps–ltxfO{sf] Joj:yfkg
;lrjfnosf] lgdf{0f ug]{5 . Joj:yfkg
;lrjfondf Ps ;+of]hs / Ps ;lrj /xg]5g\ .
Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] a}7s, ;"rgf,
;+of]hgnufotsf] sfo{ ug]{5 . Joj:yfkg
;ldltn] s'g} klg sfo{sf/L lg0f{o ug{;Sb}g .
#_ ;fj{ef}d ;+u7gsf ;b:ox¿ pTkfbgsf] Pp6}
k|s[ltdf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ .
$_ ;fj{ef}d ;+u7gsf] x/]s lg0f{o ;j{;Ddt jf
ax'dtsf] cfwf/df ul/g]5 .
%_ ;fj{ef}d ;+u7gn] cleofgsf] s]Gb|Lo, k|b]z /
lhNnf ;ldltdf cfjZos ;+Vofdf cfˆgf
k|ltlglwx¿ rog u/L k7fpg]5 .
-@_ cleofg ;ldlt
j}1flgs ;dfhjfb lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ;fj{ef}d
;+u7gx¿sf] ;+of]hg / /fhgLlts tyf j}rfl/s
dfu{bz{g ug{sf] nflu cleofg ;ldltsf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . cleofg ;ldlt rf/ txsf] x'g]5– -!_ ufpF jf
gu/ ;ldlt -@_ lhNnf ;ldlt, -#_ k|b]z ;ldlt / -$_
s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt .

69
cleofg ;ldltsf] ;+/rgf
cleofg ;ldltsf ;a} ;b:ox¿ ;fj{ef}d ;+u7gaf6
lgjf{lrt eP/ cfpg]5g\ . cleofg ;ldltsf
;b:ox¿dWo]af6 Pshgf ;+of]hs / Pshgf ;lrj
lgjf{lrt x'g]5g\ / Ps–ltxfO{ ;b:ox¿sf] ;lrjfno
aGg]5 . ;lrjfnodf x/]s jif{ cfwf ;b:ox¿ rqmLo
k|0ffnLåf/f x]/km]/ ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ;+of]hs /
;lrjsf] sfo{sfn @ jif{sf] x'g]5 . ;+of]hs / ;lrj
nuftf/ bf];|f] sfo{sfnsf] nflu bf]xf]l/g]5}gg\ .
;dfh ljsf;sf] qmddf k'/fgf] ;fdflhs Joj:yfaf6
gofF ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] hGd x'G5 / s]xL ;do;Dd
ltgLx¿ ;dfgfGt/df ;Fu;Fu} cl:tTjdf /xG5g\ .
To;kl5 k'/fgf] ;fdflhs Joj:yf / gofF ;fdflhs
Joj:yfsf] aLrdf ;+3if{ ;'? x'G5 . ta k'/fgf]
;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] lj36g / gofF ;fdflhs
Joj:yfsf] ljsf; cf/De x'G5 . kmn:j?k cGttM
k'/fgf] ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] cGTo / gofF ;fdflhs
Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf x'G5 . of] k|lqmof Pp6f dxfg
;fdflhs qmflGtsf] dfWodaf6 ;DkGg x'G5 .
k|frLg sfndf uf]q Joj:yfaf6 bf; Joj:yfsf] pTklQ
ePsf] lyof] . s]xL cjlw;Dd ltgLx¿ ;dfgfGt/df
cl:tTjdf /x]sf lyP . To;kl5 uf]q Joj:yfsf] cGTo

70
/ bf; Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . dWosfndf
;fdGtjfbL Joj:yfaf6 k"FhLjfbL Joj:yfsf] pTklQ
eof] / s]xL cjlw;Dd ltgLx¿ ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf
cl:tTjdf /x] . To;kl5 ltgLx¿sf] aLrdf ;+3if{ z'¿
eof] . kmn:j¿k cGTodf Pp6f ;fdflhs qmflGt,
k"FhLjfbL qmflGtsf] dfWodaf6 ;fdGtjfbL Joj:yfsf]
cGTo / k"FhLjfbL Joj:yfsf] k"0f{ cflwkTo :yflkt
eof] .
x/]s gofF ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] pTklQsf] sf/0f gofF
pTkfbs zlQmsf] ljsf; xf] . k|frLg uf]q ;dfhaf6
bf;Joj:yfsf] pTklQsf] sf/0f pTkfbs zlQmsf] ?kdf
dfgj >dsf] ljsf; lyof] . bf;Joj:yfaf6
;fdGtjfbsf] pTklQsf] sf/0f pTkfbs zlQmsf] ?kdf
e";DklQsf] ljsf; lyof] . dWosfnsf]] ;fdGtjfbaf6
kF"hLjfbsf] pTklQsf] sf/0f pTkfbs zlQmsf] ?kdf
kF"hLsf] ljsf; lyof] . To;}u/L jt{dfg k"FhLjfbaf6
;dfhjfbsf] pTklQsf] sf/0f pTkfbs zlQmsf] ?kdf
lj1fg–k|ljlwsf] ljsf; xf] .
To;sf/0f kF"hLdf cfwfl/t jt{dfg ;fdflhs Joj:yf
k"FhLjfbsf] lj?4df gofF pTkfbs zlQm lj1fg–k|ljlwdf
cfwfl/t ;fdflhs Joj:yf ;dfhjfbsf] lgdf{0f ug'{
jt{dfg o'usf] clgjfo{ P]ltxfl;s cfjZostf xf] .
k"FhLjfbsf] lj?4 ;dfgfGt/ ?kdf ;dfhjfb cl:tTjdf

71
cfPkl5 ltgLx¿sf] aLrdf ;+3if{ -åGå_ ;'? x'G5 . of]
;+3if{af6 k"FhLjfb qmdzM sdhf]/ / ljvl08t x'Fb} hfG5
/ ;dfhjfb ;an / ;+ul7t xF'b} hfG5 . cGttM dxfg
;dfhjfbL qmflGtåf/f k"FhLjfbsf] cGTo / ;dfhjfbsf]
k"0f{ ljho x'G5 .
jt{dfg o'udf dfgj d'lQmsf] Psdfq zt{ xf]–
e"d08nLs[t k"FhLjfbsf] cGTo . of] P]ltxfl;s sfo{ef/
k"/f ug{sf] nflu …j}1flgs ;dfhjfb lgdf{0f cleofgÚ
;'? ePsf] 5 .
e"d08nLs[t k"FhLjfbaf6 pTkLl8t ljZjsf ;Dk"0f{
ju{x¿ Ps xf]pFm !

72