CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Electronics is an electrical engineering discipline which utilizes nonlinear and active

electrical components (such as semiconductor devices, especially transistors, diodes and
integrated circuits) to design electronic circuits, devices, VLSI devices and their systems. The
discipline typically also designs passive electrical components, usually based on printed circuit
boards.

Electronics is a subfield within the wider electrical engineering academic subject but
denotes a broad engineering field that covers subfields such as analog electronics, digital
electronics, consumer electronics, embedded systems and power electronics. Electronics
engineering deals with implementation of applications, principles and algorithms developed
within many related fields, for example solid-state physics, radio engineering,
telecommunications, control systems, signal processing, systems engineering, computer
engineering, instrumentation engineering, electric power control, robotics, and many others.

1.2 Formulation of the Problem

1. What is Diode ?
2. What is the characteristics of diode ?
3. What is the types of diode ?
4. What is the function of diode ?
5. How does diode work ?

1.3 Purpose

1. To know defition of diode.

2. To know the characterics of diode.
3. To know the types of diode.
4. To know the functions of diode.
5. To know how the diode work.

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 CHAPTER II
CONTENT

Diode is an electronic component with two electrodes (connectors). It allows

electricity to go through it only in one direction. Diodes can be used to convert
alternating current to direct current (Diode bridge). They are often used in power supplies
and sometimes to decode amplitude modulation radio signals (like in a crystal radio).
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are a type of diode that produce light. Today, the most
common diodes are made from semiconductor materials such as silicon or sometimes
germanium. (Wikipedia)
2.1 Definition
Diode is a two-pole active component that is generally semiconductor. Which
allows an electric current to flow in one direction (advanced forward condition) and
inhibits the current from the opposite direction (backward reverse condition). Diode can
be equated as a valve function in the field of electronics. The diode actually dose not
show perfect linear characteristics, but has complex current and voltage relationship
characteristics that are not linear and often depend on the technology or material used and
usage parameters. Some types of diodes also have function that are not intended for
retification use.
The beginning of the diode is the Cat’s Whisker crystal device and a hollow tube
(also called a thermionic valve). Currently the most common diode is made from
semiconductor materials such as silicon or germanium.
2.2 Characteristics
To understand the characteristics
of diodes in a simple way we can use
an indicator light that is connected to
the power supply by means of a diode.
Characteristics of the diode will be seen
through the flame of the lamp when the
diode is carried forward or done in
reverse.
In the forward condition, the
characteristics of the diode are to deliver or drain the current. This can be seen in the
lights that are on. Indicating that there is an electric current entering the lamp. On the
opposite condition when the diode is mounted backwards (reverse) the characteristics of
the diode are inhibited. This condition is maked by a lamp that does not light which
indicates that there is no electric current entering the lamp.
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2.3 Types of Diode
 Rectifier
Aside from being a switch or diode switch also has
the main function as an electric current rectifier. As
explained above, if there is a current passing through the
pole with the wrong direction it will be stopped so it cannot
pass. Because of this unique characteristics, the diode can be
used to convert alternating current (AC) into a one-way (DC)
current.
To rectify AC current into DC in full one wave. 4
diodes are needed when using a non-CT transformer (center tap). The full wave
rectifier can be seen in the picture above.

 Zener Diode
Zener diodes are one type of diode that is made in a certain way so that it
can work on reverse bias circuits . The characteristics of the reverse bias circuit are
different from ordinary diodes, but in the advanced bias circuit the characteristics
and functions are the same as ordinary diodes.
The zener diode is capable of flowing an electric current whose direction is
in opposition to the given reference condition must exceed the breakdown voltage
of the diode. In general, zener diodes are installed in
reverse according to the principle of reverse bias and
function as a voltage regulator or voltage regulator .
Also Read: Symbiosis of Commensalism,
Understanding, Examples, and Complete Descriptions.
For example, if we install a zener diode with a voltage of
2.8 V in a circuit with a voltage source of 24 V then when
passing the zener diode that is installed biased back the
voltage will go down. The voltage value will continue to be the same as the diode
voltage value.

 Light Emiting Diode (LED)

Light emitting diode is a PN semiconductor
connection connection diode which, if forwarded
biased , will emit visible light. You can see the diode
symbols and shapes in the picture above.The shape
LED symbol is almost the same as a normal beam
symbol, except that there are 2 arrows as symbols that
LED emits light.
If the LED is installed in reverse bias , the
component will not emit light. The reverse use of LEDs will cause the LED to

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 become damaged quickly. LEDs are commonly used as indicators in electronic
circuits.

