PHENOLOGY (otherwise known as penal
science)
A science that deals with the study of
punishment for crimes or criminal
offenders. It is also includes the study of
control and prevention of crime through
punishment of criminal offender (Classical
Doctrine Influence)
PENOLOGY
It is actually a division of criminology it is
just a division of criminology that deals with
prison management and the treatment of
offenders and concerned itself with the
philosophy and practice of society in its
effort to repress criminal activities.
is part or a little part or some part or a
division of the study of criminology and it
includes or it focuses or its concern is
under the treatment of offender in the
prison management as well as the study of
the punishment for the offender.
Penology derives from two words: PENO
and LOGY.
The term “PENO” was derived from Greek
word “POINE” as well as from Latin word
“POENA” both terms means punishments.
“LOGY” was derived from the Latin word
“LOGOS” that means science.
CORRECTION
The branch of administration of criminal
justice or the (CJS) criminal justice system
charged with the responsibility for the
custody, supervision, reformation, and
rehabilitation of convicted offender. This is
the (Positivist Doctrine Influence)
 Okay going back to the classical
doctrine influence punishment or
crime is to punishment that is the
classical doctrine of influence
 Well the positive is doctrine of in
doctrine influence it is crime and the
criminal
 On the classical crime and
punishment on the positive basis it is
the crime and criminal, in the
classical criminal are is a rational
being that know how and what they
are doing. In the positivist doctrine
influence criminal is just a sick
person so that is the difference of
positivist doctrine influence and the
classical doctrine influence.
TWO FORMS OF CORRECTIONAL
TREATMENT OF CRIMINAL
OFFENDERS
 Institutional treatment/ correction
 Community base treatment or the
non-institutional treatment
institutional correction or as well as known
as institutional, treatment is the convicted
criminal or the convicted person will go
under rehabilitation, under bars while the
community based treatment or non-
institutional treatment is he is serving his
sentence or his or her punishment on the
community with supervision of a certain
person that is the difference of institutional
treatment and community-based treatment.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE IN
CORRECTION
13th century- securing sanctuary
In the 13th century, a criminal could avoid
punishment by claiming refuge in a church
for a period of 40 days
ENGLAND (1468) - torture, as a form of
punishment became prevalent.
16TH CENTURY- Transportation of
criminals in England was authorized. At the
end of this century, Russia and other
European countries followed this system.
This practice was abandoned in 1835.
17TH TO 18TH CENTURY- death penalty
became prevalent as a form of punishment.
 Going back on your uh introduction
to criminology on the 17th to 18th
century is still under the classical
school of thoughts. in the 18th
century you are now on the
enlightenment period under cesar
lombroso which is the
enlightenment period so in the 17th
 18th century still death penalty
became prevalent as a form of
punishment.
GALLEYS (transportation in the 16th
century)
Long, low, narrow, single decked ship
propelled by sails, usually rowed by
criminals.
a type of ship used for transportation of
criminals in the 16th century.
THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
18th century it is a century of change. It is
the period of recognizing human dignity.
 In the 17 in the 18th century 17th to
18th century that penalty is
prevalent why because People
crimes and punishment or crimes
and punishment when it is crimes
and punishment we are under
classical school of thoughts what is
the perspective or an impact
classical school of thought
 that a person commits a crime
because he is a rational being he go
under pressure and pain principle
he go under utilitarianism principle
he go under philisific calculus
principle that a person can think
whether or not he whether or not he
is doing right or wrong and he is just
calculating if he will benefit from it or
not that is
 The classical school of thought
while on the 18th century on the age
of enlightenment under Cesar
Lombroso we says that criminal is a
sick person and they are not rational
being that can think boy that can
think that they are doing the right
thing but they are the sick person
 this 18th century recognizing human
dignity and thanks to Cesar
Lombroso for introducing this one
that's why he is the founding or the
father of the modern criminology so
It is the movement of reformation, the
period of introduction of certain
reforms in the correctional field by
certain person, gradually changing the
old positive philosophy of punishment
to a more humane treatment of
prisoners with innovational programs.
THE PIONEERS
1. William Penn (1614-1716)
-He is the first leader to prescribe
imprisonment as correctional treatment for
major offenders.
