1

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATIC INCUBATOR AND COOLING

SYSTEM FOR BROILER CHICKENS AND ITS EGGS

A Thesis Presented to
the Faculty of College of Industrial Technology
Laguna State Polytechnic University
San Pablo City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Industrial Technology
Major in Electrical

ASHLEY L. MOJICA
MARK G. MORALEDA
MARK ANGELO R. YAMBAO
GELO, P. CASTRILLO

December 2022
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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The demand for poultry meat and eggs is constantly increasing. Poultry farms,

such as chicken farms, are one of the sources (Animal Nutrition and Health, 2022).

Besides, (Statista, 2022) added that chicken and pork-based meat products are the most

popular in the nation. In 2021, the Philippines consumed approximately 10.66 kilograms

of pork per person and 14.05 kilograms of chicken per person. The consumption of

chicken meat is consistently the highest, followed by pork meat, chicken eggs, beef meat,

and carabao meat (Sofia Tomacruz, 2017). Furthermore, to meet this demand, the poultry

industry will need to develop and innovate apparatuses or machines for faster production

and continuous dissemination of meat goods and eggs to alleviate scarcity or shortage.

However, as production increases, the chicken population is required. As it

increases, the probability of numerous mishaps rises as environmental factors also happen.

Besides, to maintain the body temperature, regular movement, and postural adjustment of

the chickens and eggs, the National Academy of Sciences (2022) declared that housing,

temperature and humidity, proper ventilation, and egg rotation in the production are

indeed significant.

That is why the researchers proposed this study to foster solutions with the use of

Incubators. According to (Othman et al., 2014) these are the devices that simulate the job

of the hen by providing fertile eggs with optimal environmental conditions (temperature,

egg rotation, relative humidity, and ventilation) to encourage embryonic development

until hatching (as cited in Dalangin & Ancheta, 2018).

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Background of the Study

The process of keeping fertilized eggs warm until the embryo develops into a

chick without involving the mother hen in the hatching system is known as incubation.

The natural method of egg incubation is for the hen to provide warmth to the eggs to

promote embryo development. As Mikelle Roeder, Ph. D (2022) stated, this will continue

for 21 days until the chick is sufficiently matured and emerges from the shell. She also

emphasized that the development of an embryo requires the dissemination of consistent

temperature, humidity, egg turning, and ventilation conditions. According to Rowan

Burgess (2021), the temperature of the chicken eggs must be at precisely 37.5 degrees

Celsius throughout the whole incubation period. However, without such things, most

outcomes are unsatisfactory. Okpagu and Nwosu (2016) stated that this sometimes means

that the temperature or humidity is too high or too low for a long enough period that

interferes with the proper growth and development of the embryo. This resulting to have

more labor and time for the owner to consume (as cited in Sobejana & Bacalso, 2021).

Furthermore, environmental factors are thought to be crucial in brooding and

caring of chickens and its egg. According to Fairchild B.D. (2022), the chickens and its

egg rely on the temperature of their surroundings to maintain optimal body systems and

performance. When the temperature exceeds the maximum (high or low), Elizabeth

Racine, DVM (2019) emphasizes that it negatively affect egg production, increase the

likelihood of producing poor-quality eggs, and possibly cause the chickens to die.

Concerning Katrina Hallare (2020), there were more than 43,000 chickens who died of

heatstroke on a poultry farm in Brgy. Maravilla, Nagcarlan, Laguna after a sudden power

outage. The installed generators were unable to keep the air-conditioned poultry farm
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running, resulting in the deaths of thousands of chickens. The power outage lasted

approximately 3 to 4 hours. According to Jasmin Vieron Albino, a Nagcarlan resident

interviewed by the Inquirer, it began around 11 AM to Noon. Unfortunately, the farm

owner has lost approximately 6 million pesos as a result of the incident.

To overcome this problem, the researchers sought to perform this sort of study to

address the abovementioned issues. The researchers Design and initiate the Development

of an Automatic Incubator and Cooling System for Broiler Chickens and its Eggs, which

is powered by a 12V Lithium-ion battery. The researchers employ a Peltier Module that

has the ability or capacity to produce a heating and cooling system. A thermostat is

attached for temperature control and monitoring. A synchronous motor is also installed

and Programmed via a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) for automated egg rotation

every hour at 100 degrees, and adding a solar panel to it provides an additional energy

source for sustainability, which is highly convenient for all poultry farmers.
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Conceptual Framework

The figure depicts the input-process-output paradigm, which integrates and

leverages knowledge, hardware, and software requirements. The Process then

accumulates and synthesizes the variables to generate the Output, which is vetted and

evaluated.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Knowledge Requirements
a) Applied aspects of Electrical
and Electronics Wiring.
b) Welding Skills
c) Programming
 GXworks2
 AutoCAD
AUTOMATIC
2. Hardware Requirements
Design INCUBATOR AND
 Welding Machine
Develop COOLING SYSTEM
 Electric Drill
Test FOR BROILER
 Peltier Module Kit
Evaluate CHICKENS AND ITS
 FX3G Mitsubishi PLC
EGGS
 Synchronous Motor
 Set-up DC Inverter
 Other Tools and
Equipments

3. Software Requirements
a) GXworks2
b) SKETCH UP
c) AutoCAD

FEEDBACK

Figure. 1.1 The Conceptual Framework of the Study

The Conceptual Framework highlights how various elements interact to aid

studies and generate a concise understanding of the research. In this Conceptual

Framework, the Input Element imparts Knowledge, Hardware, and Software

Requirements. Wherein Knowledge Requirements, Electrical Wiring aspects, and

abilities are utilized to disseminate proper and consistent electrical current to the
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prototype. Also, Electronics Wiring is applied to operate or run electronic devices

installed in the prototype. In Hardware Requirements, several tools and equipment have

been employed to develop the prototype. Furthermore, various Software Requirements

are managed and used to view its perspective and operate the prototype itself.

Furthermore, in the Process element, all of the significant factors are collected and

synthesized to Design, Develop, and Fabricate the prototype. After the prototype has

been tested, it will be evaluated and improved to come up with the Output Element.

Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to create a Design and Development of an

Automatic Incubator and Cooling System for Chickens and Eggs. The following are

indeed the objectives of the researcher's efforts:

1. Design of the Automatic Incubator and Cooling System for Broiler Chickens and its

Eggs with the following specification below:

1.1 Automatic incubator and cooling system for chickens and eggs, powered by 12V

Lithium-ion battery

1.2 Installed with 12706 Peltier Modules for Cooling and Heating System.

1.3 Solar Panel and Solar Charging Module for sustainability

1.4 Synchronous Motor programmed by PLC

1.5 Thermostat for temperature control and monitoring

1.6 Exhaust fan for humidity control

1.7 12v Light Bulb for the calming effects of the chickens
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1.8 To have a light weight factor, Polycarbonate Casing and Division are utilize

2. Develop a casing out of Polycarbonate Twin Wall, Angle Bar, Black Screw, Chicken

Wire, and Metal Rod to incorporate the following components of the Automatic

Incubator and Cooling System for Broilers Chickens, and its Eggs. Utilizing 12706

Peltier Modules, Synchronous Motors, Programmable Logic Controller, Thermostat,

Exhaust Fan, Solar Panel, Solar Charging Module, and 12v Light Bulb.

3. Test the prototypes in terms of the following features;

3.1 Accuracy of the temperature sensor readings

3.2 Triggering of the temperature set points

3.3 Functionality of the Exhaust Fan

3.4 Functionality of the Peltier Module for Heating System

3.5 Functionality of the Peltier Module for Cooling System

4. Using the Evaluation Instrument, the performance of the Automatic Incubator and

Cooling System for Chickens and Eggs will be evaluated, taking into consideration the

project design's Functionality, Aesthetics, Workability, Durability, Economy, Safety, and

Saleability.
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Significance of the Study

The intended Design and Development of an Automatic Incubator and Cooling

System for Chickens and Eggs is aimed at making work simpler and more efficient.

Especially for individuals who incubate chicken eggs and perhaps in taking care for

broiler chickens, which are prone to heatstroke. The following people will benefit

immensely from the findings of the study:

Small-time Chicken Breeders – This study aims to assist breeders in incubating chicken

eggs and stabilizing broiler chickens body temperature by utilizing an automated cooling

system in their homes.

Poultry Farm Owners – The outcomes of this research will assist owners of poultry

farms to minimize losses of broiler chickens due to heat stroke. Additionally, it will

provide all the information required to assist farm owners to accomplish their goals.

Entrepreneurs - This research can assist entrepreneurs in obtaining external support to

accelerate their business growth, particularly in egg production.

The community - The prototype can benefit the community by providing its distinct

style of chicken care and egg brooding. It also provides the community with the

assistance and services required to promote and maximize business potential.

Future Researchers – Future researchers may utilize the notions offered as manual or

reference data for a specific issue they wish to investigate. Additionally, it may help

future researchers understand and seek new concepts that could serve as the foundation of

their future studies.

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Scope and Limitation of the Study

Out of the several provinces and municipalities in CALABARZON, the

researchers would like to gather insights from 30 selected participants that are possible

users of this prototype. Fifteen (15) of these participants are located at the Municipality

of Nagcarlan, the area of Laguna, where the main issue that prompted this study occurred

and was sought to be resolved. Additional information can be gathered from another set

of fifteen (15) participants that are located at the Municipality of San Antonio, in Quezon

Province, where several poultry farms can be seen.

The provinces mentioned above are the only ones covered by this study, where

surveys are distributed to several poultry farmers, owners, and first-time broiler chicken

breeders. Each respondent are given the same questionnaires to answer, and with a total

of 30 questionnaires, the researchers distributed fifteen (15) questionnaires in Nagcarlan,

Laguna, and fifteen (15) questionnaires in San Antonio, Quezon. Besides, any topic

beyond the purview of this study was disregarded.

Operational Definition of Terms

Accuracy. This refers to the proposed project's correctness and precision.

Aesthetics. The prototype's physical characteristics include the suitability of its use of

form, color, and style, as well as its overall appearance.

AutoCAD. It is software used to conceptualize the design and drawing of this research.

Broiler Chickens. These chickens are bred and raised specially for meat production

Brooding. It can be divided into natural and artificial types. After hatching and up to 3 to

4 weeks of age, it is carried out with the assistance of broody hens to guarantee the

healthy development of chicken body tissues.

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Casing. This serves as the incubator's housing in the poultry system.

Designing. It alludes to the stage of the study in which the prototype will be

conceptualized and planned.

Development. The stage of the study in which the prototype will be constructed.

Division. This serves as the separation of the incubator’s heating and cooling system.

Durability. It attests to the workmanship, range, and quality of the materials and

operations used in the prototype.

Egg Turning. It is a significant procedure that incubates. It retains the developing chick

from sticking to the shell and aids in the full development of the eggs.

Electrical Wiring. It is the installation of cabling and associated devices that the

incubator has.

Electronics Wiring. It is used to connect point to point the electronic devices that were

utilized in the prototype.

Functionality. Under the given conditions, the device's observed performance and real

effectiveness to satisfy the system's required results are both met.

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) FX3G Mitsubishi. This is one of the main

components of the incubator that assists the researchers in having minimal and precise

operation while optimizing energy use.

GXworks2. It is a software program that uses to accurately run the FX3G Mitsubishi.

Hardware requirements. These are the supplies, machinery, and equipment needed to

create, test, and refine the prototype.

Humidity. This is one of the crucial elements in the incubator. It helps the developing

chicks to use the available air space to breathe and move around.
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Incubators. This is the apparatus that assists to create perfect conditions for an egg to

incubate and hatch successfully.

Lithium-Ion Battery. It is one of the components in the incubator that acts as the main

power supply.

Peltier Module. It is one of the main components of the incubator that provide the

heating and cooling system for the chickens and its egg.

Polycarbonate Twin Wall. It is essentially a sheet of polycarbonate plastic material

which consist thermoplastic polymers that serves as the housing's wall.

Set up DC Inverter. it is a DC-to-DC power converter that steps up voltage while

stepping down current from its input (supply) to its output (load).

Sketch Up. It is a software program used by researchers to add color and finalize the 3D

modeling process of the prototype's design.

Synchronous Motor. It is one of the main components that assists in controlling the egg

rotation.

