CANADI

ANUNIVERSI
TYOFMODERN
TECHNOLOGY.
1SI
LICONHI
LLS-
MILE91.

NAME:ABDULLAHI
BRAHI
M KAMARA
MODULE:COMMUNI
CATI
ONSKI
LLS.
I
DNUMBER:2022047
DEPARTMENT:B.
I.
T
COURSEI
NSTRUCTOR:MR.SULAI
MANMANSARAY.
 PHRASESANDCLAUSES
I
NTRODUCTI
ON:
Everysentencei
sconstr
uctedofcl
ausesor
phrases,butsometi
mesitcanbetr
ickytotel
lthe
di
fferencebetweenaphraseandaclause.
Bothphrasesandclausescont ai
ngroupsoftwoor
mor ewordsandhelpustomakesent ences,
but
theybothhavedif
ferentr
oles.Tohelpus
underst
andthediff
erencebetweent hem,we
shoulddefi
nethem bothindi
viduall
yfi
rst.

Acl
ausei
sagr
oupofwor
dst
hatcont
ainsa
subj
ectandav
erb.

Aphr
asei
sagr
oupofwor
ds,
buti
tdoesn'
t
cont
ainasubj
ectandav
erb.
Asent encecanexistasasingl
eclause,butasi
ngl
e
phrasecan'tmakeupasent ence.Phrasesadd
meaningt osentencesbutt
heycan'tcreat
ea
sentenceont hei
rown.
Cl
auses,
ont
heot
herhand,
arenecessar
y.
Removingaclausef
rom asent
encemayaf
fectt
he
under
standi
ng.
Her
eisasimpl
eexampleofasent
encet
hatuses
bot
haphraseandacl
ause:
*
.Wher
every
ougo,
Iwi
llf
oll
ow.
Expl
aini
ngt
heexampl
ebel
ow:
'
Wher
everyougo'
ist
hephr
ase,
and'
Iwi
llf
oll
ow'
is
t
hecl
ause.
'
Wher everyougo' doesn'tmakesenseoni tsown-
i
t'snotacompl etedt hought
.But,'Iwi
llf
oll
ow'
containsbothasubj ectandav erb-'I
'and'
foll
ow'
,
respecti
vel
y.It'
sacompl et
ethoughtandwedon' t
needanymor ewor dstounderstandthemeaningof
thesentence.
DI
FFERNCESBETWEENAPHRASE,
CLAUSEANDASENTENCE.
Thedif
ferencesbetweenPhrase,
Clause, Sent
ence
i
slikef
orexampl e,compari
ngthesizesof
Canadi
anUni ver
sit
ybuil
dings(
Admin, Pennerand
Newbuilding)
.
Al
ongwi
thphr
asesandcl
auses,
themeani
ngofa
'
sentence'
canalsobeconfused.Theyallwork
t
ogethertocreat
emeaning,butident
ify
ingthe
i
ndiv
idualcomponent
siswhat '
sdiffi
cult
.

Aneasywayt oremembert hedi

fferencebetweena
phraseandacl ausei st
or emembert hebuil
ding
blocksofasent ence.Aclausecont ai
nsphrases
andasent encecont ai
nsclauses.So, t
omakea
sentence,
thebui l
dingblockswoul dgoi nt
hisorder
:

phr
ase→ cl
ause→ sent
ence.

Thebi
gclock→ Thebigcl
ockchi
med→ Thebig
cl
ockchi
medwhent hehandst
ruckmi
dni
ght.
Aphrasei sagroupofwor dsthatcan'tst
andalone
asasent ence.I
t'sakeypartoftheclauseandthe
over
allsentence( i
t'
sthesubj
ectofit
)butitcan't
makesenseasi tis.
Thingsgetali
tt
leconfusingwithamain(or
i
ndependent)cl
ause.I
nt hisexampl
e,'Thebi
gcl
ock
chi
med' i
sbothaclauseandasent enceinit
sown
ri
ght.I
tcontai
nsasubjectandav erb.
Thefi
nal,ext
endedsent
encecont
ainsphrasesand
cl
auses.Thisiswhatmakesi
tasentence.

