]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√m-]-©m-bØv

`c-W-k-anXn

]n.-_n.-\qlv IAS
(Pn√m- I-f-IvS¿)

A∂-]q¿Æ-mtZhn tPm¿÷v amΩ≥ sIm≠q¿

{]kn-U‚v sshkv {]kn-U‚v

sI.-Pn. A\nX Fen-k_

- Øv A_p eoem taml≥ AUz: sdPn tXmakv kmw Cu∏≥
sNb¿t]-gvk¨ sNb¿t]-gvk¨ sNb¿t]-gvk¨ sNb¿am≥
BtcmKy hnZym`- ymk Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n hnI-k-\-Imcy Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n t£a-Imcy Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n s]mXp-a-cm-aØv Ãm‚ nwKv IΩn‰n

Fkv.-hn. kp_n≥ ‰n.-ap-cp-tIjv Fw.Pn. IÆ≥ kqk≥ AeIvkv h¿§okv ]n.hn

_n\n-em¬ AUz: R.B.c- m-Pohv Ipam¿ _n.-k-Xn-Ip-amcn hn\oX A\n¬ tPm¨k¨ t{]wIp-am¿
Pn√m-]-©m-bØv sk{I-´dn
 BapJw

2020 am¿®n¬ \S°p∂ c≠mw h¿j

lb¿ sk°≠dn ]co£bnepw, XpS¿
h¿jßfnse ]co£Ifnepw Pn√bnse lb¿
sk°≠dn ^ew anIhp‰Xm°m≥ th≠n
]Ø\wXn´ Pn√m ]©mbØv, Pn√m
`cWIqShpw s]mXphnZym`ymk hIp∏pambn
tN¿∂v ]Ø\wXn´ Ub‰ns‚ A°mZanI
]n¥pWtbmsS, hnhn[ taJeIfn¬ \n∂pw
A`n{]mb߃ kzoIcn®v, N¿® sNbvXv,
Bib߃ t{ImUoIcn®v, 2015˛16 h¿jw
Bhnjv I cn®p \S∏nem°nb ]≤XnbpsS
amXrIbnepw, cmPy-Øn\v amXr-I-bmb tIcfm
k¿°m-cns‚ s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc-£-W-
b-⁄-Øns‚ `mK-am-bpw, "ssIØmßv" F∂
t]cn¬ Hcp XpS¿ ]≤Xn Xømdm°n.

A∂-]q¿Æ-mtZhn CXn≥sd H∂mw L´w F∂ \nebv°v

({]kn-U‚v) ]T\Øn¬ ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p∂
hnZym¿YnIƒ°mbn, 15 hnjbßfn¬
ASnÿm\ ]mT`mK߃ Dƒs∏SpØn
"ssIØmßv’ F∂ t]cn¬ Xs∂ Hcp ]T\
klmbn c≠mwh¿j lb¿ sk°≠dn
hnZym¿YnIƒ°mbn k÷am°nbncn°p∂p.

c£nXm°fpw, hnZym¿∞nIfpw,
A≤ym]Icpw Hcpan®p\n∂p≈ 'ssIØmßv'
]≤Xn \ΩpsS Pn√bnse lb¿ sk°≥Udn
]co£m^ew sa®s∏SpØpw F∂v
{]Xymin°mw.

hniz-kvX-X-tbmsS

A∂-]q¿Æm-tZhn
({]-kn-U‚ v, Pn√m-]-©m-bØv ]Ø-\w-Xn-´)
 ssIØmßv A°m-ZanI Iu¨kn¬

tUm: PoP I.R ^ntdm-kvJm≥ cmtPjv S.h≈nt°mSv emenIp´n. ]n

(R.DD sNß-∂q¿) (lb¿sk°≥Udn (Pn√m tIm¿Unt\‰¿, ({]n≥kn∏mƒ,
Pn√m tImUnt\‰¿) s]mXp hnZym`ymk kwc£W b⁄w) Ub‰v Xncph√, ]Ø\wXn´)

Ajvd^v. Fw _nµp.kn ]n. B¿. Kncojv. APojv Ipam¿. T.B

({]n≥kn∏¬, Kh:tKƒkv HSS,ASq¿ & (lb¿sk°≥Udn (F®v. Fkv. Fkv. Sn. Kh.t_mbvkv (eIv®d¿, Ub‰v, ]Ø\wXn´)
\n¿∆-lW DtZym-K-ÿ≥) AknÃ≥dv Pn√m tImUnt\‰¿) F®v.Fkv.Fkv, ASq¿)

tamWn‰dnwKv kanXn
1. Pn√m ]©mbØv {]knU≥dv
2. Pn√m IfŒ¿
3. Pn√m ]©mbØv- hnZym`ymk
- ˛ BtcmKy Ãm≥UnMv IΩn‰n sNb¿t]gvk¨
4. Pn√m ]©mbØv- - hnZym`ymk˛ BtcmKy Ãm≥UnMv IΩn‰n AwK߃
5. Pn√m ]©mbØv AwK߃
6. Pn√m ]©mbØv- - sk{I´dn
7. lb¿sk°≥Udn doPnbW¬ sU]yq´n UbdŒ¿
8. lb¿sk°≥Udn Pn√m tIm¿Unt\‰¿
9. lb¿sk°≠dn AknÃ≥dv Pn√m tIm¿Unt\‰¿
10. s]mXp hnZym`ymk kwc£W b⁄w Pn√m tIm¿Unt\‰¿
11. Pn√m tIm¿Unt\‰¿ Fkv.Fkv. sI
12. {]n≥kn∏mƒ, Ub‰v, ]Ø\wXn´.
13. \n¿hlW DtZymKÿ≥
14. {ioaXn. tPmfn Um\ntb¬, {]n≥kn∏mƒ, Kh. FNv. Fkv. Fkv, Nn‰m¿.
15. {ioaXn. {]oX.kn. B¿, {]nkn∏mƒ, SVGV HSS, InSß∂q¿.
16. ]n. B¿. Kncojv, HSST Kh. t_mbvkv HSS, ASq¿. (A≤ym]I {][n\n[n & I¨ho\¿)
 +2 Ncn{Xw
{]tabw˛1

lmc-∏≥ kwkvImcw/kn‘p-\ZoXS kwkv-Imcw

4500 h¿j-߃°v ap≥]v C¥y≥ D]-`qJWvU-Øns‚ hS°v ˛ ]Sn-™m-d≥ `mKØv al-
Ømb Hcp kwkvImcw \ne\n∂n-cp-∂p. Cu kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ {][m\ ssk‰p-I-fn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw
kn‘p-\-Zn-bp-sSbpw AXns‚ t]mj-I-\-Zn-I-fp-sbbpw Xoc-ß-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kwkvIm-c-sØ-∏-
‰n-bp≈ BZy sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-®Xpw BZyw DXvJ\\w \S-∂Xpw lmc-∏ F∂ ÿe-Øm-bn-cp-∂p.
AXn-\m-emWv lmc-∏≥ kwkvImcw F∂pw t]cm-b-Xv.
lmc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-sØ-∏‰n hn]p-e-amb tXmXn¬ DXvJ-\-\-߃ \S-∂Xv 1921-˛-em-Wv.-
k¿ tPm¨ am¿j-ens‚ \n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw D.R km”n-bpsS t\Xy-Xz-Øn-em-Wv- D-XvJ\\߃ \S-
∂-Xv.
1922-˛-emWv taml≥tPm Zm-tcm-bn¬ ]T-\-߃ \S-∂-Xv. R.D _m\¿Pn-bmWv ChnsS
t\XyXzw \¬In-b-Xv.
lmc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hnI-knX Ime BCE 2600 ˛--- \pw 1900 at≤y-bmWv. Cu kwkvIm-
c-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]Tn-t°-≠Xv AXy-mh-iy-kw-K-Xn-bmWv. Ah GsX√msa∂v a\-kn-
em°pI.
lmc-∏≥ kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
ê
1. \K-cm-kp-{XWw
2. CjvSnI D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ \n¿Ωn-Xn-Iƒ
3. Agp-Ip-Nm¬ k{º-Zmbw
4. GIn-IrX Afhp˛Xq-°ßƒ
5. koep-Iƒ/ ap{Z-Iƒ
6. a¨]m{X-߃
7. Zo¿L-Zq-c-hym-]mcw

{][m\ \K-c-tI-{µ-߃.
lmc∏, taml≥tPmZmtcm, Nm≥lpZmtcm, Ien-_w-K≥, temYmƒ, _\-hmen, t[mfmhoc F∂nhbm-
bn-cp∂p
\K-cm-kq-{XWw
taml≥tPmZmtcm F∂ \K-c-amWv lmc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Ønse G‰hpw {]kn-≤-amb
ssk‰v. taml≥tPmZmtcm F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞w. acn-®-h-cpsS Ip∂v (The mound of the dead)
F∂mWv. Cu \K-cØns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ t\m°mw.
taml≥tPmZmtcm F∂ \K-csØ tIm´sb∂pw (The citadel) Iogv]-´W sa∂pw (The
lower town) c≠mbn Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
tIm´-sb∂v hnfn-°p∂ ÿeØv [mcmfw henb sI´n-S-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu {]tZiw
aXn-ep-Iƒ sI´n kwc-£n-®ncp-∂p.
taml≥tPm-Zm-tcm-bnse G‰hpw henb sI´nSw [m\y-∏p-c-bm-Wv, lmc-∏≥ P\X anI®
I¿j-I-cm-bn-cp∂p. an®w hcp∂ `£y-[m-\y-߃ kq£n-®p-sh-°p-∂Xn-\mWv Cu [m\y-∏p-c-Iƒ
D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. AhnsSbp≈ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ C°m-cy-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ Xm¬∏-cy-sa-Sp-Øn-
cn°mw.
tamlm≥tPmZm-tcmbnse D≠mbn-cp∂ as‰mcp {][m\ \n¿ΩnXn henb Ipfn-∏p-c-bm-Wv,
Zo¿L-N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ henb Ipfhpw AXns‚ aq∂p hi-ß-fn¬ apdn-Ifpw D≈-XmWv henb
Ipfn-∏p-c, Ipf-Øn-te°v Cd-ß-p∂Xn\v ]S-hp-I-fp-≠v.

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ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw

aX-]-c-amb A\p-jvTm-\-Øn-\mWv Cu Ipfn-∏pc D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂sX∂v Ncn-{X-°m-

c≥am¿ A`n-{]mbs∏Sp-∂p. AXp-am-{X-a√ lmc-∏≥ P\-X-bpsS ipNnXz t_m[hpw F©n-\n-bdnwKv
sshZ-KvZyhpw CXv {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p.
\new Dgp-∂-Xn\v Ie∏ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. Ie-∏-bpsS Ifn-a¨ cq]-߃ tImfn-ÿm-\n¬
(]m-In-ÿm≥) \n∂pw _\-hm-en-bn¬ (l-cn-bm-\) \n∂pw e`n-®n-´p-≠v.
cmP-ÿm-\nse Imen-_w-K-\n¬ DgpX hb-ens‚ sXfnhv e`n-®n-´p-≠v.
\K-c-Øns‚ c≠m-asØ `mK-amWv Iogv]-´Ww `qcn-`m-Khpw P\-߃ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ taJ-
e-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv. Chn-sS-bp≈ hoSp-Iƒ hfsc {Ia-am-bmWv \n¿Ωn°s∏´ncp∂-Xv. tdmUp-Iƒ
a´-tIm-Wn¬ ]c-kv]cw apdn-®p-IS°p-Ibpw ]´-WsØ Zo¿LN-XpcmIrXnbnep≈ tªm°pI-fmbn
hn`Pn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXns\ {KnUv k{º-Zmbw F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.
hoSp-Iƒ CjvSnI D]-tbmKn®mWv \n¿Ωn-®n-cp∂Xv.- F√m hoSp-Iƒ°v Xpd∂ \Sp-ap‰w
D≠m-bn-cp∂p. lmc-∏≥ P\X kzIm-cy-Xbv°v henb ]cn-K-W-\- \¬Inbn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ sXcp-
hp-Isf A`n-ap-JoI-cn-°p∂ hmXn-ep-Ifpw P\m-e-Ifpw A]q¿∆-am-bn-cp-∂p.
F√m hoSp-Iƒ°pw InW-dp-Ifpw Ipfn-ap-dn-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sNdnb hoSp-Ifpw henb
amfn-IIfpw c≠p \ne-I-fp≈ hoSp-Ifpw D≠mbn-cp-∂p. anI® `c-W-coXn D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xns‚
sXfn-hmWv Ah-cpsS \K-cm-kp-{X-Ww.
lmc∏≥ P\-X-bpsS AXn-{]-[m-\-s∏´ khn-ti-j-X-bmbncp∂p Ah-cpsS Agp-°p-Nm¬
k{º-Zmbw hoSp-I-fn-sebpw \K-c-ß-fn-sebpw amen-\y-߃ Hmhp-Nm-en-eqsS \K-cm-Xn¿Øn-bn¬-F-
Øn-°p∂ kwhn-[m-\a - mWnXv lmc-∏≥ P\-Xb
- psS F©n-\n-bd - nwKv anIhv Btcm-Ky˛ ipNnXz t_m[w,
\K-c-`-cWw F∂nh shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kw-K-Xn-I-fm-Wv.
lmc-∏≥ P\X Ah-cpsS D]-Po-h\ am¿§-Øn\v Irjn, arK-]-cn-]m-e\w, hym]m-cw F∂o
taJ-e-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-´n-cp∂p.
Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬ anI® D¬]m-Z\w D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Pe-tk-N-\-Øn-\mbn tXmSp-Iƒ,
In-W¿sh-≈w, Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-Iƒ F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn-®ncp∂p.
Pe-tk-N-\-Øn\v I\m-ep-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xns‚ sXfnhv A^vKm-\n-ÿm-\nse tjm¿´p-Km-
bn¬ \∂v e`n-®n-´p-≠v.
\new Dgm\pw, h≠nhen-°m\pw, km[\-߃ sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂Xn\pw ImfIsf D]-tbm-
Kn®p. IqSmsX amwky-Øn\pth≠nbpw I∂p-Im-en-I-sf D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p.
D]-Po-h-\-Øn-\mbn D]tbm-Kn® as‰mcp taJebmWv hym]mcw. GIo-IrX Af-hp-˛-Xq-°-
߃, km[-\-ß-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw DS-a-ÿX F∂nh Dd-∏m-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ hnhn[ ap{Z-
Iƒ XpS-ßnbh hym]m-c -ta-J-e-sb-∏‰n hnhcw \¬Ip∂p. hntZihym]m-c-_-‘hpw lmc--∏≥ P\-
X-bbv°p≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
lmc-∏≥ kaq-l-Øn¬ kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-lnIhpw hyXym-k-߃ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p-
sh∂v ]pcm-h-kvXp- K-th-j-I¿ ]d-bp-∂p. Ah-cpsS ih-kw-kvIm-c- -co-Xn-Iƒ, BUw-_c hkvXp-Iƒ
]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ hoSp-Iƒ F∂nhbn¬ \n∂v CXv hy‡-am-Wv.
lmc-∏¿°v sNºv \¬In-bn-cp∂ hntZ-i-cmPyw aKm≥ (C∂sØ Ham≥) Bbn-cp∂p. sa-
tkm-s∏m-t´-an-b≥ tcJ-I-fn¬ saeql F∂Xv lmc-∏-bm-Wv.- Zn¬a≥ F∂Xv _lvdn≥ D]-Zzo-]m-
bn-cn-°mw.
Ic-Iu-i-e- \n¿Ωm-W -cw-KØpw lmc-∏¿ anI-®-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-aq-ey-ß-fmb I√p-Iƒ,
tem-l-߃, -Nn-∏n-Iƒ F∂nhsIm≠v at\m-l-c-ß-fmb B`-c-W-߃ \n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂p.- hn-hn[Xcw
a¨]m-{X-߃ Ah¿ \n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂p.- A-h¿ \n¿Ωn-®- ap{ZIƒ, en]n, AfhpXq° kma-{Kn-Iƒ.
Ifn-∏m-´-߃ F∂n-h-sbms° Ah-cpsS Ic-Iu-i-e- ssh-ZKvZyw {]I-S-am-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.
aX-hn-izmkw
lmc-∏≥ kwkvImcw hym]n-®n-cp∂ {]tZ-iß
- f
- n¬ \n∂v Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p-ff ap{Z-If
- n¬ \n∂pw
Ifn-a¨ cq]-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Ah-cpsS aX-hn-izm-ksØ Adn-bp-hm≥ Ign-bpw.

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 +2 Ncn{Xw
amXy tZh-X,- ]p-cp-j-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\,- hy-£m-cm-[-\,- ay-Km-cm-[-\,- enw-Km-cm-[\ F∂nh lmc-
∏≥ kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.- B-Zn-a-inhcq]-߃ ap{Z-I-fn¬ ImWmw.
Fgp-Øp-hnZy
lmc-∏≥ P\X Fgp-Øp-hnZy I≠p-]n-Sn-®n-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS en]nsb pictographic AYhm
Nn{X-en-]n-sb∂pw hnfn-°p∂p.- Cu en]n CXphscbpw hmbn-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ign-™n-´n-√.
`c-W-coXn
lmc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Ønse `cWk{º-ZmbsØ∏‰n hyXykvX A`n-{]m-b-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.
]ptcm-lnX cmP°≥amcmWv `cn-®n-cp-∂sX∂v Nne Ncn-{X-°m-c≥am¿ hmZn-°p-∂p. lmc-∏≥ kaq-
l-Øn¬ {]tXyI `cWm[nIƒ C√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p Nne¿ A`n-{]m-b-s]-Sp-∂p.
hym]m-cn-IfpsS Hcp kwL-amWv `cn-®n-cp∂sX∂v R.S i¿Ω A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Cßs\
hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb A`n-{]m-b-߃ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. GXm-bmepw e`n® sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-
\Øn¬ lmc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ anI® `cWw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v \ymb-ambn Nn¥n-°mw.
lmc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ XI¿®bv°pw A¥y-Øn\pw \nc-h[n Imc-W-߃ Ncn-{X-Im-
c≥am¿ apt∂m-´p-h-®n-´p≠v. Ah GsX-√m-sa∂v a\-kn-em-t°≠Xp≠v.
lmc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚
ê
XI¿® ˛ Imc-W-߃

1. Ime-mh-ÿm am‰w
2. h\-\-ioI-cWw
3. Aan-X-amb {]f-b-߃
4. `qI-º-߃, £ma-߃, ]I¿®-hy-m[n-Iƒ
5. \Zn-Iƒ h‰n-h-c-≠Xpw, {]IrXnhn`hßfpsS Aan-X-amb NqjWhpw, ]m-cn-ÿn-XnI
Ak-¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿbpw.
6. Bcy≥am-cpsS A{I-a-Ww.