 Photo Diode
Photo diode is a PN connection diode which, if
subjected to light, the turning resistance will be smaller so
that the electric current can pass through it. In the dark or no
light the return resistance value is so large that it does not
conduct electricity.
The shape of the PD symbol is almost the same as the
shape of the LED symbol, only the direction of the arrow is
reversed. This shows the nature of PD which when subjected
to light will be able to conduct electric current. In this diode electronic circuit must
be installed reverse bias.

 Varactor Diode
A varactor diode is a semiconductor diode with a specially designed PN
connection that has capacitance properties when installed in a circuit according to
the reverse bias principle .Varactor diodes are also commonly disbursed
as variable capacitance diodes or varicap diodes.This type
of diode is commonly used in electronic circuits such as
cellphones, radio and television.
The varactor diode symbol shape is shaped like a
combination of diode and capacitor symbols.This is in
accordance with the function of the varactor diode. In
choosing a varikap diode, several specifications must be
considered, namely the minimum voltage break
down (V), power dissipation (mW), diode capacitance value (pF), and maximum
peak current (A).

 Schottky Diode (SCR)

Schottky diodes are a type of diode with a low voltage
drop compared to other normal diodes. The most basic
difference between a Schottky Diode and a Normal Diode is
the use of Metal-Semiconductor ( Metal-Semiconductor
Junction ) for the intersection of a Schottky Diode while a
Normal Diode generally uses Semiconductor-semiconductor
Junction ( Semiconductor-semiconduction Junction ).
Schottky or Schottky Diode diodes are usually used in
high-speed switching circuits, Radio Frequency (RF) circuits,
Mixers and Power Supply Rectifier circuits. The name
Schottky is taken from the name of the inventor of the
Schottky effect, namely Walter H. Schottky from Germany. The Schottky effect is
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 a potential barrier effect that forms at the meeting of metal-semiconductors that
have rectification characteristics. The effect is suitable for use in
diodes. Therefore, the Schottky Diode (Schottky Diode) is also called the Barrier
Diode or Barrier Diode.
2.4 Function of Diode
Here are some functions of diodes:
1. As a fuse or safety.
2. For the clamper circuit. This circuit provides additional DC particles for AC
signals.
3. For rectifiers, usually using bridge diodes.
4. To stabilize the voltage on the voltage regulator, usually using a zener
diode.
5. For indicators, usually using LED or Light Emiting Diode.
6. For the device to double the voltage.
7. For the clipper circuit. This type of circuit removes the sinal level above or
below a certain voltage.
8. For light sensor devices, usually use photo diodes.
9. For VCO or Voltage Controlled Oscilator circuits, usually use a varactor
diode.
10. For heat sensors, for example in amplifiers.

2.5 How Diode Work

The way the diode works can be described as a switch, when the diode is
given a positive voltage on the anode and the negative voltage on the
cathode (forward bias) , the diode works like a closed switch, the current will flow
through the diode. But if the negative voltage is applied to the anode and a positive
voltage is applied to the cathode (reverse bias) , then this is like an open
switch (OFF) and the current cannot pass through the diode. Such conditions are
the ideal working conditions of a diode in theory, but the reality is practically
different. 
The diode will work like a switch when given a DC voltage as described
above, giving a DC voltage to the diode's legs is called bias. When the diode is
mounted forward bias the diode has a drop voltage of 0.7V for silicon diodes
and 0.3V for germanium diodes. So that the current flowing on the diode will be
cut off by the diode voltage drop. And in the reverse bias condition the diode has a
breakdown voltage limit where if the voltage applied to the diode exceeds the
maximum breakdown voltage, a leakage current will occur and can even damage

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the diode. Example diode breakdown voltage 4001 = 50V, 4002 = 100V, 4003 =
200V, 4004 = 400V, 4005 = 600V, 4006 = 800V and 4007 = 1000V . To find out
the diode breakdown voltage limit can be seen from the datasheet of each type of
diode that is easily searchable by browsing digoogle.

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current
primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero)
resistance in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A
diode vacuum tube or thermionic diode is a vacuum tube with two electrodes, a
heated cathode and a plate, in which electrons can flow in only one direction, from
cathode to plate. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a
crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two
electrical terminals.
Semiconductor diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices. The
discovery of asymmetric electrical conduction across the contact between a
crystalline mineral and a metal was made by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in
1874. Today, most diodes are made of silicon, but other materials such as gallium
arsenide and germanium are used.

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 REFERENCES
http://materi4belajar.blogspot.com/2017/11/fungsi-jenis-dan-karakteristik-
dioda.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode

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