Thermostat. It is a tool that assists to monitor the temperature in the incubator

Ventilation Conditions. This is also one of the most significant elements in the incubator

that help the chickens breathe.

Welding Skills. It is one of the knowledge requirements needed to assist the researchers

to build the incubator.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes and summarizes a variety of significant trends, issues, and

other related factors obtained and gathered from a wide range of sources to help anchor

this study to its possible level of credibility. Furthermore, all of the studies included were

suitable and related to developing and improving the features and performances of

numerous incubators for them to achieve high performance in the community.

2.1. Trends in Egg Incubator Uses Worldwide

Figure. 2.2 A Growing Trend to Researchers’ Percentage of Interest

Incubators have been increasingly used over the last twelve years and continue to

do so today. Figures 2.2 illustrate Google Trends graphic data of researchers' interest in

both the worldwide and the researcher's nation, the Philippines. The Y-axis ranges from 0

to 300, with 300 indicating the upper control limit, and 0 indicating the lower control

limit, which is used to display the subsequent number of records with the specified

interest. While the X-axis signifies the year or period of the graphs for the previous
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twelve years. The popularity of the term "Incubator" in web searches increased and

fluctuated both worldwide and in the Philippines. Moreover, the graphs demonstrated that

there is still a group of people who are actively engaged and studying the Incubator

processes in a bid to assist the agriculture sectors, particularly poultry farmers, with

problems and issues encountered during egg production. That is why researchers are

interested in assisting with these issues and making progress on these problems.

2.1.1 A New Prototype of Thermoelectric Egg Incubator Integrated with Thermal

Energy Storage and Photovoltaic Panels.

The purpose of this study is to create a thermoelectric egg incubator (TEI)

integrated with a thermal energy storage (TES) system that operates without on-grid

electricity by using electricity from photovoltaic (PV) cells. The TEI had the same

dimensions as a commercial egg incubator (CEI), which was built to the required

dimensions for hatching 24 eggs in 21 days. The TEI was designed with two heat source

operating modes: a thermoelectric (TE) module for daytime operation and a TES

containing phase change materials (PCM) for nighttime operation. The PV panels were

designed to be the primary energy source, generating 360 W of electricity and supplying

it to TEI heat sources based on the energy load for providing fertile chicken eggs (24

eggs/hatching). The temperature and relative humidity (RH) inside the TEI-TES are kept

at optimal hatching temperatures (36-39°C and 60-80% RH) to stimulate embryonic

growth (Kingori, 2011).

As a result, the TEI-TES achieved and maintained an optimum incubating

temperature range of 36.7-38.8o C and the correct RH of 660.2% in Thailand's warm

weather over a 21-day incubation period. The TEI-TES was able to maintain optimal
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environmental conditions for chicken egg hatching and performed similarly to the CEI.

The TE module and TES working mechanisms are also discussed. The findings indicate

that the TEI-TES with PV panels as the primary energy source is appropriate for use in

remote areas with no on-grid electricity supply (Tawat et al., 2017).

2.1.2 Controller Based Chiken Incubator System

The the project's purpose is to design and develop an egg incubation system

capable of incubating various types of eggs. It's called the "Smart Egg Incubator System."

The system will include temperature and humidity sensors that will measure the

conditions of the incubator and will automatically change to the appropriate condition.

The egg's health is critical for the development of the embryo within the egg. Improper

temperature or humidity control means that the temperature or humidity is too high or too

low. In this project, an electronic bulb is used as a heater to keep the egg at a suitable

temperature. The humidity level can be controlled by using water and controlling the fan.

The temperature and humidity inside the incubator are displayed on an LCD screen. A

motor has been used to change the position of the egg to ensure that all parts of the egg

are heated evenly. A programmable logic controller controls the entire system (Usman &

Muhammad, 2013).

2.1.3 Intelligent Egg Incubator

The goal is to create a "Intelligent Egg Incubator" that can autonomously hatch

chicken eggs. The temperature of the incubator was controlled by the author's usage of a

temperature control mechanism in the design. A temperature sensor, heating and cooling

components, and a controller make up this system. When the incubator's temperature

reaches a specific threshold, the cooling unit begins to function to lower the temperature,
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and when the temperature drops below a different threshold, the heating element begins

to work to raise the temperature. In addition, the author employed a motion sensor to

track the eggs' motions. The incubator's owner will know whether there is motion inside

the incubator (Azahar et al., 2020).

2.1.4 Application of Thermoelectric Module as Heater for Eggs Incubator System

According to (Ajiwiguna et al., 2018) state that in most egg incubator systems,

incandescent lamps are used as the heating system. However, it has drawbacks such as a

short lifespan and high energy consumption. The thermoelectric module (TEM) is used to

replace it in this study. The incubator is made of 15 mm thick wood and has dimensions

of 35 x 30 x 35 cm in length, width, and height. The ventilating hole is 1 x 5 cm in size

and is located on the back wall of the incubator to allow for air circulation. The water in

the basin is located beneath the eggs rack to maintain humidity. A thermostat is used to

keep the temperature at a specific set point. The outcome demonstrates that the TEM

module was successfully implemented in the incubator. A comparison of TEM and

incandescent lamps are also performed, and the results show that TEM is more efficient,

saving 34.1% of energy.

2.1.5 Smart Egg Incubation System

This project's objective is to create a Smart Egg Incubator System (SEIS). The

temperature and humidity sensors will be placed inside the SEIS. The development of the

embryo inside the eggs depends greatly on the egg's health. It is possible to ensure proper

ventilation and humidity levels by employing water and fan control. The LCD screen

display will show the SIES's status state. The Arduino UNO, a type of microcontroller

that can process sensor data and will carry out the control system to alter the condition of
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SEIS, will be used to control the complete element. 36°C and 32% humidity are the

averages for temperature and humidity (Omar et al., 2016).

2.1.6 Low Cost Smart Egg Incubator

One of the most popular agricultural products in Ghana is poultry. The issue

requires efforts to increase the output of chicken production in the nation due to the

increasing demand. Technologies that will help in increasing the output are required

because it is inefficient to rely solely on natural hatching processes to boost chicken

production. The incubator was developed as a man-made method of resolving this issue.

Although this has aided in large-scale incubation, the high cost of incubators on the

market keeps Ghanaian poultry producers from using them. find it challenging to buy.