]pcm-hkvXp ]T-\hpw (B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn) lmc-∏≥ Ncn{X \n¿Ωn-Xnbpw

lmc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®v BZy-ambn \nco£Ww \S-Øn-bXv Nmƒkv ta€≥ F∂
Cw•ojv DtZym-K-ÿ-\m-Wv. ]pcm-hkvXp ]T\w imkv{Xo-b-ambn Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-
°¬ k¿t∆ Hm^v C¥y-bpsS BZysØ Ub-dI - vS¿ P\-de
- m-bn-cp-∂ Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ IÆnwKv lmans‚
Ime-ØmW.v k¿ tPm¨ am¿j-ens‚ Ime-ØmWv lmc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-sØ-∏‰n {it≤-b-amb ]T-
\-߃ \S-∂-Xv. a¨a-d™ ]pcm-hkvXp sXfn-hp-Isf DXvJ-\-\-Øn-eqsSbmWv ]pd-sØ-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.
DXvJ-\-\\w c≠p- co-Xn-bn-ep-≠v. ew_-J-\-\hpw Xnc-—o\ J\-\-hpw. k¿tPm¨ am¿j¬ Xncn-
—o\ J\-\sØ B{i-bn-®p. tam¿´n-a¿ hoe¿ F∂ ]pcm-hkvXp imkv{X-⁄≥ ew_- J-\-\-hpw.
Hcp ssk‰v Xmtg°v Ipgn-°p∂ coXn-bn-ep-≈-XmWv ew_ -J\\w.

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ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw

{]ta-bw-˛2.
cmPm-°≥amcpw I¿j-Icpw \K-c-ßfpw BZy-Ime cmjv{S-ßfpw
kºZvhy-h-ÿ-Ifpw (600 BCE apX¬600 CE hsc)

lmc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ]X-\sØ XpS¿∂p≈ 1500-sIm-√-ß-fn¬ C¥ym D]`qJfi-

Øns‚ ]e `mK-ß-fnepw {][m-\-s∏´ ]e kw`-h-ßfpw D≠m-bn.- kn-‘p-˛-KwKm ka-Xe {]tZ-i-
ß-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ A[n-hmk tI{µ-ß-fp-≠m-bn.- P-\-߃ A[n-h-kn-°m≥ XpS-ßnb ÿe-ßsf
P\-]-Z-sa∂p hnfn-®p.- C-Øcw P\-]-Z-ß-fn¬ 16 FÆw -a-lm-P-\-]-Z-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ch-bn¬ H∂m-bn-
cp∂
aK[ (C-∂sØ _olm¿) a‰p P\-]-Z-ß-tf-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ i‡nbpw {]Xm-]hpw t\Sn.
AXn\p Nne ImcWß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
1. aK[ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ {]tZiw ^e-`q-bn-jvT-am-bn-cp-∂p.
2. Ccp-ºns‚ \nt£]w IqSp-X-embn Cu taJ-e-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
3. KwKbpw AXns‚ t]mjI \Zn-Ifpw bm{X kpK-a-am-°n.
4. Cu taJ-e-bnse h\-ß-fn¬ [mcm-f-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ B\-Isf aK-[-bpsS ssk\y-Øn¬ D]-
tbm-Kn®p.
5. aK-[-`-cn-®n-cp∂ cmPm-°≥am¿ Icp-Ø-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
6. aK-[-bpsS BZy-X-e-ÿm-\-amb cmP-Ky-lhpw ]n∂o-Sp-ff ]mS-en-]p-{Xhpw X{¥-{]-[m-\-amb
ÿe-ßfmbncp∂p.
aucy km{amPyw
aK-[-bpsS XI¿®sb XpS¿∂v B taJe tI{µam°n-h-f¿∂p h∂ km{am-Py-amWv aucy
km{amPyw. N-{µ-Kp-]vX-au-cy-\m-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ ÿm]-I≥.- A-t±-l-Øns‚ D]-tZ-jvSm-hm-bn-cp∂p
A¿∞-imkv{Xw F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ cN-bn-Xm-hmb NmW-Iy≥. -C¥ym Ncn-{X-Ønse BZysØ
km{am-PyamWv aucy-km-{amPyw. CXnse G‰hpw {]i-kvX-\mb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmWv alm\mb
Atim-I≥.
`cW kwhn[m\w
aucy-km-{am-Py-Øn¬ 5 {][m\ cmjv{Sob tI{µ-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xe-ÿm-\-amb ]mS-eo-
]p-{Xw, tXmimen X£-in-e, D÷-bn-\n, kph¿Æ-Kncn F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. a{¥n ]cn-jØv F∂
a{¥n-∑m-cpsS Hcp D]-tZ-iI kanXn `c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ cmPm-hns\ klm-bn-®p. anI® ssk\oI
kwhn-[-\w, Nmc k{º-Zmbw anI® DtZym-Kÿ hrµw F∂nh aucy-km-{am-Py-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-I-
fm-bn-cp-∂p. tI{µ-`-cWw t]mse {]mtZ-inI `c-Whpw anI-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ]mS-eo-]p-{X-Øns‚ `c-W-
ta¬t\m´w 5 AwK-߃ hoX-ap≈ 6 kan-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.
N{µ-Kp-]vX-aucys‚ sIm´m-c-Ønse {Ko°p Aw_m-kn-U-dm-bn-cp∂p saK-kvX-\o-kv.- A-
t±lw C¥y-sb-∏‰n Fgp-Xnb ]pkvX-I-am-Wv C-≥UnI BCE 261˛¬ IenwK bp≤-Øn\p tijw
Atim-I≥ Alnw-km-hm-Zn-bmbn amdn. -bp≤w F∂t∂°p-ambn Dt]-£n-®p. -{]-Pm-t£-aw,- k-ln-
jvW-X, -A-lnwk F∂o Bi-b-ß-sf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Atim-I≥ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb kwK-Xn-Isf
AtimI [¿Ωw F∂-t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- A-tim-Is‚ D]-tZ-i-߃ P\-ß-fn-se-Øn-°m≥ inem-
en-Jn-X-ß-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv.- km-{am-Py-Øns‚ hnhn[ ÿeß-fn¬ Ch ÿm]n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.
aucy km{am-Py-sØ-∏‰n ]Tn-°m≥ Chsbms° klm-b-I-c-am-Wv.
AtimI enJn-X-߃ Fgp-XnbXv {]mIrXv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ `mjbnemWv. {_m“n,
Jtcm-jvTn F∂o en]n-I-fmWv CXn\v D]-tbmKn®Xv. Ch Is≠Øn ]Tn-®p a\-knem°nb hy‡n-
bm-Wv Pbnwkv {]n≥sk]v F∂ {_n´njv DtZym-K-ÿ≥.
Atim-Is‚ Bi-b-߃ k¿∆mZc-Wo-b-ß-fmWv Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse tZinb t\Xm-
°≥am¿°v {]tN-mZ\w \¬Inb alm-\m-bn-cp∂p Atim-I≥. tI{µoIrX`cWk{ºm-Zmbw aucy
km{amPy-Øn¬ \S-∏n-em-°n.
-4-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw
ssZhoI cmPm-°-∑m¿
aucy-km-{amPyw 150 sIm√w \ne\n∂p. aucy-km-{am-Py-Øns‚ XI¿®sb XpS¿∂v D]-`q-h-
fi-Øns‚ ]e `mKØpw sNdnb cmPy-߃ Db¿∂p h∂p. AXn¬ Hcp {]ap-J-cm-Py-amWv Ipjm-
\-cm-P-hw-iw. cmP-]-Zhn ssZh-Z-Ø-sa∂v Icp-Xn-b-cm-W-h¿. Ah-cpsS D∂-X-]-Zhn \ne-\n¿Øm≥
Nne am¿§-ßfpw Ah¿ D]-tbm-Kn®p.
1. ssZh-Øns‚ {]Xn-]p-cpj≥amsc∂v AhImi-s∏-´p.
2. `oam-Im-c-ß-fmb kz¥w {]Xn-a-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-®p.
3. t]cn-s\m∏w tZh-]p{X t]mep≈ hnti-j-W-߃ tN¿Øp.
4. henb bmK-߃ \S-Øn.
5. {]i-kvXn-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p. (t\-´-߃ {]Io¿Øn®v Fgp-Xp-∂p)
Kp]vX km{amPyw (C .E. 335-455)
aucy-km-{am-Py-Øns‚ ]X-\-Øn\pw tijw Db¿∂p h∂ cmPy-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw {][m-\-
ambXv Kp]vX km-{am-Py-am-bn-cp∂p. Chsc∏‰n ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn\v hnhn[ Ncn{X t{kmX-€p-Iƒ D≠v.
\mW-b-߃ inem-im-k-\-߃, {]ikv-Xn-Iƒ, ssN\nkv k©m-cn-I-fmb ^mln-bm≥,
C’nwKv F∂n-h-cpsS bm{X-hn-h-c-W-߃, B Ime-L-´-Ønse kmln-Xy-Im-c≥am-cpsS cN-\-Iƒ
Ch-sb-√m-amWv Kp]vX-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cn¬ {]ap-J-\mb kap-{Z-Kp-]vX-\-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂-XmWv {]tbm-K-{]-i-
kvXn. Ae-l- _mZv kvXw`-eo-hn-X-sa∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ CXv kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bn¬ kap-{Z-Kp-]vXs‚
sIm´mcw Ihn-bm-bn-cp∂ lcn-tk-\≥ Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wv.
cmPyØns‚ hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ P\-ß-fpsS ta¬ I\Ø \nIpXn Npa-Øn-bm-bn-cp-
∂p. CXv G‰-hp-a-[nIw _m[n-®Xv I¿j-I-sc-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Irjn-°m¿ 2 am¿§-
߃ Is≠-Øn. AXn-sem∂v h\-ß-fn-te°v c£-s∏-SpI F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. at‰Xv Im¿jn-tIm-
Xv]m-Z\w ]c-am-h[n h¿≤n-∏n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
Im¿jnI DXv]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ie-∏-bpsS D]-tbm-Kw, Rmdp ]dn®p \So¬,
Pe-tk-N\w F∂o am¿§-߃ Irjn-°m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®p.
Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬ ]pXnb Irjn-X-{¥-߃ Bhn-jvI-cn-®-Xn-\m¬ Im¿jnImZmbw
h¿≤n®p F∂m¬ AXns‚ {]tbm-P\w I¿j-I¿°v ]q¿Æambn e`n-®n√. `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-i-
Øn¬ t]mep≈ G‰-°p-d-hm-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ Hcp {][m-\-Im-cWw `qZm-\-k-{º-Zmbambn-cp∂p
{_m“-W¿°v \¬°-s∏´ `qanb A{K-lm-cs - a∂pw Adn-bs- ∏-´p. aX-ÿm-]\- ß
- ƒ°v \¬Inb `qansb
DtØ-c-¥y-bn¬ tZh-Zm-\-sa-∂pw `£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ tZhkzw F∂p-amWv Adn-b-s]-´Xv. iX-hm-l\
cmPm-°≥amcmWv `qZm\ k{º-Zm-bw-Xp-Sßn h®Xv. `qZm-\-sØ-∏‰n hyXkvX A`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-≠v.
Irjn-bpsS hym]-\w, cmPm-°-∑-cpsS cmjv{Sob i‡n Zp¿_-e-am-b-Xns‚ e£Ww
]pXnb cmjv{Sob _‘-߃ D≠m-°pI
cmPm-°-∑mcpsS ta[m-hnXzw shfns∏SpØpI F∂n-h-bm-W-h.
]n∂oSv F√m cmPm-°≥amcpw Cu k{ºm-Zmbw XpS¿∂p. Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse henb `qhp-
S-a-Ifmbn-cp∂p sh≈m-f¿.
\mW-b-ßfpw cmP-°-≥amcpw
\mW-b-ßsf°pdn®p≈ ]T-\sØ \yqan-kvam-‰nIvkv F∂mWv ]d-bp∂Xv. Ncn-{X-]-T-Øn\v
hfsc klmbw \¬°p∂ \mWb]T-\-im-kv{Xw.
cm-Pm-°≥am-cpsS t]cpw Ncn-{Xhpw ]Xn-∏n® \mW-b-߃ BZy-ambn ]pd-Øn-d-°n-bXv Ct¥m-˛-{Ko-
°v -cm-P-°≥am-cmWv.
BZy-ambn kz¿Æ-\m-W-b-߃ ]pd-Øn-d-°n-bXv Ipjm\cmPm-°≥am-cm-Wv.
BI¿j-I-amb kz¿W-\m-W-b-ß-ƒ Kp]vX-cm-Pm-°≥am-cp-sS-Xm-Wv.
sNºp-\m-W-b-߃ ]pd-Øn-d-°n-bXv but[b¿ F∂ tKm{X-dn-]-_vfn-°m-bn-cp-∂p.
BC 6˛mw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ kz¿Æ-\m-W-b-ßfpsS FÆw Ipd-bp∂Xmbn ImWp-∂p. tdma≥
km{am-Py-Øns‚ XI¿® hnZq-c-hym-]m-csØ tZmj-ambn _m[n-®XmWn-Xns‚ ImcWw. ap-{Zm-InX
\mW-b-ßfn¬ Nn”-ß-fp-≠mIpw.-
-5-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw

{]tabw 3
_‘pXzw, PmXn, h¿§w (Kinship, Caste and Class)
BZy-Ime kaq-l-߃ (600 CE- 600CE)

IpSpw_-߃:
kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-amWv IpSpw-_w. hnhm-l-Øn-eqsS IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw
XpSßp∂p. A∂sØ kaqlw ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-k-aq-l-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]nXm-hns‚ ac-W-tijw IpSpw-
_-kz-Øn¬ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv B¨a-°ƒ°mbn-cp∂p CXns\ ]nXr-Zm-b-{Iaw F∂ hnfn-
°p-∂p. kzK-W-hn-hmlw, A-\y-K-W-hn-hmlw, _lp-`m-cyXzw GIm-`m-cy-Xzw, _lp-`¿XrXzw F∂n-
ßs\ hnhm-l-co-Xn-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hnhm-l-tijw kv{XnIƒ Ah-cpsS tKm{Xw Dt]-£n-°p-
Ibpw `¿Øm-°≥am-cpsS tKm{Xw kzoI-cn-°pIbpw sNøWam-bn-cp∂p.
kmaq-ly-hy-Xy-k߃ {ItaW kaq-l-Øn¬ D≠mbn EtKz-Z-Im-e-L-´-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-
Øn-emWv h¿W-hy-hÿ AYhm PmXn-hy-hÿ DS-se-Sp-ØXv. EtKz-Z-Ønse ]pcp-j-kq-‡-Øn¬
]d-bp-∂Xv ˛ Cuiz-c-s‚ hmbn¬ \n∂v {_m“-W-cpw, ssII-fn¬ \n∂v £{Xn-bcpw , XpS-I-fn¬
\n∂v sshiy-cpw, ]mZ-ß-fn¬ \n∂v iq{Zcpw P∑w-sIm-≠p. {_m“-W-cpsS B[n-]Xyw kaq-l-
Øn¬ Dd∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v CXp-]-tbm-Kn®v h¿W-hy-hÿbn¬ 4 hn`m-K-ßfpw sNtø≠v tPmenbpw
\n¿tZ-in®p

{_“-W¿
]utcm-lnXyw
£{Xn-b¿
bp≤w, `cWw
sshiy¿
Irjn, I®-h-Sw, BZy aq∂p hn`m-K-߃ Bcy-∑msc∂pw
Ic-Iu-iew G‰hpw Xmgv∂ hn`mKw A\m-cys\∂pw
ip{Z∑m¿ IW-°m°n. -
Zmky-th-e, ASn-aXzw

kmaq-ly -N-e\£aX
h¿W-hy-h-ÿbpw I¿°-i-\n-b-a-߃°n-S-bnepw Hmtcm hn`m-Khpw Ah¿°v [¿Ω-imkv{Xw
\n¿tZ-in-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ sXmgn¬ A√msX ]eXpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. AXp-am-{X-a√ £{Xn-b-c-√mØ
cmPm°≥am-scbpw ImWmw. aucy≥am-¿,- imI≥am¿,- i-Xh
- m-l\
- c
- m-Pm-°≥am¿ Ch-scm∂pw £{Xnb
Ipe-Øn¬s∏´-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√.
NmXq¿h¿-WyØn-\p-a-∏pdw : ASn-a-Ø-hp-w kw-L¿jhpw
h\-hm-kn-Iƒ, \njm-Z¿,- C-S-b≥am¿ F∂n-hsc {_m“W¿ -h¿Æhy-h-ÿbv°pw ]pd-
ØmWv {]Xn-jvTn-®Xv. Ahsc Iogm-fm-cm-bmWv {_m“W¿ I≠Xv NØ arK-ß-sfbpw arX-tZ-l-
ß-sfbpw kwkvI-cn-°p-∂-hsc Nfim-e-sc-∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv Chsc ZrjvSn-bn¬ ImWp-∂Xp
t]mepw Xßsf Aip-≤-am-°p-sa∂v ta¬ h¿Æ-°m¿ hnizkn-®p. sXm´p-Iq-Sm-Ø-h¿ sXcp-hn-eqsS
\S-°ptºmƒ Hcp aWn-sI´n i_vZ-ap-≠m-°-W-am-bn-cp-∂p.

