Literature III

UNIDAD EDUCATIVA BILINGÜE LICEO
ALBONOR
Literature III
Grade: _________
School Year: _______
Name: _______________
Table of contents
First Term: Modern English Literature
Unit 1: ………………………………………….…….…….…………………………………………….…. P. 3
• William Shakespeare's plays and sonnets (16th-17th century)
• Paradise Lost by John Milton (1667)
• Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift (1726)
Unit 2: ………………………………………………….…….…….…….…….…….………………………. P. 9
• Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe (1719)
• Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen (1813)
• Frankenstein by Mary Shelley (1818)
Unit 3: …….……………………….…….……………………………………………………………….…. P. 18
• Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte (1847)
• Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte (1847)
• Great Expectations by Charles Dickens (1861)
Unit 4: ..……………………………….…….…….…….…….……………………………………….…. P. 23
• The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde (1890)
• Ulysses by James Joyce (1922)
• To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee (1960)
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MSc. Jessica Campoverde
Unit 1
William Shakespeare's plays and sonnets (16th-17th century)
Modern English literature, which begins with the
Renaissance in the 16th century and continues up to the
present day.
William Shakespeare is widely regarded as one of the

greatest playwrights in history, known for his plays and
sonnets that have become staples of the literary canon.
Born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, England,
Shakespeare’s works have had a lasting impact on the
English language and continue to be studied and
performed today.
Shakespeare wrote 38 plays in total, covering a range of

themes including love, tragedy, comedy, and history. His
plays were performed at the Globe Theatre in London,
which he co-owned, and were attended by a wide range
of audiences, from the common people to members of
the royal court.
One of Shakespeare’s most famous plays is Romeo and Juliet, a tragic love story about two
young lovers from rival families. The play explores themes of love, fate, and the
consequences of impulsive actions. Another popular play is Hamlet, a tragedy about a prince
who seeks revenge on his uncle for murdering his father. The play is known for its complex
characters and themes of madness and morality.
Shakespeare’s comedies, such as A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Twelfth Night, are also
well-known and loved for their witty dialogue and playful plotlines. These plays often
explore themes of love and relationships and feature mistaken identities and humorous
misunderstandings.
In addition to his plays, Shakespeare is also famous for his sonnets. He wrote 154 sonnets in
total, which are considered some of the most beautiful and profound love poems in the
English language. The sonnets are written in a structured form, consisting of 14 lines with a
specific rhyme scheme and rhythm. They explore themes of love, beauty, and the passage of
time, and are known for their elegant language and emotional depth.
Shakespeare’s plays and sonnets have had a lasting impact on the English language and
literature. Many of his phrases and expressions, such as “to be or not to be” from Hamlet,
and “all the world’s a stage” from As You Like It, have become part of the common lexicon.
His works continue to be performed and studied around the world, and his influence can be
seen in countless works of literature, film, and television.
In conclusion, William Shakespeare’s plays and sonnets are a testament to his genius and
creativity as a writer. His works explore a range of themes and emotions and continue to
captivate and inspire audiences today. His contribution to the English language and
literature is immeasurable, and his legacy will continue to be celebrated for generations to
come.
Characters – Hamlet
The play "Hamlet" by William Shakespeare has a variety of characters, including both major
and minor characters. The characters in the play include:
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1. Hamlet - The protagonist of the play, who is the Prince of Denmark. He is the son of King
Hamlet, who was murdered by his uncle, Claudius, who then married Hamlet's mother,
Gertrude.
2. Claudius - The antagonist of the play, who is the current King of Denmark. He is also
Hamlet's uncle and stepfather, and he is responsible for the murder of Hamlet's father.
3. Gertrude - Hamlet's mother, who is now married to Claudius. She is torn between her
loyalty to her son and her love for her new husband.
4. Polonius - The Lord Chamberlain of Denmark, who is a close advisor to King Claudius. He
is the father of Laertes and Ophelia.
5. Ophelia - The daughter of Polonius and Hamlet's love interest. She is a gentle and innocent
young woman who is driven to madness and suicide by the events of the play.
6. Laertes - The son of Polonius and Ophelia's brother. He is a loyal and impulsive young man
who seeks revenge for his father's death.
7. Horatio - Hamlet's best friend and confidant. He is a loyal and trustworthy friend who
helps Hamlet throughout the play.
8. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern - Two of Hamlet's childhood friends who are brought to
court by Claudius to spy on Hamlet. They are ultimately used as pawns in the plot against
Hamlet.
9. Fortinbras - The Prince of Norway, who seeks revenge against Denmark for his father's
death. He serves as a foil to Hamlet, highlighting the prince's indecisiveness.
Each character in "Hamlet" plays an important role in the development of the plot and the
exploration of themes such as revenge, madness, and the nature of humanity.
Literary Techniques
Hamlet, one of Shakespeare's most famous plays, features a variety of literary techniques
that contribute to its enduring appeal and impact. Here are some of the key literary
techniques used in Hamlet:
1. Soliloquy: Hamlet's soliloquies, particularly "To be or not to be," are some of the most
famous in English literature. They offer insight into Hamlet's character and motivations and
allow the audience to glimpse his inner thoughts and struggles.
2. Foreshadowing: Throughout the play, there are numerous instances of foreshadowing,

where events or outcomes are hinted at before they actually occur. For example, the ghost's
appearance in the opening scene foreshadows the turmoil and tragedy that will follow.
3. Irony: Hamlet is full of irony, particularly dramatic irony, where the audience knows
something that the characters do not. For example, when Hamlet confronts Polonius, the
audience knows that he is not really crazy, but Polonius believes he is.
4. Imagery: Shakespeare uses vivid and evocative imagery throughout the play to create
atmosphere and convey meaning. For example, Hamlet compares Denmark to a prison, and
the imagery of disease and corruption is used throughout the play to suggest moral decay.
5. Allusion: Hamlet is full of allusions to other works of literature, particularly classical

myths and legends. For example, Hamlet compares his father to Hyperion, a Titan from
Greek mythology.
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6. Metaphor: Shakespeare uses metaphor to create vivid comparisons and images. For
example, in the "To be or not to be" soliloquy, Hamlet compares death to "the undiscovered
country from whose bourn no traveler returns."
7. Symbolism: The play is rich in symbolism, particularly around the motif of disease and
decay. The imagery of a rotten state and poisoned relationships serves as a metaphor for the
moral decay of Denmark and its ruling class.
Overall, the literary techniques used in Hamlet contribute to its complexity and depth and
help to make it one of the most enduring and influential plays in English literature.
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Paradise Lost by John Milton (1667)
Paradise Lost by John Milton is a
monumental epic poem published in
1667. It is an ambitious work that
explores the fall of man, the battle
between good and evil, and the
complexities of human nature.
Spanning over ten thousand lines,
Milton's magnum opus presents a
vivid and imaginative retelling of the
biblical story of Adam and Eve's
expulsion from the Garden of Eden.
At its core, Paradise Lost delves into