This research looks into the creation and use of a low-cost, automated incubator for

nearby chicken producers. It aims to create an inexpensive smart incubator (Kommey et

al., 2022).

2.1.7 Monitoring System and Temperature Controlling on PID Based Poultry

Hatching Incubators.

Poultry hatching cultivation must be monitored for temperature stability using an

artificial penetration incubator with On/Off control. To achieve steady-state conditions,

the On/Off control has a relatively long response time. Furthermore, the system's

operation wears out the component because the lamp cycles on and off. Furthermore,

market cultivation is less suitable for use in an environment with fluctuating temperatures

because it may affect the plant's temperature stability. Using a PID controller, the study

aims to design automatic poultry hatching cultivation that can repair the temperature

response of a plant incubator to keep it stable and in line with the intended set-point
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temperature value (Shafiudin & Kholis, 2018).

2.1.8 The effect of incubation temperature on pre‐ and post‐hatching development

in chickens

Longer incubation times were produced by the reduced incubation temperature.

Male and female embryos utilized the energy of the egg differently. A higher

survivability at 14 d and a larger body weight after 12 weeks of cocks incubated at

36.8 °C suggested a potential variation in the link between the post-hatching development

of males and females and pre-hatching environmental circumstances. Sex has a

considerable impact on the effectiveness of food conversion (Michels., 2007).

2.1.9 A review on Solar Thermal Powered Egg Incubator with Thermal Energy

Storage Systems

The main driving forces behind the use of renewable sources are the continuous

increase in the level of greenhouse gases, as well as the increased fuel prices and demand.

One example of renewable energy is solar energy, which is abundant in nature. This

review paper discusses the efficient use of solar energy by incubating poultry eggs using

a solar collector. As a result, the thermal energy storage system is required at night and

during overcast periods. Now, below are some journal papers related to this process that

has been reviewed (Thiruppathi et al., 2019).

2.1.10 Analysis of Light Bulb Temperature Control for Egg Incubator Design

In this study the analysis and conclusions of employing a light bulb as a thermal

source for an incubator system were discussed. The incubator's inside measurements are

26 cm (W) x 38 cm (L) x 26 cm (H). A temperature sensor that gauges the incubator's

inside temperature served as a feedback signal in the experiment (Che Amran et al.,
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2019).

2.1.11 A Control System For Remote Monitoring and Control of the Temperature in

Chicken Eggs Hatching using Artificial Incubators.

According to the OACD/FAO Agricultural Outlook, poultry meat hold to be the

primary driver of total meat production growth. Its short production cycle enables

producers to respond quickly to market demands while making rapid advances in genetics,

animal health, feeding practices, breeding conditions, and the breeding environment. The

hatching process must be carried out correctly to maximize the number of healthy

chickens hatched while minimizing their mortality rate. It is critical to monitor and

control ambient conditions in incubators when using artificial egg incubation to obtain

ventilation and egg turning. Ambient conditions are expressed in terms of temperature

and humidity, with the temperature inside the incubator being the most important.

This paper outlines a control system design for remote temperature monitoring

and control in chicken egg hatching using artificial incubators. The system is made up of

an incandescent light bulb heater, a temperature sensor, a relay, a microcontroller, and a

communication module. A PID (proportional-integral-derivative) controller is designed

for temperature control, keeping the temperature at 37.8 °C. Temperature readings are

available via a web browser and can be accessed via a wired Internet connection. The

proposed system is a simple, low-cost, but highly efficient solution for providing the

conditions for proper chicken development while growing inside the egg (Popovic &

Popovic, 2021).

2.1.12 Stimulation of an Automatic Incubation System for Poultry Businesses

Incubation is one of the most important activities for poultry farmers to perform.
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As the primary method of replenishing poultry stock, it is understandable that great care

must be taken to ensure the process is as efficient (in terms of yield) as possible. To that

end, this work investigates the development of an automatic incubation system, the

primary goal of which is to maintain specified air temperature and humidity levels within

the incubator enclosure. The system is based on an ATMega328P microcontroller,

DHT11 temperature and humidity sensors, and a SIM808 GSM Module that allows for

remote monitoring. It was discovered to be capable of accurately monitoring and

maintaining the specified parameters (Umo et al., 2019).

2.1.13 A Smart Auto-Balanced System for Incubation Process

Temperature and humidity are the most significant parameters to control in a

hatching system during incubation. One of the most crucial steps in hatching healthy

chicks is to maintain these highly sensitive natural elements. This paper proposes an

incubation system for turkey bird hatching based on providing an order of standardizing

the operation and care to monitor the desired temperature and relative humidity. Based on

an ATmega32A microcontroller and a DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor, this

incubation system was created. An LCD 20x4 display is utilized for monitoring, as well

as an Android application. A button and an Android application were used to implement

the user control system feature. This incubator is also very user-friendly, with the ability

to calibrate temperature and humidity externally if necessary. Another goal of this project

is to make the incubation system affordable to everyone involved with the hatchery farm

(Tarikul & Sajid, 2019).

2.1.14 Automated Poultry Farm with Microcontroller based Parameter Monitoring

System and Conveyor Mechanism

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Poultry farming is a potentially growing segment of the Indian animal husbandry

industry. Incorporating automation into traditional poultry farming methods improves

productivity, quality, and safety while reducing waste. Many farms face labor shortages

and pollution issues as a result of manure accumulation. Manually cleaning manure to

reduce pollution presents a practical challenge. The areas discussed in this paper that are

considered to be automated are egg collection and manure disposal. Introducing

automation into these areas can save a significant amount of time and money. This will

also improve the cleanliness inside the farm thereby reducing illness among the fowl.

A combination of software and hardware systems can be used to automate labor-

intensive tasks within the farm. The farm's efficiency can be increased by keeping the

farm environment in optimal conditions for chicken growth. This paper proposes a model

that monitors and controls environmental parameters such as temperature, ammonia level,

humidity, and so on inside poultry farms to maintain an optimal environment. Natural

incubation produces fewer chicks due to humidity and temperature fluctuations. An egg-

turning mechanism and environmental parameter controls are also included in a solar-

powered mechanized incubator system. As a result, the system focuses on increasing

farm productivity with minimal human effort while also reducing pollution (Thomas et

al., 2020).