-6-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw

ssN\nkv k©m-cn-I-fmb ^mln-b\pw lpbmMv kmMpw kaq-lyt{iWn-bnse Xmgv∂-

h-sc-∏‰n Fgp-Xn-bn-´-≠v.

kzØ-h-Im-isØ \nb-{¥n-®n-cp∂ LS-I-߃

kzØ-h-Imiw˛ enwK-t`Zw
kmaq-ly-hn-`-P-\-Ønse as‰mcp LSIw kv{Xobp-w ]p-cp-j\pw F∂ hyXym-k-ambncp∂p
]nXr kzØn≥ta-ep≈ Ah-Imiw B¨a-°ƒ°m-bn-cp-∂p. ]s£ hnhm-l-k-a-bØv kv{Xo[-\-
ambn e`n® kΩm\߃ ssIhiw hbv°m≥ kv{Xn°ƒ°v Ah-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F¶nepw
kzØv t\Sm-\p≈ am¿§-߃ kv{XoIƒ°v ]cn-an-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.
kzØ-h-Imihpw h¿Æ-hy-h-ÿbpw
kzØ-h-ImisØ \nb-{¥n-®n-cp∂ as‰mcp LSIw h¿Æ-hy-h-ÿ-bm-bn-cp-∂p. iq{Z≥am¿°v
A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp∂ sXmgn¬ Db¿∂ aq∂p h¿W-ß-fn-ep-≈-hsc tkhn-°p-I-sb∂Xmbn-cp∂p. h¿Æ-
hy-h-ÿ-bpsS N´-°q-Sn¬- G-‰hpw kº-∂-cmbn amdn-bXv {_m“m-Wcpw £{Xn-bcpambn-cp-∂p.
{_m“-W-ta-[m-hn-Xzhpw PmXn hyh-ÿbpw Dd-∏m°m≥ a\p-kvarXn t]me-bp≈ [¿Ω-im-
kv{X-߃ {ian-®p.
Ncn-{X-Im-c≥amcpw alm-`m-c-Xhpw
alm-`m-c-Xw Hcp Du¿÷zkze-{KŸ-amWv. CXns‚ cN-bn-Xmhv hymk-a-l¿jn-bm-sW∂v
]c-ºm-cm-K-X-ambn hniz-kn®p t]mcp-∂p. alm-`m-c-X-Ønse lvkvXn\-]p-c-sØ-°p-dn®v ]T-\-߃
\S-Ønb ]pcm-hkvXp imkv{X-⁄-\mWv _n.-_n.-em¬. alm-`m-c-X-Øns‚ hna¿i-\m-flI
]Xn∏v Xøm-dm-°n-bXv hn.-F-kv. kp‡m-¶-dpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-em-Wv.

alm-`m-c-X-Øns‚ D≈-S-°-sØ- c≠mbn Xcw-Xn-cn°mw

1. IYm-]-c-ambn´p≈Xv
2. D]-tZ-i]c-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

`mcXØns‚ CXn-lm-k-ß-fn-se-m∂mWv. alm-`m-cXØnse tI{µ-IYsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Ht´sd

Fgp-ØpIm¿ AhcpsS cN-\-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-´p≠v.
Fw.-Sn. hmkptZh≥ \mb¿ ˛ c≠m-aqgw
alm-tiz-Xm-tZhn ˛ Ip¥n Hm \njmZn

-7-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw

{]tabw 4
Nn¥-Iƒ hnizm-k-߃, \n¿Ωm-W-߃ kwkvIm-cnI hnIm-k-߃
(600 BCE -600 CE)
km©n-bnse kvXq]w
_p≤-a-Xhpambn _‘-s∏-´p≈ Hcp kvamcIamWv km-©n-bnse kvXq]w. a[y-{]-tZ-ins‚
Xe-ÿm-\-amb t`m]m-en-emWv km©n-sb∂ ÿew. ChnsSbp≈ kvXq]w AtimI-N-{I-h¿Øn
]Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-XmWv. at\m-l-c-amb Cu \n¿ΩnXn-bpsS {]th-i\ IhmSw ChnsS \n∂p sIm≠p-
t]m-Im≥ {^m≥kp-Im¿ B{K-ln®p.
Aa-cm-hXn F∂ ÿeØpw kam-\-amb Hcp kvXq]ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ AXns\
kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ Bcp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. A-Xn-\m¬ Ah \n¿Ωn®n-cp-∂ I√p-Iƒ ]e kµ¿`-ß-
fnembn C¥y-bnse ]e-ÿ-e-ß-fnte°pw Cw•≠nte°psams° sIm≠p-t]m-I-s∏-´p. t`m]m-ense
`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fm-bn-cp∂ jmP-lm≥ _oKhpw kp¬Øm≥ Plm≥ _oKhpw km©n kvXq]sØ
kwc-£n-®p.
BCE 6-- -˛mw \q‰m≠v
BCE 6˛mw \q‰m≠v temI-N-cn-{X-Ønse Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. temI-Øns‚ hnhn[
`mK-ß-fn¬ \nc-h[n Nn¥-I¿ C°m-eØv Db¿∂p h∂p. C¥y-bn¬ h¿≤-am\ alm-ho-c\pw KuXa
_p-≤\pw C°m-e-ØmWv Pohn-®n-cp-∂Xv. BCE 6˛mw \q‰m-≠n-se kmaplyhnπ-h-Øn\v t\XrXzw
\¬°n-b-h-cmWv Ch¿. Ch¿ ÿm]n® aX-ßfmWv ssP\-a-Xhpw _p≤-aXhpw.
BCE 6˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ ]p-Xnb aX-߃ D≠m-b-Xn\v Nne ]›m-Øe LS-I-߃ Imc-W-am-
bn-´p-≠v.
1. sshZnI aX-Ønse Nne-th-dnb bmK-߃
2. PmXnhyh-ÿ-bp-tSbpw `mj-bp-tSbpw {]iv\-߃
3. ]pXnb Im¿jnI kº-Zvhy-hÿ
4. kwhm-Z-ßfpw N¿®-Ifpw
Alnw-ksb t{]m¬km-ln-∏n® aX-ß-fmWv ssP\-a-Xhpw _p≤-a-Xhpw. Ch¿ Bi-b-hn-
\n-abØn\v D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv ]men, {- ]m-IrXv F∂ `mj-Ifmbn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS Bi-bß - sf kw_‘n®
N¿®-Ifpw kwhm-Z-ßfpw N¿®-Ifpw \S-∂p. C{]-Imcw N¿®-Iƒ \S∂ ÿe-amWv IpSKmc-ime.
cmP-Iob t{]m¬km-l-\hpw kwL-ßfpsS {]h¿Ø-\hpw aqew Cu aX-߃ hfsc thKw hf¿∂p.
C¥y-bpsS AXn¿Øn-°-]p-d-tØ°pw CXv hym]n-®p.
ssP\-aXw
ssP\-a-X-Ønse BNm-cy-∑msc Xo¿∞-¶-c-∑m¿ F∂v hnfn-®n-cp-∂p. 24 ˛mw asØ Xo¿∞-
¶-c≥ Bbn-cp∂p h¿≤m\alm-ho-c≥ - . h¿≤-am\alm-ho-c\
- m- Wv ssP\-aX
- Ø
- ns‚ bYm¿∞ ÿm]-
I-≥. Ct±lw BCE 540˛¬ _nlm-dn¬ sshim-en-bv°-Sp-Øp≈ Ipµ-{Km-a-Øn-emWv P\n-®-Xv. euInI
PohnXw Dt]£n®v 30˛mw hb-kn¬ k\ymkw kzoI-cn-®p.
icn-bm-b- A-dn-hv, icn-bmb {]hr-Øn, icn-bmb hnizm-kw Cu aq∂v Imcy-ßsf {Xnc-
Xv\߃ F∂mWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ssP\-aXw Alnw-k°pw henb {]m[m\yw sImSp-Øp.
12˛mw h¿j-Øn¬ ssIheyw AYhm ⁄mt\m-Zbw e`n®p. alm-ho-c≥ AYhm Pn\≥
F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. 72˛mw hb-kn¬ ]mh-]pcn F∂ ÿeØv h®p At±lw kam-[n-b-S-™p.
At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-bm-bn-Isf ssP\¿ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.
ssP\-a-X-Øns‚ emfnXyw AXns‚ hf¿®bv°v Imc-W-am-bn. km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS `mj-
bn-emWv C-Xns‚ Bi-b-߃ Gsdbpw {]N-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv. ssP\-km-ln-Xy-{K-Ÿ-߃ \nc-h-[n-
bp-≠v. ]men,- {]-mIr-Xv, -kw-kvIrXw F∂n `mj-I-fn-ep≈hbm-W-h. AK-a-kn-≤m¥w ssP\ aX-{K-
Ÿ-am-Wv. Iem-]-c-ambn Gsd {]iw-kb¿ln-°p∂ \nc-h[n kvXq]-߃, t£-{X-߃, {]Xn-a-Iƒ
F∂nhsbms° ssP\cpsS kw`m-h-\-bm-bn-´p-≠v. {imhW_¬tKmf F∂ ÿesØ tKma-tX-
iz¿ {]Xna hfsc {]kn-≤-am-Wv.
-8-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw
_p≤-aXw
_p≤-a-X-Øns‚ ÿm]I≥ KuX-a_p-≤-\mWv. imIy-tKm-{X-Øns‚ Xe-h-\m-bn-cp-∂p-ip-
t≤m[-\s‚ ]p{X-\m-bncp∂p At±lw I]n-e-h-kvXp-hn-se epw_n\nbn¬ BCE 563 -˛¬ P\n-®p kpJ-
ku-I-cy-ß-fn¬ Po-hn® At±-l-Øns‚ Pnhn-X-ho£Ww am‰n-adn®Xv ]pdw temI-tØ°p≈ BZy-
bm-{X-bmWv. Cu bm{X-bn¬ Hcp hr≤≥, Hcp tcmKn, Hcp arX-i-cncw, Hcp k\ymkn F∂o ImgvN-
Iƒ Xs‚ Nn¥m-K-Xn-Iƒ°v am‰w hcpØn. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ \iz-c-Xsb ]‰n At±lw
t_m[-hm-\m-bn.
k\ymkPnhnXw kzoI-cn® At±lw Kb-bn¬ X]-k-\p-jvTn-°ptºmƒ t_mt[m-Zbw
D≠mbn _p≤≥ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sm≥ XpSßn. At±-l-Øns‚ BZy-{]-`m-jWw \S-∂Xv _\m-d-knse
kmcm-\m-Yn-em-Wv. _p≤aX-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ {]am-W-߃ \mep -BcykXy-ß-ƒ, AjvSmwK
am¿§w F∂nhbmWv.
\mev Bcy kXy-߃
♦ `uXoI PohnXw Zp:J]q¿Æ-amWv
♦ B{K-l-amWv Zp:JØn\v ImcWw
♦ B{K-l-ßsf C√m-Xm-°n-bm¬ Zp:JsØ AI-‰mw.
♦ AjvSmwK am¿§-Øn-eqsS B{K-l-ßsf C√m-Xm°mw
_p≤-aX {KŸ-߃ : hn\b]oS-I, kqØ]o-S-I, A`n-[Ω ]oSI. _p≤-a-Xhpw AXn-th-
KØn¬ hf¿∂p hym]n®p _p≤-aX-Ønse k\ym-kn-am-cpsS kwLw AXns‚ hf¿®-bn¬ {][m\
]¶p-h-ln®p. IqSmsX efn-X-amb D]-tZ-i-߃, km[m-cW°mcpsS `mj-bnse Bib- hn-\n-abw,
cm-Pm-°≥am-cpsS t{]m’m-l\w F∂nh _p≤-a-X-Øn-s‚ hf¿®sb klm-bn® LS-I-ß-fmWv.
_p≤-a-X-Ønse ]nf¿∏v
_p≤-aXw lo\bm\w, alm-bm\w F∂n-ßs\ c≠mbn hn`-Pn-°-s∏-´p.

lo\bm\w {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ alm-bm\w {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

hm-°ns‚ A¿∞w ˛ sNdnb hml\w hm°ns‚ A¿∞w ˛ henb hml\w
_p≤-a-X-Xz-߃ am‰-an√msX ]n-¥p-S¿∂p ]pXnb am‰-߃ hcpØn
km[m-cW°mcpsS `mj D]-tbm-Kn®p kwkvIrXw D]-tbm-Kn®p.
_p≤s\ ssZh-ambn Bcm-[n-°m≥ XpSßn
_p≤hn{K-l-ßsf Bcm-[n®p.
Atim-I≥, I\n-jvI≥, l¿j≥ F∂o cmPm-°-∑m¿ _p≤-a-XsØ {]N-cn-∏n-®p.

]pcmW lnµp-a-X-Øns‚ Db¿®

]pcm-W ln-µp-a-X-Øn\v c≠p ]mc-º-cy-ß-fp≠v sshjvW-h -a-Xhpw ssiha-Xhpw.
sshjvW-h-a-X-°m¿ hnjvWp-hns\ apJy-ssZ-h-ambn Bcm-[n-®p. inhs\ apJy-ssZ-h-ambn Bcm-
[n-®-h-cmWv ssih-a-X-°m¿. Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ bYm-{Iaw Bgvhm¿, \mb-\m¿ F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv
Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

_p≤s‚ P∑-ÿew ˛ epw_n\n

km©n kvXq]w \n¿Ωn-®Xv ˛ Atim-I≥
_p≤s‚ BZysØ {]`m-jWw ˛ kmcm-\mYv
_p≤kwL \nb-a-߃ ˛ hn\-b-]o-SnI

-9-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw

{]ta-bw˛5
C¥y: k©m-cn-I-fpsS IÆpIfneqsS kaq-l-sØ-°p-dn®p≈ ho£-W-߃

a≤y-Ime kaq-ls - Ø-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p-∂X - n\v G‰hpw {][m-\s

- ∏´ t{kmX-€mWv k©m-
cn-I-fpsS Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ.
tPmen tXSp-I, {]IrXn Zpc-¥ß - f - n¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-Sp-I, hym]mc Bh-iy-߃, Xo¿∞m-
S-\w, aX-]-c-amb Bh-iy-߃, kml-kn-I-X, hnt\m-Z-k-©mcw F∂o e£y-߃ k©m-cn-
Iƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. a[y-Ime L´-Øn¬ C¥y-bn-te°v [mcmfw k©m-cn-Iƒ F-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.
C¥y-bpsS kmaqly ]›m-Ø-e-ßsf A]-{K-Yn-® 3 t]cmWv
A¬ _dq-Wn, C_v\p _Øq-Ø, {^t¶m-bnkv _¿Wn-b¿ F∂n-h¿.
A¬ _dq-Wnbpw InØm_v ˛ Dƒ˛ lnµpw
C¥y kµ¿in® hntZi k©m-cn-I-fn¬ {]ap-J-\mWv A¬ _dq-Wn. C¥y B{I-an-
°p-hm≥ h∂ kp¬Øm≥ a“q-ZvK-kv\n-s°m∏w FØnb ]WvUnX≥amcn-sem-cp-h-\m-bn-cp∂p
A¬ _dq-Wn. Cu bm{X-bn¬ C¥ysb Adn-bp-hm≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ah-kcw e`n-®p. Xm≥
Adn-™Xpw A\p-`-h-am-°n-b-Xp-amb Imcy-߃ tN¿Øv cNn® ]pkvX-I-amWv InØm_v Dƒ
˛ lnµv. Ad_n `mj-bn-emWv CsX-gp--Xn-b-Xv.
A¬ _dq-Wn-bpsS {KŸ cN-\-bpsS e£y-߃
1. lnµp- ° - f p- a mbn aX- { ]- i v \ - ß ƒ N¿® sNøm≥ B{K- l n- ° p- ∂ - h ¿°v
Hcp klm-b-sa∂ \ne-bn¬
2. lnµp- ° - f p- a mbn kwh- Z n- ° m≥ B{K- l n- ° p- ∂ - h ¿°v hnhcw \¬Ip∂
Hcp Ncn{X Dd-hnSw F∂ \ne-bn¬.
_lp-`mjm ]WvVn-X-\mb A¬_-dqWn ]X-⁄-en-bpsS IrXn Ad_nbnte°pw
{Ko°p KWnX imkv{X-⁄-\mb bq¢nUns‚ IrXn-Iƒ kwkvIr-XØn-te°pw ]cn-`m-j-s∏-
SpØn.
lnµp-sh∂ ]Zw D¤-hn-®Xv t]¿jy≥ hm°n¬ \n∂m-Wv.
kn‘q-\-Zn-bp-sS In-g°v `mKw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv.
Xp¿°n-Iƒ P\-ßsf lnµp-sh∂pw \mSns\ lnµp-ÿm≥ F∂pw `mjsb lnµm-hn-
sb∂pw hnfn®p CsXm∂pw aX-]-c-amb kzXzsØ kqNn-∏n-®n-cp-∂n-√.
C¥ym kµ¿i-\Ø - n¬ At±-lØ - n\v A`n-ap-Jo-Ic- n-t°≠n h∂ {]iv\ß - sf A¬_-
dqWn hnh-cn-°p-∂p. aq∂v {]Xn-_-‘-߃ X\n°v D≠m-bn.
1. `mj
2. aX-hn-izmkw, BNm-c-߃
3. H‰-s∏´p Ign-bm≥ B{K-ln® {]mtZ-inI P\X
PmXn hyh-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®v A¬_-dqWn hnh-c-߃ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. C¥ybnse PmXn-
hy-h-ÿsb ]pcm-X\ t]¿jy-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ (C-dm≥)kmaqly hn`m-K-ßfpambn At±lw
Xmc-Xayw sNbvXp. kmaqly hn`-P-\-߃ C¥y-bnse am{Xw khn-ti-j-X-b-s√∂v At±lw
Nq≠n-°m-´n. F∂m¬ Aip≤n (sXm-´p-Iq-Sm-ba v ) kw_-‘n-®p≈ {_m“W k¶¬∏sØ AwKo-
I-cn-®n-√.
C_v\p _Øq-Øbpw ]pkvX-I-amb dnlvebpw
hSs° B{^n-°b - nse samtdm-t°m-bmWv C_v\p _Øq-Øb - psS P∑-tZ-iw, bm{X-
bn-eqsS Adnhv t\Sp-∂-Xn\v B{K-ln® hy‡n Bbn-cp∂p At±-lw.
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ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw
C¥y-bn-te°v bm{X ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂X - n\p ap≥]v a°, kndn-b, Cdm-°v, Cdm≥, Ham≥ XpS-
ß-nb \mSp-I-fn-eq-sS-sb√mw k©-cn-®p.
1333 ¬ U¬ln kp¬Øm-\m-bn-cp∂ apl-ΩZv _n¬ Xp•-°ns‚ sIm´m-c-Øn-se-Øn.
C_v\p _Øq-Ø-bpsS ]mWvUn-Xy-Øn¬ BIr-jvS-\mb kp¬Øm≥ At±-lsØ U¬ln-
bnse Jzmkn (P-UvPn)-bmbpw ]n∂oSv ssN\-bn-te°v ÿm\-]-Xn-bmbpw \nb-an-®p. ssN\-bn-
te°v t]mIp-∂X - n\v apºv ae-_m¿, amen-Zzo-]v, {ioe¶ F∂nhn-Sß
- fnepw At±lw kµ¿i\w
\S-Øn.
dnlve :
C_v\p _Øq-Ø-bpsS bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-amb dnlve Ad_n`mj-bn-emWv Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-
≈-Xv. Bkm-[m-cW \nco-£W ]mS-h-ap≈ At±-l-Øns‚ hnh-c-W-ß-fn-eqsS kwkvIm-cw,
P\-X, hnizm-kß- ƒ XpS-ßn-bh - s
- b-°p-dn®v khn-ti-ja - mb Adnhv \ap°v e`n°p-∂p. At±-l-
Øns‚ bm{X-If - n¬ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Is- fbpw ]WvUn-X∑ - m-scbpw km[m-cW
- °- m-scbpw Hcp t]mse
]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. tIc-fØ
- n¬ I≠ \mfn-tI-cw, sh‰nes°mSn F∂n-hs - b-∏‰n _ØqØ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øn.
C¥y-bnse hm¿Øm hn\n-ab k{º-Zm-b-sØ-∏‰n _ØqØ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn´p≠v.
BtKmf hn\n-ab `mK-am-bn-cp∂ C¥ysb∏‰n \√ k¶¬∏w h®p ]pe¿Ønb Bfm-bn-cp∂p
_ØqØ. Hmtcm Imcy-ßf - p-sS-bpw ]pXp-a, A]-cn-Nn-XXzw F∂nh At±-lsØ Gsd BI¿jn-
®n-cp∂p.
Aiz-X-]m¬, Imemƒ X]m¬ F∂n-ßs\ c≠p-Xcw X]m¬ k{º-Zm-b-߃ D≠v.
Aiz-X-]m-ens\ "DeIv' F∂pw Imemƒ X]m-ens\ "Zmh' F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.
{^mt¶m-bnkv _¿Wn-b¿ At±-l-Øns‚ “apKƒ km{am-Py-Ønse k©m-c-߃” F∂
IrXnbpw.
{^mt¶m-bnkv _¿Wn-b¿ :
{^©p k©m-cn-, tUmIvS¿, cmjv{SobXXzNn¥-I≥ Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ - .
bqtdm-∏nse kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv _¿Wn-b≥ C¥ysb
hne-bn-cp-Øn-b-Xv. C¥y-bnse kml-N-cy-ßsf Ccp-≠Xpw \ncm-im-P-\-I-hp-am-bmWv At±lw
Nn{Xo-Ic- n-®X
- v. _¿Wn-bd
- psS \nK-a\
- ß
- ƒ F√m-bvt∏mgpw IrXy-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ C¥y-
sb-°p-dn®v bqtdm-]y≥am-cpsS CS-bn¬ sX‰mb k¶¬∏w hf-cp-∂X - n-\nsSbmbn. apKƒ km{am-
Py-Ønse k©m-c-߃ F∂-XmWv _¿Wn-b-dpsS IrXn.
C¥ysb ss_\dn Ht∏m-kn-j≥ (binary opposition) F∂ kn≤m-¥Ø - ns‚ amXr-
I-bn-emWv At±lw I≠-Xv. bqtdm-∏ns‚ t\¿ hn]-co-X-amb Xmgv∂ Ah-ÿ.
C¥y≥ \K-c-ßsf ]mf-b-\-K-c-߃ F∂mWv _¿Wn-b¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. apKƒ
km{am-Py-Xy-Øn¬ `qan-bpsS DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw N{I-h¿Øn-bv°m-Wv. ssIsØm-gn¬ Dƒs∏-sS-
bp≈ \n¿ΩmW taJ-e-bnse em`w cmjv{Sw ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-∂p-sam-s°-bmWv _¿Wn-
b¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. _¿Wn-b-dpsS ho£-W-ß-fmWv {^©p XXz Nn¥-I-\mb
samt≠kvIyq ""]uckvXy tk—m-[n-]Xyw'' F∂ Bibw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Imc-Wa - m-b-
Xv. Imd¬am¿Ivkv Gjym-‰nIv "DZv]m-Z\ coXn' F∂ t]cn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