Ther
ear ef
ourmaintypesofsentencewhi
cheach
cont
ainavaryi
ngnumberofclausesandphrases:
si
mple,compound,complexandcompound-
complexsent
ences.
Let'
sal lr
emembert hatasentence(nomat ter
whet herit'
ssimpleorcompound- complex)isa
compl etethoughtthathasbeenf ul
lypunctuated.I
t
shoul dstartwi
thacapi t
allet
terandendwi thsome
typeofpunct uat
ion,whetherthat'
safullstop,
exclamat i
onmar k,questi
onmar korell
ipses.
HOW TOI
DENTIFYAPHRASEORA
CLAUSE
Thequickestwayt oidenti
fywhet heragroupof
wordsisaphr aseoracl auseistolookforbotha
subj
ectandav er
b.Ifyoucanf indboth,thenit
'sa
cl
ause.Ifyoucanonl yfi
ndoneort heother,t
hen
i
t'
saphr ase.Here'
sasi mpl eexampletoanalyse:
Gar
iandsugarmi
xtur
eisadel
ici
ous/
per
fectf
ood
combi
nat
ion.
Thewholesent
enceitsel
fisacl
ause(
amain
cl
auset
obeexact),butapartoft
hecl
ausei
sa
phr
ase.
'
GariandSugarmi xt
ure'
doesn'tcont
ainav erb-i
t'
s
j
ustthesubj
ect.Thatmeansi t
'saphrase.However,
t
herearemanyt ypesofphrasesandclauses,which
i
swhatmakest elli
ngthedi
fferencedi
ffi
cult.
Learninghowt oknowifit
'saphraseoracl ause
takespracti
ce.Thebestwaytolearni st
opr act
ise
l
ooki ngatgroupsofwordsandanaly si
ngthe
diff
erentpartstof
indoutwhetherit
'saphraseora
clause.

HOW TOTURNAPHRASESI
NTO
CLAUSES?
Tur
ningphrasesintocl
ausesi
sthef
ir
stst
epf
or
makingafullsent
ence.
Toturnphr
asesi
ntocl
auses,youneedtoadda
subj
ectandaver
btothephrasetogiv
eitmeani
ng.
Let
'sst
artwi
thaphr
ase-agr
oupofwor
dst
hat
l
acksasubj
ectandav
erb.
Thephr
ase'i
nthef
orest
'doesn'
tcont
ainasubj
ect
oraver
b.Thi
smeansit'
saphrase.
Now, weneedasubj ectt
obet hemai nfocusofthe
clause.Subj
ectsofasentencewillbesomething
suchasaper son,pl
ace,ani
malort hi
ng.Let'
ssay
thesubjectoft
hiscl
ausewi l
lbe'agroupofdeer'.
Finall
y,weneedt oaddaverb-anacti
ont
hatt
he
'
gr oupofdeer'
wi l
lcar
ryout
.Theverbwe'
l
lusefor
thisclausei
s'l
ive'
.
Let
'sputt
hem al
ltoget
her
:
'
Agr
oupofdeerl
iv
eint
hef
orest
.'
Thi
shascr
eat
edamai
n(ori
ndependent
)cl
ause.
Oncetheclausei
scr
eated,
weshoul
ddecide
whetheri
t'
samaincl
auseorasubor
dinat
eclause-
doweneedt oaddasecondcl
ausef
oritt
omake
sense?
So,tot
urnphr
asesi
ntocl
auses,
let
'sr
emember
thi
ssimpl
emethod:
Phr
ase→ addsubj
ect→ addv
erb.
 KI
NDSOFPHRASESANDCLAUSES.
TYPESOFPHRASES
Generall
y,phr
asesi ncl
udedetail
sthatmakea
sent
encemor eint
eresti
ng.Theycandescr i
be
l
ocations,act
ions,nounsandmor etogi v
eusa
cl
earerideaofwhatt hesentenceistr
yingtotel
lus.
Ther
ear
esev
enmai
nty
pesofphr
ase:
NOUNPHRASE
Anounphr asefuncti
onsjustli
keanounina
sentence,henceitsname.Itincludest
henounand
adject
ivest odescri
bethenoun:
Eg:
-Thepr
ett
y,l
it
tl
efl
ower
sar
ebl
ossomi
ngi
nmy
gar
den.