the age-old theme of the origin of evil
and the consequences of disobedience. Milton takes the reader on a journey from the
heavenly realms to the depths of hell, depicting the rebellion of Satan and his fallen angels
against God. The poem's rich and intricate narrative explores the complexities of human
desires, the temptation of power, and the consequences of making choices that defy divine
authority.
Milton's poetic style in Paradise Lost is both majestic and eloquent. His use of blank verse, a
form of unrhymed iambic pentameter, lends a grandeur and musicality to the poem. The
meticulously crafted lines flow smoothly, engaging the reader with their rhythmic cadence
and captivating imagery.
One of the most striking aspects of Paradise Lost is Milton's vivid and imaginative portrayal
of the celestial and infernal realms. He paints a breathtaking picture of heaven, with its
golden palaces, angelic beings, and harmonious existence. Conversely, the depiction of hell
is a dark and desolate landscape, filled with fire, chaos, and suffering. Through his masterful
use of descriptive language and powerful imagery, Milton evokes a sense of awe and wonder,
allowing the reader to visualize these contrasting worlds with remarkable clarity.
Furthermore, Paradise Lost delves deep into the human psyche, exploring the emotions,
motivations, and moral struggles of its characters. Adam and Eve are depicted as complex
and relatable figures, torn between their desire for knowledge and their allegiance to God.
Milton skillfully portrays their inner conflicts, their vulnerability, and their eventual fall from
grace. The poem explores themes of temptation, guilt, redemption, and the inherent flaws
of humanity, presenting a profound and thought-provoking examination of human nature.
Paradise Lost is not merely a religious or moralistic text; it is a work of immense
philosophical and literary significance. It raises profound questions about free will, the
nature of God, the meaning of existence, and the power of language. Milton's eloquent
arguments and poetic prowess make this epic poem a timeless masterpiece that continues
to captivate readers across generations.
In conclusion, Paradise Lost is a literary gem that stands as a testament to Milton's genius.
Its exploration of profound themes, its majestic and evocative language, and its imaginative
storytelling make it an enduring classic. Through its rich tapestry of characters, vivid
imagery, and philosophical depth, Paradise Lost transcends its biblical origins to become a
timeless and universal work of literature. It remains an essential read for anyone seeking to
delve into the depths of human experience and the eternal struggle between good and evil.
Characters
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1. Satan: Satan, also known as Lucifer, is the central character in Paradise Lost. He is
portrayed as a complex and charismatic figure, the epitome of pride and rebellion. Driven
by his desire for power and vengeance against God, Satan leads the fallen angels in their
revolt against heaven. Milton's depiction of Satan captures his cunning, eloquence, and tragic
grandeur, making him a captivating and morally ambiguous character.
2. Adam: Adam is the first human created by God and is given dominion over the Garden of
Eden. He is portrayed as noble and virtuous, possessing a deep love for his creator and his
wife, Eve. Adam's fall from grace, influenced by Eve and tempted by Satan, forms a central
part of the poem's narrative. His character embodies both the potential for greatness and
the vulnerability of human nature.
3. Eve: Eve is the first woman and Adam's companion in the Garden of Eden. She is depicted
as beautiful, innocent, and intellectually curious. Eve's desire for knowledge and her
eventual succumbing to Satan's temptation lead to the original sin and the expulsion from
paradise. Her character explores themes of temptation, choice, and the complexities of
femininity.
4. God: God is the omnipotent and benevolent creator of the universe. In Paradise Lost, God
is depicted as wise, just, and loving. He is both merciful and stern in his dealings with the
fallen angels and Adam and Eve. God's character represents divine authority, the source of
morality, and the ultimate judge of human actions.
5. Raphael: Raphael is an archangel sent by God to warn Adam and Eve about Satan's plot.
He serves as a wise and knowledgeable guide, offering counsel and advice. Raphael's
character embodies wisdom, righteousness, and the importance of obedience to God's
commands.
6. Michael: Michael is another archangel who plays a significant role in the epic. He serves
as a defender of God's righteousness and becomes involved in the conflict between heaven
and hell. Michael's character portrays strength, courage, and unwavering loyalty to God.
7. Beelzebub: Beelzebub is Satan's second-in-command and one of the principal fallen

angels. He is depicted as a cunning and persuasive figure, often providing counsel to Satan.
Beelzebub's character represents the corrupting influence of evil and the allure of power.
8. Abdiel: Abdiel is a loyal angel who remains faithful to God and resists Satan's temptation
to join the rebellion. He represents steadfastness, righteousness, and the triumph of virtue
over temptation.
These are just a few of the prominent characters in Paradise Lost. Milton's epic poem also
includes a host of other angels, demons, and allegorical figures, each contributing to the
moral and philosophical tapestry of the work.
Literary Techniques
Paradise Lost, one of the greatest epic poems in English literature, showcases a rich array of
literary techniques that contribute to its depth and complexity. Some of the notable literary
techniques used by John Milton in Paradise Lost include:
1. Epic Simile: Milton employs epic similes, also known as Homeric similes, to create vivid
and elaborate comparisons. These similes often extend over several lines or even entire
passages, drawing upon a wide range of references from classical mythology, history, and
nature to enhance the reader's understanding and engagement with the text.
2. Allusion: Paradise Lost is replete with allusions to various biblical, classical, and literary
sources. Milton draws on these allusions to enrich the narrative, deepen the thematic
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connections, and provide a broader context for the events and characters. The allusions
range from biblical figures and stories to ancient gods, heroes, and epic poems.
3. Imagery: Milton's skillful use of imagery contributes to the sensory experience and
vividness of the poem. Through detailed and evocative descriptions, he creates powerful
mental images that bring the settings, characters, and events to life. The imagery ranges
from the awe-inspiring landscapes of heaven and hell to the lush beauty of the Garden of
Eden.
4. Symbolism: Symbolism plays a significant role in Paradise Lost, with various objects,
characters, and events carrying symbolic meanings. For example, the forbidden fruit in the
Garden of Eden symbolizes the temptation and fall of humanity, while the serpent
represents Satan's cunning and deceit. These symbols add depth and layers of interpretation
to the poem.
5. Personification: Milton employs personification by attributing human qualities and

actions to abstract concepts, inanimate objects, and even animals. Through personification,
he imbues these entities with agency and the ability to engage in dialogue and action.
Notable examples include Sin and Death as characters in the poem.
6. Foreshadowing: Foreshadowing is employed to hint at future events or outcomes in the
narrative. Milton strategically includes subtle clues and hints throughout the poem, building
anticipation and suspense. This technique adds a layer of dramatic tension and complexity
to the unfolding story.
7. Blank Verse: Paradise Lost is predominantly written in blank verse, a form of unrhymed
iambic pentameter. This flexible and rhythmic verse form allows Milton to convey the
grandeur and gravity of the epic, while also accommodating the intricacies of his narrative
and the characters' speeches.
8. Enjambment: Enjambment is the continuation of a sentence or thought from one line of

verse to the next without a pause or punctuation. Milton uses enjambment effectively to
create a smooth flow of ideas, connect related concepts, and maintain the momentum of the
narrative.
These are just a few of the literary techniques employed by John Milton in Paradise Lost. His
masterful use of language, form, and poetic devices contributes to the richness, complexity,
and enduring impact of this epic poem.
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Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift (1726)
Gulliver's Travels, written by
Jonathan Swift and published in
1726, is a satirical masterpiece that
takes readers on a journey through
imaginative and extraordinary lands.
Swift's work is a biting critique of
human nature, society, and politics,
disguised as a fantastical adventure.
Spanning four distinct voyages,
Gulliver's Travels offers a scathing
commentary on the follies and vices
of mankind.
At its core, Gulliver's Travels follows
the adventures of Lemuel Gulliver, a ship's surgeon who finds himself shipwrecked and
stranded in strange and unfamiliar territories. From the land of Lilliput, inhabited by tiny
people, to Brobdingnag, where the inhabitants are colossal giants, Gulliver encounters
societies that mirror and exaggerate the flaws of the real world.
Swift's satirical genius shines through his portrayal of these fictional lands and their
inhabitants. In Lilliput, Gulliver becomes embroiled in petty political disputes, highlighting
the absurdity and pettiness of human politics. The miniature society of Lilliputians reflects
the vanity, greed, and power struggles of the real world, underscoring Swift's criticism of
human folly.
In contrast, Brobdingnag presents Gulliver with a society of giants who view him as a
curious specimen. Here, Swift emphasizes the flaws and vices of humanity by juxtaposing
Gulliver's tiny stature and the giants' seemingly noble and virtuous behavior. Through
Gulliver's observations, Swift criticizes the vanity, pride, and moral corruption that can exist
even in the seemingly superior and idealized society of the giants.
Swift's use of vivid and detailed descriptions adds depth and richness to the narrative. His
attention to the smallest nuances of each land and its inhabitants creates a vivid and
immersive reading experience. Whether it is the meticulous account of the Lilliputians'
political rituals or the awe-inspiring portrayal of the giants in Brobdingnag, Swift's
descriptive prowess captivates the reader and enhances the satirical impact of the story.
Furthermore, Gulliver's Travels delves into the dark underbelly of human nature. In Laputa,
Gulliver encounters a society of intellectuals and scientists who are so engrossed in their
theoretical pursuits that they have become detached from reality. Swift's portrayal of Laputa
critiques the impracticality of intellectualism and highlights the dangers of losing touch with
the practical concerns of the world.
Finally, Gulliver's final voyage to the land of the Houyhnhnms exposes the flaws and
contradictions of human nature itself. The horse-like Houyhnhnms embody reason, virtue,
and rationality, while the human-like Yahoos represent the brutish and irrational aspects of
humanity. Through this contrast, Swift questions the nature of humanity, suggesting that
humans may be no better than the beasts they consider themselves superior to.
In conclusion, Gulliver's Travels is a work of literary brilliance that combines imaginative