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ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw

{]tabw ˛ 6
`‡n ˛ kq^n ]mc-º-cy-߃

8˛mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ 18˛mw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ lnµp-a-X-Øn¬ k∂ym-kn-

am-cp-sSbpw ]cn-jvI¿Øm-°-fp-sSbpw {]ÿm-\-amb `‡n {]ÿm-\hpw, C…mw aX-Øn-\-IØv
kq^nkw F∂ ]cn-jv°-cW {]ÿm-\hpw Bcw-`n-®p. `‡n˛ kq^n ]mc-º-cy-ßfpsS Ncn{Xw
]p\¿\n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]pXnb {KŸ Dd-hn-S-߃, {KŸ ]mc-º-cy-߃, tlKn-tbm-{Km-^n-Iƒ F∂n-
h-bmWv {][m-\-s∏´ Dd-hn-S-߃ hnhn[ aX-hn-iz-mk-ß-fpsS ka-\z-b-amWv C°m-esØ G‰hpw
{][m-\-s∏´ khn-ti-j-X. BZy-Ime `‡n {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ t\Xm-°-∑m¿ `‡ Ihn-I-fmb k\ym-
kn-am-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
BZyIme `‡n {]ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ NneXv D¤-hn-®Xv Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse Xan-gv\m-´n-em-Wv.
8˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Db¿∂ph∂ `‡n {]ÿm-\-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬In-bXv hnjvWp-`-‡-cmb
Bgvhm¿amcpw inh-`-‡-cmb \mb\m¿amcpw Bbn-cp-∂p. CjvS ssZhsØ {]Io¿Øn-®p-sIm≠v
Xan-gn¬ cNn® Io¿Ø-\-߃ Be-]n®v Ah¿ tZi-߃ tXmdpw k©-cn-®p. 12 Bgvhm¿am-cpsS
cN-\-Iƒ \mY-ap\n kam-l-cn®v ""\mem-bncw Znhy {]_‘w'' F∂ t]cnev ]pd-Øn-d-°n. PmXn
hyh-ÿ-bvs°-Xnscbpw {_m“W ta[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s\-Xn-scbpw Ah¿ i_vZ-ap-b¿Øn.
12 \q‰m-≠n¬ I¿Æm-S-I-bn¬ _mk-hÆ F∂-{_m-“W -- ≥ cq]w sImSpØ `‡n-{]-
ÿm-\-amWv enwKm-bX AYhm hoc-ssih {]ÿm-\w. enwKm-b-X¿ PmXn-hy-h-ÿsb sh√p-hn-fn-
®p. [¿Ω-im-kv{X-߃ \ncm-I-cn-°p-Ibpw {]mb-]q¿Øn hnhm-l-sØbpw, hn[hm hnhm-l-sØbpw
enwKm-b-Øp-Im¿ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.
C…mw aXw C¥y-bn-se-Øn-bXv 712 ¬ Ad-_nIƒ kn‘v B{I-an®v Iog-S-°n-b-tXm-Sp-
IqSnbmWv Ad-_n-I-fpsS kn‘m-{I-aWw ]n¬°m-eØv U¬ln kp¬Øm-t\-‰ns‚ ÿm]-\-Øn\v
hgn-sbm-cp°n. C…mw aXw C¥y-bnse ]e {]tZ-i-ß-fn-sebpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS AwKo-Ir-X-
a-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. ap…nw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Ah-cpsS hnizmkw {]P-I-fpsS ta¬ ASn-t®¬∏n-®n-cp-∂n-
√. apK-fsc t]msebp≈ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Xßsf ap…ow-ß-fpsS am{X-a-√, adn®v F√m P\-ß-fp-
sSbpw N{I-h¿Øn-am-cm-bmWv I≠-Xv.
C…mw aX-Øn-\-IØv cq]w sIm≠ Hcp anÃnIv {]ÿm-\-amWv kq^n-kw. Iºnfn
F∂¿∞w-h-cp∂ "kq^v'F∂ hm°n¬ \n∂pw kwip≤w F∂¿∞w hcp∂ "k^' F∂ hm°n¬
\n∂p-amWv kq^nkv D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. kq^n-k-Øn¬ At\Iw kwL-߃ AYhm kn≥kn-e-Iƒ
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C¥y-bnse c≠v {][m\ NnjvXn, kpl¿hmZn kn≥kn-e-bpw. IzmP-map-bv\p-±o≥
NnjvXn-bm-Wv. NnjvXn-bpsS ÿm]-I≥ ‘NnjvXnkwL-Øn¬ G‰hpa[nIw P\-{]oXn e`n-®Xv
sjbv°v’ ‘\n€m-ap-±o≥ Huen-b-°m-Wv.’
kq^n k\ym-kn-am-cpsS ih-Ip-So-cß
- f
- n-te-°p≈ Xo¿∞m-S\
- s
- Ø-bmWv "knbm-dØv' F∂v
]d-bp-∂-Xv.
IzmP apbv\p±os‚ APvao-dn-ep≈ I_-dnSw BZyambn kµ¿in® kp¬Øm≥ apl-Ω-
Zv_n≥ Xp•-°v Bbn-cp∂p Xmcm-´p-]m-´p-Iƒ, AYhm ‘eqcn-\m-a,’
hnhm-l-Km-\-߃ AYhm ‘jmZn-\ma’ F∂n-hbmWv kq^n cN-\-Iƒ. NnjvXn ]mc-º-cy-
Øns‚ {][m\ khn-ti-jX Xt]m-\n-jvT-bm-Wv.
Ihn-I-fmb k\ym-kn-am-cn¬ {]ap-J≥ I_o-dm-bn-cp-∂p. I_o-dns‚ Io¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ]mc-
ºcyw. ‘I_o¿ _nPIv,’‘I_o¿ {KŸm-hen’, ‘BZn {KŸm-km-ln_v.’ I_o-dns‚ Nne cN-\-Iƒ
"De-Xv_≥kn' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Kpcp tKmhnµvknMv J¬km-]m≥Yn\v ASn-Ø-d-bn-´p.
`‡n ]mc-º-cy-Ønse G‰hpw {]i-kvX-bm-bn-cp∂p aocm-_m-bn.

-12-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw
{]tabw 7
hnP-b-\-Kcw Hcp km{am-Py- Xe-ÿm\w

14 ˛mw \q‰m-≠nemWv hnP-b-\-Kc km{amPyw ÿm]n-°-s∏-´-Xv. hS°v IrjvWm\Zn apX¬ D]-

Zzo-]ns‚ sXt°-b‰w hsc km{amPyw hym]n®p InS-∂n-cp-∂p. hnP-b-\-K-csØ P\-߃ lw]n
F∂v hnfn-®p-t]m-∂p. lw]n-bpsS Ah-in-jvS-߃ 1800 ¬ Is≠-Øn-bXv tImfn≥ sa°≥kn-sb∂
{_n´ojv F©n-\o-b-dm-Wv. ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cmb "lcn-l-c\pw _p°-\p-amWv ' km{amPyw ÿm]n-®n-Xv.
\mep cmP-hw-i-߃ Cu km{amPyw `cn®p hnP-b-\-K-c-Ønse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf cmb-∑m¿ F∂mWv
hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
hnP-b-\-Kcw Hcp hc≠ taJ-e-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Pew kw`-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn [mcmfw Nnd-Ifpw
Ipf-ßfpw cmPm-°-∑m¿ \n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂p. kwKa cmP-hw-i-Ønse cmPm-°-∑m-cmWv Cu I\m¬\n¿Ωn-
®-Xv. XpwK-`-{Z°v IpdpsI \n¿Ωn® Hcp AW-s°-´n¬ \n∂p≈ Pew hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn¬ FØn®n-
cp-∂p.
hnP-b-\-K-c-Ønse \K-c-Øn¬ `oam-Im-chpw Icp-Øp-‰-Xp-amb tIm´-Ø-f-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
B∏ns‚ BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ inem-JWvUw D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv Ah \n¿Ωn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. tIm´-sImØ-f-
ß-fpsS G‰hpw {][m\ khn-ti-jX Ah Im¿jnI {]tZ-ßsf AS-®p-sI-´n-bn-cp-∂p F∂-Xm-Wv.
Im¿jnI {]tZ-i-߃ i{Xp-°-fn¬ \n∂v c£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv Ah tIm´ sI´n kwc-£n-
®n-cp-∂X- v. Ihm-Sß
- ƒ°v khn-ti-ja- mb hmkvXp inev] ssien-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C…m-anI hmkvXp
inev] ssienbpw C¥y-bnse {]mtZ-inI hmkvXp inev] ssien-Ifpw HØp-tN¿∂ C≥tUm
C…m-anI ssien-bmWv hnPb \Kc cmPm-°-∑m¿ kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
IrjvWtZ-h-cm-b-cpsS `c-W-Im-e-L´w km{am-Py-Øns‚ hym]-\-Øns‚ GIo-I-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw
Ime-am-bn-cp-∂p. IrjvWtZh-cm-b¿ anI-®-]-W-WvUn-X\pw kmln-Xy-Im-c-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. sXep-¶n-ep≈
"Aap-‡-am-eyZ' , kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ cNn® "Djm-]-cn-Wbw' F∂nh At±-l-Øns‚ {]ikvX {KŸ-
ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.
1565 se Xfn- t °m´ bp≤- Ø n¬ sU°m≥ kp¬Øm≥am- c psS ssk\yw hnP- b - \ - K ¿
ssk\ysØ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn. ssk\nI tam[m-hn-Iƒ°v hnP-b-\-Kcw km{am-Py-Øn¬ hn]p-e-
amb A[n-Im-c-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- ssk-\oI ta[m-\n-Isf \mb-I-∑m¿ F∂v hnfn-®n-cp-∂p. cmPm-°-
∑m¿ ssk\nI ta[m-hn-Iƒ°v `cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fmWv Aa-c. Aa-
c-bpsS `cWw \S-Øp-∂-h-cmWv Aac \mb-I-∑m¿.
hnP-b-\-Kcw 14˛mw \q‰m≠nse G‰hpw {]i-kvX-cmb \K-c-ß-fn¬ H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. At\Iw
ae-\n-c-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ InS-°p∂ Hcp h≥\-K-c-am-bn-cp-∂p hnP-b-\-K-cw. hnP-b-\-K-csØ Xe-ÿm-\-
ambn sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\p≈ Hcp {][m\ {]tN-mZ\w hncq-]m-£-I-s‚bpw tZhn-bp-tSbpw t£{X-ß-
fpsS km∂n-[y-am-Wv. F√m cmP-I-ev]-\-Ifpw I∂S `mj-bn¬ {io hncq-]-m£≥ F∂ Isøm-t∏m-
sS-bmWv ]pd-Øn-d-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
cmPm-°-∑m¿ "lnµp-kq-c-{XmW' F∂ ]´w kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂p. cmP-Iob Ihm-S-߃ cmb-tKm-
]p-c-߃ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. hnP-b-\-K-c-Ønse {it≤-b-amb as‰mcp t£{X-amWv hn´-ekzman -
t£-{Xw. Cu t£{X-Ønse {][m\ {]XnjvT inhs‚ cq]-amb hn´-e-bm-Wv. t£{X kap-®-b-
Øn¬ Hcp {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-bmWv cY sXcp-hp-Iƒ.
temI-Øn¬ h®v F√m km[-\-ß-fpw e`y-amb Hcp \Kcw F∂mWv hnP-b-\-K-csØ hnti-
jn-∏n-®-Xv. hnP-b-\-K-c-Ønse hn]-Wn-Iƒ, ]g-߃, ap¥n-cn, Hmd©v F∂nh btYjvSw hne-°p-d-
hn¬ e`n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. hnP-b-\-K-c-Ønse hnim-ehpw at\m-l-c-hp-amb sXcp-ho-Yn-
I-fnemWv Aßm-Sn-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
-13-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw
{]tabw ˛ 8
I¿j-Icpw kao-µm¿amcpw cmjv{Shpw
{KmaoW temI-tØ°v _mly i‡n-Ifpw IS∂p h∂n-cp-∂p. Ch-cn¬ {][m\nIƒ apK-
f-∑m-cm-Wv. Im¿jnI kaq-l-Ønse apJy IYm-]m-{X-߃ I¿j-I-cm-Wv. 16 Dw 17 Dw \q‰m-≠nse
Im¿jnI Ncn-{XsØ°pdn-®p≈ apJy t{kmX€mWv A_qƒ ^k-ens‚ Fbn≥˛ C˛ AIv_m-cn.
apKƒ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ I¿j-Isc kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xn\v db‰v, apkm-cn-b≥, Inkm≥, Bkman F∂o
t]cp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv. apKƒ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ I¿j-I¿ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
è JpZv IjvX ˛ kz¥ambn Irjn `qan D≠m-bn-cp-∂-h¿
è ]mln IjvX ˛ kz¥ambn Irjn `qan C√m-Ø-h¿
DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬ Pe-tk-N-\-Øn-\mbn ]pXnb I\m-ep-I-ƒ \n¿Ωn-®n-cp∂p.

]©m-_nse ""jm\-l¿ I\m¬'' tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ Xo¿ØXv jmP-lms‚ Ime-ØmWv-''.

hSt° C¥y-bn¬ Pe-tk-N-\-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ D]-I-c-W-ßsf°pdn®v _m_¿ Xs‚
Hm¿Ω-Ip-dn-∏p-I-fmb "_m_¿\ma-bn¬' ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.
c≠v {][m\ EXp°fnemWv Irjn-bn-d-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv Irjn-sN-bvXn-cp-∂p.
icXv ImeØv "Jmcn^v' hnfbpw hk-¥-Øn¬ "dm_nbpw' Irjn sNbvXp.
apKƒ {]mhniybmb B{K 39 Xc-Øn-ep≈ hnf-Ifpw U¬ln 43 Xcw hnf-Ifpw DXv]m-Zn-
∏n-®ncp-∂X - ˛AIv_cn ]d-bp-∂p. apKƒ Ime-L´- Øn¬ ""Pn≥kv ˛ C ˛Im-an¬'' kºq¿Æ
- mbn Fb≥-˛P
hnf-Iƒ F∂ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. \mWy-hn-f-I-sf-bmWv CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Plmw-Kn¿
N{I-h¿Øn ]pI-bne D]-tbmKw \ntcm[n®p. PmXn-bp-sSbpw a‰p hyXym-k-ßsfbpw ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ {Kma-k-ap-Zm-b-Ø-\-IØv henb Ak-a-Xz-߃ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p. ap…nw kap-Zm-b-Øn¬s∏´
lo\ tPmen-Iƒ sNbvXn-cp∂ ‘lem¬ tJmd≥’ F∂ hn`m-KsØ {Kma-Øns‚ AXn-cpIƒ°v
shfn-bn-emWv Xma-kn-∏n®ncp-∂Xv. _olm-dnse ‘a√-k-Zm-kn’s\ ASn-a-Isft]mse I≠ncp-∂p.
{Kma-]-©m-bØv Xe-ap-Xn¿∂-h-cpsS Hcp k`-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]©m-b-Ønse Xe-h≥ apJZw
AYhm aWvU¬ F∂ t]cnem-bn-cp∂p Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-X.v {Kma-Ønse hchv Nnehv IW°v
Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xn\v ta¬t\m´w hln-°p-I-bmWv afi-ens‚ apJy Npa-Xe. {Km-a-Ønse Hcp IW-
s°-gp-Øp-Im-c≥ AYhm, ‘]Svhmcn’ IW-°p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn¬ {Kma-Ø-e-hs\ klm-bn-®n-
cp∂p. {Kma-Øns‚ ]pdta {Kma-Ønse Hmtcm PmXn°pw kz¥w PmXn ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-
cp∂p.
19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Nne {_n´njv DtZym-K-ÿ¿ {Kma-ßsf. ‘sNdnb dn∏-ªn-°’’p-I-fm-bmWv
I≠-Xv. F∂m¬ hy‡n ]c-amb kzØp-S-a-ÿm-h-Imiw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. PmXn,enwKw F∂n-hsb
ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ hnth-N-\-ßfpw ISpØ Ak-a-Xz-ßfpw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. a[y-Im-eL´-Ønse
Im¿jnI kaq-l-Øn¬ kv{XoIƒ kp{]-[m\ ]¶v hln-®n-cp-∂p.
]e {KmaoW kaq-Zm-b-ßfpw kv{Xn[\w hmßp-∂-Xn\v ]Icw h[p-hn\v [m\w \¬Ip∂
k{º-Zmbw Bcw-`n®p. kmaply \ob-{]-Imcw ]pcp-j-\mWv IpSpw-_-Ø-e-h≥. kv{XoIƒ°v Ah-
cpsS `¿Ø-°m≥amcpsS Zpjvs]-cp-am-‰-Øns\Xnsc ]©m-b-Øn¬ ]cm-Xn-s∏-Sm-am-bn-cp∂p. {]`p-
°≥am-cpsS IpSp-_-ß-fnse kv{XoI-fpsS Ahÿ sa®-s∏-´-Xmbncp∂p. ]¿Km-\-bnse P\-߃
Iem-]-߃ kwL-Sn-∏n-®n-cp∂Xpw \nIpXn sImSp-°msX Hfn®pIS-∂Xpw h\-ß-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p.
lnµp˛ap…nw kv{XoIƒ°v ss]Xr-I-ambn kan-µm-cn-Iƒ e`n-®n-cp-∂p. 18˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ G‰hpw
{]i-kvX-amb kao-µm-cn-I-fn-sem-∂mb "cmPvjmln' Hcp kv{XobpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p.
a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ GI-tZiw 40 h\-{]-tZ-i-߃ C¥y-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn
ImWp-∂p. h\-hm-kn-Isf ""Pw•n'' F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

-14-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw
kao-µm¿am¿
kaoµm¿am¿°v Im¿jnI kaq-l-Øn¬ kp{]-[m-\-amb Hcp ÿm\ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kmao-
µ¿am¿°v {Kma-k-aq-l-Øn¬ ]c-tam-∂X ]Z-hnbpw Nne kmaqly kmº-ØnI B\p-Iq-ey-
ßfpw e`n-®n-cp-∂p. kaoµm¿am¿°vv "an¬°nbØv' F∂ t]cn¬ hn]peamb kzImcy
`qanIƒ D≠mbncp∂p. cmjv{SØn\p th≠n \nIpXn]ncn°m\p≈ AhImihpw kaoµm¿am¿
°v D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kaoµm¿amcpsS A[nImcØns‚ as‰mcp DdhnSw ssk\oI hn`hßfpsS
taep≈ AhcpsS \nb{¥WamWv. kaoµm¿am¿ Hcp NqjW h¿§ambpcp∂p.

