Bulletin of Mathematics ISSN Printed: 2087-5126; Online: 2355-8202

Vol. 10, No. 02 (2018), pp. 167–172 https://talenta.usu.ac.id/index.php/bullmath

THE n2 th DERIVATIVE OF f (x) = cos px USING

GAMMA FUNCTION

Yeyen Benarti Fahmi, Sri Gemawati and Kartini

Abstract. This study presents the n 2

th derivative of cosine function f (x) = cos px
where p is a positive integer and x is a variable. The n 2
th derivative is a fractional
derivative of an arbitary order. The fractional derivative can be obtained by
using Riemann-Lioville integral fractional definition that closely related to gamma
function. We utilize some properties of gamma function to find the n 2
th deriva-
tive of cosine function.

1. INTRODUCTION

Science developments are increase rapidly from year to year, especially in

math. Math have important role to solve various problems in any fields like
economycs, technologys, phisycs, and etc. One of the most popular topics in
math that study in high school is the n-th derivative of a function. In high
school, the students only familiar with the derivative of positive integer
order. Order of derivative is not only positive integer but also fractional
order. Leibniz briefly discussed this idea in 17th century [?].
There are many fractional derivative and integral definitions such as
Riemann-Liouville, Caputo and Grundwald-Letnikov [?]. In our case, this
study is based on Riemann-Lioville definitions that closely related to gamma
Received 23-12-2018, Accepted 29-12-2018.
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 34A08, 26A24, 33B15
Key words and Phrases: Cosine Function, Gamma Function, Rieman-Liouville, Fractional Deriva-
tive.

167
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Yeyen Benarti Fahmi, et al., – The 2 th Derivative of f (x) = cos px . . . 168

function. By using some properties of gamma function and Riemann-Liouville

definition, we can obtain the fractional derivative of a function.
Kleinz and Osler [?] discussed the idea of a fractional derivative by first
looking at examples of familiar nth order derivatives and then replacing the
natural number n by other numbers like 12 . Panchal [?] discussed some
properties of gamma and beta functions of complex variables, which are
useful to define the fractional integral and fractional derivative. Khalil et al.
[?] introduced the new definition of fractional derivate and its application.
In this paper, we discuss the n2 th derivative of i f (x) = cos px using
some properties of gamma function and Riemann-Liouville integral frac-
tional definition.

2. RIEMANN-LIOUVILLE FRACTIONAL DERIVATIVE

In this section, we present the definition of gamma function, Riemann-
Liouville fractional integral and derivative. Gamma function is an extension
of factorial function that can be defined by integral as follows [?]
Definition 1.1 (Definisi Fungsi Gamma) Gamma function, noted Γ, is
defined by
Z ∞
Γ(a) = e−t ta−1 dt (1)
0
where a is a positive real.
Riemann-Liouville [?] defined integral fractional and derivative frac-
tional as follow
Definition 1.2 (Riemann-Liouville Integral Fractional) Let −∞ ≤ x ≤
∞, the integral fractional of order α can be defined by
Z x
α −α 1
J f (x) = D f (x) = (x − t)α−1 f (t)dt, (2)
Γ(α) 0
where J α = D−α denote the fractional integration of a function to an ar-
bitary α and α is any nonnegative real number.
Definition 1.3 (Riemann-Liouville Fractional Derivative) The deriva-
tive fractional can be defined by
dn
Dα f (x) = n [D−(n−α) f (x)]
dx Z x
dn

1 n−α−1
= (x − t) f (t)dt (3)
Γ(n − α) dxn 0
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Yeyen Benarti Fahmi, et al., – The 2 th Derivative of f (x) = cos px . . . 169

where α is an arbitary order, n − 1 ≤ α ≤ n, n ∈ Z + , x0 x > 0 and Dα

denote the fractional derivative of α order.

n
3. THE 2 th DERIVATIVE OF f (x) = cos px

In this section, we use definition ?? to determine the fractional integral of

trigonometry functions f (x) = cos px as follows in theorem ??.
Theorem 1.1 Let α > 0 and f (x) = cos px, fractional integral of order α
can be expressed by
cos(px − π2 α)
D−α f (x) = (4)
pα
Proof. From definition ??, we have
Z x
1
D−α cos px = (x − t)α−1 cos pt dt (5)
Γ(α) 0
−it it
Because x → ∞ and remember that cos t = e 2+e [?], we obtain
Z ∞ Z ∞ 
−α 1 α−1 −ipt α−1 ipt
D cos px = (x − t) e dt + (x − t) e dt (6)
2 Γ(α) 0 0