storytelling with sharp social commentary. Jonathan Swift's satirical masterpiece offers a
scathing critique of human society, politics, and nature. Through its vivid descriptions, biting
satire, and thought-provoking narratives, Gulliver's Travels remains a timeless classic that
continues to captivate readers and provoke introspection.
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Characters
Gulliver's Travels, written by Jonathan Swift, features a range of intriguing and memorable
characters throughout its four voyages. Here is a brief description of some of the key
characters:
1. Lemuel Gulliver: The protagonist and narrator of the story, Lemuel Gulliver is a ship's
surgeon who embarks on a series of extraordinary adventures. He is a level-headed and
observant individual, serving as the lens through which readers experience the strange and
fantastical lands he encounters. Gulliver's character evolves as he journeys through different
societies, allowing him to question his own beliefs and challenge the norms of his time.
2. The Lilliputians: In Gulliver's first voyage, he finds himself in the land of Lilliput, inhabited
by tiny people measuring only six inches tall. The Lilliputians are a satirical representation
of human politics and bureaucracy. Despite their small stature, they are consumed by power
struggles and trivial disputes. Gulliver becomes embroiled in their conflicts, eventually
becoming a pawn in their political games.
3. The Brobdingnagians: In the second voyage, Gulliver encounters the Brobdingnagians, a

race of giant beings who tower over him. They are portrayed as morally superior to humans,
but their physical size does not exempt them from their own flaws. Gulliver's interactions
with the Brobdingnagians highlight the grotesque aspects of human nature when viewed
from a different perspective.
4. The Laputians: Gulliver's third voyage takes him to the floating island of Laputa, inhabited
by a society of intellectuals and scientists. The Laputians are portrayed as detached and
impractical, their minds consumed by theoretical pursuits. Their obsession with abstract
knowledge renders them oblivious to the practical concerns of the world below.
5. The Houyhnhnms and Yahoos: In Gulliver's final voyage, he arrives at the land of the
Houyhnhnms, a race of highly rational and intelligent horse-like beings. They are contrasted
with the Yahoos, humanoid creatures who exhibit brutish and irrational behavior. Gulliver
develops a deep admiration for the Houyhnhnms and despises the Yahoos, leading him to
question the nature of humanity itself.
These are just a few of the fascinating characters that populate Gulliver's Travels. Jonathan
Swift skillfully crafts each character to embody specific traits and flaws, using them to
deliver biting social commentary and satirical observations on human nature and society.
Literary Techniques
Gulliver's Travels, written by Jonathan Swift, employs various literary techniques to convey
its satirical and allegorical themes. Some of the notable literary techniques used in the novel
include:
1. Satire: Swift employs satire throughout Gulliver's Travels to criticize and mock various
aspects of society, including politics, religion, science, and human nature. He uses irony,
sarcasm, and exaggeration to expose the follies and vices of individuals and institutions,
aiming to provoke social reform and moral introspection.
2. Allegory: The novel is rich in allegorical elements, with the different lands and societies
Gulliver encounters representing various aspects of human society and human nature. The
Lilliputians and their conflicts symbolize political strife and petty disputes, while the
Brobdingnagians highlight human flaws and moral relativism. Each society becomes a
metaphorical critique of specific social and political systems.
3. Irony: Swift employs irony to highlight the contrast between appearance and reality, often
challenging conventional wisdom and exposing hypocrisy. For example, in the land of the
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Houyhnhnms, Gulliver, who is initially seen as a hero, is later considered a Yahoo—a
representation of human savagery and irrationality. Irony is a powerful tool Swift uses to
provoke reflection and challenge assumptions.
4. Hyperbole: Swift uses hyperbole, or deliberate exaggeration, to emphasize and amplify
the flaws and absurdities he aims to satirize. Through exaggerated descriptions and events,
he highlights the extremes of human behavior and the ridiculousness of certain beliefs and
practices.
5. Verisimilitude: Swift employs verisimilitude, the appearance of truth or authenticity, to

make his fantastical settings and societies seem believable. He carefully crafts detailed
descriptions of each land, providing specific characteristics and customs that create a sense
of realism despite their fantastical nature.
6. Parody: Swift frequently parodies various literary styles and genres in Gulliver's Travels.
He imitates travel narratives, scientific treatises, and political discourses to satirize their
conventions and expose their shortcomings. By adopting and subverting these forms, Swift
adds layers of complexity and criticism to his narrative.
7. Political and Social Critique: Swift uses Gulliver's encounters with different societies to
critique the political and social structures of his time. He exposes the corruption, greed, and
abuse of power prevalent in human institutions, while also questioning fundamental aspects
of society, such as the nature of authority and the inequalities inherent in social hierarchies.
8. Paradox: Swift employs paradoxical situations and ideas to challenge common

assumptions and reveal contradictions in human behavior and belief systems. By presenting
conflicting concepts and forcing readers to confront their inconsistencies, he prompts
critical reflection on societal norms and values.
These are just a few of the literary techniques employed by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver's
Travels. His masterful use of satire, allegory, irony, and other devices creates a multifaceted
work that engages readers on multiple levels, challenging their perceptions and provoking
thoughtful reflection on the human condition.
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Unit 2
Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe (1719)
Robinson Crusoe, written by Daniel Defoe
and published in 1719, is a classic novel
that has captured the imaginations of
readers for centuries. It tells the
captivating story of a man's survival and
self-discovery on a deserted island. As one
of the earliest examples of the English
novel, Robinson Crusoe has left an
indelible mark on literature and continues
to be celebrated for its adventurous spirit
and exploration of human resilience.
The novel follows the journey of its eponymous protagonist, Robinson Crusoe, a young and
ambitious Englishman who defies his family's wishes and embarks on a life of adventure at
sea. However, his aspirations are shattered when his ship is wrecked during a violent storm,
leaving him as the sole survivor. Stranded on a remote island, Crusoe must face the harsh
realities of his situation and learn to adapt in order to survive.
What makes Robinson Crusoe a remarkable character is his unwavering determination and
resourcefulness. With limited supplies salvaged from the shipwreck, Crusoe displays
incredible ingenuity as he builds a shelter, hunts for food, and learns to cultivate crops. His
meticulous planning and diligent work ethic are evident in his creation of a small, self-
sustaining colony on the island.
As the years pass, Crusoe's isolation begins to take its toll on his mental state. Yet, he finds
solace in his journal, documenting his daily struggles and triumphs. Through his meticulous
record-keeping, Crusoe not only maintains his sanity but also creates a fascinating account
of his time on the island. The journal becomes a means of self-reflection and self-expression,
offering insights into Crusoe's evolving character and inner turmoil.
One of the most captivating aspects of Robinson Crusoe is the exploration of existential
themes. As Crusoe grapples with his solitude and confronts the harsh realities of survival,
he is forced to question his place in the world and confront his own identity. The novel delves
into the depths of human nature and the complex relationship between man and his
environment.
Additionally, Robinson Crusoe raises questions about civilization and its trappings. Crusoe's
island existence, devoid of societal norms and expectations, allows him to strip away the
complexities of civilization and rediscover the fundamental aspects of human existence.
Through his solitary existence, Crusoe gains a newfound appreciation for the simplicity of
life and the value of human connection.
Defoe's prose in Robinson Crusoe is straightforward yet compelling, providing vivid

descriptions of Crusoe's surroundings and the challenges he faces. The narrative is enriched
by the author's attention to detail, creating a vivid and immersive reading experience that
transports the reader to the deserted island alongside Crusoe.
In conclusion, Robinson Crusoe stands as a timeless masterpiece of adventure and self-
discovery. Through the journey of its resilient protagonist, Daniel Defoe weaves a tale that
explores the human spirit, resilience, and the indomitable will to survive. Robinson Crusoe's
enduring appeal lies in its universal themes, captivating storytelling, and the enduring
lessons it imparts on the human condition.
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Characters
1. Robinson Crusoe: The central character and narrator of the novel, Robinson Crusoe is a
young Englishman with an adventurous spirit. He defies his family's expectations and
embarks on a life at sea, only to be shipwrecked on a deserted island. Crusoe's character
evolves throughout the story as he learns to adapt to his surroundings, displaying
resourcefulness, resilience, and a relentless determination to survive.
2. Friday: Crusoe's loyal companion and eventual friend, Friday is a native man whom Crusoe
rescues from cannibals on the island. Friday becomes a trusted ally and helper to Crusoe,
providing companionship and assistance in various tasks. His introduction into Crusoe's
solitary life brings a new dynamic and offers Crusoe a connection to the outside world.
3. Crusoe's Father: Though appearing only in the early chapters of the novel, Crusoe's father
plays a significant role in shaping Crusoe's character. He strongly advises his son against a
life of adventure and encourages him to settle for a quiet and predictable existence. However,
Crusoe's rebellious nature leads him to disregard his father's wishes and pursue a life of
excitement and exploration.
4. Xury: A young African boy whom Crusoe saves from a slave trader early in the story, Xury
becomes Crusoe's first companion on the deserted island. Though their relationship is
initially based on a master-servant dynamic, Xury proves to be a valuable ally in Crusoe's
survival efforts. Eventually, they part ways, with Crusoe ensuring Xury's freedom and safety.
5. The Captain: The captain of the ship on which Crusoe initially embarks, he serves as a
mentor figure to Crusoe. While their encounter is brief, the captain's wisdom and advice
leave a lasting impact on Crusoe's worldview.
These are just a few of the key characters in Robinson Crusoe. Each character brings a
unique perspective to the story, adding depth and complexity to the narrative. Daniel Defoe
skillfully crafts these characters to highlight various aspects of human nature and to explore
themes of survival, companionship, and self-discovery.
Literary Techniques
"Robinson Crusoe" by Daniel Defoe, published in 1719, employs several literary techniques
to enhance its storytelling and convey its themes. Some of the notable literary techniques
used in the novel include:
1. First-person narrative: The novel is written in the form of a first-person narrative, with
Robinson Crusoe recounting his experiences directly to the reader. This technique creates a
sense of intimacy and allows the reader to delve into Crusoe's thoughts, emotions, and
personal growth throughout his solitary journey.
2. Realism: Defoe employs a realistic writing style, presenting the events in a plausible and
detailed manner. The novel incorporates elements of travel literature and adventure
narratives, using precise descriptions and factual details to create an illusion of authenticity
and believability.
3. Journal-like structure: The novel is structured as a series of diary entries or journal