`q\nIpXn k{º-Zmbw
apKƒ Ime-L´- Ø
- n¬ `q\n-Ip-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂pcmjv{S-Øns‚ G‰hpw {][m\ hcp-am-\a- m¿§w. dh\yq
hIp∏ns‚ Xehs\ Znhm≥ F∂mWv hnfn®ncp∂Xv. Znhms\ klm-bn-°p-∂X - n-\mbn Aao¬˛
Kpkm¿ F∂ dh\yq If-IvSdpw a‰p DtZym-K-ÿcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

I¿j-I¿ \¬tI≠ `q\n-IpXn ˛ Pa

I¿j-I-cn¬ \n∂v ]ncn-s®-Sp-Ø \nIpXn ˛ lkn¬

`qan Af-°p-∂X
- n-\mbn apKƒ Ime-L´- Ø
- n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ D]-Ic
- Ww ˛ Pcn_v (Jarib).

AIv_¿ N{I-h¿Øn \S-∏n-em-°nb knhn¬ ssk\oI ]Z-hn-Iƒ tbmPn-∏n®p

sIm≠p≈ hyh-ÿ-bmWv ""am≥k-_vZmcn k{º-Zmbw-''. iº-f-Øn\v ]Icw `qan \¬Ip∂
PmKn¿Zmcn k{º-Zmbw \ne-hn¬ h∂p. sh≈n-bpsS {]hmlw C°m-esØ \mW-b-hy-h-ÿ-
bn¬ henb am‰-߃ sIm≠p-h-∂p. 1690 ¬ C¥y-bn-eqsS IS∂p t]mb C‰m-en-b≥ k©m-cn-
bmb "Pntbm-h∂n-It- c-cn-bb
- psS' hnh-cW
- ß
- ƒ Fß-s\-bmWv sh≈n C¥y-bn-se-Øn-bXv F∂v
]d-bp-∂p.
Fbn¬-˛C AIv_mcn
AIv_¿ N{Ih¿ØnbpsS sIm´mc Ncn{XImc\mbncp∂p A_vZpƒ ^k¬ cNn-®X - mWv
"AIv_¿\m-a'. AIv_¿ \ma-bpsS Hcp `mK-amWv "Fbn≥ C˛-A-Iv_m-cn.'

cmP-kZ- €- ns‚ kwLm-S\ - w, `c-Wk

- {- º-Zm-bw, ssk\yw hcp-am\ t{imX-€p-Iƒ F∂n-hs
- b-°p-
dn®v hni-Z-amb hnh-c-W-߃ Fbn¬ C˛-A-Iv_mcn \¬Ip-∂p. Fbn¬ C˛ AIv_m-cn-bn¬ 5
]pkvXI - ß- f- m-Wp-≈X
- .v Fbn¬˛C˛AIv_mcn HutZym-KnI ]n¥p-Wt- bmsS Xøm-dm-°nb IrXn-
bmW.v apKƒ km{am-Py-Øns‚ LS-\-bn-te°pw kwLm-S-\-Øn-te°pw hnh-c-߃ \¬Ip-∂p.

-15-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw
{]tabw ˛ 9
cmPm-°-∑mcpw Zn\-hr-Øm-¥-ßfpw
apK-fcpw Ah-cpsS km{am-Pyhpw

ap-Kƒ km{am-Py-Ønse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ ssZh-Z-Øm-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p.

cmP-hw-i-N-cn-{X-ß-fpsS cN-\-bn-eqsS Cu ho£Ww Ah¿ ssIam-dn-t∏m-∂p. sIm´m-c-Ncn{X-
Im-c-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS c£m-[n-Im-cn-I-fmb N{I-h¿Øn-am-cpsS ImesØ kw`-h-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øn. Cw•o-jn¬ Ncn{X cN\ \S-Øp∂ B[p-\nI Ncn{XIm-c≥am¿ CØcw {KŸ-ßsf Zn\-
hr-Øm-¥-߃ F∂v hnfn®p
apKƒ F∂ t]cns‚ D¤hw ‘awtKmƒ’ F∂ ]Z-Øn¬ \n∂m-Wv.
apK-f-∑m¿ ]nXm-°-∑m¿ hgn Xp¿°n `c--Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ Xnaq-dns‚ ]n≥Km-an-I-
fm-bn-cp-∂p. _m_-dns‚ amXmhp hgn awtKmƒ `c-Wm-[n-Imcn sN¶n-kvJm-\p-ambn _‘-ap-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p. 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Cu IpSpw-_Ø- n¬s∏´ C¥y≥ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf hnh-cn-°p∂Xn\p-
th≠n apKƒ F∂ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-®p.
apKƒ km{am-Py-Øns‚ ÿm]-I-\mb _m_¿ at≤y-jy-bnse ‘^¿Km\’ F∂
cmPysØ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1526 ¬ _m_¿ U¬ln kp¬Øm-\m-bn-cp∂ C{_low
temZnsb H∂mw ]m\n-∏Øv bp≤-Øn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn apKƒ km{amPyw ÿm]n-®p.
_m_-dpsS ac-W-tijw ]p{X-\mb lpa-bq¨ cmPm-hmbn F∂m¬ A^vKm≥ cmPm-
hmb tj¿Jm≥ lpa-bq-Wns\ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn.
1555¬ lpa-bq¨ C¥y-bn-te°v aS-ßn-h-cn-Ibpw apKƒ`-cWw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-Ibpw
sNb-Xp. lpa-bq-Wns‚ ac-Wt- ijw ]p{X-\mb AIv_¿ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn. apKƒ N{I-h¿Øn-
am-cn¬ G‰hpw alm-\mb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn- AIv_-dm-Wv. AIv_-dn\v {]m]vX-cmb aq∂v ]n≥Km-
an-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Plmw-Ko¿, jmP-lm≥, Hudw-K-ko_v. 1707 ¬ Hudw-K-ko_v A¥-cn-®p.
At±-l-Øns‚ ac-W-tijw apKƒkm-{amPyw £bn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. tI{µm-[n-Imcw Zp¿∫-e-am-
bn.
Hudw-Kk - o-_ns‚ ac-WØ
- n\v tijw 13 `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ apKƒ km{amPyw `cn-°p-I-
bp-≠m-bn. Ahsc ]n¬°m-e apKf∑m¿ F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂X - v. 1857 ¬ apKƒ cmP-hw-iØ- nse
Ah-km-\sØ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmb _l-Zq¿jm k^¿ c≠m-as\ {_n´o-jp-Im¿ ÿm\-{`-jvS-
\m-°n.
Zn\-hr-Øm-¥ß - ƒ
apKƒ km{am-Py-sØ-°p-dn-®pw, apKƒ cmP-[m-\n-sb-°p-dn®pw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp
{][m\ t{kmX-€mWv Znh-hr-Øm-¥ß - ƒ. apKƒ Zn\-hr-Øm-¥ß - f - psS cN-bn-Xm-°ƒ sIm´mc
Nc-n{X-Im-c-∑mcmbncp-∂p. AIv_¿ \ma, jmP-lm≥ \ma, Bew-Ko¿ \ma F∂n-h-bmWv
apKƒ Ime-L-´-Ønse {][m\ Zn\-hr-Øm-¥-߃. apKƒ Zn\-hr-Øm-¥-߃ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-
∂Xv t]¿jy≥ `mj-bn-em-Wv.
km{am-Py-Ønse Hcp {][m\ `mj-bmbn t]¿jy≥ Db¿Ø-s∏-´p. t]¿jy\pw lnµm-
hnbpw XΩn-¬ ka\zbn®p≠m-b-XmWv DdpZp F∂ ]pXnb `mj-. alm-`m-c-Xw, cma-b-Ww XpS-
ßnb {KŸßfpw ]e Xp¿°n {KŸ-ßfpw t]¿jy\nte°v ]cn-`mjs∏-Sp-Øn-bncp∂-Xv.
Isø-gpØp IrXn-Iƒ AYhm Zn\-hr-Øm-¥-߃ FgpXn ]q¿Øo-I-cn® ÿe-amWv
InØm_v Jm\-m. Isø-gpØp {]Xn-bpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v \nc-h[n t]cpsS klmbw th≠n-
bn-cp-∂p. IS-emkv \n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ, Nn{X-Im-c∑- m¿, ]In´v hcp-Øp-∂h - ¿, IrXn-Iƒ IpØn-s°-´p-
∂-h¿ F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿.
Isø-gpØv henb {]m[m-\y-ap≈ hnZ-Kv[-am-sbmcp Ie-bmbmWv IW-°m-°-s∏-´n-cp-
-16-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw
∂-Xv. Isø-gpØp{]XnIfnse Nn{X-ßsf an\n-tb-t®gvkv F∂mWv Adn-bs - ∏-´n-cp-∂X
- v. [mcmfw
Iem-Im-c∑ - m¿ apKƒ C¥y-bn-te°v hcn-Ib - p-≠m-bn. an¿ køZv Aen, A_vZp kaZv F∂n-hsc
apKƒ cmP-[m-\n-bn-te°v sIm≠p-h-∂Xv lpa-bq¨ N{I-h¿ØnbmWv.
AIv_¿ \ma
Zn\-hr-Øm-¥-ßfn¬ G‰hpw {]kn-≤-amb IrXn-I-fmWv AIv_¿ \ma-bpw, _mZvj-
\m-abpw AIv_¿ \ma-bpsS I¿Øm-hmb A_vZpƒ ^k¬ apKƒ Xe-ÿm-\-amb B{K-bn-
emWv hf¿∂-Xv.
13 h¿jw sIm≠mWv AIv_¿ \ma ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv Cu IrXn°v aq∂v `mK-ß-
fp-≠v. AIv_-dns‚ `c-W-sØ-°p-dn®v hni-Z-am-sbmcp hnh-cWw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv
AIv_¿ \ma cNn-°-s∏-´-Xv.
_mZvj \ma
apKƒ N{I-h¿Øn-bmb jmP-lms‚ `c-W-Im-e-ØmWv _mZvjm \ma Fgp-X-s∏-´-Xv.
A_pƒ ^k-ens‚ injy-\m-bn-cp∂ A_vZpƒ laoZv etlm-cn-bmWv cN-bn-Xm-hv. _mZvjm
\mabv°pw aq∂v hmeyßfp-≠.v 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ AIv_¿ \ma-bp-sS-bpw, _mZvjm \ma-bpsSbpw
FUn‰v sNbvX ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ Gjym-‰n°v skmssk‰n {]kn-≤o-Ic - n®p. 1799 {_n´ojv cmPm-hm-bn-
cp∂ tPm¿÷v aq∂m-a\v Nn{Xm-ew-Ir-X-amb _mZvjm-\ma Ah-[nse \hm_v kΩm-\n-°p-I-bp-
≠mbn.
BZ¿i-cm-Pyw
apK-f≥am¿ cmPm-hns‚ ssZh-Z-Øm-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ hniz-kn-®n-cp∂p. apKƒ Ime-L-´-
Ønse sIm´mc Ncn-{X-Im-c∑ - m¿ apKƒ cmPm-°∑ - m-cpsS A[n-Imcw ssZh-ZØ - a - m-sW∂v ImWn-
°-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n awtKmƒ cm⁄n-bm-bn-cp∂ Ae≥Izm-bpsS sFXnlyw hnh-cn-°p-∂p. Cu
Znhy-{]-Imiw apKƒ cmPm-hn\pw e`n-°p-Ib- p-≠m-bn. kp¬lv˛- C
- ˛- I- p¬ AYhm kºq¿Æ kam-
[m\w apKƒ `c-W-Øns‚ {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1563 ¬ Xo¿∞m-S\ \nIp-Xnbpw
1564¬ Pnkn-bbpw AIv_¿ \n¿Ø-em-°n. F∂m¬ Hudw-K-ko_v Pnknb ]p\x-ÿm-]n-®p.
Xe-ÿm-\ß - fpw cmP-[m-\n-Ifpw
apK-f-∑m-cpsS Xe-ÿm\ \K-cn-Iƒ
_m_¿ ˛ B{K
AIv_¿ ˛ ^tØ-]q¿kn{Inw, emtlm¿
jmP-lm≥ ˛ jmP-lm-\m-_mZv
cmP-k-Z€v ktΩ-fn-®n-cp∂ Xe-ÿm\w apKƒ km{am-Py-Øns‚ lrZ-b-tI-{µ-am-bn-cp-
∂p. B{K-bm-bn-cp∂p _m_-dns‚ Xe-ÿm-\w. AIv_¿ N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS ]pXnb Xe-ÿm-\-
am-bn-cp-∂p ^tØ-]q¿kn-{In. _peZv Z¿hmk F∂-dn-b-s∏´ Iam-\m-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ hen-sbmcp
IhmSw AIv_¿ \n¿Ωn-®p. 1585 ¬ jmP-lm≥ km{am-Py-Øns‚ Xe-ÿm\w emtlm-dn-te°v
am‰n. 1648 ¬ jmP-lm≥ km{am-Py-Øns‚ Xe-ÿm\w B{K-bn¬ \n∂v jmP-lm-\m-_m-Zn-
te°v am‰n. Ppam-ak
- vPn-Zv, Nmµv\n Nu°v, sNt¶m´ F∂nh Dƒs°m-≈p∂ jmP-\m-_mZv apKƒ
cmP-hm-gvN-bpsS {]uVn hnfn-t®m-Xp∂ H∂m-bn-cp-∂p.
apKƒ N{I-h¿Øn-am¿ D÷z-e-am-sbmcp cmP-[m\n \ne-\n¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. cmPy-Øns‚
an° {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw \n¿∆-ln-®n-cp-∂Xv cmP-[m-\n-bn-em-Wv. cmP-[m-\n-bn¬ `cWm[n-Im-cn-
tbmSv ImWn-t°≠ ]e Xc-Øn-ep≈ A`n-hm-Z-\-co-Xn-Iƒ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.
knPvZ
tIm¿Wn-jv
AKm[ {]Wmaw
kao≥t_mkv
Nm¿ Xkvenw -17-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw

apKƒcm-P-[m-\n-bnse BNm-c-{I-a-߃ \b-X-{¥-⁄-cmb ÿm\-]-Xn-Iƒ°pw _m[-

I-am-bn-cp-∂p.
AIv_¿ N{I-h¿Øn {]P-Isf ImWp-∂-Xn\v Bcw-`n-®-XmWv PtcmK Z¿i≥.
apKƒ N{I-h¿Øn-am¿ \¬In-bn-cp∂ c≠v ÿm\-t∏-cp-I-fmWv Bk^vJm\pw an¿€-cm-Pbpw
apKƒ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v A¥x-]p-cØ - n¬ c≠p-Xcw `mcy-am¿ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. _oKhpw
BK-a-cpw. _oKw cmP-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬ \n∂v h∂-h-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ BK-am¿ km[-c-W-°m-cm-
bn-cp-∂p. Plmw-Ko-dns‚ `mcy-bm-bn-cp∂ \q¿P-lm≥ `c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ CS-s∏-´n-cp∂p. A¥x-
]p-c-Ønse kv{XoIƒ kmln-Xy-cw-KØv [mcmfw kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. _m_-dns‚
]p{Xnbpw lpa-bq-Wns‚ ktlm-Z-cn-bp-amb Kp¬_-Z≥ _oKw "lpa-bq¨ \ma' {KŸw Fgp-
Xp-Ib- p-≠m-bn.
cmP-Iob DtZym-Kÿ - ¿
apKƒ `cWw ]q¿Æ-ambpw N{I-h¿Øn-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v apKƒ Zn\-
hr-Øm-¥-߃ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. apgp-h≥ `c-W-Øn-s‚bpw A®p-X≠pw tI{µ-_n-µphpw N{I-
h¿Øn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ {][m\ Npa-X-e-I-sf√mw \n¿∆-ln-®n-cp-∂Xv Hcp a{¥n-k-
`bpw apKƒ {]`p-h¿§-hp-am-Wv. tI{µ-Øn¬ aq∂v {][m-\-s∏´ a{¥n-am-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
Znhm≥-˛C
- ˛- A
- e
- ˛ [\-Im-cy-a{¥n
an¿_£n ˛ ssk\nI hIp∏v
kZ¿˛Akv˛kpZ¿ ˛ apJy-Jmkn
apKƒ cmjv{S-Ønse {][m\ LS-Ia - m-bn-cp∂p {]`p-h¿§w. AIv_d- ns‚ `c-WI - m-eØv
cmP-]p-{X-∑mcpw C¥y≥ ap…o-ßfpw {]`p-h¿§-Øn-te°v sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p. Cdm-\n-b≥am-
cmb {]`p-°-∑m¿°v Plmw-Ko-dns‚ Iogn¬ Db¿∂ ]Z-hn-Iƒ e`n-®n-cp-∂p. {]`p h¿§-Øn\v
am≥k-_vZmcn k{º-Zm-bh - p-ambn ASp-Ø_
- ‘
- a - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. i‡hpw Imcy-£a - h
- p-amb Hcp
ssk\ysØ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv AIv_¿ am≥k-_vZmcn k{º-Zmbw Bhn-
jv°c - n-®X- v.

am≥k-_vZmcn k{º-Zmbw
AIv_¿ Bcw-`n-®X
- mWv am≥k-_Zv mcn k{º-Zmbw . am≥k_v F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞w
dm¶v AYhm ÿm\w F∂m-Wv. Hmtcm DtZym-K-ÿ\pw Hcp ]Zhn AYhm am≥k_v \¬In-
bn-cp-∂p. am≥k_v ]Z-hnsb kØpw khmdpw F∂v Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cp-∂p. AIv_-dpsS `c-W-Im-
eØv am≥k-_vZ-am¿am¿°n-S-bn¬ 33 ]Z-hn-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. G‰hpw Xmgv∂ ]Zhn 10 Dw
Db¿∂ ]Zhn 10000 Bbn-cp-∂p. {]`p-°-∑m¿ kz¥w ssk\y-hp-ambn bp≤-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-
cp-∂p.

AIv_dpsS aXw
AIv _ ¿ Hcp aXmt\zjI\mbncp∂p. F√m aXßfnsebpw Z¿i\hpw ⁄m\hpw
a\€nem°p∂Xn\v At±lØn\v Xmev]cyap≠mbncp∂p. 1575 ^tØ]q¿knInbn¬
C_mZØvJm\ F∂ {]m¿∞m\ aµncw ÿm]n®p. C–ØvJm\, ap…nw߃, lnµpIƒ
ssP\aX°m¿ ss{IkvXh¿ XpSßnbhcpsS N¿®m thZnbmbncp∂p C–ØvJm\. HutZymKnI
aXsØ tNmZyw sNbvXpsIm≠v, AIv_¿ cq]w \¬°nb ]pXnb aX-hn-izm-ka
- mWv "XulnZv
Celn' AYhm "Zn≥ Cemln'.ï {][m\s∏´ aXßfpsSsb√mw XXz߃
Dƒs∏SpØnsIm≠mWv AIv_¿ ]pXnb aXw ÿm]n®Xv.

-18-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw

{]tabw ˛10
sImtfm-Wn-be- n-khpw {Kma-{]-tZ-ihpw

sImtfm-Wn-b-enkw {Kma-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ kp{]-[m-\-amb ]e am‰-ßfpw sIm≠p-h-∂p.

