MODULE 1

ALGEBRA (PART 2)
Introduction:
This module will give you the introduction in Algebra, covering the following topics:
1. Special Products
2. Factoring
3. Common Factors
4. Multiples of a Number
5. Binomials
6. Quadratic Equation
7. Theories of Equation
8. Systems of Equation
9. Proportion
10. Variation
11. Inequalities
12. Worded Problems
A. Age Problem
B. Work Problem
C. Mixture Problem
D. Clock Problem
E. Rate Problem
F. Cost and Investment Problem
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. Be familiarized with common formulas used in Algebra
2. Be able to solve problems involving quadratic equations, theories of equation, and systems of
equation
3. Be able to solve worded problems in Algebra

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Solution to PS NO. 1
ROMAN NUMERALS:

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LAWS OF EXPONENTS/RADICALS:

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DYSMEEma113 - RCRivero | ALGEBRA (PART 2) 4
Discussion:
SPECIAL PRODUCTS

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FACTORING

The Common Factor

A common factor of two or more counting numbers is a counting number which is a factor of each given
number. The set of common factors of the two numbers is the intersection of this two sets.

Example: Find the common factors of 12 and 20

Factors of 12, F12 = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12}
Factors of 20, F20 = {1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20}
Thus, the common factors of 12 and 20:
F12 ∩ F20 = {1, 2, 4}

GREATEST COMMON FACTOR

The GCF of two or more counting numbers is the largest counting number which is a factor of each given
number

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Example: Find the GCF of 108 and 60
Solution: Prime Factors of the numbersw in canonical form

108 60
54 2
30 2
27 2
15 2
9 3
3 3
5
3

108 = 22 x 33
60 = 22 x 3 x 5
The GCF is the product of the smallest factor common to both
GCF = 22 x 3 = 12

Multiple of a Number
The multiple of a number is the product that the number gives when multiplied by a counting or natural
number.

Example: Find the multiples of 2 and 3 which are less than 20.
Multiples of 2, M2 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18}
Multiples of 3, M3 = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}
M2 ∩ M3 = {6, 12, 18}

Least Common Multiple

The LCM of two or more counting numbers is the smallest counting number which is a multiple of each
of the given numbers.

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Example: Find the LCM of 4 and 10
Prime Factors of the numbersw in canonical form:
4 = 22
10 = 2 x 5
The LCM is the product of the prime factors with the highest power in the factorization
LCM = 22 x 5 = 20

BINOMIALS
Binomial Expansion
In the expansion of (x + y)n, the coeffiecient of the expansion can be obtained using the Pascal’s Triangle
Pascal’s Triangle
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1

Binomial Expansion

(x+y)0
(x+y)1
(x+y)2
(x+y)3
(x+y)4
(x+y)5

(x+y)5 = x5 + 5 x4 y + 10x3 y2 + 10x2 y3 + 5xy4 + y5

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Properties of Binomial Theorem:
 In the expansion of (x + y)n :

The first term is xn
 The last term is yn
 The exponent of x decreases by 1
 The exponent of y decreases by 1
 The sum of exponents of each term is n
 The number of terms is n + 1
 The coefficient of symmetrical terms are equal

Binomial Formula:

𝐴𝐵
D=
𝐶+1

Where:
A = coefficient of previous term
B = exponent of x of previous term
C = exponent of y of the previous term
D = coefficient of next term

Term involving yr:

yr term = nCr xn-ryr

𝑛!
Where: nCr =
(𝑛−𝑟)!𝑟!

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Example:
1 12
Find the term involving x6 in (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 )

yr = nCr xn-ryr
1 6
x6 = 12C6 (x2)12-6( )
𝑥

x6 = 924 x6

Finding the rth term:

1 16
Find the 6th term of the expansion of ( − 3)
2𝑎

rth term = nCr-1 xn-r+1yr-1

1
6th term = 16C5 ( )16-(6-1)(-3)5
2𝑎

66339
6th term = -
128 𝑎11

Sum of exponents:
S = n (n + 1)
Example: What is the sum of the exponents for the expansion of (x + 2y)14?
S = 14 (14 + 1) = 210

Sum of coefficients:
S = (coef x + coef y)n
If the second term is constant k:
S = (coef x + k)n – (k)n

Example: What is the sum of the coefficients of the expansion (x + 2y)4?