entries, chronicling Crusoe's experiences on the deserted island. This format adds a sense
of immediacy and allows the reader to witness Crusoe's transformation over time.
4. Allusion: Defoe incorporates various allusions and references to religious texts, such as
the Bible, to explore themes of faith, providence, and redemption. These allusions add depth
to the narrative and contribute to the spiritual and philosophical undertones of the story.
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5. Symbolism: The novel includes several symbolic elements, such as the footprint Crusoe
discovers on the beach, which represents the presence of another human being and the
potential for companionship. The island itself can also be seen as a symbol of isolation, self-
reliance, and the opportunity for self-discovery.
6. Foreshadowing: Defoe uses foreshadowing to create suspense and anticipation. Early in
the novel, Crusoe encounters a storm at sea, which foreshadows the challenges and trials he
will face on the deserted island. This technique builds tension and engages the reader's
curiosity.
7. Characterization: Defoe's characterization of Crusoe is detailed and multifaceted, allowing
the reader to explore his inner thoughts, moral dilemmas, and personal growth. Through
Crusoe's character, Defoe delves into themes of self-reliance, resilience, and the human
capacity for adaptation.
8. Moral and philosophical exploration: The novel delves into moral and philosophical
questions, examining themes of human nature, societal roles, and the consequences of one's
actions. Defoe prompts readers to contemplate the significance of self-reliance, the nature
of civilization, and the boundaries of human ambition.
9. Language and style: Defoe's writing style in "Robinson Crusoe" is characterized by
simplicity, clarity, and straightforwardness. The language is accessible, enabling readers to
connect with Crusoe's experiences and emotions on a personal level.
These are just a few of the literary techniques employed by Daniel Defoe in "Robinson
Crusoe." By skillfully utilizing these techniques, Defoe crafts a compelling narrative that
explores profound themes of survival, isolation, and human resilience, making the novel a
timeless classic of adventure literature.
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Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen (1813)
It is a timeless masterpiece of English literature that
continues to captivate readers with its wit, social
commentary, and compelling love story. Set in the
English countryside during the early 19th century, the
novel explores the intricacies of relationships, societal
expectations, and the consequences of pride and
prejudice.
At the heart of the story is the spirited and intelligent
protagonist, Elizabeth Bennet. With her sparkling wit
and independent mind, Elizabeth is a refreshing
departure from the conventional female characters of
her time. Austen portrays her as a woman who refuses
to conform to societal norms, challenging the prevailing
notions of femininity. Elizabeth's strength of character
and unwavering principles make her a compelling and
relatable figure, as she navigates the complex landscape
of love, marriage, and social class.
The novel unfolds against the backdrop of the Bennet
family, consisting of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet and their five
daughters. The Bennet sisters, with their distinct personalities and aspirations, provide a
rich tapestry of characters that range from the amiable Jane to the vivacious Lydia. Through
the interactions and dynamics within the family, Austen offers a glimpse into the realities of
the time, where marriage was often a means of securing social status and financial stability.
Central to the plot is the budding romance between Elizabeth and the enigmatic Mr. Darcy.
Their initial encounters are marked by misunderstanding and prejudice, with Elizabeth
forming a negative opinion of Darcy based on his reserved and aloof demeanor. However, as
the narrative unfolds, the layers of pride and prejudice that cloud their judgment are
gradually stripped away, revealing their true selves and allowing for personal growth and
mutual understanding. Austen masterfully depicts the evolution of their relationship,
highlighting the importance of overcoming prejudices and embracing vulnerability in
matters of the heart.
Austen's writing style in "Pride and Prejudice" is characterized by her keen observational
skills, satirical wit, and social commentary. Her razor-sharp dialogue and astute
observations of human nature bring the characters and their interactions to life. Through
her portrayal of the society of the time, Austen critiques the rigid social hierarchy, the
limitations placed on women, and the hypocrisy that often underlies polite society.
The novel also explores themes of love, marriage, and the pursuit of happiness. Austen
challenges the notion that marriage should be solely driven by social and financial
considerations, emphasizing the importance of emotional compatibility and genuine
affection. Through the various relationships in the novel, Austen presents different models
of love and marriage, offering a nuanced exploration of human desires and the complexities
of romantic relationships.
In conclusion, "Pride and Prejudice" is a remarkable work of literature that continues to

resonate with readers of all generations. Jane Austen's astute observations, memorable
characters, and timeless themes make it a novel that transcends its time and place. With its
enduring charm, wit, and exploration of human nature, "Pride and Prejudice" remains a
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beloved classic that reminds us of the enduring power of love, the consequences of pride
and prejudice, and the pursuit of happiness in a society bound by social conventions.
Characters
1. Elizabeth Bennet: The spirited and independent protagonist of the novel, Elizabeth
Bennet is a young woman with a quick wit and strong sense of individuality. She challenges
societal expectations and norms, refusing to conform to the conventional role of women in
her time. Elizabeth's intelligence, perceptiveness, and moral integrity make her a captivating
and relatable character as she navigates the complexities of love, marriage, and social class.
2. Fitzwilliam Darcy: Mr. Darcy is a wealthy and reserved gentleman who initially comes
across as proud and aloof. He is admired for his wealth and social status, but his reserved
nature often leads others to misunderstand his intentions. As the story progresses, Darcy's
true character is revealed through his actions and interactions with Elizabeth. He undergoes
a transformation, shedding his pride and prejudice to become a more compassionate and
self-aware individual.
3. Jane Bennet: Elizabeth's older sister, Jane is characterized by her beauty, kindness, and
gentle nature. She embodies the idealized traits of a Regency-era woman and is often seen
as the epitome of feminine grace. Jane's romantic relationship with Charles Bingley serves
as a contrast to the more complex dynamics between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy.
4. Charles Bingley: Bingley is a friendly and amiable young man who quickly becomes
smitten with Jane Bennet. He is characterized by his affable nature and genuine kindness,
which contrasts with the more reserved and enigmatic Mr. Darcy. Bingley's relationship with
Jane forms a subplot in the novel, highlighting the challenges and misunderstandings that
can arise in matters of the heart.
5. Mr. Bennet: Elizabeth and Jane's father, Mr. Bennet is a witty and sarcastic man who often
seeks refuge in his library to avoid the foolishness of his wife and younger daughters. He is
portrayed as an intelligent observer of human behavior, offering insightful commentary on
the society around him. Mr. Bennet's relationship with his daughters, particularly Elizabeth,
is characterized by affection and shared understanding.
6. Mrs. Bennet: Mrs. Bennet is the well-meaning but often frivolous and narrow-minded
mother of the Bennet sisters. She is obsessed with finding suitable husbands for her
daughters and is prone to dramatic outbursts and exaggerated emotions. Mrs. Bennet's
preoccupation with securing advantageous marriages drives much of the plot, highlighting
the societal pressures and expectations placed on women during the Regency era.
7. Mr. Collins: Mr. Collins is a distant cousin of the Bennet family who stands to inherit their
estate due to the lack of a male heir. He is portrayed as a pompous and obsequious character,
overly concerned with social status and propriety. Mr. Collins proposes to Elizabeth, despite
her clear lack of interest, which further emphasizes the clash between love and societal
expectations in the novel.
These are just a few of the key characters in "Pride and Prejudice." Jane Austen's skillful
characterization brings a diverse cast of individuals to life, each contributing to the
exploration of social dynamics, love, and the complexities of human relationships in a
Regency-era society.
Literary Techniques
"Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen, published in 1813, employs a range of literary
techniques to enhance its storytelling and deliver its themes. Some of the notable literary
techniques used in the novel include:
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1. Irony: Austen employs irony throughout the novel to convey social critique and humor.
The use of verbal irony, situational irony, and dramatic irony adds depth to the characters
and their interactions, highlighting the gap between appearance and reality.
2. Satire: Austen uses satire to mock the societal conventions and manners of the Regency
era. She skillfully exposes the flaws and absurdities of the upper class, particularly their
preoccupation with wealth, status, and reputation.
3. Dialogue: Austen's mastery of dialogue brings the characters to life and drives the plot
forward. The conversations between characters reveal their personalities, motives, and
attitudes, and provide insights into the social dynamics and conflicts within the story.
4. Wit and Humor: Austen's witty and humorous writing style adds lightness and
entertainment to the novel. Through clever wordplay, banter, and comedic situations, she
engages readers and provides comic relief while still addressing serious themes.
5. Narration: Austen employs a third-person omniscient narrator who provides insights into
the thoughts and feelings of multiple characters. This narrative technique allows readers to
gain a broader understanding of the story and its various perspectives.
6. Free Indirect Discourse: Austen skillfully uses free indirect discourse, a narrative
technique that blurs the line between the narrator's voice and the characters' thoughts. This
technique enables readers to experience the inner world of the characters and their biases,
prejudices, and personal judgments.
7. Social Commentary: "Pride and Prejudice" serves as a social commentary on the role of
women, the constraints of class and social status, and the institution of marriage in the
Regency era. Austen's observations and critiques of these societal norms are subtly woven
into the narrative.
8. Foreshadowing: Austen employs foreshadowing to create suspense and anticipation
throughout the novel. She drops hints and clues about future events, building tension and
engaging the reader's curiosity.
9. Symbolism: Austen incorporates symbolism to enrich the narrative and convey deeper
meanings. For example, the title "Pride and Prejudice" itself represents the central themes
of the novel and the personal growth and self-reflection the characters undergo.
10. Subtle Characterization: Austen excels at subtly developing her characters through their
actions, dialogue, and interactions with others. She provides nuanced portrayals, allowing
readers to see the complexities and contradictions within each individual.
These literary techniques collectively contribute to the novel's enduring appeal, allowing
Austen to craft a multi-layered story that explores themes of love, marriage, societal
expectations, and personal growth with wit, irony, and social insight.
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Frankenstein by Mary Shelley (1818)
Frankenstein, written by Mary Shelley and
published in 1818, is a seminal work of Gothic
literature that continues to captivate readers
with its haunting tale of ambition, creation, and
the consequences of playing God. Set against the
backdrop of the 18th-century European
Enlightenment, the novel explores the
boundaries of science, the human condition, and
the moral dilemmas that arise when humanity
ventures into uncharted territory.
At the heart of the story is Victor Frankenstein, a
brilliant and ambitious young scientist whose
pursuit of knowledge and power leads him to
experiment with the creation of life itself. Driven
by his desire to conquer death and unlock the
secrets of life's mysteries, Victor becomes
consumed by his creation, a creature of
monstrous proportions and tragic nature. Shelley
masterfully portrays Victor's descent into
obsession, highlighting the dangers of unchecked
ambition and the ethical implications of tampering with nature's laws.
The creature, often referred to as Frankenstein's monster, is an iconic figure in literary

