Related Studies

A related study aims to provide a characterization of the different BMSW (2005)

(biodegradable municipal solid waste) components in order to assess their potential as

feedstocks. The studies were carried out to achieve the goals; to measure the volume of

biodegradable garbage produced in Salamanca's small stores (Spain) to assess the nutritional

value of the garbage that has been gathered from various sources and to assess the viability of

using this waste as feedstuffs in animal diets based on the composition of the animals and the

laws in place. According to the general profile of the waste fractions analyzed, study shows that

the majority of them had a good nutritional value. In contrast to the other fractions (meat waste,

fish waste, and fruit and vegetable waste), household waste and restaurant waste had a more

evenly balanced composition. This makes meat waste and fish waste strong providers of protein

and fruit and vegetable waste a good supply of carbohydrates. Nonetheless, the microbiological

considerations must be made in order to utilize these waste fractions as animal feeds.

Factors like household and restaurant waste are the common sources of biodegradable

waste. Frozen products like meat and fish are good source of protein that is useful in feedstuff

animal diets and a good supply of carbohydrates are evident in fruits and vegetable waste. Both

study focuses in food wastes as a source of feed raw material.

Research is conducted to assess the waste's nutritional worth as indicated in Nutritional

Value of Vegetable Wastes as Livestock Feed (2018) to discover if waste from lettuce, green

cabbage, red cabbage, and cauliflower might be fed to livestock. Vegetable wastes were dried in a

solar tunnel dryer. Compared to lettuce and cauliflower vegetable waste (51 and 48 ml/g

DM/12h, respectively), red and green cabbage waste produced more net gas (73 and 71 ml/g

DM/12h). The metabolizable energy (ME) of the green and red cabbage trash was substantially

greater (about 12 MJ/kg DM) than that of the lettuce and cauliflower waste (about 9 MJ/kg

DM). Green and red cabbage waste had much greater in vitro DM and OM digestibility (OMD)
than lettuce and cauliflower. Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the green and red cabbage waste

were substantially greater (1.7 and 1.6 mol) than in the lettuce and cauliflower (1.2 and 1.1 mol).

The study came to the conclusion that leafy vegetable waste, such as lettuce, green cabbage, red

cabbage, and cauliflower, is a rich source of nutrients that might be used, after drying, as an

animal feed to cut the cost of animal feeding and so boost farmers' profits. Also, this would aid

with waste management and pollution control.

Drying leafy vegetable waste boost richness of nutrients found on it that is essential in

the process of using it in animal feeding. Lettuce, green cabbage, red cabbage and cauliflower is

substantially having a nutritional factor that can be used in livestock feed.

In a research study of A. Sahoo, Srobana Sarkar (2021) about the Utilization of fruit and

vegetable waste as an alternative feed resource for sustainable and eco-friendly sheep farming

aims to evaluate the nutritional value of fresh fruit and vegetable waste (F&VW) and the effects

of its inclusion in sheep diets on nutrient absorption, antioxidant status, greenhouse gas (GHG)

emissions, and potable water conservation. For the in vitro and in vivo evaluation of these

wastes as possible animal feed, three dietary combinations were created: control (C), diet with

fruit waste (FWD), and diet with concentrate mixture (CM). In terms of nutritional value, the

fish and vegetable waste in sheep diets up to 10% increased nutrient utilization and antioxidant

status while lowering greenhouse gasses emissions. In areas with scarce resources, these wastes

can also serve as a vital source of pre-formed water for animals. Hence, efficient fish and

vegetable waste, recycling as an animal feed additive can replace some of the more essential

materials in conventional diets, addressing a chance to solve issues of food security and safe

waste.

Wastes like fish and vegetable are efficient in animal feed additive in nutrient utilization.

In the dietary of sheep in nutrient absorption and antioxidant status it is essential materials in

its food diets.

 In an investigation titled “Availability and use of feed resources in crop–animal systems

in Asia” (2002) the main technical barriers to ruminant production in Asia are feed supplies and

nutrition. Smallholder crop-animal systems have the capacity to employ four primary kinds of

feed resources. They include agricultural residues, agro-industrial byproducts (AIBPs), non-

conventional feed resources, pastures (native and developed grasses, herbaceous legumes, and

multipurpose trees), and crop leftovers (NCFRs). Priorities for the utilization of agricultural

leftovers are listed according to the possible nutritional content and the types of animals.