S = (coef x + coef y)n
S = (1 + 2)4 = 81

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QUADRATIC EQUATION

1. General Quadratic Equation:

Ax2 + Bx + C = 0

2. Quadratic Formula: (solving for roots)

−𝐵 ± √𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶
𝑥=
2𝐴

3. Nature of Roots:
B2 – 4AC = 0, roots are real and equal
B2 – 4AC > 0, roots are real and unequal
B2 – 4AC < 0, roots are imaginary or complex

4. Sum of roots:
𝐵
x1 + x2 = -
𝐴

5. Product of roots:
𝐶
x1 x2 =
𝐴

6. One root is a negative of the other:

If x2 = - x1, then B = 0

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EXAMPLES FOR QUADRATIC EQUATION:
1. Find the value of x in the equation 24x2 + 5x -1 = 0.
Using the quadratic formula:
−5±√52 −4(24)(−1)
𝑥=
2(24)

−5±√121
𝑥=
2(24)
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙= ;𝒙= −
𝟖 𝟑

2. Find the value of k of the equation x2 + kx + 4 = 0, so that the roots are equal.

Sum of the roots:

𝐵
x1 + x2 = - 𝐴

𝑘
2 x1 = - 1

𝑘
x1 = - (eq1)
2

Product of roots:

𝐶
X1 x2 = 𝐴

4
X1 2 = 1

x1 = ±2 (eq2)

Then, substitute the value of x1 from (eq2) to (eq1)

𝑘
±2 = − 2

k = ±4

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3. If the roots of the equation are 1 and 2, what is the quadratic equation?

Sum of the roots:

𝐵
x1 + x2 = -
𝐴

𝐵
1+ 2= -
𝐴

B = -3A (eq1)

Product of roots:

𝐶
x 1 x2 =
𝐴

𝐶
1(2) = 𝐴

2A = C (eq2)

From the General Equation Ax2 + Bx + C = 0;

Ax2 + (-3A)x + 2A = 0
x2 -3x + 2 = 0

or multiply the roots:

(x-1)(x-2) = 0
x2 -3x + 2 = 0

THEORY OF EQUATION
Factor Theorem:
If (x – r) is a factor of f(x), then r is a root of f(x) = 0
Example: Find the value of k for which x + 4 is a factor of x3 + 2x2 – 7x + k

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Remainder Theorem:
If f(x) is divided by (x – r), the remainder is f(r).
Example: Find the remainder when x4 - 10 x2 – 9x – 20 is divided by x – 4
Solution: f(x) = x4 - 10 x2 – 9x – 20, x=4
f(4) = (4)4 – 10(4)2 – 9(4) – 20
f(4) = 40

Synthetic Division:
Example: Find the quotient, and the remainder if 3x3 + 3x2 – 4x – 13 is divided by x-2 using synthetic
division
Solution:

SYSTEMS OF EQUATION
Solutions of Linear Equations:
 Elimination by substitution
 Elimination by comparison
 Elimination by addition or subtraction
 By determinants or Cramer’s Rule

For three equations of three unknowns:

1. Pair (add or subtract) equations 1 and 2 and eliminate one of the variables probably the variable
having the same coefficient. If not, multiply a number that gives a product equal to the coefficient of the

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variable to be eliminated in equation 1 and 2 respectively, leaving only 2 variables in the resulting
equation A.
2. Pair (add or subtract) equations 2 and 3 and again eliminate the same variable previously eliminated
leaving the two remaining variables as in the resulting equation A.
3. Do the same with the two equations A and B, and eliminate one variable leaving only one variable in
the resulting equation.
4. To solve for other unknowns, substitute to the resulting equations A and B respectively.

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Example:

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PROPORTION
It is a statement of equality between two ratios
𝑎 𝑐
a:b = c:d or 𝑏 = 𝑑

Where:
a and d: extremes
b and c: means

Properties of Proportion:
a. The product of the extremes equals the product of the means:
𝑎 𝑐
If 𝑏
= 𝑑, then ad = bc

b. Proportion by Inversion:
𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑑
If 𝑏
= 𝑑; then 𝑎 = 𝑐

c. Proportion by alteration:
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
If = ; then =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑

d. Proportion by composition:
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
If = ; then =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑑

e. Proportion by Division:
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
If 𝑏
= 𝑑; then 𝑏
= 𝑑

f. Proportion by Composition and Division:

𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
If 𝑏
= 𝑑; then 𝑎−𝑏 = 𝑐−𝑑

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 g. Joint Proportion
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒 𝑔 𝑎𝑒 𝑐𝑔
If 𝑏
= 𝑑
and 𝑓 = ℎ
then 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑑ℎ

VARIATION
Direct Variation:
 y is directly proportional to x
 y is proportional to x
 y varies directly as x
 y varies as x

y = kx

Inverse Variation:
 y is inversely proportional to x
 y varies inversely as x

1 𝑘
y=𝑘𝑥 or y=𝑥

Joint Variation:
 z varies jointly as x and y
 In symbol: z = kxy
 z varies directly as x and inversely as y
𝑥
z = k(𝑦)

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INEQUALITIES

APPLICATION: ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

A. Age Problem
Modifiers of time for classification of ages:

a. Past Age – was, were, ago, last, yesteryear...and verbs in the past tense

b. Present Age – is, are, am, now, being...and verbs in the present tense

c. Future Age- will, shall, be, further, hence... and verbs in the future tense

* Number of years passed by: Present Age – Past Age

* Number of years to come: Future Age – Present Age

Example:
The sum of Zoe’s and Zara’s Ages is 18. In three years, Zara will be twice as old as Zoe. What are their
ages now?