{_n´o-jp-Im¿ C¥y-bn¬ GIo-Ir-X-am-sbmcp \nba hyhÿ \S-∏n-em-°n. {_n´o-jp-Im-cp-sS
`q\n-IpXn \b-ßf - pw Ah-cpsS \nba hyh-ÿbpw I¿j-Isc ]Ww ]en-ibv°p sImSp-°p-∂-
h-cpsS Im¬°o-gn-se-Øn-®p. tKm{X-h¿§-°m-cpsS Pohn-XØ - n-te°pw sImtfm-Wn-be - n-kØ
- ns‚
IS∂pIb-‰ß - ƒ D≠mbn.
{_n´ojv sImtfm-Wn-b≥ `cWw BZyw ÿm]n-°-s∏-´Xv _wKm-fn-em-Wv. 1764 se
_Iv k ¿ bp≤- Ø n\v tijw {_n´o- j p- I m¿ _wKm- f ns‚ bYm¿∞ Ah- I m- i n- I - f m-
bnØo¿∂p.izmiX `q\n-IpXn hyh-ÿ-{]-Imcw skao-µm¿ `qan-bpsS DS-a-b-√, Kh¨sa‚n\p
th≠n \nIpXn ]ncn-°p∂ Bfm-Wv.
Cw•ojv CuÃv C¥ym-I-º\n `qAh-Imi \nb-a-ßfpw `q\n-IpXn hyh-ÿ-Ifpw \S-
∏n-em-°n. imiz-X`- qanIpXn hyhÿ \S-∏n-em-°n-bX - n-\p-tijw [mcmfw skan-µm¿amcpsS FtÃ-
‰p-Iƒ `q\n-IpXn sI´m-Ø-Xns‚ t]cn¬ Iº\n Kh¨sa‚ v teew sNbvXp hn¬°p-I-bp-≠m-
bn. skao-µm¿ am¿ Iº-\n°v \¬tI≠ \nIpXn ÿnc-am-bn-cp-∂p. Irjn XI¿∂mepw hnfhv
tami-am-bmepw \nIpXn IrXy-ambn AS-bv°-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. imizX \nIpXn hyhÿ skao-
µm¿ amcpsS A[n-Imcw Ipd-bv°p-∂X - n\v Imc-Wa
- m-bn. 18 ˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Db¿∂p h∂ kº∂
I¿j-Ih - ¿§-amWv ""tPmt´-Zm¿am¿''.
1813 ¬ C¥ybnse CuÃv C¥y Iº-\n-bpsS `c-W-sØ-°p-dn®pw {]h¿Ø-\-sØ-
°p-dn®pw {_n´ojv ]m¿e-sa‚ v ka¿∏n® dnt∏m¿´mWv A©mw dnt∏m¿´v. Cu dnt∏m¿´n¬
10000 t]cp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \nIpXn hcp-am-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ÿnc-hn-hcw IW-°p-I-fmWv
apJy-ambpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]c-º-cm-KX skao-µm-cn-I-fpsS A[n-Imc XI¿®sb∏‰n A©mw
dnt∏m¿´v kqNn-∏n-°p∂p.
19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ _wKm-fnse cmPval¬ Ip∂p-I-fn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ P\-ß-sf-bmWv
]l-cn-bmkv F∂v hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]l-cn-bmkv `£-WØ - n-\mbn alphm F∂p t]cp≈ ]q°ƒ
ImSp-I-fn¬ \n∂v tiJ-cn-®n-cp-∂p. ]pd-sa-\n∂p≈h¿ Xß-fpsS {]tZ-iØv AXn-{I-an®p IS-
°p-∂-Xn\v ]lm-cn-bmkv i‡-ambn FXn¿Øn-cp∂p. ]lm-cn-bmkns\ \bn-®n-cp-∂Xv aq∏-∑m-
cm-Wv. £ma Ime-ß-fn¬ ]lm-cn-bmkv ka-X-e-ß-fn¬ B{I-a-W-߃ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. ]lm-
cn-bm-kns\ \nb-{¥n-°m\pw C√m-Xm-°m\pw sImtfm-Wn-b¬ DtZym-Kÿ - ∑m¿ ]cn-{i-an®psIm≠n-
cp-∂p. 1870 ¬ ]lm-cn-bm-kns‚ aq∏-∑m¿°v hm¿jnI Ae-h≥kv \¬Im≥ Xocp-am-\-am-bn.
]lm-cn-bm-kns‚ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ km¥mƒam¿ IS∂p Ibdn.
_wKm-fn¬ cmPva-l¬ Ip∂p-I-fn¬ Ae-™p-\-S-∂n-cp∂ tKm{X-h¿§-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p
km¥m-fp-Iƒ. km¥m-fp-I-fn¬ cmPva-l¬ Ip∂p-I-fpsS ASn-hm-c-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®ncp∂ {]tZ-
i-amWv "Zman≥ ˛ C ˛ tImlv'. km¥mƒamsc skao-µm¿amcpw NqjWw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Nqj-
W-°m¿s°-Xnsc Ah¿ ISpØ t]mcm´w kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn. ktlm-Zc
- ∑
- m-cmb Im\phpw
kn±p-hp-amWv t]mcm´w \bn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. 1855˛56 Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv km¥mƒ Iem]w s]m´n-∏p-
d-s∏-´Xv Bdp-amkw \o≠p \n¬°p∂ Iem]w {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ v ASn-®-a¿Øn .
_wKmƒ Hgn-sI-bp≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ v \S-∏n-em°nb `q\n-IpXn
hyh-ÿ-I-fmWv "db‰v hmcn', "al¬hmcn' F∂n-h. Cw•-≠nse {]i-kvX-\mb kmº-ØnI
imkv{X-⁄-\m-bn-cp∂ tUhnUv dn°m¿tUm-bpsS Ic kn≤m¥w `q\nIpXn ]cn-jvI-cW \S-
]SnIsf kzm[o-\n-®p. I¿j-I-≥ t\cn´p \nIpXn \¬Ip∂ k{º-Zm-b-amWv db‰vhmcn
hyhÿ.

-19-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw
30 h¿jw IqSp-tºmƒ `qan-I-fn¬ ]p\¿ k¿t∆ \SØn \nIpXn ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-am-bn-cp-
∂p. 1820 Ifn-emWv t_mws_ sU°m-\n¬ Kh¨sa‚ v db‰vhmcn k{ºZmbw \S-∏n-em-°n-bX - v.
Ata-cn-°-bn¬ 1861 ¬ B`y-¥-c-bp≤w Bcw-`n-®-Xn-\m¬ temI-Øns‚ F√m `mK-ß-
fn-epw ]cpØn DXv]m-Z-\sØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I-sb∂ \bw {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ v sIm≠p-
h-∂p. {_n´o-jp-Im¿ ]cpØn hnX-cW kwLw, am¿_-ÿ tIm´¨I-º\n F∂o kwL-S-\-
Iƒ°v cq]w \¬In. Ata-cn-°-bn¬ B`y-¥-c-bp≤w Ah-km-\n-®-Xn\v tijw ]cpØn DXv]m-
Z\w ho≠pw ]ptcmKXn {]m]n-®p. CtXmsS C¥ybn¬ \n∂pw {_n´n-Wn-te-°p≈ ]cpØn
Ib-‰p-aXn IpØ-s\ Ipd-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Kh¨sa‚ v C°m-eØv `q\n-IpXn 50 iX-am-\-Øn¬
\n∂v 100 iX-am-\a- mbn h¿≤n-∏n-®p. Irjn XI¿∂ I¿j-I¿°v ]Ww ISw-sIm-Sp-°m≥ lp≠n-
I-°m¿ hnk-ΩX - n-®p. lp≠n-I°
- m¿ I¿j-Ic - n¬ \n∂v AanX ]eni CuSm-°n-bn-cp-∂p. lp≠n-
I-°m¿ NXn-b-∑mcpw \oN∑mcpam-sW∂v I¿j-I¿ Xncn-®-dn-™p.
]lp≠n-I-°m-tcm-Sp≈ I¿j-I-cpsS tcmjw HSp-hn¬ Iem-]-ambn s]m´n-sØ-dn-®p.
]q\ Pn√-bnse kp] F∂ {Kma-Øn-emWv elf Bcw-`n-®-Xv. ]q\-bn¬ \n∂v elf Al-ΩZv
\K-dn-te°v hym]n-®p. IW°p ]pkvX-I-߃ IØn-°p-I, IS-]-{X-߬ \in-∏n-°pI F∂n-h-
bm-bn-cp∂p Iem-]-Øns‚ kz`m-hw. sImtfm-Wn-b¬ Kh¨sa‚ v Iem]w ASn-®-a¿Øn.

-20-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw

{]tabw ˛11
Iem-]-Im-cn-Ifpw {_n´ojv cmPyw
1857 se Iem]w
{_n´ojv `c-WsØ XqsØ-dn-bm-\p≈ C¥y-°mcpsS BZysØ {][m\ {ia-amWv
1857 se Iem-]w. {_n´ojv `cWw C¥y-bnse F√m P\-hn-`m-K-߃°n-S-bnepw hym]-I-amb
AXr]vXn krjvSn-®n-cp-∂p. {_n´ojv ssk\yØnse C¥y≥ ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ AYhm in]m-bn-am-
cmWv Iem-]Ø - n\v XpS°w Ipdn-®X - v. 1857 sabv 10 \v aod‰nse ]´m-fI - ym-ºn-emWv elf s]m´n-
∏p-ds
- ∏-´X- .v Iem-]I- c- n-Iƒ Pbn¬, tImS-Xn, {Sj-dn XpS-ßnb Kh¨sa‚ v ÿm]-\ß - ƒ XI¿Øp.
XpS¿∂v Ah¿ U¬ln-bn-te°v \oßn. U¬ln ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn\v tijw Iem-]-Im-cn-
Iƒ apKƒ N{I-h¿Øn-bmb _l-Zq¿jm ImWp-Ibpw t\XrXzw G¬∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
hnπ-h-Im-cn-Iƒ _l-Zq¿jmsb C¥y-bpsS N{I-h¿Øn-bmbn {]Jym-]n®p.
Iem-]I - m-cn-Iƒ°n-Sb - n¬ Bkp-{X-Whpw GtIm-]\ - hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Iem-]Ø - ns‚
coXn F√m-bn-SØpw Hcp t]mse-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Iem-]I - m-cn-If
- p-sS B{I-aW e£y-ßf - m-bn-cp-∂p
{_n´ojv DtZym-K-ÿcpw `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ßfpw. lp≠n-I-°mcpw [\n-Icpw B{I-a-W-Øn\v
Cc-bm-bn.
{][m\ Iem] tI{µ-ßfpw t\Xm-°fpw
Im¨]q¿ ˛ \m\m-km-ln_v
Pm≥kn ˛ dmWn e£van-`mbn
Bd (_o-lm¿) ˛ I≥h¿knwßv
Ah[v ˛ \hm_v _n¿Pnkv JmZ¿, _oKw ]mkvdØv al¬
DØ¿{]-tZ-inse "_cu´v ]¿Km-\-bn¬ jma¬': tOm´m-\m-Kv]q-dn¬ tKm{X-I¿j-I-
\mb "tKm\p'; sslZ-cm-_m-Znse auehn Al-Ω-Zp≈ jm apJy ]¶m-fn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
]pXnb ssd^n-fnse Xnc-Iƒ ]ip-hns‚bpw ]∂n-bp-sSbpw sImgp∏v ]pc-´n-bX - m-sW∂v
Hcp Inwh-Z¥n ]c-∂n-cp-∂p. ]ip-hn-s‚bpw ]∂n-bp-sSbpw sImgp∏v ]pc-´nb Bh-cWw ISn®v
s]m´n®v Xnc-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ PmXnbpw aXhpw A]-I-S-Øn-em-hp-sa∂v Ah¿ Icp-Xn.
{_n´o-jp-Im¿ C¥y-°msc {InkvXp-a-X-Øn-te°v ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNøn-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p-I-bm-
sW∂pw hm¿Ø ]c-∂p. Ah-[n-se cmPm-hmb hmPnZv Ben jm Zp¿`-cWw \S-Øp∂p F∂v
Btcm-]n-®v U¬lukn {]`p At±-lsØ ]pd-Øm-°n. 1789 ¬ sh√kn \S-∏n-em-°nb ssk\nI
klmb hyhÿ ]e `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°pw cmPyw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn. ZØ-h-
Imi \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v Qm≥kn, kØmd F∂n-h- ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Øp.
in]mbnam¿°v [mcmfw ]cm-Xn-Ifpw Bh-em-Xn-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hfsc Ipd™
thX-\-amWv in]m-bn-am¿°v e`n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. 1857 se Iem-]-Øns‚ {][m\ khn-ti-jX AXv
{]Z¿in-∏n® sFIy-t_m-[a - m-W.v lnµp-°fpw ap…ow-ßfpw Hcp-t]mse \jvSs - ∏-Smt\m t\Smt\m
D≈ Hcp bp≤-am-bmWv Iem-]sØ I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS kmº-ØnI kmaqly \b-
߃ P\-ßsf tcmjw sIm≈n®p.
1857 se Iem-]sØ thK-Øn¬ ASn-®a - ¿Øm≥ km[n-®n-√. Iem-]sØ Aa¿® sNøm-
\mbn Ah¿ [mcmfw \n-ba - ß- ƒ ]m€m-°n. Iem-]I - m-cn-Isf in£n-°p-hm\pw hnNm-cW sNøp-
hm-\p-ap≈ A[n-Imcw ssk\nI DtZym-K-ÿ¿°v \¬In. Iem-]sØ ASn-®-a¿Øp-∂-Xn\p-
th≠n {_n´o-jp-Im¿ anI® ssk\nI i‡nbpw k÷o-I-c-W-ßfpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn. \b-
X-{¥-]c - a- mb am¿§-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v `q{]-`p-°∑ - mcpw I¿j-Icpw XΩn-ep≈ sFIyw XI¿°m≥
{ian-®p.

-21-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw

tXmakv tPm¨kv _m¿°¿ 1859 ¬ hc® dneo^v Hm^v eIv\u {][m-\s - ∏´ Nn{X-am-
Wv. kvtIm´njv Iem-Im-c-\mb tPmk^v t\mb¬ t]‰≥ Iem]w Ign™v c≠v h¿j-Øn\v
tijw. ‘C≥ satΩm-dnbw’ Fs∂mcp Nn{Xw hc-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn. Iem-]I
- m-cn-IfpsS A{I-aW- -
ßsf kp[ocw t\cn-Sp∂ [oc-h-\n-X-Isf Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. Im¨]q-cnse Iem-]-Im-cn-Isf
h[n-®p-sIm≠v Xs‚ am\w Im°p∂ ankv hne-dns‚ Nn{Xw {][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. Iem-]-Im-cn-
Isf arKo-b-amb coXn-bn-emWv h[n-®-Xv.
1857 se Iem]w 20˛mw \q‰m-≠nse tZiob {]ÿm-\-Øn\v Hcp {]tNm-Z\ tI{µ-am-bn-
cp-∂p. C¥y-bnse F√m P\-hn-`m-K-ßfpw tN¿∂v hntZ-i-`-c-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc \S-Ønb H∂mw
kzmX{¥y ka-c-ambn Iem]w hnti-jn-°-s∏-´p. Iem-]-\m-b-I-∑m¿ hoc-l-km-l-ko-I-cmbn
Nn{Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. Qm≥kn dmWn-sb-t∏m-ep≈ t\Xm-°-∑m-cpsS [oc-Xsb hmgvØn-s°m≠v
\nc-h[n Imhy-߃ cNn-°-s∏-´p. Iøn¬ hmfp-ta¥n IpXn-c-∏p-dØv ]m™p-t]m-Ip∂ dmWn-
bp-sS Nn{Xw A\o-Xn-sbbpw hntZi `c-W-sØbpw FXn¿°m-\p≈ ZrV-\n-›-b-Øns‚ {]Xo-
I-am-bn-cp-∂p.