2.1.15 Application of Thermoelectric Effect in the Design and Construction of

Automatic Temperature Regulating Egg Incubators with Digital Read-Out.

An automatic temperature-regulating egg incubator is a device that heats an

enclosure to a temperature comparable to the natural incubating temperature of 39

degrees Celcius. Using thermoelectricity principles, an automatic temperature-regulating

 21

egg incubator was designed and built in this study. To control the incubating temperature

automatically, active and passive electronic components with special features are used.

According to Chukwu and Chigbo (2012) this is intended to address the issue of

temperature fluctuation, which is common among poultry farmers and causes production

loss. As a result of incubating, the egg expected to hatch within the specified time frame

fails to do so, causing the farmer to incur additional costs. A 220-volt AC source is

design using a modular approach that includes a power supply control unit, temperature

controller/sensor, and heating sections. When tested, the device's portability, sensitivity,

reliability, and simplicity of operation demonstrated that it is a dependable tool for

farmers in poultry production. Its usability is approximately 70% efficient. Egg incubator

thermoelectricity digital reading, automatic temperature regulator.

2.2 Issues in Egg Incubator Uses Worldwide

It is crucial to understand and acknowledge specific issues, contradictions, and

knowledge gaps in order to formulate fresh ideas, designs, progress, developments,

implementation, and fabrication regarding the Chickens and Eggs Incubating Process.

This review concentrates on a wide range of practical issues that contribute to or assist in

transforming and expanding knowledge, which may inherently solidify future

productivity and growing interest in the Chickens and Eggs Incubating process.

2.2.1 Development and Construction of Poultry Egg Incubator Temperature and

Humidity Controller (Peitch) With SMS Notification

The most common issue in incubation is improper temperature control, which can

harm embryo development and reduce poultry production (Ernst et al., 2004). This
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necessitates more labor and time on the part of the owner. Furthermore, manual

monitoring of the incubator, which is critical in incubation, is difficult. A poultry egg

incubator temperature and humidity controller with SMS notification was designed, built,

and tested in this study to evaluate its performance. The micro controller, temperature

and humidity sensor, and GSM module are the main components of this design.

In addition, a monitoring system has been developed so that the user can easily

monitor the egg incubator and have seamless access to it. Most importantly, it is intended

to create an environment in which the egg incubation process can take place in a more

orderly and safe manner. The incubating chamber was generally kept at a temperature

range of 37 degrees Celsius to 39 degrees Celsius throughout the incubating period

(Sunday, 2018), and an average relative humidity of 40 -50 percent was required for the

first 18 days. Then, in the final days before hatching, 65-75 percent (Bacalso & Sobejana,

2021).

2.2.2 Design and Construction of Automated Eggs Incubators for Small Scale

Poultry Farmers

The design, construction, and performance evaluation of an automated egg

incubator for poultry farmers were demonstrated in this paper. The goal of this study is to

develop a low-cost, user-friendly modern incubator to increase day-old chick production

for small and medium-sized poultry farmers. The incubator has a capacity for 100 eggs to

hatch. During the performance evaluation of the incubator, the humidity was 55% and the

temperature was 37° C during the first 18 days and was maintained at 37.5 °C until

hatching. The eggs are turned using a tilting tray mechanism controlled by a programmed

electric motor. Every hour, the trays were lifted through an angle of 40° either side
 23

horizontally for four minutes. The test's average values were 95 fertile eggs, 5 infertile

eggs, and 85 hatched eggs, and 89.47% of the eggs were able to hatch (Ajani et al., 2020).

2.2.3 Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of a Solar Powered Chicken Egg

Incubator

In this research, a photovoltaic solar powered chicken egg incubator is design,

constructed, and testing to analyze how it performed.Solar energy is the process of

turning sunlight into electricity, either directly through the use of photovoltaic (Singh.,

2013).The key elements of this design features include an automatic temperature device

and an incubator solar PV system. Generally, the incubating chamber kept up during the

incubation period at a a temperature range of 36.8°C to 37.9°C, with an average relative

humidity of 67.3% relative humidity The findings demonstrated that the percentage egg

fertility and hatchability were 43.3% and 23.1%, respectively. This low hatchability rate

can be the cause of from a number of circumstances, including the experience of cloudy

weather inadequate egg storage on day three of the incubation period time and effort

wasted in the lead-up to loading in the incubator the egg-turning process (Mansaray &

Yansaneh., 2015).

2.2.4 Design and Construction of Solar incubator

Bird incubators allow for a lot of bird production. Due to the worldwide energy

crisis, the cost of this production has recently gotten out of hand. This raises the price of

producing chicken, making it expensive for the average person. Solar energy is preferred

since it is accessible nationwide and is cheap, plentiful, and clean. The solar incubator

consists of a solar collector that heats water, which heats a chamber used to incubate eggs

for the hatching of poultry. It features a built-in heat storage facility that gives heat to the
 24

incubating chamber when there is no solar energy throughout the day because it is made

to operate continuously (Kuye et al., 2008).

2.2.5 Design and Construction of Smart Solar Powered Egg Incubator Based on

GSM/IoT

Due to Africa's low rate of electricity availability and the grid's unstable power

supply. Smallholder farmers who own incubators find it challenging to use them for egg

reproduction, which limits their enterprises and forces them to purchase day-old chicks

from other continents. Reducing human contact during incubation can increase

smallholder farmers' income levels. In the present era, remote monitoring and control of

the egg incubator's settings from a distance may be economical and successful for avian

reproduction. The problem of low access rates and unstable power supplies can be solved

because to the continent's enormous solar resources. This paper's major goal is to develop

and build a smart solar-powered egg incubator based on GSM/IoT that minimizes human

touch in the incubation cycle (Peprah et al., 2022).

2.2.6 Design and Implementation of Chicken Egg Incubator for Hatching using IoT

In this study, one of the key aspects to take into account in chicken farms is egg

fertilisation. According to (El Khaddar & Boulmalf 2017) The internet of things (IoT) is

a good communication idea that will connect various gadgets and enable smooth

communication between them. In order to make the monitoring and control of the

incubation system more easy for the user, the smart incubation system is built to combine

IoT technology with a smart phone. The incubator's design incorporates a setter and a

hatcher in one unit, as well as forced and still air incubation, both of which are controlled

by a controller that keeps track of four variables: temperature, humidity, ventilation, and
 25

egg turning system (Niranjan., et al 2021).