Although there hasn't been much acceptance on small farms to yet, the production of fodder from

food crop systems and the planting of multipurpose trees and shrubs are potentially significant

for ensuring adequate feed sources for ruminants and enhancing soil fertility. Also, there is a lot

of room for improving the usage of locally made AIBPs and NCFRs, all of which are currently

underutilized.

Resources for feeding animals are a significant part of Asia's economic animal

production. Its accessibility and effectiveness of usage in certain agro-ecological zones and

smallholder production methods heavily influence. The study focuses on the resources of feed in

utilizing leftover crops to the possible nutritional content of its type in animals.

Theorical Framework

The existing food system is a key contributor to the demands on the environment (Foley

et al., 2005, Foley et al., 2011). The population-lag effect, however, makes a large portion of the

anticipated population rise inevitable, and the subject has traditionally been touchy for political
and religious reasons. Hence, attempts to lessen the effects of food production on the

environment have mostly been on enhancing food production, with current focus shifting to

changing resource-intensive food consumption behaviors (Smith et al., 2013).

         In regards to food consumption, population expansion and rising wealth have combined

to quickly expand the production and consumption of animal products (Kearney, 2010), which

have a significant negative impact on the environment (Westhoek et al., 2014). Several

stakeholders, including those in the agriculture and food sectors, research organizations, and

governments, view this rise in demand as inevitable or at the very least a possibility that requires

planning to satisfy. These organizations focus on the need to boost supply in order to meet the

demands of the world's expanding and increasingly wealthy population since the issue at hand is

"not enough food" (Garnett, 2015). Production-side technology advancements and efficiency that

produce more with less effect per unit of food output are seen as being crucial for addressing

environmental challenges. This idea is known as "sustainable intensification," a term that has

been developed to characterize it (Garnett et al., 2013, Smith, 2013, The Royal Society, 2009).

         The study is significant in both food consumption to food waste from once population in

an area or community. It combines community perspective in food waste and animal benefits in

factors that may affect its nutrient intake. Furthermore, this study investigates and seeks to get

the nutrition that livestock and poultry animals get in waste vegetables as a food resource for

feed. The study helps to improve animal nutrient absorption and increase nutritional value of the

food intake.
Theoretical Paradigm

Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm

References:

García, A. G., Esteban, M., Márquez, M. C., & Ramos, P. (2005). Biodegradable municipal solid

waste: Characterization and potential use as animal feedstuffs. Waste Management, 25(8), 780–

787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.01.006

Mahgoub, O., Kadim, I. T., ElTahir, Y., Al-Lawatia, S. A., & Al-Ismaili, A. M. (2018).

Nutritional Value of Vegetable Wastes as Livestock Feed. Maǧallaẗ Ǧāmiʿaẗ Al-Sulṭān Qābūs

Li-l-ʿulūm, 23(2), 78. https://doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol23iss2pp78-84

Sahoo, A., Sarkar, S., Lal, B., Kumawat, P., Sharma, S., & De, K. (2021). Utilization of fruit and

vegetable waste as an alternative feed resource for sustainable and eco-friendly sheep farming.

Waste Management, 128, 232–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.04.050

Devendra, C., & Sevilla, C. (2002). Availability and use of feed resources in crop–animal

systems in Asia. Agricultural Systems, 71(1–2), 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0308-

521x(01)00036-1

Röös, E., Bajželj, B., Smith, P., Patel, M., Little, D. G., & Garnett, T. (2017). Greedy or needy?

Land use and climate impacts of food in 2050 under different livestock futures. Global

Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions, 47, 1–12.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.09.001

Sources of Data

In this study, the Researchers used both Primary and Secondary data as a source of

gathering data. The primary data is information gathered directly by the researcher from

questionnaire given to different people that are involve in taking care poultry and livestock

animals. Farmers, caretakers and pet owners’ animals are given checklist and open-ended

questions to evaluate the outcome and effect of vegetable waste as a one of the ingredients in

feedstuffs.

References from books, article, published studies and journals are obtained information

by the legitimate user which researchers use as a reference for the study to strengthen and to

broaden the development of the study. The researchers used different sites to gather relevant

information and additional facts for this study. The use of such data can help to fill gaps that

were not solved or lacking data that are not obtained in the primary sources of data.
Treatment of Data

The researchers will examine, combine, and correlate all the data acquired from the test

and experiment that will be conducted in order to answer the questions in the statement of the

problem. All the data will be presented in an observation made while carrying out the experiment

in order to enable further experiment's findings. The gathered data from the conducted

survey will all be kept in utmost confidentiality. These procedures will be followed by the

researchers in order to provide specific study results.