-22-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw
{]tabw ˛12
almflm Km‘nbpw tZiob {]ÿm-\hpw
1869 HIvtSm-_¿ 2 \v KpP-dm-Ønse t]m¿_-¥-dn-emWv taml≥Zmkv Icw Nµv Km‘n
P\n-®-Xv. Cw•-≠n¬ \n∂v \nb-a-_n-cpZw t\Sn-b-Xn\v tijw, 1893 KpP-dm-Ønse Hcp _nkn-
\€v ÿm]-\-Øns‚ \nb-tam-]-tZ-jvSm-hmbn Km‘nPn Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-bnte°v t]mbn. Z£n-
Wm-{^n-°-bnse h¿Æ-sh-dn-b≥ `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ hwiob hnth-N-\-߃s°Xnsc At±lw
sFXn-lm-knI t]mcm´w \S-Øn. Km‘nPn kXym-{Klw F∂ Alnw-km-[n-jvTnX kackan-
Xn°v cq]w \¬In.
1915 ¬ Km‘nPn C¥y-bn-te°v aS-ßn-h-∂p. C¥y≥ tZiob {]ÿm\w sas√ Icp-
Øm¿÷n°m≥ XpS-ßnbncp-∂p. C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{K-€ns‚ imJ-Iƒ {][m-\-s∏´
F√m ]´-Wß - fnepw {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p. alm-cm-{„-bnse _me- Kw-Km-[c - X
- n-eI
- ≥, _wKm-fnse
_n]n≥ N{µ-]m¬, ]©m-_nse emem- e-Pv]-Xv dmbv F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p {]apJ t\Xm-°-∑m¿.
Cu aq∂v t\Xm-°∑ - m¿, em¬, ]m¬ , _m¬, F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-bs - ∏-´p. Ch¿ tIm¨{K-knse
Xo{h-hmZ hn`m-K-Øns‚ t\Xm-°-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
anXhpw \nb-am-\p-kr-X-hp-amb am¿§-ß-fn-eqsS {_n´ojv `c-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc t]mcm-Sn-
bn-cp∂ as‰mcp hn`m-K-am-bn-cp∂p anXhm-Zn-Iƒ. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS cmjv{Sob Kpcp-hm-bn-cp∂
tKm]m-eI - rjvW tKmJsebmbn-cp∂p anX-hm-Zn-If - psS t\Xm-h.v P\-ßsf kXym-{K-lØ - ns‚
Bi-b-߃ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n 1916 ¬ Km‘nPn Al-Ω-Zm-_m-Znse k_¿aXn \Zn-°-c-
bn¬ k_¿aXn B{iaw ÿm]n-®p. _\m-dkv lnµp k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bpsS DZvLm-S\ thf-
bn¬ \S-Ønb {]kwlw Km‘n-Pnsb Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ hy‡n-bm-°n.
{_n´ojv `c-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc Km‘nPn \S-Ønb BZysØ h≥ ka-c-amWv \n€-l-I-
cW {]ÿm\w. 1919 ¬ P\-ß-fpsS FXn¿∏p-Isf ASn-®-a¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Kh¨sa‚ v
due‰v \nb-a-߃ ]m€m-°n. GsXmcp hy‡n-sbbpw AdÃp sNøm\pw hnNm-cW IqSmsX
XS-hn-em-°m\pap≈ A[n-Imcw due‰v \nb-aß - ƒ Kh¨sa‚n\v \¬In. due‰v \nb-aß - ƒs°-
Xnsc Km‘nPn i‡-amb kacw Bcw-`n-®p. due‰v \nb-a-߃s°-Xnsc G‰hpw i‡-amb
{]t£m-`-߃ Db¿∂p-h∂Xv ]©m-_n-em-Wv.
1919 G{]n¬ 13 \v hen-sbmcp P\-°q´w Aar-Xk - d- nse Pmen-b≥hm-em-_m-Kn¬ XSn®p
IqSn. tUm. InNvep, kXy-]m¬ F∂n-h-cpsS Ad-Ãn¬ {]Xn-t£-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv
Ah¿ HØp tN¿∂-Xv. {]Xn-tj-[-tbmKw \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cns° Aar-X-k-dnse ]´m-f-ta-[mhn
P\-d¬ Ub¿ \ncm-bp-[-cmb P\-°q-´-Øn\p t\sc \nd-tbm-gn-® Cu Iq´-s°m-e-bn¬ 400 t]¿
sIm√-s∏-´p.
\n€-l-I-cW {]ÿm\w Bcw-`n-°m≥ Km‘nPnsb t{]cn-∏n® Hcp {][m\ kw`-h-
amWv Jnem-^Øv {]ÿm-\w. C¥y-bnse ap…ow-߃ Xp¿°n-bnse kp¬Øms‚ \jvS-s∏´
Jeo-^-bpsS A[n-Im-c-߃ hos≠-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Jnem-^Øv {]ÿm\w Bcw-`n-®p.
1920 Unkw-_dn¬ \mKv]q-cn¬ IqSnb tIm¨{K-kns‚ hm¿jnI ktΩ-f\w Km‘n-Pn-
bpsS \n€-lI - c
- W ]cn-]mSn AwKo-Ic- n-®p. kztZin {]Nm-cWw, Abn-tØm-—m-S\ - w, aZy-\n-tcm-
[-\w, lnµp-˛-ap…ow ssa{Xn, N¿°bpw JmZnbpw {]N-cn-∏n-°¬ Ch-bm-bn-cp∂p \n€-l-I-cW
{]ÿm-\-Øns‚ e£y-߃. Cu {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw hnP-b-I-c-amb ]cn-]mSn hntZi
hkvXp, hkv{X _ln-jv°-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1922 s^{_p-h-cn-bn¬ DØ¿{]-tZ-inse NucnNuc-
bnse Ip]n-Xc - mb I¿jI kwLw t]meokvtÃj≥ B{I-an-°p-Ibpw 22 t]meo-kp-Im¿ sIm√-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu kw`hw Km‘n-Pnsb sR´n-∏n-°pIbpw At±lw \n€-lI - c
- W kacw
]n≥h-en-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
\n€-l-I-cW kacw ˛ Imc-W-߃
due‰v \nb-a-߃
Pmen-b≥hm-em-_mKv Iq´s°me
Jnem-^Øv {]ÿm\w -23-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw
\n€-l-I-cW {]ÿm\w \n¿Ønh®Xn\v tijw C¥y≥ cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ \S∂
{][m\ kw`-h-amWv sska¨ IΩn-js‚ \nb-a-\w. IΩo-j\n¬ \n∂v C¥y-°msc Hgn-hm-
°n-b-Xn¬ {]Xn-tj-[n®v Ah¿ IΩo-js\ _ln-jv°-cn-®p. sska¨ XncnsI t]mhpI F∂
ap{Zm-hmIyw apg°n C¥y-bn-se-ºmSpw {]t£m-`ß - ƒ \S∂p. 1929 ¬ tIm¨{K-kns‚ hm¿jnI
ktΩ-f\w emtlm-dn¬ \S-∂p. Ph-l¿em¬ \lvdp-hns‚ A≤y-£-X-bn¬ tN¿∂ ktΩ-f\w
]q¿Æ-kz-cmPv {]tabw ]m€m-°n. P\p-hcn 26 kzmX-{¥y-Zn-\-ambn F√m h¿jhpw BtLm-
jn-°m\pw Xocp-am-\n-®p.
{_n´ojv `c-WØ - n-s\-Xnsc Km‘nPn \bn® c≠m-asØ h≥k-ac - a
- mWv knhn¬ \nba-
ew-L\ {]ÿm-\w. D∏v \nbaw ewLn-®p-sIm-≠v Km‘nPn knhn¬ \nba ewL-\-{]-ÿm-\-
Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®p. Cu \nba {]Im-cw D∏v \n¿Ωn-°m\pw hn¬°m-\p-ap≈ A[n-Imcw
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ IpØ-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.
1930 am¿®v 12 \v Km‘nPn kp{]-kn-≤-amb "ZWvUn-bm{X' Bcw-`n®p. 78 A\p-bm-bn-
Iƒs°m∏w 200 ssa¬ Zqsc-bp≈ ZWvUn-bn-te°v 24 Znh-kw-sIm≠v Im¬\-S-bmbn bm{X-
sNbvXv IS-temc{Kma-amb ZWvUn-bn-se-Øn. Km‘nPn ZWvUn-bn¬ h®v D∏v \n¿Ωn®v D∏v
\nbaw ewLn-®p. \K-c-ß-fn¬ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ ]Wn-ap-S°n A`n-`m-j-I¿ tImSXn _ln-jv°-
cn-®p. hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ hnZym-e-b-߃ _ln-jv°-cn-®p.
1930, 31, 32 h¿j-ß-fn¬ {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ v aq∂v h´-tai ktΩ-f-\-߃ e≠-\n¬
h®v \S-Øp-Ib - p-≠m-bn. 1931 ¬ \S∂ c≠mw ktΩ-f\ - Ø
- n¬ Km‘nPn tIm¨{K-kns‚ {]Xn-
\n-[n-bmbn ]s¶-Sp-Øp. aq∂mw h´-tai ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ tIm¨{K€v ]s¶-Sp-Øn-√.
1942 ¬ {_n´ojv {][m-\-a{¥n hn≥Ã≥ N¿®n¬ Xs‚ a{¥n-k`mw-K-amb {In]vkns\
1942 ¬ Hcp ZuXy-hp-ambn C¥y-bn-te-°b - ®
- p. {In]vkv ZuXy-Øns‚ ]cm-Pb - Ø- n\v tijw 1942
BK-Ãn-emWv Izn‰v C¥y kacw Bcw-`n-®-Xv. "{]h¿Øn-°pI As√-¶n¬ acn-°pI' F∂
a{¥-hp-ambn ka-cØ - n-\n-dß - m≥ Km‘nPn Blzm\w sNbvXp. F∂m¬ {]t£m`w Bcw-`n-°p-
∂-Xn\v apºv Kh¨sa‚ v B™-Sn-®p.
1945 ¬ te_¿ Kh¨sa‚ v Ia‚ v B‰en {][m-\-a-{¥n-bmbn {_n´-Wn¬ A[n-Im-c-
Øn-seØn.
1947 s^{_p-hc - n-bn¬ au≠p _m‰¨ ]pXnb ssht{km-bn-bmbn \nb-an-°s - ∏-´p. cmPy-
Øns‚ hn`-P-\-Øn-\mbn At±lw Pq¨ 3 ]≤Xn {]Jym-]n-®p. 1947 BKÃv 15 \v C¥y°v
kzmX{¥yw e`n-®p. kzmX-{¥y-Zn-\m-tLm-j-ß-fn¬ Km‘nPn ]s¶-Sp-Øn-√. cmPyw c≠mbn
hn`-Pn-°-s∏-´p. lnµp˛ ap…ow el-f-Iƒ cmPy-sØ-ºmSpw D≠m-bn. h¿§ob el-f°v ia\w
hcp-Øp-hm≥ Km‘nPn \msSßpw k©-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
C¥y hn`-Pn-°s - ∏´psh¶nepw Ccp cmPy-ßfpw ]c-kv]cw BZ-cn-°W - s- a∂pw ]n¥pW
thW-sa∂pw Km‘nPn A`y¿∞n-®p. 1948 P\p-hcn 30 \v {]m¿∞-\m-tbm-K-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp-
sIm-≠n-cns° \mYpdmw tKmUvsk F∂ ]q\-°m-c≥ Km‘n-Pnsb shSn-h-®p-sIm-∂p. Km‘n-
Pn-bpsS acWw cmPy-sØsbm´msI \Sp-°p-Ibpw ZpxJ-Øn-em-gvØp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Bfl-IY ˛ Fs‚ kXym-t\z-jW ]co-£-W-߃
AXn¿Øn Km‘n ˛ Jm≥ A_vZpƒKm-^¿ Jm≥
Km‘nPn sIm√-s∏-´Xv ˛ 1948 P\p-hcn 30
tIm¨{Kkv ]q¿Æ-kz-cmPv {]Jym-]n®p ˛ emtlm¿ ktΩ-f\w
tZiob ka-c-߃
\n€-lI-cW kacw ˛ 1920˛22
\nb-a-ew-L\ {]ÿm\w/D∏p-k-Xym-{Klw -1930˛34
Izn‰v C¥ym kacw ˛ 1942

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ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw

{]tabw˛13
hn`P\sØ a\knem°¬ ˛ cm{„obw, kvacWIƒ, A\p`h߃
Understanding partition- politics, memories, experiences

1947 BKÃv 15˛\v C¥ybnse {_n´ojv `cWw Ahkm\n®p. {_n´ojv C¥y c≠p
]cam[nImc cm„ßfmbn hn`Pn°s∏´p. C¥ybpw ]m°nÿm\pw kzmX{¥yØns‚ kt¥m
jsØ hn`P\sØ XpS¿∂p≠mb AXn{Iaßfpw {IqcXbpw sISpØn If™p.
kaImenI \nco£Icpw ]finX≥amcpw hn`P\ImesØ A{Iakz`mhßsf hnh
cn°p∂Xn\v Iq´s°me (holocaust) F∂ ]ZamWv D]tbmKn°p∂Xv. P¿Ω\nbn¬ \mknIƒ
\SØnb Iq´°pcpXnsb hntijn∏n°p∂Xn\mWv tlmtfmtImÃv F∂ ]Zw s]mXpsh D]
tbmKn®p hcp∂Xv. Cu A¿∞Øn¬ C¥ybpsS hn`P\hpw XpS¿∂p≠mb A{Iaßfpw
Hcp tlmtfmtImÃv Bbncp∂p. F∂m¬ P¿Ω\nbn¬ `cWIqSamWv P\ßsf sIms∂mSp
°nbXv. C¥ybnemIs´ hwiobhpw h¿§obhpamb th¿XncnhpIfm¬ kapZmb߃ XΩn¬
\SØnb A{IaWßfmWv.

hn`P\w F¥psIm≠v, Fßs\ kw`hn®p?

aplΩZmen Pn∂bpsS Zzncm{„ kn≤m¥hpw AXns‚ ]cnWnX^eambn kw`hn
°p∂ hn`P\hpw D≠mbXns‚ ]n∂n¬ A\h[n ImcW߃ ImWm≥ Ignbpw.
1. hn`P\w lnµphpw ap…oIfpw XΩnep≈ kpZo¿Lamb t]mcm´ Ncn{XØns‚ ]cyh
km\amWv F∂v Nne¿ ]dbp∂p.
2. c≠p kapZmbßfnepw D≠mb aXXoh kz`mhap≈ {]ÿm\ßfmWv hn`P\Øn\p
ImcWambXv.
3. {_n´ojvImcpsS `n∂n∏n®p `cn°pI F∂ \bamWv hn`P\Øn\p ImcWambXv. ap…ow
kapZmbØn\v {]tXyI \ntbmPIafie߃ A\phZn®Xv CXns‚ `mKambmWv. 1906
se ant‚m tam¿en ]cnjv°mcw {]tXyI \ntbmPI afie߃ BZyambn A\phZn®p.
4. tIm¨{Kkpw ap…ow eoKpw XΩn¬ H∂n®p≠m°nb eIv\u Icm¿ (1916) h¿§obX bpsS
hf¿®sb klmbn®p.
5. 1937 se {]hniy sXcs™Sp∏n¬ tIm¨{Kkns‚ AXnibIcamb hnPbw.

]m°nÿm≥ {]tabw
1940 se ap…ow eoKns‚ emtlm¿ ktΩf\ØnemWv BZyambn ]m°nÿm≥ {]
tabw ]mkm°p∂Xv. Cu {]tabw Xømdm°nbXv kn°¥¿ lbvXv Jm\mWv. ]m°nÿm≥
hmZØns‚ D¤hw DdpZp Ihnbmb aplΩZv CIv_men¬ ImWm≥ Ignbpw.
tIw{_nUvPnse hnZym¿∞nbmbncp∂ d“Xv AenbmWv Cu hm°v \n¿t±in®Xv.
"]pWy`qan' F∂mWv ]m°nÿm≥ F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞w.

Im_n\‰v anj≥
c≠mw temIalmbp≤m\¥cw (19-45) A[nImc ssIam‰Øn\pth≠nbp≈ N¿®
\SØm≥ {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ v Hcp ZuXykwLsØ C¥ybnte°v Ab®p. Im_n\‰v anj≥
F∂v CXdnbs∏Sp∂p. Im_n\‰v anj≥ hn`P\sØ A\pIqen®n√. AXn\m¬ ap…ow eoKv
Cu ]≤Xn X≈n°f™p. AtX XpS¿∂mWv {]Xy£ kachpambn ap…ow eoKv cwKØph
cp∂Xv. DØtc¥ybn¬ ]ebnSØpw h¿§ob Iem]߃ CXpaqeap≠mbn.
C¥ysb hn`Pn°msX C¥y≥ {]iv\w ]cnlcn°m\p≈ Iym_n\‰v anjs‚ A¥n
a{iaw ]cmPbs∏´p. hn`P\w A\nhmcyambnØo¿∂p. tIm¨{Kkv t\Xm°fpw Ahkm\w
hn`P\sØ A\pIqen®p. hn`P\sØ i‡ambn FXn¿Øncp∂ c≠pt]sc D≠mbncp∂p
-25-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw
≈q. Km‘nPnbpw Jm≥ A–pƒ Km^¿Jm\pw.

hn`P\hpw Zpc¥ßfpw
hn`P\tØmS\p_‘n®v A\h[n Zpc¥ßƒ°v C¥y km£yw hln®p. \njv]
£cpw \ncp]{ZhImcnIfpamb At\IcpsS Poh≥ h¿§ob elfbn¬ tlman°s∏´p. hn`P
\Øns‚ G‰hpw {Iqcamb CcIƒ kv{XoIfmbncp∂p. {Iakam[m\w ]mtS XI¿∂p. Cu
kwL¿jØn\nSbnepw ]et∏mgpw t]meokv \njv{Inbcmbncp∂p. kºmZyhpw hoSpw \„
s∏´v A`bm¿∞nIfmbn At\I¿ Aetb≠nh∂p. kv{XoIƒ A\p-`-hn® Zpcn-X-߃ ]d-
bp∂ {KŸ-amWv D¿∆-in-_-´m-en-b-bpsS ""\ni-_vZ-X-bpSw adp-hiw''
Zpc¥Øns‚ Cu \Sp°p∂ A\p`hßfnepw kvt\lw, a\pjyXzw, kulrZw F∂n
hbpsS A\p`hßfpw D≠mbn´p≠v. h¿§obXbpsS hnj∏pI A¥co£Øn\p ta¬ Icn
ºSw ]pX∏n®t∏mgpw F√mw ad∂v ]ckv]cw klmbn®Xns‚ DZmlcWßfpw A\h[n
bp≠v. Ah¿ km¥z\߃ kr„n®p.
hmsamgn sXfnhpIfpw Ncn{Xhpw
Ncn{X cN\bv°v hmsamgn sXfnhpIfpw ASnÿm\am°mw F∂Xns‚ DZmlcW
amWv C¥y hn`P\Ncn{Xw.
hmsamgn t{kmX€pIƒ G‰hpw {][m\s∏´ H∂mWv hy‡nKX Hm¿ΩIƒ.
Zcn{ZcpsSbpw A[nImcan√mØhcpsSbpw A\p`߃ hos≠SpØpsIm≠v Ncn{Xm
t\zjWØns‚ AXncpIƒ hnIkn°p∂p.
hmsamgn Ncn{XsØ ]e ImcWßfm¬ Xnck-vIcn°s∏Sp∂p≠v.
1. hmsamgnbmbn e`n°p∂ hnhc߃°v Ddt∏m IrXyXtbm C√.
2. Ah \¬Ip∂ ImeKW\ ]et∏mgpw IrXya√.
3. hmsamgn Ncn{Xw hy‡n]cambn _‘s∏´pt]mImdp≠v.
4. hmsamgnbpsS ASnÿm\w Hm¿ΩbmWv, Hm¿Ω Bt]£nIambn \n¬°p∂p.

Km‘nPn-bpsS C¥y-bnse BZy-Ime kXym-{K-l-߃

_olm-dnse Nºm-c≥ kacw ˛ \oew I¿jI cpdm {]iv\ ]cn-lmcw ˛ 1917 ¬ \S-∂p.
KpP-dm-Ønse Al-Ω-Zm-_mZv 1918 Iqen-h¿≤-\hv Bh-iy-s∏-´n-´p≈ kacw
KpP-dm-Ønse thU-bnse I¿jI kacw `q\n-IpXn Bh-iy-s∏-´p≈ kacw

-26-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw
{]tabw 14
B[p-\nI ]q¿∆ tIcfw

kºZv hyh-ÿ, kaq-lw, cmjv{S ˛ `c-W-hy-hÿ

\mW-b-߃ `uXn-Im-h-in-jvS-߃

B[p-\nI ]q¿∆ tIcf

kwLw-Ir-Xn-Iƒ inem enJn-X-߃
Ncn-{X-t{km-X-€p-Iƒ

kwkvIrX IrXn-Ifpw
hntZi k©mcIpdn-∏p-Iƒ hmsamgn ]mc-º-cyhpw

D]-Po-h\ am¿§-߃

\mbm´v `£W tiJ-cWw ao≥]n-SpØw

Ccpºp bpKhpw alm-in-em-bpK kwkvImchpw

Ime-L´w
_n.-kn.-C. 300 ˛ kn.-C. 500
sXfn-hp-Iƒ

I¬sh´p Ad-Iƒ sXm∏n-°-√p-I¬ ]pe-®n-°-√p-Iƒ knÃv

IpS-°√
- p-Iƒ \∂-ßm-Sn-Iƒ I¬hr-Ø-߃

-27-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw

D]-Po-h\w
XnW-Iƒ

Ipdn©n apss√ ]msse acpXw s\bvX¬

]¿∆X {]tZiw, h\-{]-tZiw hc≠ {]tZiw \Zo-XSw Xoc-tZiw

th´bmS¬, Imen-ta-bv°¬ Ih¿® Irjn D∏p-Ip-dp-°¬
`£y-ti-J-cWw ao≥]n-SpØw

kwL-Im-esØ kaqlw
Ø kmaq-ly-{Iaw
Ø PmXn-c-lnX kaqlw
Ø sXmgn-ens‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hn`-P\w
Ø XnW-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hn`-P\w
Ø Du¿ F∂-dn-b-s∏´ A[n-hmk tI{µ-߃
Ø Irjn, hym]m-cw, hmWnPyw F∂n-h-bn-ep≈ ]ptcm-KXn
ssIam‰ hyhÿ
l km[-\-߃°p-th-≠n-bp≈ km[\ ssIam‰ hyh-ÿ-bmWv s\m´p-´¬

l {]mtZ-inI ssIam‰ tI{µ-ß-fmWv Nss¥, AßmSn F∂nh

l \ud, Xn≠o-kv, apkn-co-kv, s_°m-sd, s\¬°n≠, s_en‰ F∂nh tIcf XocsØ {][m\

Xpd-ap-J-߃
aq∏≥ hmgvN
Ø aq∏≥ hmgvN-bmWv kwL-Im-eØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂Xv
Ø Iogm¿, thfn¿, th¥¿ F∂o aq∂p Xc-Øn-ep≈ apJy-∑m-sc-°p-dn®v kwL-Ir-Xn-Iƒ kq-Nn-∏n-
°p∂p

_lp kmwkv°m-cnI A[n-hmk tI{µ-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw

{_m“W aXw tIc-f-Øn¬ kzm[o\w sNepØn

kn.-C. 8, 9 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ssP\-a-X-hpw, _p≤-a-

aX-ß-fpsS kwKa ÿm\w Xhpw hf¿® {]m]n®p
kn.-C. 1˛mw \q‰m-≠nse sk‚ v tXmakv ]mc-º-cyhpw
kn.-C. 849se kndn-b≥ {InkvXy≥ sNt∏m´pw tIc-
f-Ønse ss{IkvXh ]mc-º-cysØ ImWn-°p-∂p.