2.2.7 Design and Implementation of Fuzzy Control System for Egg Incubator Based

on IoT Technology

In this paper, the creation and operation of an IoT-based fuzzy control system for

incubating eggs are discussed. In order to maintain ideal settings for various egg types,

The microcontroller is programmed to function as a fuzzy logic control system for

managing microclimate conditions in the egg incubator. The cloud receives wireless data

from the temperature and humidity sensors. The established egg incubation system also

makes it possible to automatically track the number of days until birds hatch. This

enables remote monitoring of the microclimate within the egg incubator from any

location (Mujcic & Drakulic., 2021).

2.2.8 Design and Implementation of Automatic Fixed Factors Egg Incubator

When running a poultry farm, one of the most important factors to consider is egg

fertilization (Idoko et al., 2019). Some eggs spoiled due to environmental factors such as

temperature, humidity, and egg turning. It is, therefore, necessary to have a system that

can monitor and maintain constant factors to keep the eggs healthy. Such as using a

programmed microcontroller to activate the heater and turn off the fan when the

temperature falls below the reference temperature and automatically turn off the heater

and turn on the fan when the temperature rises above the reference temperature while

taking humidity inside the incubator into account. To prevent surrounding air from

entering the box, a well-lagged rectangular box material is used.

2.2.9 Performance Evaluation of the Developed Solar Powered Poultry Egg

Incubator for Chicken

 26

To evaluate its performance, a Solar Powered Poultry Egg Incubator (SPPEI) was

developed and tested. It was compared to an existing incubator that can incubate chicken

eggs at temperatures ranging from 35°C to 40°C. The developed incubator's main

components are the incubating unit, the temperature device, and the photovoltaic (PV)

system. In comparison to the existing incubator, which had 60% hatchability, 58% chick

vigor, and more embryos, the developed incubator had 73% hatchability, 71% vigorous

chicks, and fewer dead embryos. From the 18th to the 21st day of incubation, the

developed incubator hatched chicks, whereas the existing incubator hatched chicks from

the 18th to the 22nd day (Dalangin & Ancheta, 2018).

Then added that the average temperatures in the developed incubator were within

the acceptable incubation temperature range. 37.72 degrees Celcius (99.89F) in the

morning, 37.94 degrees Celcius (100.29F) in the afternoon, and 37.83 degrees Celcius

(100.09F) in the evening, whereas the existing incubator is within 38.67 degrees Celcius

(101.6F), 38.74 degrees Celcius (101.7F), and 38.52 degrees Celcius (101.3F). The

developed incubator has an average relative humidity of 60% in the morning, 60.3% in

the afternoon, and 60.3% at night, whereas the existing incubator has 60%, 57.33%, and

59%, respectively. The egg incubator was able to maintain optimal conditions for the

hatching of chicken eggs and was capable of effectively incubating and hatching the

chicken egg.

2.2.10 Design and Construction of an Arduino Microcontrollerbased EGG

Incubator

In this study, a heat from incandescent bulb is the source of heat of incubator that

is design to hatch 4500 chicken egg. Through relays, the incubator system's Arduino
 27

microcontroller manages the heaters, air circulation fans, and tray-turning mechanism. A

16x2 LCD panel shows the incubator's current conditions, including temperature and

humidity. The goal of the design is to assist in generating a low cost- and energy-

effective incubator (Kyeremeh & Peprah., 2017).

2.2.11 Development and Temperature Control of Smart Egg Incubator System for

Various Types of Egg

The goal of this project is to model, build, and create an egg incubator system that

can incubate various types of eggs between 35 and 40 0 C. This technology makes use of

temperature and humidity sensors to monitor the incubator's state and adjust itself

automatically to the best conditions for the egg. A DC motor was used to move the iron

rod at the bottom side and automatically shift the position of the egg to ensure that the

lamp heated every part of the egg. The AT89C52 Microcontroller is used to control the

complete component. Using a PID controller built into a microprocessor, the temperature

of the incubator is kept at a regular level (Okpagu., 2016).

2.2.12 Performance Evaluation of a Solar Powered Poultry Egg Incubator

The use of solar incubator would provide a solution to a significant problem of

inadequate power for commercial poultry. Nigerian women incubating eggs. a solar-

powered incubator for chicken eggs was created, with incubation among its key elements.

chamber, a control system, and a system using solar energy. The designed solar incubator

was 610 mm by 607 mm by 1649 mm and could hold 150 eggs. In this study, the

designed solar-powered chicken egg incubator's performance was evaluated. The solar-

powered system was effective a reliable source of power that could deliver a steady

supply without a hitch during the incubation period (Osanyinpejui., 2018).

 28

2.2.13 Design and Construction of Chicken Egg Incubator Based on Fuzzy Logic

and IoT

It is still not automatic, the incubator that has been circulating in the market. We

need an incubator for chicken eggs that can optimize temperature and humidity

depending on set points by creating automatic egg incubators based on fuzzy logic and

IOT because this non-automatic method has a number of flaws that still require human

supervision. Fuzzy logic will be used to control the fan speed, turn on the lights, and

enable Blynk application monitoring. The DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor is

used to create the control system for the egg incubator. Fuzzy logic is used to control the

fan pwm, which can be seen on the Blynk and LCD (Nugroho., 2022).

2.2.14 Development of Hen Eggs Smart Incubator for Hatching System Based on

Internet of Things

When hens incubate eggs, a production issue arises for hen breeders when a large

number of eggs hatch. This study discusses the creation of an intelligent incubator system

for hen eggs. Based on Arduino, LabVIEW, Google Firebase, and MIT App Inventor,

this incubation system has automatic temperature, humidity, and egg rotation.

Additionally, the device enables farmers to remotely monitor the intelligent incubator.

This system's goal is to make it accessible to researchers and farmers so they can

duplicate it and conduct tests, not to sell it (Gutiérrez et al., 2019).

