FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

WATER ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LABORATORY REPORT

Experiment PELTON TURBINE

Course/ Subject
BFC 21201
Code
Section 3

Experiment Date 5 APRIL 2023

Group Name GROUP 3

1. MUHAMMAD AIMAN BIN JAMIAN

Group Members
2. MUHAMMAD AQIL HAKIMI BIN ISMAIL

3. MUHAMMAD FARHAN NAJMI BIN SALMAN

4. MUHAMMAD SHAMER AIMAN BIN SAMSUDIN

5. MUHAMMAD SYAWAL HAFIZUDDIN BIN MOHD

RAMDZAN
Lecturer / Instructor/ Dr. Siti Hidayah Binti Abu Talib
Tutor Name
Submission Date 12 APRIL 2023

CLO 1: Report/ Presentation 35%

Marks CLO 2: Equipment Handling 7.5%

CLO 3: Team work/ Interview 7.5%

Received Stamp TOTAL

Examiner Comments
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIROMENT

WATER ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LABORATORY PAPER INSTRUCTION

Subject Code BFC 21201

Experiment Title PELTON TURBINE

Section 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that this report is my own work and that I have correctly
acknowledged the work of others (if any).”

……………………………………….
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

MUHAMMAD SHAMER AIMAN BIN SAMSUDIN

NAME :………………………………
MATRIC NO :……………………………….
DF210053

DATE :…………………………..…..
5 APRIL 2023

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that this report is my own work and that I have correctly
acknowledged the work of others (if any).”

……………………………………….
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME :Muhammad Aiman Bin Jamian

MATRIC NO : DF210096
DATE : 11/4/2023

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that this report is my own work and that I have correctly
acknowledged the work of others (if any).”

……………………………………….
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME :Muhammad Farhan Najmi Bin Salman

MATRIC NO : DF210028
DATE : 11/4/2023

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that this report is my own work and that I have correctly
acknowledged the work of others (if any).”

……………………………………….
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME :Muhammad Syawal Hafizuddin Bin Mohd Ramdzan

MATRIC NO : DF210087
DATE : 11/4/2023

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that this report is my own work and that I have correctly
acknowledged the work of others (if any).”

……………………………………….
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

MUHAMMAD AQIL HAKIMI BIN ISMAIL

NAME :………………………………
MATRIC NO :……………………………….
DF210069

DATE :…………………………..…..
5 APRIL 2023

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

LIST OF CONTENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................2
1.1 OBJECTIVE...............................................................................................2
2.0 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................3
2.1 Material and Equipment.......….................................................................3
2.2 Procedure ....................................................................................................6
3.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS...................................…..............................................8
3.1 Open-ended Question.................................................................................11
4.0 DISCUSSION.........................................................….............................................11
5.0 CONCLUSION ........................................................…...........................................13
6.0 REFERENCES............................................................…........................................13

1
1.0 INTRODUCTION

A Pelton turbine, also known as a Pelton wheel, is a type of hydro turbine (specifically,
an impulse turbine) that is commonly used in hydroelectric plants. These turbines are
typically used at sites with head heights of more than 300 metres. Lester Pelton invented this
type of turbine during the 1880 gold rush. The water in a Pelton turbine moves quickly (high
velocity head), and the turbine extracts energy from the water by slowing it down, making it
an impulse turbine. (G.Boyle, 2004)

When used to generate electricity, a water reservoir is usually located some distance
above the Pelton turbine. The water is then routed through the penstock to specialised nozzles,
which introduce pressurised water into the turbine. To prevent pressure fluctuations, the
penstock is equipped with a surge tank, which absorbs sudden changes in water pressure
(Pelton Turbine, 2015). The Pelton turbine is an impulse turbine, as opposed to other types of
turbines that are reaction turbines. This simply means that, rather than moving as a result of a
reaction force, water generates an impulse on the turbine to cause it to move. (G.Boyle, 2004)

1.1 OBJECTIVE

To identify the operating characteristics of a Pelton turbine at various speeds.

2
2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Materials and Equipment

Figure 2.1.1: Materials and Equipment for Pelton Turbine Test

3
EQUIPMENT NAME

Switch Pump

Stop watch and Tachometer

Tensioning Screw

Spring Balance

4
 Valve Controller

Pressure Gauge

Pelton Turbine

5
2.2 PROCEDURE

1. Switch on the pump

2. Slowly open the valve controller until the value of the pressure gauge reach 2

Figure 2.2.1: Pressure Gauge reach value 2

3. Make sure no bubbles are trapped in the pressure gauge tube

4. At first phase, set the load at the spring balance for W1 and W2 to 0.

Figure 2.2.2: spring balance W1 and W2 is 0

5. Release the belt brake from the pully wheel.

Figure 2.2.3: belt is release from pully wheel

6
6. Record the reading of rpm, pressure and W2 using a tachometer.
7. Release the ball in the turbine drum
8. Record the time starting from 0 and stop the time when the level of water
reach 5 liter

Figure 2.2.4: the time is taken when level of water is from 0 to 5

9. Lift up the ball in the turbine drum
10. Place the belt break back at the pully wheel
11. Set the W1 to 100g using the tensioning screw.