C…mw aXw C°m-eØv tIc-f-Øn¬ Nph-Sp-d-∏n-®p.

-28-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw
atIm-ssX-bnse s]cp-am-°-∑m¿
tIc-f-Ønse BZysØ cmP-hm-gvNbv°v cq]w \¬In-bXv amtImssX AYhm atlm-Z-b-]pcw Xe-
ÿm-\-am°n `cWw \S-Ønb s]cp-am-°-∑m-cm-Wv.
A©p h¿Æw, aWn-{Kmaw
\K-c-ß-fnse {]mtZ-inI hmWnPy ]cn-an-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p A©p-h¿Æw, aWn-{Kmaw
F∂n-h. hf-©n-b¿, \m\m-tZ-in-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw A°m-esØ a‰p hmWn-Py-kwL-S-\-Iƒ

I®w AYhm s]cp-am-‰-®´w

s]cp-amƒ Ime-L-´-Ønse s]cp-am-‰-®-´-ß-sf-bmWv I®w F∂p hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. aqgn-°pfw
I®-amWv CXn¬ G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏-´-Xv.
\mSp-hmgn kzcq-]-߃
i‡-cmb acp-a-°-Ømb IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep≈ kzbw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fm-
bp≈ {]tZ-i-sØ-bmWv kzcq]w F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Hmtcm acp-a-°-Ømb IpSpw-_-Øn\pw
kv{XoIƒhgn hyXykvX hwi-]-c-º-c-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. CXn-s\-bmWv Xmhgn AYhm
Iqdv F∂v hnfn°p-∂-Xv.
kt¶-X-߃
A¿≤ ˛ kzbw `c-Wm-h-Im-i-ap≈ {]tZ-i-amWv kt¶-Xw. CXn¬ Hcp {_m“W t£{Xhpw
AXn\p Np‰p-ambn [mcmfw {Kma-ßfpw Dƒs∏-´n-cp-∂p.
P∑w ˛ P∑n
`qan-bpsS taep≈ ]c-º-cm-KX P∑m-h-Im-i-amWv P∑w. P∑w ssIh-i-ap≈ hy‡n P∑n.

ImWw, Ipgn-°mWw
`qan ]m´-Øn-s\-Sp-°p-tºmƒ DS-a-ÿ\v Dd-∏n-\p-th≠n Hcp \n›nX XpI \¬Ip∂-Xn-s\-
bmWv ImWw AYhm H‰n F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ]d-ºp-Iƒ°p-am{Xw _m[-I-amb Hcp ssIh-
im-h-Imi coXn-bm-Wv Ip-gn-°m-Ww.

bqtdm-]y-∑m-cpsS BK-a\w
1498¬ t]m¿®p-Kokv \mhn-I-\mb hmkvtIm-Um-Kma tImgn-t°m-Sv, Im∏mSv I∏-en-d-ßn.

Ipf-®¬ bp≤w
1804-˛¬ tImgn-t°m-s´-Ønb U®p-Im¿ kmaq-Xn-cn-bp-ambn Hcp-S-º-Sn-bp-≠m-°n. U®p-Im¿
I\ym-Ip-am-cn-bnse Ipf-®-en¬ Hcp hym]m-c-tI{µw ÿm]n-®p. 1741-˛¬ Ipf-®¬ bp≤-Øn¬
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω U®p-Imsc ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-
Øn.

]Xn-hp-I-W°v
am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω-bpsS ImesØ hm¿jnI _P‰v Bbn-cp∂p ]Xn-hp-I-W-°v.
Xr∏-Sn-Zm\w
1750 P\p-hcn 3\v am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPysØ {io]-fl-\m-`\v ka¿∏n-®p. CtXmsS
{io]-fl-\m-`-kzman cmPy-Øns‚ A[n-]-\pw, cmPmhv ssZh-Øns‚ Zmk\pw Bbn-Øo¿∂p.

-29-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw

{]tabw 15
tIcfw : B[p-\n-I-Xn-bn-te°v

tXm´w Irjn-bpsS hf¿®

Im¿jnI kwkvIc- W
hyh-kmb hnImkw
tIc-fØ
- n¬ sImtfm-Wn-b¬
kº-Zvhy-hÿbpsS kzm[o\w hnZym-`ymkw, KXm-KXw ,
BtcmKyw
_m¶n-Mv, dbn¬th

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ A®-Sn® BZy-]p-kvXIw

kwt£] thZm¿∞w 1772
]m›mXy coXn-bn-ep≈ _©- a n≥ s_bv e nbpsS
knhn¬ {Inan-\¬ Cw•ojv ae-bmf \nL≠p
tImS-Xn-Iƒ
]cn-jvIm-cß
- f
- n-eqsS
B[p-\nI hXv°c - Ww
A¿t∂mkv ]mXn-cn-bpsS
ae-bm-fØ
- nse BZysØ ae-bm-fØ
- nse BZysØ
i_vZt- Imiw B[n-Im-cnI hymI-cW {KŸw
sl¿a≥ Kp≠¿´v Xøm-dm°n

sl¿a≥ Kp≠¿´ns‚ c≠p sIm®n-bnse BZysØ

]{X-߃ cmPy-k-am-Nm-cw, ]›n-tam-Zbw Cw•ojv kvIqƒ
a´m-t©-cn-bn¬

-30-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw
sImtfm-Wn-b-en-k-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ BZy-Ime sNdpØv \n¬]v

]g-»n-I-em]w
Ø {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS \nIpXn \b-Øn-s\-Xnsc
Ø H∂mw-L´w 1793 apX¬ 1797 hsc
Ø {_n´o-jp-Im¿ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-Xns\ XpS¿∂v kam-[m\ k‘n
Ø c≠mw L´w 1800 ˛¬
Ø k_v If-IvS¿ tXmakv lm¿hn t__¿s‚ ssk\yw ]g-»n-cm-Pm-hns\ B{I-an-°p-∂p.
Ø 1805 \hw-_¿ 30 \v ]g»n cmP sIm√-s∏-Sp∂p

ê
thep-Ø-ºn-bpw ]men-b-Ø-®\pw
Ø 1805 ¬ {_n´o-jp-Im-cp-ambn D≠mb Icm¿ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ kzmX{¥yw \jvS-s∏-
SpØn
Ø {_n´ojv sdkn-U‚mb sa°msf Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ B`y-¥-c-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-´Xv
thep-Ø-ºn-Z-fh FXn¿Øp
Ø thep-غ - n-Zf
- h sIm®n cmPysØ {][m-\a
- {- ¥n-bm-bn-cp∂ ]men-bØ
- ®- \
- p-ambn tN¿∂v
1808 ¬ sa°m-sf-bpsS sIm®n-bn-ep≈ hkXn Bcw-`n®p
Ø 1809 se Ip≠d hnfw-_-c-Øn¬ {_n´o-jvIm¿s°-Xnsc AWn-tN-cm≥ thep-Ø-ºn-Z-fh
P\-ß-tfmSv Blzm\w sNbvXp.
Ø aÆ-Sb - n-ep≈ Hcp ho´n¬ A`bw {]m]n® thep-غ - nsb {_n´o-jvtk\ hf-™t- ∏mƒ
At±lw Bfl-lXy sNbvXp.

ê
IpdnNy Iem]w
Ø hb\m´nse BZn-hm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ipdn-Nycpw Ipdp-ºcpw
Ø {_n´o-jp-Im¿ BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS `qan ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p.
Ø 1812 ¬ cma-\-ºn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ipdn-Ny¿ Iem]w Bcw-`n-®p.
Ø Iem-]sØ {_n´o-jp-Im¿ ASn-®-a¿Øn

ê
am∏nf el-f-Iƒ
Ø sXt° ae-_m-dnse hnhn[ `mK-ßf - n¬ 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ {_n´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc A≥]-
Xn-\m-bncw am∏nf el-f-Iƒ D≠m-bn.
Ø ae-_m-dnse I¿jI {]iv\ß - sf°p-dn®v At\z-jn-°m≥ \nb-an-X\ - mb hneyw temK≥
am∏nf Iem-]-߃ I¿jI Iem-]-ß-fm-sW∂v Nq≠n-°m´n
Ø am∏n-f-I-em-]-߃ 1921 se ae-_m¿ Iem-]-Øn¬ AXns‚ D®ÿmbn-bn¬ FØn-
t®¿∂p.

-31-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 sshIp-WvUk - zm-an-Iƒ, +2 Ncn{Xw
sXm´p-Iq-Sm-bva, Xo≠n°q-Sm-bva, I≠p-Iq-Sm-bva,
hgn \S-°m-\p-≈, t£{X-Øn¬ Ib-dm-\p≈ {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp, N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ,
kzmX{¥y \ntj[w F∂nh \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. h°w A_vZpƒ JmZ¿ aue-hn,
hmKv`-Sm-\-µ≥, hn.-Sn.-`-´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv,
am¿Ip-cn-bm-t°mkv Gen-bmkv Nmhd
XpS-ßn-b-h¿ kmaqly Xn≥a-s°-Xnsc
{]Xn-I-cn®p
tIc-f-Ønse kv{XoI-fpsS kw`m-h\ {it≤-b-am-Wv.
kmaqly ]cn-jvIm-c-߃ ]m¿∆Xn s\≥an-\n-aw-K-ew,
Bcy ]≈w, imcZ AΩmƒ, sI.-kn.-\m-cm-
bWn AΩ,
Imfn-°p´n Bim´n XpS-ßn-b-h¿ kmaqly
am‰-Øn-\mbn t]mcm-Sn.

Hcp P\m-[n-]Xy kaq-l-Øn\v th≠n-bp≈ t]mcm´w

Nm∂m¿ elf
¬ Nm∂m¿ kap-Zm-bØ - n¬s]´ kv{XoIƒ Ip∏m-btam ta¬apt≠m [cn°m-\p≈ Ah-
Im-i-Øn-\mbn \S-Ønb Iem]w
¬ 1859 Pqse 26 \v hkv{X-[m-cW
- Ø
- n-\p≈ \nb-{¥Ww \o°n Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPIob
hnfw-_cw ]pd-Øn-d°n

ssh°w kXym-{Klw
1924˛1925
¬ ssh°w t£{X-Øn\v kao-]-ap≈ hgn-bn-eqsS ""Ah¿Æ PmXn-°m¿°v'' \S-°m-\p≈
Ah-Im-i-Øn-\mbn \S∂ kXym-{Klw
¬ Sn.-sI.-am-[-h≥, a∂Øv ]Zva-\m-`h≥, kn.-hn.-Ip-™n-cm-a≥, sI.-tI-f-∏≥, sI.-]n.-tI-i-h-
ta-t\m≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ t\XrXzw \¬In.
¬ 1925 \hw-_¿ 23 \v \nc-Øp-Iƒ F√m lnµp-°ƒ°p-ambn Xpd-∂p-sIm-Sp-Øp.

Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{Klw 1931˛1932

¬ Ah¿W-Pm-Xn-°m¿°pw t£{Xw Xpd∂p sImSp-°W - s- a∂v Bh-iy-s∏-´p≈ kXym{Kw
¬ sI.-tI-f-∏≥ , a∂Øp ]Zva-\m-`≥, F.-sI.-tKm-]m-\¬ (F.-sI.-Pn) ]n IrjvW-]n≈
F∂n-h¿ t\XrXzw \¬In
¬ F.-sI.-Pn.-tbbpw ]n. IrjvW-]n-≈-tbbpw kh¿Æ¿ Itø‰w sNbvXp.

t£{X {]th-i\ hnfw-_cw 1936 \hw-_¿ 12

¬ PmXn-t`-Z-an-√msX F√m lnµp-°ƒ°pw t£{X-{]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm-≠p≈
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPmhv {ioNn-Ønc Xncp-\mƒ _me-cm-a-h¿Ω-bpsS hnfw-_-cw.
¬ B[p-\nI ImesØ alm-¤pXw F∂v Km‘nPn hnfw-_-csØ hnti-jn-∏n-®p.

]menbw kXym-{Klw
¬ sIm®ncm-PysØ {][m\ a{¥n ]men-b-Ø-®s‚ hoSn\p apºn-eq-sS-bp≈ \nc-Øn-eqsS
Ah¿Æ¿°v k©-cn-°m-\pevf Ah-Im-i-Øn-\mbn \S∂ kXym-{K-lw.
¬ IΩyq-Wnà ]m¿´n, Fkv.-F≥.-Un.-]n.-tbmKw XpS-ßnb kwL-S-\-Iƒ t\XrXzw \¬In

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ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 +2 Ncn{Xw
tZiob {]ÿm-\hpw tIc-fhpw

\nh¿Ø\ {]t£m`w 1932

{ioaqew Akw-ªn-bn-te°v kzØv AS-ÿm-\-Øn-e-√msX P\-kw-Jy
bpsS ASn-ÿm-\Ø- n¬ thm´-hI
- miw \S-∏n-em-°W
- s
- a∂v Bh-iys∏´v
Bcw-`n® {]ÿm-\-amWv \nh¿Ø\ {]ÿm\w Sn.-tI-i-h≥, Sn.-Fw.-
h¿§okv XpS-ßn-b-h¿ t\XrXzw \¬In

P\-Iob ka-c-߃

Iøq¿ kacw ˛ 1941

Ø IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ I¿jI kacw
Ø 1941 am¿®v 28 \v \S∂ G‰p-ap-´-en¬ Hcp t]meokv tIm¨Ã-_nƒ sIm√-s∏´p
Ø IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-bnse 4 t]tc Xq°n-te‰n

]p∂{] hb-em¿ kacw

Ø 1946 HIvtSm-_-dn¬ IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ kacw
Ø Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns\ kzX-{¥-cm-Py-ambn \ne-\n¿Øm-\p≈ k¿ kn.-]n.-cm-ak
- zman Aø-cpsS Xocp-
am-\-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-bp≈ kacw
Ø t]meokv shSn-sh-bv]n¬ [mcm-f-am-fp-Iƒ sIm√s∏-´p.

sFIy-tI-cf {]ÿm\w

1921 ¬ `mjm ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂ tIcf {]tZiv

tIm¨{Kkv IΩ‰v ae-_m¿, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n F∂n-hn-S-
ß-fnse P\-ßsf {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXp

1947 G{]n-en¬ sI.-tI-f-∏s‚ A≤y-£-X-bn¬

Xriq-cn¬ h®v Hcp sFIy-tI-cf ktΩ-f\w tN¿∂p.
sFIy-tI-cfw Bh-iy-s∏´ Hcp {]tabw ]mkm°n

1956 \hw-_¿ 1 \v `mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tIcfw \ne-hn¬ h∂p.

-33-
ssIØmßv 2019 ˛20 , Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
 Members in the District Resource Group, who prepared the “KAITHANG” study materials

No Name of Teachers Subjects Designa- School

tion
1 LIJO VARGHESE HSST KRPMHSS, Seethathode
2 SIBI MATHAI Physics ,, AMMHSS, Edayaranmula
3 PRATHAPAN. T ,, Govt. HSS, Thengamam
4 ASHARAF. M Principal Govt. Girls HSS, Adoor
5 GIRISH. P.R Economics HSST Govt, Boys HSS, Adoor
6 HARIKUMAR. M.G ,, Govt. HSS, Angadickal South
7 ASHARAF SHAH C.M English HSST Govt. HSS, Konni
8 RAVEENDRAKURUP. G ,, Govt. HSS, Elimullumplackal
9 SUNIL KUMAR. G Zoology HSST Govt. HSS, THottakonam
10 JOSE MATHEW. K ,, CMS HSS, Mallapally
11 JIJU MURALI HSST Govt. HSS, Kadumeenchira
12 ANEESH DIVAKARAN Mathematics ,, Govt. HSS, Omalloor
13 SMITHA. B ,, Govt. HSS, Thengamam
14 ROY VARGHESE HSST SNV HSS, Angadikkal South
15 ROOPA. L Chemistry ,, NSS HSS, Kunnamthanam
16 BINDHU. C ,, DB HSS, Thiruvalla
17 RAJITH. R.P Sociology HSST DB HSS, Thiruvalla
18 BINDHU. V ,, DB HSS, Thiruvalla
19 BILBI JOSEPH Political HSST AMM HSS, Edayaranmula
20 BINDUMOL. S Science ,, MRSLBVGHSS, Vaipur
21 UNNIKRISHNAN. S. R Business HSST Govt. HSS, Thengamam
22 DEVADAS CHETTIYAR. R Studies ,, Govt. HSS, Vechoochira col.
23 Dr. MATHEW THOMAS HSST Govt. HSS, Kadammanitta
24 ASHOKAN KUMAR. N.G Computerized ,, Govt. HSS, Thumpamon North
25 SIBU J. JACOB Accountancy ,, CSI HSS, Manakkala
26 Dr. CHANDRAKUMAR. K Botany Principal Gramapanchayath HSS, Kulanada
27 BINDHU. K.R HSST DB HSS, Thiruvalla
28 M.S. MADHU History HSST Govt. HSS, Mulakkuzha
29 THOMAS ABRAHAM ,, Govt. HSS, Kadammanitta
30 PRAMOD. B ,, Govt. HSS, Chittar
31 FELIX LOURDUSWAMI Geography HSST Govt. Boys HSS, Adoor
32 KARTHIKEYAN. K ,, Govt. HSS, Kadammanitta
33 ASHA KRISHNAN ,, Govt. Boys HSS, Adoor
34 BINU K. SATHYAPALAN Computer HSST SNDP HSS, Venkurinji
35 PRADEEP. T. C Science ,, PHSS, Mezhuveli
36 PRAJITH ABRAHAM ,, CMS HSS, Mallapally
MATHEW
37 SIBI VARGHESE Computer HSST SC HSS, Chellakkadu
38 BAIJU. T.O Application ,, Govt. HSS, Kadumeenchira
39 ROY MOHAN ,, Govt. HSS, Kadammanitta
Special Thanks to the following Lecturers of DIET, Thiruvalla, Pathanamthitta
1. Dr. SUBHA. P.V 2. Mrs. GLINCY MATHEW 3. Mrs. MILEENA JAMES
4 Mrs. DEVI. K.K 5 Mr. JITHESH. S
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