Then, let u = x − t and dt = −du, equation (??) becomes

Z ∞ Z ∞ 
−α 1 α−1 −ipx+ipu α−1 ipx−ipu
D cos px = u e du + u e du
2 Γ(α)
 0 Z ∞ 0
Z ∞ 
1 −ipx α−1 ipu ipx α−1 −ipu
= e u e du + e u e du
2 Γ(α) 0 0
 Z ∞ Z ∞ 
1 −ipx iπ α α−1 −pu ipx −iπ α α−1 −pu
= e e 2 u e du + e e 2 u e du
2 Γ(α) 0 0
iπ iπ
! Z ∞
1 e−i(px− 2 α) + ei(px− 2 α)
= uα−1 e−pu du
Γ(α) 2 0

cos(px − iπ
Z ∞
−α 2 α)
D cos px = uα−1 e−pu du (7)
Γ(α) 0
ds
Let us consider s = pu dan du = p , we have

cos(px − iπ
2 α) −α
∞
Z
−α
D cos px = p sα−1 e−s ds
Γ(α) 0
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Yeyen Benarti Fahmi, et al., – The 2 th Derivative of f (x) = cos px . . . 170

According to definition ?? in equation ??, therefore we have

−α cos(px − π2 α)
D cos px =
pα
This completes the proof of the theorem.
By using theorem ??, we can derive the following theorem.

Theorem 1.2 Let α > 0 and f (x) = cos px, fractional derivative of order
α can be expressed by
π
Dα f (x) = pα cos(px + α) (8)
2
Proof. According to definition ?? for n = 1, we have the relation of
fractional integral and fractional dervative as follows

Dxα0 f (x) = D1 [D−(1−α) f (x)] (9)

By using theorem ?? for f (x) = cos px, equation (??)becomes

Dα cos px = D1 [D−(1−α) cos px]

cos(px − π2 (1 − α))
= D1 [ ]
p(1−α)
π
= D1 [p(−1+α) cos(px − (1 − α))]
2
1 (−1+α) π π
= D [p cos(px + α − )]
2 2
1 (−1+α) π
= D [p sin(px + α)]
2
(−1+α+1) π
=p cos(px + α)
2
α α π
D cos px = p cos(px + α) (10)
2
This completes the proof of the theorem.
Then replacing α by n2 in theorem ??, we have the n
2 th derivative of
cos px that can be written by
n n π
D 2 cos px = p 2 cos(px + n) (11)
4
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Yeyen Benarti Fahmi, et al., – The 2 th Derivative of f (x) = cos px . . . 171

For n = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, . . ., we get
√
1 2 1
D cos px =
2 p 2 (− sin px + cos px) (12)
√2
3 2 3
D 2 cos px = p 2 (− cos px + sin px) (13)
√2
5 2 5
D 2 cos px = p 2 (sin px − cos px) (14)
√2
7 2 7
D 2 cos px = p 2 (cos px + sin px) (15)
√2
9 2 9
D 2 cos px = p 2 (− sin px + cos px) (16)
√2
11 2 11
D cos px =
2 p 2 (− cos px + sin px) (17)
2
..
.

Let we consider n = 2k − 1, the n2 th derivative of f (x) = cos px base on

following above can be expressed by
√
n 2 n π π 
D cos px =
2 p 2 cos(px + k) + sin(px + k) (18)
2 2 2
and for p = 1, we have
√ 
n 2 π π 
D cos x =
2 cos(x + k) + sin(x + k) (19)
2 2 2

4. CONCLUSION

This paper only discusses the fractional derivative of cosine functions by

using Riemann-Liouville fractional definitions. We utilize some properties
of gamma function that related close to Riemann-Liouville fractional integral
to determine the n2 th derivate of f (x) = cos px. Futhermore, near future
discuss is to determine n2 th derivate of sine function using different methods
such as Caputo fractional integral and derivative.
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Yeyen Benarti Fahmi, et al., – The 2 th Derivative of f (x) = cos px . . . 172

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Yeyen Benarti Fahmi: Graduate Student, Department of Mathematics, Faculty

of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Riau, Bina Widya Campus,
Pekanbaru 28293, Indonesia.
E-mail: yeyenfahmi26@gmail.com

Sri Gemawati: Senior Lecturer, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathe-

matics and Natural Sciences, University of Riau, Bina Widya Campus, Pekanbaru
28293, Indonesia.
E-mail: gemawati.sri@gmail.com

Kartini: Lecturer, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natu-

ral Sciences, University of Riau, Bina Widya Campus, Pekanbaru 28293, Indonesia.