Figure 2.2.5: value of W1 is 100g

12. After reading rpm, repeat the same procedure and steadily increase W1 for 5
to 6 measurements
13. After complete the laboratory, lift up the ball slowly close the valve
controller until the pressure gauge reach value
14. Switch off the pump.

7
3.0 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Dataset 1 2 3 4 5

Force, W1 (N) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Force, W2 (N) 0.0 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.4
Time, t (s) 23.36 21.82 20.01 19.55 19.12
Rotational speed, 10483.0 10402.0 9810.4 9768.1 9430.8
rpm (rev/min)

Head, H (m) 25.0 24.0 23.5 22.0 21.5

Volume, V (m3) 5 5 5 5 5
Drum radius, r (x 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
10-3m)

Circular velocity, 1097.78 1089.29 1027.34 1022.49 987.59

ω (rad/s)

Difference force, 0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6

∆W (N)

Rotational (N/m) 0 0.017 0.017 0.018 0.028

Mechanical 0 0.131 0.123 0.123 0.178
power, Pm (w)

Flowrate, Q 0.214 0.229 0.250 0.256 0.262

(m3/s)
Pressure, P 0.2453 0.2354 96.2400 95.8251 92.5161
(mH2O) x 106

Water power, Pw 52483.5 53915.76 57633.75 55249.92 55259.73

(w)
Efficiency (%) 0 2.430x10- 2.134x10- 2.226x10- 3.221x10-
4 4 4 4

8
Figure 3.1 Rotational vs Rotational speed(rpm)

Figure 3.2 Flowrate vs Rational speed(rpm)

9
 Figure 3.2 Energy efficiency vs Rational speed(rpm)

The Rational speed(rpm) movement is depending on specific speed turbine with the
generator electric of frequency. The specified turbine's particular speed should thus provide the
same amount of generator rotation speed. The increase speed of rpm will provide more of power
with the efficiency will increase. Based on the Figure 3.2, The energy efficiency and the rational
speed related to increase the power also the efficient of turbine.

10
3.1 OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS

1. Give an example of the application of Pelton Turbine in industry.

The example of pelton wheel turbines is in hydroelectric power plants. It is a kind of

hydraulic turbine.
and often deployed in areas with limited space. About 20% of world’s energy is
generated by hydroelectric power plants as hydropower is the most common
renewable energy source.

2. Describe the concept of Pelton Turbine in energy generation.

Electricity is produced at hydraulic power plants using Pelton turbines. They can be
used when there is high head and low flow water energy available. In a Pelton turbine,
the impeller is rotated by using energy taken from the water's kinetic energy. Water
moves and discharged from the surface of the Pelton paddles after coming from an
upper basin. The geometry of the paddle is created to collect as much kinetic energy
that is needed for the paddle's rotation. A generator with a rotor and a stator is then
used to transform the turbine's rotational speed into electrical energy.

4.0 Discussion

The operation of a Pelton turbine at various loads and spear valve settings and the
production of curves at different speeds are all investigated in this experiment to
determine how a Pelton turbine operates. The characteristics curves are another name
for these performance curves. A source of water is necessary for the Pelton Wheel to
work. It is possible to establish the ideal size of wheel to use, how quickly it should
rotate for maximum efficiency, and how much power it is expected to create if the
head of water and flow rate are known.

The figures in the analysis section demonstrate that the tests produced a number of
different results. The rotational speed is directly related to the passage of time, as can
be seen from the graph of rotational speed against time. The graph of flowrate against
rotational speed also shows a direct relationship. In both the graphs of mechanical
11
power against rotational speed and efficiency against rotational speed, the line moves
directly proportionately downward but slightly increases in the centre of the graph
before continuing to travel downards. According to the conclusions drawn from the
graph, when a load is applied to the turbine, friction between the belt and the wheel
produces torque, which then leads to the production of output power.

Human error occurred during the carrying out of the experiment, such as parallax
error, which was caused by the eye level not being perpendicular to the level of the
readout while reading from a water metre or pressure gauge. Other than that, water
seeping out of the water metre results in instrumental error, which results in
inaccurate water collection. In order to solve this problem, it's crucial to carefully
follow the instructions step by step in order to prevent any errors. You should also
make sure that your eye level is parallel to the level of the reading in order to get the
most accurate reading.

12
5.0 CONCLUSION

The Pelton turbine experiment was carried out to investigate the properties of a hydraulic
impulse turbine. Torque, efficiency, and isoefficiency in relation to speed ratio were the
primary parameters for investigation. These factors were examined at different flow valve
position. As the turbine speed decrease, the ratio of speed and torque are linearly increase. It
is very important to understanding the function of the Pelton turbine that can be apply in real
life. When the available water source has a relatively high hydraulic head at low flow rates,
the Pelton wheel turbine is the recommended hydropower turbine. In a hydroelectric power
plant, this is utilised to power the turbine's generator, which converts the turbine's mechanical
energy into electrical energy.

References
G.Boyle. (2004). Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future . Oxford, UK: Oxford
University Press.
Pelton Turbine. (26 August, 2015). Retrieved from BrightHub Engineering:
http://www.brighthubengineering.com/fluid-mechanics-hydraulics/26777-hydraulic-
turbines-the-pelton-turbine/

13