VERBPHRASE
Averbphr
asecont
ainsav
erbandi
tsmodi
fi
ers,
just
l
ikeanounphr
ase.
Eg:
-Ihav
ebeenwor
kingnon-
stopt
oday
.
GERUNDPHRASE
Ager
undphr
aseusesan-
ingv
erbasanoun.Toput
i
tmostsimply,agerundphr
aseisthesameasa
nounphrase,
exceptyouusethegerundi
nst
eadof
thenoun.
Eg:
-Il
oveswi
mmi
ngi
ntheOcean.

PARTI
CIPI
ALPHRASE
Aparti
cipi
alphrasewor
ksinasi mi
larwaytoa
ger
undphr ase.I
tusesaverbinadiff
erentway ,
just
asagerundusesanoun.Itbeginswithapartici
ple
(aver
busedasanadj ect
ive)andit
smodi fi
ers.
Eg:-Braci
ngher
sel
ffort
hej
ump,
shet
ookadeep
breath.
I
NFI
NITI
VEPHRASE
Asyoumight
'veguessed,aninfi
nit
ivephr
asest
art
s
wi
ththei
nfi
nit
ive-theli
nkingverb'
to'.
Eg:
-Iwantt
ogot
otheci
nemal
ater
.
APPOSI
TIVEPHRASE
Apposit
iveshelpyoutocl
ari
fywhichnouny ou'
re
tal
kingabout.Anapposi
ti
vephraseisbasical
lyan
apposit
ive,
butwithmorethanonewor d.Theyhelp
toaddmor edetai
ltothenoun.
Eg:
-Mydinnert
oni
ght
,Gar
iandsoup,
isgoi
ngt
obe
del
ici
ous.
PREPOSI
TIONALPHRASE
Preposit
ionshelpustodescr i
betheposi
tionofa
nounorpr onoun.Apreposit
ionalphr
aseincludes
thepreposit
ion,aswellasallt
hewordsthatf ol
low.
Thenewbookshopi
sgoi
ngt
obeopeni
ngnearmy
house.
TYPESOFCLAUSES
Clausesarethemai npartofasentence.Withouta
cl
ause, asentenceisjustagr
oupofwor dswhi ch
don'thaveanymeani ngontheirown.Inother
words,itwouldjustbeaphrase.
Thereare,
howev
er,someclausesthatcan'tst
and
onthei
rownassentences.Thi
siswhyi tcan
sometimesbedi
ffi
cul
ttounderst
andphr asesvs
cl
auses.
Her
ear
ethemai
nty
pesofcl
auses:
I
NDEPENDENTCLAUSE/MAI
NCLAUSE
Ani
ndependentcl
ausei
sacompl
etesent
ence-i
t'
s
acompletet
houghtthatmakessenseoni t
sown.It
canalsobecal
ledamai nclausebecausei
tmakes
upthemainpartofasentence.
Eg:
-Il
ovechocol
atechi
pcooki
es.
DEPENDENTCLAUSE
Dependentcl
ausesar
eoftenthereasonwhy
phr
asesandclausesgetconf
used.
Dependentclauses,al
soknownassubor di
nate
cl
auses,dependont heindependentclauset omake
sense.Whil
et heyhaveasubj ectandav erb,t
hey
don'
texpressacompl etethought.Theyneedt obe
connect
edt otheindependentclausewitha
subordi
nati
ngorcoor di
natingconjunct
ion.
Therearev
ari
oust
ypesofdependentcl
auses,
i
ncludi
ng:

RELATI
VECLAUSE
Arel
ati
vecl
ausebegi
nswit
harelat
ivepr
onoun
(
who,whom,whose,whi
ch,t
hat
).
Eg:
-Heknewi
nst
ant
lywhosev
oicehadcal
ledoutt
o
hi
m.
 NOUNCLAUSE
Anounclauseact
slikeanounwithi
nasentence.
Unl
ikeanounphrase,i
tincl
udesasubj
ectanda
ver
b.
Eg:
-Shewasdeepl
ymov
edbywhatshehad
watched.
ADJECTI
VECLAUSE
Anadject
ivecl
auseact
slikeanadject
ive-i
t
descr
ibesanounbyusingasubjectandaverb.
Eg:
-Thedr
esst
haty
ouboughtf
ormef
it
sper
fect
ly.
ADVERBI
ALCLAUSE
Anadverbi
alcl
ausemodi fi
estheverbi
nasentence
andactsli
keanadverb.Theyalwaysst
artwi
tha
subor
dinat
ingconj
unction.
Eg:
-Iwal
kmydogunt
ilsheget
sti
red.