-He is also responsible for the abolition of
death penalty and torture as a form of
punishment.
2. CHARLES MONTESQUIEU (Charles
Louis Secondant, Baron de la Brede et
de Montesiquieu 1689-1755)
-A French historian and philosopher who
analysed law as an expression of justice.
-He believed that harsh punishment harsh
punishment would weaken morality.
3. Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet, 1694-
1778)
-He believes that fears of shame was a
deterrent of crime. He fought the legality
sanctioned practice of torture.
4. Cesar BECCARIA (Cesare Bonesa,
Marchese de Beccaria, 1738-1794)
-He wrote an essay entitled “an essay on
crimes and punishment”. This book
became famous as the theoretical basis for
the great reforms in the field of criminal
law. This book also provided a starting
point for the classical school of criminal law
and criminology.
-He was the primary advocator of the
doctrine of free will and regarded as the
father of criminology.
-It presented the humanistic goal of law.
-Father of old criminology Cesar Beccaria,
father of modern criminology that is Cesar
Lombroso
5. Jeremy bentham- (1748-1832)
-the greatest leader in the reform of
English criminal law (adopted in
Philippines criminal law)
-he believes that whether punishment
designed to negate whatever pleasure or
gain the criminal derives from crime, the
crime rate would go down.
-the proponent of the hedonism theory.(this
said that your hedonism theory is the
calculation of pain and pleasure principle
that a person will commit a crime if he
knows that the pleasure that he can get is
greater than the punishment that it costs
pain and pleasure principle.
JEREMY BENTHAM
-He introduced also the ultimate
panopticon prison- he devised the ultimate
Panopticon Prison- a prison that consists
of a large circular building containing multi
cells around the periphery but it was never
built.
-also known as the inspection house.
6. John Howard (1726-1790) the
“greatest prison reformer”
-the sheriff of bedsfordshire in 1773 who
devoted his life and fortune to prison
reform.
-father of prison reform
It is John Howard he is also known as the
greatest prison reformer
After his findings on English prison he
recommended the following:
1. Single cells for sleeping
2. Segregation of women
3. Segregation of young
4. Provision of sanitation in the facilities
5. Abolition of the fee system by which
jailers obtain money from prisoners
7. Benjamin Rush
He voice two concerns
1. Punishment should not be public event
and
2. Reformation of offender could be
achieved through punishment that
encouraged
THE REFORMATORY MOVEMENT
-The reformatory movement featured
indeterminate sentencing, parole,
classification by degree of individual
reform, rehabilitative programs, and
separate treatment for juveniles.
-The philosophy of this period was founded
on the NPA (National Prison Association)
declaration of principles, the view that
crime was a moral disease, and the
belief that criminals were “victims of
social disorder”.
Enoch Cobb Wines
-Conducted a national prison survey and
organized the npa (he is the one who
organized the national prison association
-The NPA is now known as the American
Correctional Association (ACA)
American Correctional Association- is the
largest corrections association in the world.
Founded in 1870, as the national prison
association, this organization of prison
professionals had a prison reform
orientation.
1. Take note: ALEXANDER
MACANOCHIE
-He is the superintendent of the penal
colony at Norfolk Island in Australia during
(1840) who introduced the mark system
that became the blueprint of modern day
parole.
this mark system or the modern day parole
this parallel is what we given to those
person or offender or criminal offender
serving their sentence inside the prison,
they behave good and they behave by the
bounded by the rules and regulation of the
institution that's why they are given
deduction of sentence and that is the
modern day in parole.
MARX SYSTEM
Who introduced the Marx system? He is
ALEXANDER MACANOCHIE
-Alexander Macanochie he is the
superintendent of the penal colony at
Norfolk Island in Australia during the year
(1840) who introduced the Marx system
that became blueprint of modern parole.
-Considered as the father of modern
penology because of his smart system.
MARK SYSTEM
-A progressive humane system in which a
prisoner is required to earn a number of
marks (say you are required to earn a
number of marks based on proper
department labor and study in order to
entitle him for a ticket for relief alright or
conditional release which is similar to the
parole. that is mark's system the smart
system)