Benefits of Pet S Ownership A Review Based On Health Perspectives - 1626185594

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Beneﬁts of pets' ownership, a review based on health perspectives
Article · August 2021

DOI: 10.37191/Mapsci-2582-7367-2(1)-020
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Journal of Internal Medicine and Emergency Research
ISSN: 2582-7367
Hussein SM, et al, 2021- Intern Med Emerg Res
Review Article
Benefits of Pet’s Ownership, a Review 1Qena faculty of medicine, South Valley

university, Qena, Egypt
Based on Health Perspectives
2Aljazeera Cardiac Center, Aljazeera
Sarah M. Hussien1, Wafaa S. Soliman2 and Ahmed A. Khalifa3* hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
3Orthopaedic
Abstract Department, Qena faculty of
medicine and University Hospital, South
Besides being funny and giving a sense of companionship, owning a valley university, Qena, Egypt
pet in your household could have some magical influences on its *Corresponding Author Ahmed A.
owners' health. A pet will help to reduce anxiety levels, improving Khalifa, Orthopaedic Department, Qena
physical activity persistence, and enhance social interaction. Owing faculty of medicine and University
a Pet had its influence on physical and mental health, as previous Hospital, South valley university, Qena,
studies showed its contribution to modulating mental illness, Egypt.
reducing cardiovascular problems, improving the outcomes of many Accepted Date: 07-01-2021
mental diseases such as depression, and being a helpful therapy for
Published Date: 08-01-2021
parkinsonian patients. Declaring the benefits of pet ownership and
discussing its effects on various health aspects allows more Copyright© 2021 by Hussein SM, et al. All
enlightening of pets' role in boosting our mental and physical health. rights reserved. This is an open access
Several studies have been conducted to test those findings and article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License,
provide scientific evidence. In this review, we aimed at exploring and
which permits unrestricted use,
discussing some of the benefits obtained by pet ownership and the distribution, and reproduction in any
roles that pets could play in enhancing physical and mental well- medium, provided the original author and
being. source are credited.
Keywords: Physical health; Mental health; Human-animal