history. Created as an assemblage of stolen body parts, the creature embodies both the
potential for greatness and the inherent flaws of humanity. Despite his terrifying
appearance, the creature possesses a longing for acceptance and love, presenting a poignant
exploration of loneliness, rejection, and the consequences of societal prejudice. Shelley's
portrayal of the creature challenges readers to question the nature of humanity, empathy,
and the boundaries of responsibility.
The novel unfolds through a series of letters, narrations, and conversations, allowing
multiple perspectives to emerge. Shelley's narrative structure adds depth and complexity to
the story, providing insights into the minds and motivations of the characters. Through this
layered approach, Shelley masterfully crafts a tale that is as much about the human psyche
and the pursuit of knowledge as it is about the monstrous consequences of playing with the
forces of creation.
In addition to its gripping narrative, Frankenstein is rich with themes that resonate with
readers across time. The novel delves into the moral and ethical implications of scientific
progress, raising questions about the responsibility of scientists and the potential
consequences of their actions. Shelley's exploration of the human desire for power and the
destructive consequences of unchecked ambition serves as a cautionary tale that remains
relevant in contemporary society.
Furthermore, Frankenstein grapples with themes of identity, alienation, and the nature of
good and evil. The creature's struggle for self-identity and his ultimate descent into darkness
mirror the internal conflicts and moral ambiguity that exist within every human being.
Through the complex relationships between Victor, the creature, and the supporting
characters, Shelley examines the intricacies of human nature and the power of compassion,
forgiveness, and empathy.
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In conclusion, Frankenstein stands as a timeless masterpiece of literature that continues to
captivate readers with its profound exploration of ambition, creation, and the human
condition. Mary Shelley's narrative genius and thought-provoking themes ensure that the
novel remains a significant work in literary history. With its gothic atmosphere, moral
dilemmas, and philosophical depth, Frankenstein serves as a cautionary tale that reminds
us of the ethical boundaries we must navigate as we venture into the unknown realms of
science and technology.
Characters
1. Victor Frankenstein: The ambitious and brilliant protagonist of the novel, Victor
Frankenstein is a young scientist obsessed with the pursuit of knowledge and the creation
of life. He is driven by his desire to conquer death but becomes consumed by the
consequences of his actions. Victor is portrayed as a complex character, torn between his
ambitions and the guilt that arises from his creation.
2. The Creature: Commonly referred to as Frankenstein's monster, the creature is the result
of Victor's scientific experiment. Initially innocent and curious, the creature faces rejection
and isolation from society due to his monstrous appearance. Despite his exterior, the
creature possesses intelligence and emotions, longing for acceptance and understanding. He
represents the dual nature of humanity and raises profound questions about identity,
prejudice, and the consequences of abandonment.
3. Robert Walton: Walton serves as the framing narrator of the story. He writes letters to his
sister detailing his journey and his encounter with Victor. Walton is an ambitious explorer
seeking to make significant discoveries. His pursuit of knowledge mirrors Victor's, and he
serves as a foil to the main character. Through his interactions with Victor, Walton reflects
on the moral and ethical implications of scientific pursuits.
4. Elizabeth Lavenza: Elizabeth is Victor's adopted sister and eventual love interest. She
embodies purity, innocence, and compassion. Elizabeth is a stabilizing force in Victor's life,
offering support and love. However, she becomes a target for the creature's vengeance,
highlighting the destructive consequences of Victor's actions.
5. Henry Clerval: Henry is Victor's childhood friend and closest companion. He provides a
contrast to Victor's scientific pursuits, embracing the arts and humanities. Henry represents
the balance between ambition and morality, offering a sense of normalcy and grounding in
Victor's life.
6. Alphonse Frankenstein: Victor's father, Alphonse is a kind and supportive figure. He
represents the older generation's values and serves as a moral compass for Victor.
Alphonse's love and guidance shape Victor's upbringing and influence his decisions
throughout the novel.
7. Justine Moritz: Justine is a servant in the Frankenstein household and is portrayed as a

virtuous and kind-hearted individual. She becomes a tragic victim of circumstances when
falsely accused of a crime, further emphasizing the themes of injustice and the consequences
of Victor's actions.
Literary Techniques
1. Framing Narrative: The novel is structured as a series of narratives within narratives. It

begins with an epistolary framing narrative presented through Robert Walton's letters to his
sister. This technique adds depth and complexity to the storytelling by providing multiple
perspectives and layers of narration.
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2. Gothic Imagery: Shelley utilizes gothic imagery to create a dark and eerie atmosphere.
Descriptions of gloomy landscapes, ruined castles, and stormy weather contribute to the
sense of foreboding and suspense throughout the novel.
3. Epistolary Format: The use of letters and journal entries within the novel adds a sense of
intimacy and immediacy. It allows for the exploration of characters' inner thoughts and
emotions, as well as the progression of events from various viewpoints.
4. Allusion: Shelley incorporates allusions to various works of literature, philosophy, and
mythology. For example, the creature's desire for knowledge and self-discovery echoes the
story of Prometheus, while the pursuit of forbidden knowledge and its disastrous
consequences is reminiscent of the biblical story of Adam and Eve.
5. Foreshadowing: Shelley employs foreshadowing to create a sense of anticipation and

build tension throughout the narrative. Clues and hints are scattered throughout the text,
preparing the reader for significant events and revelations.
6. Symbolism: The novel features several symbolic elements that deepen its themes and
meaning. For instance, the creature itself can be seen as a symbol of the dangers of
unchecked scientific ambition and the consequences of playing god.
7. Pathetic Fallacy: The natural world often mirrors the emotions and experiences of the
characters in Frankenstein. Stormy weather and barren landscapes, for example, reflect the
turmoil and isolation experienced by Victor and his creation.
8. Doppelganger Motif: The doppelganger motif is present in the relationship between