2.2.15 Development of Smart Egg Incubator

Making a reliable incubator that can match the demand of the incubation process

used in the business sector was the aim of this project. We had three primary objectives

that we needed to achieve this mission. We started by researching earlier and already-
 29

established incubators. In order to determine how the incubator could best assist the

communities, we secondly evaluated their needs. Finally, we used the information we had

gathered to offer suggestions for the design and organization of the suggested incubator.

We are committed to extending the incubation process to both urban and rural locations

(Bari et al., 2021).

2.2.16 Development of a solar heat assisted egg incubation system

The goal of this project is to offer the poultry industry a technology that is

suitable for small- to medium-scale production. The incubation chamber was heated with

solar assistance, and the ventilation equipment was operated intermittently as the major

tactics used to increase energy efficiency. According to the study, the suggested system

conserved 72.6% of electrical energy. The solar heat collector-assisted egg incubation

system encourages energy efficiency, makes use of a renewable energy source, and can

be seen as an environmentally responsible technology. The poultry business as a whole

has a ton of potential as a result of this study (Paras Jr., 2020).

2.2.17 Development of a State-Space Thermal Model for High Precision

Temperature Control of a Poultry Incubator

This paper presents a state-space model that will serve as the foundation for the

design of a control system for a poultry incubator, with the control goal of providing the

optimal temperature for successful incubation. To achieve this goal, an accurate model of

the incubator's thermal system is required. The incubation's temperature is critical to the

hatching rate of poultry as well as the overall health of hatched chicks.

The accuracy of the model used often determines accurate temperature control,

whereas the simplicity of the model used determines the ease of implementation of the
 30

control system. This paper presents a simplified mathematical model of an incubator's

thermal system with electrical heating. The incubator's constructional features are

presented first, followed by the formulation of a set of first-order differential equations

describing the setup. The state-space model is then obtained. The system is then tested for

stability and validated using step response simulations. (Mumuni & Mumuni, 2015).
 31

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the project design, development, testing, and evaluation

processes. Including respondent selection and description, research tool, data collection

process, list of supplies and materials, and assessment method.

Research Design

The developmental and descriptive research methods will be used in this study to

design and develop the features of an Automatic Incubator and Cooling System for

Broiler Chickens and its Eggs. The desired characteristics of the prototype will be tested

as part of the development process and the survey procedures will be used to evaluate the

Functionality, Aesthetics, Workability, Durability, Economy, Safety, and Saleability of

the prototype.

Project Design

Figure. 3.3 Isometric View

It shows an isometric view of the prototype. The dimensions of the devices are
 32

600 mm wide, 1000 mm long, and 1100 mm high. The exhaust fans are attached to the

top to provide the necessary airflow for ventilation. Two thermostats are utilized for the

prototype's cooling system side and heating system as their purpose and can access the

input required temperature. A removable tray is placed on the cooling system's side to

clean the chicken waste.

On the incubator side, the researchers employed two hatching trays above the egg

tray to maximize ventilation from exhaust fans. The prototype has four tubular steel legs

for outdoor use and a longer lifespan. A removable tray is installed to hold the water

required in high humidity.

Figure. 3.4 Front View

It depicts the product's front view. The two thermostat displays can be found on

the prototype's front view, alongside the door of the chicken's cooling system. It also

displays the dimensions, which are 1000mm x 1100mm.

 33

Figure. 3.5 Left Side View

It depicts the prototype's left-sideside view. It illustrates the incubator side, which

has two doors measuring 400mm x 240mm. It also shows the actual prototype's

dimensions, which are 600mm x 500mm.

Figure. 3.6 Right Side View

It depicts the prototype's right-side view. It only shows the prototype's dimensions,

which are 600mm x 500mm, with the supporting braces measuring 524mm.
 34

Figure. 3.7 Top View

It depicts the product's top view. It also displays the overall dimensions in the top

view, which are 1000mm x 600mm with 6 exhaust fans.

Figure. 3.8 Block Diagram

The block diagram of the prototype is shown in Figure 8. A solar panel charges a
 35

12v lithium-ion battery, which serves as the power supply. It is controlled by the

automatic solar charger to avoid overcharging and charge loss. Cartridge fuses were

installed to ensure the safety of all components in the occurrence of short circuits or

overloads. The researchers also utilized a 12v to 24v step-up inverter or booster to

provide the power required by the FX3G Mitsubishi PLC, which serves as the prototype's

brain system. The PLC connected to all of the components used in the prototype to

control the six fans, bulb, Peltier module, and synchronous motor based on the stored or

written program in the logic module.

Population and Sampling Technique

The researchers will employ a purposive sampling technique to target potential

end-users of the proposed prototype. The researchers identified and selected numerous

respondents from the municipalities of Nagcarlan, Laguna, and San Antonio in the

province of Quezon, assuring that the respondents have familiarity with the phenomenon

of interest.

Selection of Respondents

The prototype will be evaluated by the thirty (30) selected respondents that are

possible users of this prototype. Fifteen (15) of these participants are located at the

Municipality of Nagcarlan, the area of Laguna, where the main issue that prompted this

study occurred and was sought to be resolved. Additional information can be gathered

from another set of fifteen (15) participants that are located at the Municipality of San

Antonio, in Quezon Province, where several poultry farms can be seen.

 36

Research Instrument

This study will utilize the LSPU Evaluation Instrument that will be used by the

researchers to collect data for this study. The research questionnaires were described to

evaluate the prototype's Functionality, Aesthetics, Workability, Durability, Economy,

Safety, and Saleability.

It had seven (7) criteria: (1) Functionality, (2) Aesthetics, (3) Workability, (4)

Durability, (5) Economy, (6) Safety, and (7) Saleability. The questionnaire instrument

included the level of acceptability, which determines the respondents' level of acceptance

of the prototype in terms of Functionality, Aesthetics, Workability, Durability, Economy,

Safety, and Saleability.

 37

Data Gathering Procedure

Figure. 3.9 Data Gathering Procedure

The figure illustrates the research Data Gathering Procedure, which collects,

measures, and analyzes the accurate insights of all participants or respondents.

Furthermore, the procedure's critical collection was present to ensure that the reliability

estimate was legitimate.