interaction; Pet ownership; Benefits.
Introduction
Although most pet owners feel joy and somebody for the sake of forming and
happiness as soon as they own a pet, maintain a relationship to achieve a sense of
regardless of their age, most of them are well-being [8]. Based on this attachment
unaware of the physical, mental, and health theory, many studies evaluated the ownership
benefits of owning a pet [1-3]. Many studies of pets as a way of achieving this theory's
started to evaluate scientifically the possible goals [9].
benefits of raising or owning a pet [2,4-7].
It had been shown that Pets, especially
Bowlby's attachment theory postulated that a interactive ones such as dogs and cats, can
human need to be attached and near to reduce stress, anxiety and alleviate depression
Khalifa AA | Volume 2; Issue 1 (2021) | Mapsci-JIMER-2(1)-020 | Review Article
Citation: Hussein SM, Soliman WS, Khalifa AA. Benefits of pets’ ownership, a review based on health perspectives. J Intern Med Emerg
Res. 2021;2(1):1-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37191/Mapsci-2582-7367-2(1)-020
and loneliness [10,11]. It also encourages their the effects of pet ownership on various
owners to be more physically active and physical health aspects:
socially involved [12].
Reducing Systemic Hypertension
What is called the 'magic effect' of owning a
In an Australian study, Anderson et al.
pet is being explained by the ability to reduce
including 5741 individuals visiting a free
stresses and relieving anxiety through the
screening clinic; although there was no
security sense by the pet presence in a
difference regarding the BMI or
household, even the daily caring routines
socioeconomic status, however, the authors
such as walking them, feeding them, and
found that individuals who reported having a
cleaning them could significantly boost your
pet had a significant (P=0.03) lower systolic
mood when we mention "pet," it should not
blood pressures (SBP) than individuals who
be necessarily a cat or dog, even watching a
do not have a pet [3].
fish swimming in an aquarium can reduce
muscle tension and decrease the heart rate Another study by Wright et al. including 1179
[13]. subjects to evaluate the relationship between
pet ownership and the presence of elevated
On the contrary, some reported owning a pet
systolic blood pressure, the authors found
could carry some disadvantages and risks,
lower values in pet owners (132.8 versus 139.5
starting from being a source of disease
mm Hg), lower pulse pressure (55.5 versus
transmission, especially parasitic organisms
63.9 mm Hg), and lower mean arterial
[14,15].
pressure (105.0 versus 107.6 mm Hg) than
If certain animal species are kept under less nonowners [18].
optimum conditions, they can pose a physical
Lowering Hyperlipidemia
danger to the people around them [14]. The
economic burden on the pet’s owners, owing In the previous study by Anderson et al., the
to special foods and veterinary care [16]. authors found that male dog owners had
Furthermore, the possible negative significantly lower total cholesterol (201
psychological impact of losing a pet [17]. versus 206 mg/dL; P=0.02) and triglyceride
(108 versus 125 mg/dL; P=0.01) levels than
In this review, we aimed at shedding some
nonowners [3]. In a cross-sectional study by
light on the possible physical and mental
Dembicki and Anderson, including 32 adults
health benefits of owning and raising a pet.
≥60 years, the authors reported significantly
How can pets impact your health? lower triglyceride levels in pet owners than
nonowners (109 versus 192 mg/dL;P<0.01)
Impact on Physical Health
[19].
Some studies showed that pet ownership
Promoting Physical Activity:
might have some cardiovascular health
benefits, as people with borderline An online survey by Oka et al. performed on
hypertension who adopted dogs showed a 5253 Japanese adults who were controlled for
decline in their blood pressure significantly age, sex, and socioeconomic status; the
within five months [18,5]. Here are some of authors found that dog owners were involved
Res. 2021;2(1):1-9.
in more walking and physical activity than Effect on cancer patients
nonowners, the pet owners were able to
Pet ownership had been shown to provide
achieve about 54% more of the recommended
benefits for cancer patient's well-being, and it
physical activity level [20]. After controlling
was proved to be valuable to be added to the
variables such as sociodemographic, social
model of cancer patients' care protocol [23].
environment, and neighborhood, Cutt et al.
found that dog owners achieved more In a pilot study by Cerulli et al. evaluating the
minutes of physical activity (322.4 versus. effect of horseback riding on patients
267.1, P<0.001) and walking (150.3 versus 110.9, surviving from breast cancer, the authors
P<0.001) compared to nonowners; moreover, found that the patients riding horses
they were 57% more likely to achieve the experienced significant improvements in
recommended physical activity levels [21]. various aspects of aerobic capacity, strength,
Raina et al. reported that people who owned and quality of life compared to non-riders
a pet were physically more active than non- [24].
pet-owners, with pet ownership playing a
To evaluate the benefits of trained dogs' visits
significant role in modifying the relationship
to oncology patients on treatment, Johnson et
between social support and mental health
al. included 30 in patients who were assigned
change [6].
to have a 15-minute session of one of three
Reducing Obesity options: a dog visit, a friendly human visit, or
quiet reading. The authors found that the dog
In an observational study including 2199
visits had more positive effects, as reported by
subjects performed by Coleman et al.,
the patients, as ‘making their therapy easier
significantly lower obesity (BMI >30 kg/m2)
and feel better’ than human interaction or
in dog walkers (17%) compared with both
reading time [25].
owners who did not walk their dogs (28%)
and nonowners (22%). The authors found In a recent study performed in adult cancer
that dog walking has an association with patients (diagnosed with aggressive head and
performing moderate to vigorous physical neck cancers) by Fleishman et al., the authors
activity (up to 53%) while people who owned included 42 patients who completed a six-
but did not walk their dog (33%) and dog week study in which they received 15 to 20-
nonowners (46%) [12]. In another study by minute daily animal-assisted visits
Lentino et al., a nearly two-fold greater odds accompanied by a volunteer handler. The
of being overweight was found in people who authors found a significant improvement in
did not own a dog while people who did not social well-being (p=0.03) and emotional
walk their dog had 60% higher odds (OR,1.58; well-being (p=0.004) compared to the
95% CI,1.07–2.33) of being overweight baseline scores, with some patients reporting
compared with dog walkers [4]. Even in more ability to withstand the concurrent
young children, Timperio et al. showed that radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the
the odds of being overweight or obese were in presence of an accompanying therapy dog
families who raised a dog than families who [26].
did not (OR,0.5;95% CI,0.3–0.8) [22].