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Solution:

Present Age (Now) Future Age (3 years from now)

Zoe x x +3
Zara y y+3

x + y = 18 (eq1)

x = 2y + 3 (eq 2)

Substitute (eq2) to (eq1)

2y + 3 + y = 18

3y = 18-3

y=5

From (eq1):

x + 5 = 18

x = 13

Zara’s Age: 5

Zoe’s Age: 13

B. Work Problems

1. Total man-hr to complete work = Sum of unit man-hr

Example: 1750 man-hr to build a house = 1100 man-hr civil works + 650 man-hr electrical and
mechanical work

2. Sum of unit work = total unit of work

1 1 1 1 1
+ + + … =
𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡3 𝑡𝑛 𝑇

Where:

t1, t2, t3 = the time the worker 1, 2, 3 each can do the job alone

T = total time that worker can finish the job if all of them work together.

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 3. Work (Unit Work) Time of work done:

1 1 1 1 1 1
( + + )tA + ( + + )tB = 1
𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡3 𝑡𝑥 𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑧

Where:

tA is the time where 1, 2, 3 work together

tB is the time where x, y, z work together

Example:

A and B can do the piece of work in 42 days, B and C in 31 days and C and A in 20 days. In how many
days can all of them do the work together?

Solution:
1 1 1
𝐴
+ 𝐵 = 42 (eq1)

1 1 1
+ = (eq2)
𝐵 𝐶 31

1 1 1
𝐴
+ 𝐶 = 20 (eq3)

Adding all the equations:

2 2 2 1 1 1
+ + = + +
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 42 31 20

1 1 1 1 1381
= + + =
𝑡𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 26040

26040
tABC = 18.85 ≈ 19
1381

wTime for them to work together is 19 days

C. Mixture Problems

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 Quantity Analysis: A+B = C

Composition Analysis: Ax + By = Cz

Where:

A, B & C are numbers of quantities by volume or weight

x, y & z are the unit cost or fractional parts

Example:

Ten liters of 25% salt solution and 15 liters of 35% salt solution are poured into a drum originally
containing 30 liters of 10% salt solution. What is the percent concentration in the mixture?

Solution:

0.25 (10) + 0.35 (15) + 0.10 (30) = 55 x

x = 19.55%

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D. Clock Problem

Basis of Analysis:

X no. Of minute spaces the minute hand will rotate around the clock.

For every x travel of minute hand:

𝑥
The hour hand travels = 12 minute spaces

The second hand travels = 60 x

Other modifiers of the position of hands of the clock:

15 minute spaces hands at 90 degrees

30 minute spaces hands opposite each other

Example:

In how many minutes after 7:00 o’clock will the hands of the clock be directly opposite to each other for
the first time?

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 Solution:
𝑥
+ 35 = x + 30
12

11
5 = 12 x

12(5)
x= 11
= 5.454

Alternate Solution:
60
x = (1) ( ) = 5.454
11

Note: 1 o’clock is the opposite of 7 o’clock and 60/11 is a constant multiplier.

E1. Rate Problems: (Uniform motion)

Uniform motion: (No acceleration)

Distance (S) = Velocity (V) x Time (t)

Example:
A man makes a business trip from his house to Laguna in 2 hours. One hour later, he returns home in
traffic at a rate of 20 kph less that his going rate. If he is gone a total of 6 hours, how fast did he travel
going back home?

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Solution:

Solution:

S1 = S2

V1 (2) = (V1 – 20) (3)

V1 = 60kph

Thus;

V2 = V1 - 20kph

V2 = 60 kph - 20kph

V2 = 40 kph

E2. Uniform Motion: (Velocity Combination)

Let: V1 = velocity of the airplane in still air

V2 = velocity of the wind

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Example:

An airplane travels from two airports with a distance of 1500 km with a wind along its flight line. It takes
the airplane 2 hours with the tailwind and 2.5 hours with the headwind. Determine the velocity of the
airplane in still air?

Solution:
1500
2
= x + y  (1)

1500
= x - y  (2)
2.5

from: eqns. (1) and (2)

Eliminate y: (addition)

750kph = x + y (1)

600kph = x – y (2)

________________

1350 kph = 2x

x = 675 kph

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F. Cost and Investments
Capital + Profit = Selling Price – Discount

Where:

Profit = % of Capital

Discount = % of Selling Price

Example:

A book is bought by a company for P200 per copy. What will be the selling price if a discount of 20% and
a profit of 30% are to be made?

Solution:

Capital + Profit = Selling Price – Discount

200 + 0.30 (200) = x - 0.20 (x)

x = P 325

Sources:
 Capote, Roger S. and Mandawe, Joel A. Solved Problems Mathematics and Basic Engineering
Sciences Updated Version, JAM Publisher, 2007

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