 38

Operation Procedure

Figure. 3.10 Operation Procedure

This figure shows the Operational Procedure of the Prototype with detailed

instructions from the beginning until the end to illustrate the routine operation. It begins

with the solar panel, which collects solar energy and converts it into electricity. The

energy collected was stored in a 12v Lithium-Ion battery, which was controlled by an

automatic solar charge controller. The researchers used a 12v to 24v step-up inverter for

the FX3G PLC to meet the power requirement, and the two thermostats serve as sensors

to control the temperature inside the prototype. The temperature required for the

incubator is 37.5 degrees Celsius, and the cooling system is 30 degrees Celsius. On the
 39

first week, 26 degrees Celsius on the second week, 22 degrees Celsius on the third week,

and 20 degrees Celsius on the fourth week. The Peltier module kit has a maximum

cooling temperature of -32 degrees Celsius and a maximum heating temperature of 38.2

degrees Celsius. Besides, when the temperature exceeded, the fan was activated.

Furthermore, the researchers use a synchronous motor to rotate the eggs, which is

required for successful incubation.

 40

Testing Procedure

Figure. 3.11 Testing Procedure

The diagram illustrates the prototype testing procedure. The testing procedure

begins with the preparation of temperature-measuring devices (digital and analog

thermometers). Calibrate the thermometer to ensure accurate measurement. The

calibrated thermometer measures the temperature inside the prototype. Following the

testing, the values obtained were recorded and evaluated to determine whether they were

acceptable or not. If it is acceptable, the researchers will begin with the procedure and

prepare for prototype testing and data collection. If not, repeat the thermometer

calibration and temperature measurement inside the prototype.

 41

Bill of Materials

This table focuses on the Bill of Materials (BOM) process, which is defined as

recording material information management that compiles all of the supplies and

materials required in the prototype. It displays the quantity, unit cost, unit total cost, and

total amount structure in this section.

SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS QUANTITY UNIT COST UNIT TOTAL

(PHP) COST (PHP)
1. Polycarbonate Twin Wall 1 PCS 1,200 1,200
2. Peltier Module Kit 2 PCS 1,100 2,200
3. Styrofoam Sheets 1 PC 100 100
4. Thermostat Temperature 2 PCS 170 340
Controller
5. FX3G Mitsubishi PLC 1 PC 5,000 900
6. Synchronous Motor 1 PC 400 400
7. Lithium-ion Solar Battery 1 PC 500 500
8. Step-up DC Inverter 1 PC 500 500
9. Solar Charger Controller 1 PC 190 190
10. Solar Panel 1 PC 750 750
11. Chicken Wire 1 PC 1,000 1,000
12. Angle Bar 2PC 570 1,140
13. Tubular Bar 1 PC 330 330
14. Hinge 8 PCS 40 320
15. Door Handle 4 PCS 60 240
16. Flat Bar 2 PCS 150 150
17. Exhaust Fan 6 PCS 60 360
18. Metal Rod 5 PC 150 150
19. Black Screw 5 PCS 100 100
20. 12V bulb 1 PC 70 70
21. Bulb Socket 1 PC 25 25
22. #18 Duplex Wire 10 M 30 300
23. 0.75 mm2 wire 10 M 35 350
24. Cartridge Fuse 12 PCS 30 360
Total: 16, 075

Table. 3.2 Bill of Materials

 42

Gantt Chart

This table illustrates the timelines or outlines of the project's various stages, as

well as the dependencies and resources required to manage the overall process of the

prototype. It also shows the numerous tasks that must be completed from the month of

September to July.

Table. 3.3 Gantt Chart

 43

Evaluation Procedure

This prototype will be tested by poultry farmers, owners, and small-time broiler

chicken breeders from Nagcarlan, the Laguna province, and the Municipality of San

Antonio, in the province of Quezon. The study would involve 30 respondents from

Nagcarlan, Laguna, and San Antonio, Quezon Province. All of the respondents will

utilize the LSPU Evaluation Questionnaires to rate the prototype's Functionality,

Aesthetics, Workability, Durability, Economy, Safety, and Saleability using a scale of 5

as Highly Acceptable, 4 as Very Acceptable, 3 as Acceptable, 2 as Fairly Acceptable, and

1 as Not Acceptable that is shown below.

Numerical Rating Descriptive Rating

5 Highly Acceptable
4 Very Acceptable
3 Acceptable
2 Fairly Acceptable
1 Not Acceptable

Table. 3.1 Likert Scale

 44

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 50

Appendix A

EVALUATION INSTRUMENT
The general objective of this survey is to evaluate the level of acceptability of the Safety Helmet with LED
and GPS Tracker. This questionnaire is composed of how you perceived the level of acceptability on the Prototype.
The criteria to be used are classified in terms of Functionality, Aesthetics, Workability, Durability, Economy, Safety,
and Saleability.

LEVEL OF ACCEPTABILITY
Instruction: Please evaluate the AUTOMATIC INCUBATOR AND COOLING SYSTEM FOR BROILER
CHICKENS AND ITS EGGS by using the given scale and placing a checkmark (√) under the corresponding
numerical rating:

5- Highly Acceptable, 4- Very Acceptable, 3- Acceptable, 2- Fairly Acceptable, 1- Not Acceptable

NUMERICAL
INDICATORS
RATING
5 4 3 2 1
A. Functionality
1. Ease of operation
2. Provision for comfort and convenience
3. User-friendliness
B. Aesthetics
1. Color appeal
2. Attractiveness of the design
3. Appropriateness of size
C. Workability
1. Availability of materials
2. Availability of technical expertise
3. Availability of tools and machine
D. Durability
1. Quality of materials
2. Quality of workmanship
3. Quality of design
E. Economy
1. Economy in terms of materials needed
2. Economy in terms of time/labor spent
3. Economy in terms of machine(s) required
F. Safety
1. Absence of toxic/hazardous materials
2. Absence of sharp edges
3. Provision for production devices
G. Saleability
1. Presence of market demand
2. Accesslability to finished the product
3. Competitiveness of the price
 51

Summary Sum
a. Functionality ____
b. Aesthetics ____
c. Workability ____
d. Durability ____ Certified true and correct by:
e. Economy ____ _________________________
f. Safety ____ Signature over printed name
g. Saleability ____ Evaluator
Date:
Total Score: ____
Action Taken:________________

-Adopted from CIT Evaluation Instrument.