Res. 2021;2(1):1-9.
Care of Diabetic patients: success depends mainly on the handler's
awareness and response to the dog's alerting
Nowadays, Domestic dogs are trained to
behavior [28].
respond to medical emergencies in Diabetic
patients, showing a promising path for the Impact on Mental Health
future of medicine in evolving pet ownership
Companionship itself can guard against
into more advanced levels.
illness occurring; on the contrary, isolation
Under the name of (Glycaemia alert dogs), and loneliness can aggravate symptoms of
they are reported to improve significantly the depression and anxiety [17,29]. Brooks et al.
life quality of owners with Type 1 diabetes. carried a systematic review to evaluate the
Rooney et al. conducted a study on small role of pet ownership for people with mental
numbers of dogs and provided conflicting health conditions; after including 17 studies,
results of using those alert dogs at responding they found that pets contributed positively to
to hypo- and hyperglycemic episodes. the management of people with a mental
health condition, especially in times of crisis;
Dogs varied in their performance, with a
however, they also reported some negative
median sensitivity to out-of-range episodes at
aspects such as the emotional and practical
70%. The median sensitivity was 83% (66–
burden of owning a pet and the negative
94%) to hypoglycemic episodes, while to
psychological impact of losing a pet [11]. The
hyperglycemic episodes, it was 67% (17–91%).
latter observation was reported in other
The authors reported that the dog's
studies as well [30,31]. Here are the effects of
characteristics, the partnership, and the
pet ownership on some specific mental health
household were significantly affecting
problems:
performance [27].
Loneliness
Effect on Patients suffer from seizures:
Several studies showed that feeling lonely and
In a study by Dalziel et al. reporting the
socially excluded could be decreased or even
results of their study and reviewing the
prevented by raising a pet [32,33], reducing
literature, the authors conducted a qualitative
the daily stresses with an eventual reduction
questionnaire that epilepsy patients
in depression and anxiety [34]. Various
completed reporting the incidence of dogs
interventions implementing what is called
alerting and their response behavior to
"pet therapy" obtained by just owning a pet in
epilepsy patients. Out of questioned 63
an attempt to prevent loneliness and decrease
patients, 29 owned dogs. Nine patients
the feeling of social abandonment [31,35]. In
reported that their dogs responded to
hearing-impaired people, owning a dog
seizures; the authors reported that this
showed a reducing effect on loneliness feeling
finding might suggest some dogs' ability
as reported in a study by Guest et al. [36]. In a
(regardless of their age, sex, and breed) of
study by Pikhartova et al. aiming at evaluating
alerting and/or responding to their owners’
the association between pet ownership and
seizure attacks. They concluded that dogs
loneliness, after assessing the data from 5,210
might possess an innate ability to respond
men and women in the English Longitudinal
and alert to seizures; however, these dogs'
Res. 2021;2(1):1-9.
Study of Ageing, they found that in 2001 41% option for Alzheimer's disease; they divided
of participants owned a pet compared to 30% the patients into three groups, an
in 2010. experimental group that received AAT
interventions adapted to the formal reality
The association between pet ownership and
orientation therapy (ROT), a group receiving
loneliness was more robust in women in both
a formal ROT only, and a control group
directions, meaning that pet ownership both
having no treatment.
predicts and was a reason of feeling
loneliness, they concluded that raising a pet All patients had weekly sessions for six
significantly affects reporting of loneliness in months; the authors reported significant
women and reporting loneliness led to pet improvement in the depression and cognitive
ownership [31]. function in the group who received sessions
accompanied with AAT compared to the
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
other two groups; the authors concluded the
A study by Earles et al. included one group of effectiveness of AAT in managing patients
16 adults diagnosed with (PTSD); the authors with Alzheimer's disease especially in
found that the symptoms of PTSD, alcohol improving the cognitive status [39].
use, anxiety, and depression were
Dementia
significantly reduced after six weeks or two
hours daily session of a horse assisted type of In a randomized controlled trial performed
therapy compared to the symptoms at the on 65 patients with moderate to severe
start of the study [37]. dementia, Majic et al. assigned the patients
randomly either to a conventional therapy
In another study by Dietz et al. on 153 children
group or to a conventional therapy
who were exposed to sexual abuse, the
supplemented with AAT (dog); after ten
authors evaluated various physical symptoms
weeks, the authors noticed that aggression,
after assigning the children to either of three
agitation, and depression were lower in the
groups (a no dog standard therapy group, a
group where an accompanying dog was added
dog group with no therapeutic stories, and a
to the management protocol, they suggested
dog group that included therapeutic stories)
that adding a pet to the therapy program may
they group who had dogs in their therapy
delay the worsening of the symptoms [40].
sessions showed a significant decrease in
anger, anxiety, depression, symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder
PTSD, and dissociation [38]. (ADHD)
Alzheimer’s disease Schuck et al. performed a randomized control