Victor and his creature. They share a deep connection and mirror each other in various ways,
highlighting the themes of duality and the inherent darkness within humanity.
9. Irony: Shelley employs irony to highlight the contradictions and moral ambiguities
present in the story. For example, Victor's pursuit of knowledge and power ultimately leads
to his downfall, demonstrating the irony of his ambition.
10. Moral and Ethical Questions: The novel raises profound moral and ethical questions
surrounding scientific discovery, responsibility, and the limits of human knowledge. Shelley
prompts readers to consider the potential consequences of scientific advancements and the
ethical implications of playing with nature.
These literary techniques collectively contribute to the atmospheric, thought-provoking
nature of Frankenstein. Shelley's use of gothic imagery, framing narrative, and symbolic
elements enrich the narrative, while allusions, foreshadowing, and irony deepen the themes
explored in the novel.
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Unit 3
Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte (1847)
Wuthering Heights, written by Emily Bronte
and published in 1847, is a captivating and
enduring novel that delves into the depths of
passion, revenge, and the complexities of human
nature. Set against the backdrop of the desolate
Yorkshire moors, the story unfolds with
intensity, exploring themes of love, class, and the
destructive power of unchecked emotions.
At the heart of the narrative are the two primary

families, the Earnshaws and the Lintons. The
Earnshaws reside in the eponymous Wuthering
Heights, a rugged and isolated estate that
mirrors the wild nature of its inhabitants. Their
lives are forever altered when Mr. Earnshaw
adopts Heathcliff, a mysterious and brooding
orphan. Raised alongside the Earnshaw
children, Heathcliff forms a profound bond with
Catherine Earnshaw, the spirited and free-
spirited daughter of the family. Their connection
is intense and untamed, reflecting the harsh and
turbulent environment in which they grow up.
However, as the story progresses, their love is tested by the constraints of societal
expectations and the arrival of the refined and wealthy Linton family. Catherine, torn
between her wild passion for Heathcliff and the allure of social status, eventually marries
Edgar Linton, igniting a chain of events that fuels vengeance and tragedy. Heathcliff,
devastated by Catherine's betrayal, harbors a deep resentment that fuels his quest for
revenge, driving him to manipulate and destroy those around him.
Bronte's skillful use of narrative structure adds depth and complexity to the story. The novel
is told through multiple narrators, each providing their unique perspective on the events.
Through the fragmented and nonlinear narrative, Bronte explores the subjective nature of
truth and the complexity of human motivations. The shifting viewpoints reveal the
characters' inner conflicts, desires, and the consequences of their actions, immersing the
reader in the rich tapestry of emotions.
Moreover, Bronte masterfully creates an atmospheric and haunting setting that serves as a
metaphor for the characters' inner turmoil. The rugged and desolate moors surrounding
Wuthering Heights mirror the wild and tumultuous nature of the characters, while the
refined and elegant Thrushcross Grange stands in stark contrast, symbolizing the
constraints of social norms and expectations.
Bronte's prose is lyrical and evocative, painting vivid images of the haunting landscapes and
the stormy passions that swirl within the characters' hearts. She delves deep into the depths
of the human psyche, exploring themes of love, obsession, and the destructive power of
unfulfilled desires. The characters in Wuthering Heights are complex and flawed, and their
actions are driven by raw emotions and a profound yearning for connection and belonging.
In conclusion, Wuthering Heights is a literary masterpiece that continues to captivate
readers with its exploration of love, revenge, and the complexities of the human spirit. Emily
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Bronte's intricate narrative structure, vivid setting, and deep understanding of human
nature make it a timeless work of literature. Through its vivid characters and haunting
landscapes, Wuthering Heights invites readers to reflect on the transformative power of
love, the consequences of unchecked passion, and the enduring legacy of unresolved
emotions.
Characters
1. Heathcliff: Heathcliff is a central character in Wuthering Heights, characterized by his
brooding nature, dark past, and intense passions. He is an orphan brought into the Earnshaw
family and forms a deep bond with Catherine Earnshaw. Heathcliff's love for Catherine fuels
his actions throughout the story, driving him to seek revenge and wreak havoc on those
around him.
2. Catherine Earnshaw: Catherine is a complex and spirited character who shares a deep
connection with Heathcliff. She is torn between her wild love for Heathcliff and the allure of
social status and ends up marrying Edgar Linton. Catherine's choices and internal conflicts
shape the narrative and contribute to the themes of love, desire, and societal expectations.
3. Edgar Linton: Edgar is a refined and wealthy gentleman who becomes Catherine's
husband. He represents the constraints of societal norms and serves as a foil to the
passionate and untamed nature of Heathcliff. Edgar's character embodies the conflicts
between social expectations and personal desires.
4. Nelly Dean: Nelly Dean serves as the primary narrator of the story, providing a perspective
from within the household. She is a loyal and compassionate servant who witnesses the
unfolding events and plays a crucial role in shaping the narrative. Nelly's insights offer a
nuanced understanding of the characters' motivations and emotions.
5. Hindley Earnshaw: Hindley is Catherine's older brother and initially the heir to Wuthering
Heights. He is characterized by his jealousy and resentment towards Heathcliff, leading to a
tumultuous relationship between the two. Hindley's descent into alcoholism and his
mistreatment of Heathcliff contribute to the cycle of revenge in the novel.
6. Isabella Linton: Isabella is Edgar's sister and falls victim to Heathcliff's manipulations. She
becomes infatuated with Heathcliff, marries him, and suffers greatly as a result. Isabella's
character highlights the destructive power of obsession and the consequences of aligning
oneself with unchecked passions.
7. Joseph: Joseph is a servant at Wuthering Heights, known for his religious fervor and strict
adherence to rules. He represents the strict moral code of the time and serves as a
contrasting figure to the passionate and turbulent characters of the novel.
8. Hareton Earnshaw: Hareton is Hindley's son and is initially treated poorly by Heathcliff.
He grows up without proper education and becomes a victim of Heathcliff's vengeance.
However, as the story progresses, Hareton undergoes a transformation and plays a crucial
role in breaking the cycle of revenge, embodying themes of redemption and forgiveness.
These characters, with their complex relationships, internal conflicts, and intertwined
destinies, contribute to the rich tapestry of Wuthering Heights. Emily Bronte skillfully
develops their personalities, desires, and flaws, creating a cast of unforgettable characters
who navigate the depths of passion, revenge, and societal expectations.
Literary Techniques
1. Frame Narrative: The story is presented as a series of narratives within narratives. The
main narrator, Mr. Lockwood, recounts his experiences and interactions with the characters
while staying at Thrushcross Grange. Through his narrative, he unveils the stories told to
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him by other characters, such as Nelly Dean, creating layers of perspectives and adding
depth to the storytelling.
2. Unreliable Narrator: The narrator, Nelly Dean, often interjects her own opinions, biases,
and interpretations of events. This adds complexity to the narrative and forces readers to
question the reliability of the information presented. The use of unreliable narration
enhances the mystery and ambiguity of the story.
3. Dual Narration: Alongside Mr. Lockwood's narrative, the character Nelly Dean serves as
an internal narrator, recounting events from her perspective. This dual narration allows
readers to experience the events from different viewpoints and gain insights into the
characters' thoughts and motivations.
4. Foreshadowing: Bronte employs foreshadowing to create suspense and anticipation

throughout the novel. Hints and clues about future events are subtly woven into the
narrative, heightening the reader's sense of intrigue and anticipation.
5. Symbolism: The novel utilizes various symbols to convey deeper meanings. For example,
the setting of Wuthering Heights represents wildness, passion, and chaos, while
Thrushcross Grange symbolizes civilization, order, and repression. The use of symbolism
adds layers of meaning and enhances the thematic exploration of the story.
6. Gothic Imagery: Bronte incorporates gothic elements to create a dark and atmospheric
setting. Detailed descriptions of the moors, the weather, and the eerie surroundings
contribute to the sense of foreboding and enhance the emotional intensity of the story.
7. Duality: The theme of duality is prevalent throughout the novel. The contrasting settings,
characters, and relationships reflect the dichotomy between nature and culture, love and
hate, and good and evil. This exploration of duality adds depth and complexity to the
narrative.
8. Parallelism: Bronte employs parallelism in the relationships and events of the novel. The
relationships between Heathcliff and Catherine, as well as their respective children, mirror
each other, creating parallel narratives and highlighting recurring themes and motifs.
9. Allusion: The novel includes references to other literary works and historical figures. For
instance, the character of Heathcliff is often associated with the Byronic hero archetype,
drawing comparisons to the works of Lord Byron. These allusions deepen the
understanding of the characters and their motivations.
10. Intertextuality: Bronte incorporates snippets of poetry and literature within the
narrative, weaving them seamlessly into the story. These intertextual references provide
additional layers of meaning and contribute to the emotional and intellectual depth of the
novel.
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Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte (1847)
Jane Eyre, written by Charlotte Bronte and
published in 1847, is a timeless and captivating
novel that explores themes of love, independence,
and the pursuit of identity. Set against the backdrop
of 19th-century England, the story follows the
journey of its eponymous protagonist, Jane Eyre, as
she navigates the complexities of her own heart and
the societal constraints placed upon her.
Jane Eyre is a remarkable character, strong-willed