study to compare two groups of children
A retrospective study by Santaniello et al. over
assigned to the same management protocol,
seven years period including 127 patients
with one group having a dog during the
diagnosed with mild-to-moderate
sessions and the other without; the authors
Alzheimer's disease. The authors evaluated
reported better attention and inhibitory
the effectiveness of animal-assisted therapy
control in the group, which included a dog in
(AAT) as a non-pharmacological therapy
their therapy [41].
Res. 2021;2(1):1-9.
Does the type of pet make a difference? 2. What is your Work schedule? Do you
travel a lot?
Surprisingly, it does, as shown in a study by
Suppose you are at work or school
EnmarkerIn et al. including a sample of 12 297
most of the day or traveling most of
older population from the Nord-Trondelag
the time. In that case, it is better to
Health Study, the authors compared dog
have a pet that needs less constant
owners, cat owners, and no pet owners, they
care, such as fish or reptiles, or some
found that dog owners performed more
of your friends or neighbors could
exercise, had lower SBP, and reported better
easily take care of that.
overall health status [42]. Further, later
3. Who are the rest of your family
analysis of the same dataset found that cat
members?
ownership was associated with more anxiety
A large dog could knock over either
and depression compared to dog ownership
children or the elderly; having cats or
and nonowners; this observation was more
rabbits seem safer.
profound in females [43]. A United Kingdom
4. Are you ready for some economic
surgery included 14 273 pregnant women;
burden?
they reported that 25% of the enclosed
Some pets need exceptional food and
women-owned a dog. They were 1.5 times
medical attention, such as
more possible to have about three hours of
immunization.
cardiovascular physical activities compared
5. Do you have a backyard?
to nonowners. This conclusion seemed to be
And how large is it? As for big dog
related to dog ownership and not to other
breeds, they require a broader space
pets [44].
to run and play around the day.
How to find a suitable pet? 6. Are you sensitive to animal hair?
And how much shedding can you
Although it is suggested that people having
tolerate? If you are sensitive or
various types of pets tend to be more
intolerant to animal hair, then make
dependent, less lonely, happier, and feeling
sure to pick a special breed of animal
more secure, however, dogs, in particular,
which sheds less hair.
have been domesticated by humans for a long
time as called "the man best friend." one Conclusion
crucial aspect is the proper pet selection,
Although owning a pet might be considered
which best fits in its owner lifestyle, and be
by some to be just a hobby or for having fun,
approved from other family members. Some
however, pet ownership proved to have some
bits of advice from Siddiqur Rahman [29]:
beneficial physical and mental health effects,
1. Where do you live? especially in promoting physical activity,
This will determine the pet size better lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease,
suited to your apartment or house. and helping with loneliness and depression.
For example, a cat or a rabbit is more We believe that choosing a suitable pet to
suitable for an apartment compared raise will boost your well-being.
to a dog.

Res. 2021;2(1):1-9.
Author’s contribution Declaration of Interest
AAK carried out the review idea and None.

conception, WSS and SMH carried out data
Acknowledgment
acquisition, literature search. All authors
drafted the manuscript, and designed the AAK would like to thank his wife for allowing
figures and table, AAK did the critical him to raise cats at home.
revision. All authors discussed the results and
Funding
commented on the manuscript.
None.
All authors read and approved the final
manuscript and are responsible for the Ethical approval
content and similarity index of the
Not available.
manuscript. Authors testify that all persons
designated as authors qualify for authorship
and have checked the article for plagiarism.
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Beneﬁts of pets' ownership, a review based on health perspectives

Article · August 2021

Sara M. Hussein Ahmed A. Khalifa

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Benefits of Pet’s Ownership, a Review 1Qena faculty of medicine, South Valley

Keywords: Physical health; Mental health; Human-animal

Khalifa AA | Volume 2; Issue 1 (2021) | Mapsci-JIMER-2(1)-020 | Review Article

Alzheimer’s disease Schuck et al. performed a randomized control

Khalifa AA | Volume 2; Issue 1 (2021) | Mapsci-JIMER-2(1)-020 | Review Article

AAK carried out the review idea and None.

Khalifa AA | Volume 2; Issue 1 (2021) | Mapsci-JIMER-2(1)-020 | Review Article

Khalifa AA | Volume 2; Issue 1 (2021) | Mapsci-JIMER-2(1)-020 | Review Article

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