and independent, whose life is marked by hardship
and resilience. Orphaned at a young age and sent to
live with her unsympathetic aunt and cruel cousins,
Jane endures a loveless and oppressive childhood.
However, her indomitable spirit and thirst for
knowledge lead her to seek solace in books and
education, which become her escape from the harsh
realities of her existence.
As Jane grows older, she finds herself in Thornfield Hall, the imposing residence of Mr.
Rochester, where she becomes governess to Adele, Mr. Rochester's ward. It is at Thornfield
Hall that Jane's life takes an unexpected turn as she encounters Mr. Rochester, a brooding
and enigmatic figure who captures her heart. Their connection, forged through intellectual
engagement and mutual understanding, defies societal norms and conventions.
Bronte's masterful use of language and vivid descriptions brings the world of Jane Eyre to
life. From the hauntingly beautiful Thornfield Hall to the windswept moors that surround it,
the settings in the novel reflect the emotional and psychological landscapes of the
characters. The Gothic elements, such as the mysterious presence in the attic and the eerie
atmosphere, create a sense of foreboding and add depth to the narrative.
Furthermore, Bronte skillfully delves into the complexities of human relationships and the
moral dilemmas faced by the characters. The love between Jane and Mr. Rochester is fraught
with obstacles, including his secret past and an impending societal union. Jane's unwavering
moral compass and her refusal to compromise her principles give her a unique voice in a
world that seeks to suppress her.
Jane Eyre is not only a tale of romance but also a feminist manifesto ahead of its time. Jane's
journey towards self-discovery and her insistence on being treated as an equal challenge the
traditional gender roles of the Victorian era. Her refusal to settle for a life devoid of love and
respect serves as an inspiration to readers even today.
In conclusion, Jane Eyre is a literary masterpiece that continues to resonate with readers
across generations. Charlotte Bronte's portrayal of a strong and independent female
protagonist, the evocative settings, and the exploration of themes such as love, identity, and
societal expectations make it a work of enduring significance. Through Jane Eyre's journey,
Bronte invites readers to question societal norms and embrace the power of individual
agency in the pursuit of personal happiness and fulfillment.
Characters
1. Jane Eyre: The protagonist and narrator of the story, Jane Eyre is a strong-willed and
independent young woman. Orphaned at a young age, she endures a difficult childhood
24
marked by mistreatment and deprivation. Jane's intelligence, resilience, and moral compass
guide her through various challenges as she seeks love, independence, and self-discovery.
2. Mr. Rochester: The brooding and mysterious owner of Thornfield Hall, Mr. Rochester
captures Jane's heart. With a complex past and a dark secret, he forms a deep connection
with Jane that defies societal conventions. Mr. Rochester's enigmatic nature and inner
conflicts add depth to his character and contribute to the novel's themes of love and
independence.
3. Adele Varens: Adele is Mr. Rochester's ward and Jane's pupil at Thornfield Hall. She is a
young French girl with a vivacious personality and a flair for the dramatic. Adele's presence
in the story serves as a catalyst for Jane's relationship with Mr. Rochester and highlights the
stark differences in their social backgrounds.
4. St. John Rivers: A clergyman whom Jane encounters later in the novel, St. John Rivers is a
disciplined and austere character. He becomes an important figure in Jane's life, offering her
stability and a sense of purpose. St. John's unwavering devotion to his religious calling
contrasts with Jane's desire for passion and emotional fulfillment.
5. Helen Burns: Jane's childhood friend at Lowood School, Helen Burns is a kind and pious
girl. Despite her difficult circumstances, Helen embodies resilience and faith, providing Jane
with a source of inspiration and comfort. Her friendship with Jane highlights the importance
of companionship and moral support.
6. Mrs. Reed: Jane's aunt and guardian during her early years, Mrs. Reed is a cold and
unsympathetic figure. She treats Jane with cruelty and neglect, contributing to the sense of
injustice and adversity that Jane faces. Mrs. Reed represents the societal constraints and
prejudices that Jane must overcome.
7. Bertha Mason: Mr. Rochester's first wife, Bertha Mason is a character shrouded in mystery.
Locked away in the attic of Thornfield Hall, she is depicted as a mad and dangerous presence.
Bertha's existence poses a significant obstacle to Jane and Mr. Rochester's relationship and
adds an element of suspense and Gothic atmosphere to the story.
8. Mr. Brocklehurst: The harsh and rigid headmaster of Lowood School, Mr. Brocklehurst
represents the oppressive and hypocritical nature of certain religious institutions. He
enforces strict discipline and neglects the well-being of the students, particularly Jane. Mr.
Brocklehurst serves as a symbol of the injustices and abuses prevalent in the education
system of the time.
These characters, with their diverse personalities and motivations, contribute to the
richness and depth of Jane Eyre. Charlotte Bronte skillfully develops their complexities and
relationships, offering readers a compelling exploration of love, independence, and the
triumph of the human spirit.
Literary Techniques
1. Bildungsroman: Jane Eyre is a classic example of a Bildungsroman, a genre that focuses
on the moral, psychological, and intellectual growth of the protagonist. The novel follows
Jane's journey from her troubled childhood to her development into a strong and
independent woman, exploring her coming-of-age and self-discovery.
2. First-person narrative: The story is narrated in the first person by Jane Eyre herself. This
narrative technique allows readers to gain deep insight into Jane's thoughts, emotions, and
experiences, creating a strong sense of intimacy and connection with the protagonist.
3. Gothic elements: Jane Eyre incorporates elements of Gothic literature, creating an
atmosphere of mystery, suspense, and darkness. The eerie settings, such as Thornfield Hall,
25
and the presence of the enigmatic character Bertha Mason contribute to the Gothic
ambiance of the novel.
4. Symbolism: Bronte uses symbolism throughout the novel to convey deeper meanings. For
example, the red room symbolizes imprisonment and Jane's feelings of isolation and
oppression. The motif of fire symbolizes both destruction and passion. These symbols add
layers of meaning and enhance the thematic exploration of the story.
5. Foreshadowing: Bronte employs foreshadowing to create a sense of anticipation and
tension. Hints and clues about future events are subtly woven into the narrative, heightening
the reader's curiosity and engagement with the story.
6. Allusion: The novel includes allusions to other literary works and cultural references. For
instance, Jane's comparison of herself to the character of Cinderella highlights her longing
for transformation and escape from her difficult circumstances. These allusions deepen the
readers' understanding and provide additional layers of meaning.
7. Social commentary: Jane Eyre serves as a vehicle for social commentary, addressing
various societal issues of the time, including gender inequality, class divisions, and the
treatment of women. Bronte uses her characters and their experiences to critique and
challenge these social norms, offering a progressive perspective.
8. Dialogue: The dialogue in Jane Eyre is rich and meaningful, revealing the personalities,
conflicts, and motivations of the characters. Through dialogue, Bronte effectively conveys
emotions, builds tension, and develops the relationships between characters.
9. Irony: Bronte employs irony to add depth and complexity to the narrative. Irony is evident
in the contrasts between characters' appearances and true natures, as well as in the
juxtaposition of their words and actions. This technique creates a sense of irony and
enhances the storytelling.
10. Psychological realism: Bronte delves into the inner thoughts and emotions of her
characters, providing a psychologically realistic portrayal of their experiences. This
technique allows readers to empathize with the characters and enhances the authenticity of
their journeys.
26
Great Expectations by Charles Dickens (1861)
Great Expectations, written by Charles Dickens and
published in 1861, is a masterpiece of English literature
that explores themes of ambition, social class, and
personal growth. Set in 19th-century England, the novel
tells the story of Pip, a young orphan who embarks on a
transformative journey shaped by his aspirations and
encounters with a colorful cast of characters.
Pip is a compelling protagonist whose life is forever
changed when he encounters an escaped convict in a
graveyard. This encounter sets in motion a chain of
events that leads Pip to London, where he aspires to
become a gentleman and rise above his humble
beginnings. Dickens expertly captures Pip's internal
struggles and moral conflicts as he navigates the
complexities of his newfound wealth and the
expectations of society.
The characters in Great Expectations are vividly portrayed and leave a lasting impression on
readers. Miss Havisham, a wealthy and eccentric spinster, lives in a decaying mansion frozen
in time, still wearing her wedding dress from decades ago. She becomes an influential figure
in Pip's life, teaching him about love, betrayal, and the consequences of his actions. Estella,
Miss Havisham's adopted daughter, enchants Pip with her beauty and haughty demeanor,
but their relationship is fraught with heartache and unrequited love.
Charles Dickens employs various literary techniques to bring the story to life. Through his
rich and detailed descriptions, he vividly portrays the settings, such as the marshes of Kent
and the bustling streets of London, creating a tangible and immersive world for the readers.
Dickens also masterfully uses dialogue to reveal the personalities and motivations of his
characters, capturing the nuances of their speech and mannerisms.
Great Expectations is known for its social commentary and critique of the Victorian society.
Dickens highlights the stark disparities between the upper and lower classes, exposing the
harsh realities faced by the poor and marginalized. The novel explores the corrupting
influence of wealth and ambition, as well as the redemptive power of love, forgiveness, and
personal growth.
Moreover, Dickens employs various narrative techniques to engage the readers. The novel is
written in the first person, with Pip serving as the narrator. This narrative style allows
readers to experience the story through Pip's eyes, gaining insight into his thoughts,
emotions, and moral dilemmas. Dickens also uses foreshadowing and plot twists to create
suspense and keep the readers engaged until the very end.
In conclusion, Great Expectations is a timeless and captivating novel that delves into the
complexities of human nature and society. Through Pip's journey of self-discovery and the
vividly depicted characters, Charles Dickens offers a profound exploration of ambition,
social class, and the transformative power of personal growth. With its compelling narrative,
social commentary, and enduring themes, Great Expectations continues to resonate with
readers, making it a true classic of English literature.
Characters
1. Pip (Philip Pirrip): The protagonist and narrator of the story, Pip is a young orphan who
dreams of becoming a gentleman. As he navigates the challenges and opportunities that
27
arise in his life, Pip grapples with his moral compass, the influence of wealth, and his search
for identity.
2. Miss Havisham: A wealthy and eccentric spinster, Miss Havisham lives in a dilapidated
mansion, still wearing her wedding dress from years ago. She becomes a pivotal figure in
Pip's life, teaching him about love, betrayal, and the consequences of his actions.
3. Estella: Miss Havisham's adopted daughter, Estella is described as beautiful but cold-
hearted. She captivates Pip with her beauty and leaves a lasting impression on him. Their
relationship is characterized by longing, heartbreak, and the struggle between their social
differences.
4. Abel Magwitch: An escaped convict whom Pip encounters in a graveyard, Abel Magwitch
plays a significant role in Pip's life. He becomes Pip's secret benefactor, instilling in him a
sense of gratitude and obligation.
5. Joe Gargery: Pip's loyal and kind-hearted brother-in-law, Joe Gargery is a blacksmith by
trade. Despite his humble status, Joe embodies the virtues of compassion, loyalty, and
integrity, serving as a moral compass for Pip throughout the novel.
6. Jaggers: A shrewd and formidable lawyer, Mr. Jaggers is known for his cold and
unemotional demeanor. He becomes Pip's guardian and plays a significant role in shaping
Pip's future, often making decisions that have far-reaching consequences.
7. Herbert Pocket: Pip's closest friend and confidant, Herbert Pocket is a cheerful and
optimistic character. He provides support and guidance to Pip, helping him navigate the
complexities of society and serving as a contrast to the darker forces in the novel.
8. Wemmick: Mr. Jaggers' clerk and Pip's friend, Wemmick presents a stark contrast between
his professional and personal lives. At work, he is a serious and efficient assistant, while
outside of work, he reveals a warm and jovial personality.
9. Miss Havisham's relatives: Characters like Matthew Pocket, Camilla, and Sarah Pocket are
Miss Havisham's distant relatives. They provide comic relief and serve as caricatures of
social ambition and snobbery.
10. Orlick: Joe Gargery's ill-tempered assistant, Orlick is portrayed as a dark and dangerous
character. He embodies resentment and jealousy, presenting a threat to Pip and those he
cares about.
Charles Dickens masterfully crafts a diverse and memorable cast of characters in Great
Expectations. Each character contributes to the intricate web of relationships and conflicts,
exploring themes of ambition, social class, and personal growth in Victorian society.
Literary Techniques
1. Bildungsroman: Great Expectations is a classic example of a Bildungsroman, a genre that

focuses on the moral and psychological growth of the protagonist. The novel follows Pip's
journey from childhood to adulthood, exploring his development, self-discovery, and coming
to terms with his own values and aspirations.
2. Foreshadowing: Dickens employs foreshadowing throughout the narrative to create a

sense of anticipation and build tension. Clues and hints about future events are subtly woven
into the story, adding depth and intrigue to the plot.
3. Symbolism: The novel features various symbols that carry deeper meanings. For instance,
the marshes symbolize Pip's humble origins and the darkness that lurks beneath society's
surface. Miss Havisham's decaying mansion and her wedding dress serve as symbols of time
halted and the consequences of dwelling in the past.
28
4. Satire: Dickens uses satire to criticize and expose the shortcomings and vices of Victorian
society. He satirizes the class divisions, social pretensions, and hypocrisy prevalent during
the era, often through exaggerated and caricatured characters.
5. Irony: Irony is a prominent literary device in Great Expectations. Dickens employs verbal
irony to highlight the discrepancies between characters' words and actions, revealing the
gaps between appearance and reality. The irony adds depth to the storytelling and
contributes to the novel's themes of deception and self-deception.
6. Flashbacks: Dickens employs flashbacks to provide insights into the characters' pasts and
deepen the readers' understanding of their motivations and behaviors. These glimpses into
the characters' histories contribute to the development of the plot and create a sense of
interconnectedness.
7. Social commentary: As with many of Dickens' works, Great Expectations serves as a
vehicle for social commentary. Through his characters and their experiences, Dickens
criticizes the rigid class structure, the flaws of the education system, and the impact of
wealth and social status on individuals' lives.
8. Vivid descriptions: Dickens' vivid descriptions bring the settings, characters, and events
to life. His rich and detailed imagery allows readers to immerse themselves in the world of
the novel and creates a strong sense of time and place.
9. Dialogue: Dickens' use of dialogue helps reveal the characters' personalities, conflicts, and
motivations. Through dialogue, he conveys emotions, captures dialects, and emphasizes the
disparities in social class.
10. Moral themes: Dickens explores moral themes throughout the novel, such as the
consequences of greed, the importance of integrity, and the nature of true happiness. These
moral themes are woven into the narrative, guiding the characters' choices and shaping their
destinies.
29

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Literature III

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UNIDAD EDUCATIVA BILINGÜE LICEO

William Shakespeare is widely regarded as one of the

Shakespeare wrote 38 plays in total, covering a range of

2. Foreshadowing: Throughout the play, there are numerous instances of foreshadowing,

5. Allusion: Hamlet is full of allusions to other works of literature, particularly classical

At its core, Paradise Lost delves into

7. Beelzebub: Beelzebub is Satan's second-in-command and one of the principal fallen

5. Personification: Milton employs personification by attributing human qualities and

8. Enjambment: Enjambment is the continuation of a sentence or thought from one line of

In conclusion, Gulliver's Travels is a work of literary brilliance that combines imaginative

3. The Brobdingnagians: In the second voyage, Gulliver encounters the Brobdingnagians, a

5. Verisimilitude: Swift employs verisimilitude, the appearance of truth or authenticity, to

8. Paradox: Swift employs paradoxical situations and ideas to challenge common

Defoe's prose in Robinson Crusoe is straightforward yet compelling, providing vivid

3. Journal-like structure: The novel is structured as a series of diary entries or journal

In conclusion, "Pride and Prejudice" is a remarkable work of literature that continues to

The creature, often referred to as Frankenstein's monster, is an iconic figure in literary

7. Justine Moritz: Justine is a servant in the Frankenstein household and is portrayed as a

1. Framing Narrative: The novel is structured as a series of narratives within narratives. It

5. Foreshadowing: Shelley employs foreshadowing to create a sense of anticipation and

8. Doppelganger Motif: The doppelganger motif is present in the relationship between

At the heart of the narrative are the two primary

4. Foreshadowing: Bronte employs foreshadowing to create suspense and anticipation

Jane Eyre is a remarkable character, strong-willed

1. Bildungsroman: Great Expectations is a classic example of a Bildungsroman, a genre that

2. Foreshadowing: Dickens employs foreshadowing throughout the narrative to create a

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