Science Reviewer Reviewer 2

Pulse Rate - It is a measurement of the heart rate, or the number of times the
heart beats per minute.
Pulse- The regular expansion and contraction of the arteries that can be felt
every time the heart beats.
7 Types of Pulse:
• Temporal - It is felt in the head.
• Carotid - It is felt in the neck.
• Brachial- It is felt in the elbow.
• Femoral - It is felt at the groin.
• Radial - It is felt on the wrist.
• Popliteal - It is felt on the knee.
• Dorsalis pedis - It is felt on the foot.
Factors affected by the pulse rate and heartbeat
Exercise – makes your pulse rate and heartbeat faster
Rest - makes your pulse rate and heartbeat slower
*emotions like anger and fear also speed up heartbeats
Why does the pulse rate and heart beat faster?
The heart does additional work by pumping more blood when the body is in a
condition when it needs more supply of oxygen-rich blood for the cells.
Blood Circulation
Types of Blood Circulation
• Coronary blood circulation- The movement of the blood from the heart
chambers to the heart tissues.
Thus, It takes place when blood flows through the heart.
• Pulmonary blood circulation- It takes place as the blood moves from the heart
to the lungs.
• Systemic blood circulation- It takes place as the blood moves from the heart to
the different parts of the body.
• Portal blood circulation- The liver gets rid of alcohol and pharmaceutical drugs
but stores iron and vitamins in the blood.
Health Problems Associated with the Cardiovascular System
Health Problems Related to the Blood Vessels
Health Problems Related to the Heart
Proper Care
• Have a good diet
• Have enough exercise
• Keep your body clean and drug free
• Watch your weight

Kidneys - bean-shaped organs

- approximately 10cm long and 5 cm wide (each)
- found near the backbone (one on each side)
- main excretory organs
Kidneys function - eliminate water, urea, and other waste products in the form of
urine

Urine- A liquid waste that passes from your body.

- It is 95% water, in which the waste products are dissolved.
Nephrons - filtering units of the kidney
- filtered impurities (urea, salts, and other toxins)
- water, glucose, and other nutrients are returned to the
bloodstream
Ureters - tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
- approximately 45cm long each
Urinary Bladder - a pear-shaped muscular sac located in the pelvis
- can hold more than 2 cups or 473mL of liquid

Urinary Bladder function - Temporarily store urine before elimination from the
body

Urethra - A duct that is approximately- 20cm long (males); - 5cm long (females)
- A ring-shaped muscle around the urethra controls the flow of urine out of
the body through contraction.

Health Problems Associated with the Urinary System

1. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) - A condition in which bacteria infect any part
of the urinary system, causing inflammation.

❖ SIGNS
➢ frequent, urgent, painful urination
➢ abdominal pain

❖ TREATMENT
➢ antibiotics prescribed by doctors

❖ PREVENTION
➢ keeping genitals clean and using clean cloth undergarments
 2. Kidney Stones – A solid mass of minerals that forms inside the kidneys
❖ SIGNS
➢ Pain in the back, belly, or side ➢ Cloudy or smelly urine
➢ Pain or burning during urination ➢ Going a small amount at a time
➢ Urgent need to go ➢ Nausea and vomiting
➢ Blood in the urine ➢ Fever and chills

❖ TREATMENT
➢ doctor-prescribed medications that can help reduce the size or dissolve the
stone
➢ operation

❖ PREVENTION
➢ drinking 8 – 10 glasses of water per day and avoiding salty food.

3. Chronic Renal Failure

❖ SYMPTOMS
➢ swelling ➢ shortness of breath
➢ weakness ➢ changes in urination
➢ fatigue ➢ itchy dry skin
➢ feeling cold ➢ sore legs
➢ Loss of taste ➢ vomiting

❖ TREATMENT
➢ hemodialysis
➢ kidney transplant

Proper Care for the Excretory System

• Drink several glasses of water daily.
• Wear clean underwear everyday to prevent infection in the urinary tract.
• Have a regular bowel movement and discharge urine in clean restrooms only.

The Nervous System - The organ system that is responsible for coordinating the
functions of the other systems of the body.
- Plays a vital role in our life as it directs all the voluntary and involuntary
activities of the body .
- It controls our thoughts, actions, and vital signs such as heartbeat and
blood flow.

Divisions of the Nervous System

1. Central Nervous System- composed of the brain and the spinal cord
- The control center of the body.
- It controls the movements of the muscles and tissues and directs the
different organs in performing their tasks.
- It interprets various stimuli that the sense organs receive from the
environment.
- It also controls different mental processes, such as memory storage, and
emotions.

 Brain - The most highly specialized organ of the human body and is
considered the processing center of the body.
- It is enclosed in a firm bony case (skull) and is further protected by three
layers of connective tissues called meninges.
- Cerebrospinal fluid (colorless liquid)- protects the brain as well as the
spinal cord.

Major Parts of the Brain

A. Cerebrum - the biggest and most functional part (70% of the brain)
- composed of 2 halves that are firmly connected by a set
of nerve fibers
- responsible for different mental processes
-receives and interprets messages from the sense organs
 -helps us recognize different sights, odors, tastes, sounds, and
textures
-responsible for controlling the voluntary and involuntary
movements of the muscles

B. Cerebellum - the second largest part of the brain

- It reaches adult size by the time a person is 2 years old.
- controls some of the common activities that you
perform (walking, jumping, and dancing)
- ensures the coordination and accuracy of movements
- coordinates the movements of the muscles and
maintains body posture and balance

C. Brain Stem - The part of the brain that maintains the essential
regulatory mechanisms of the body.
- the topmost part of the brain stem
- associated with vision, hearing, motor control, and
temperature regulation
- responsible for the rapid eye movement (REM) regulates
the rate of breathing lies below the midbrain
-located on top of the spinal cord the lowest part of the
brain
- connects the cerebrum and the spinal cord
- ensures the coordination and accuracy of movements
- contains the centers that control involuntary functions
(breathing, blood circulation, heart rate, digestion, vomiting,
hiccupping, and coughing)

 Spinal Cord

- A long and thick bundle of nerve tissues.

- attached to it are pairs of spinal nerves that connect the brain to the
nerves in different parts of the body
- It is connected to the brain stem through the hole at the base of the
skull.

2. Peripheral Nervous System ( can be likened to two-way traffic road system)

 - consists of the different nerves spread throughout the body
- A division of the nervous system that is composed of the nerves spread
throughout the body.
- Responsible for sending the information from the different parts of the
body to the brain.
- The other part sends the message from the brain to the different parts
of the body.

2 Parts of the Peripheral Nervous System

1. Autonomic Nervous System - Controls the involuntary actions and
activities of the smooth and cardiac muscles.
2. Somatic Nervous System - Controls voluntary actions, such as
walking, handling objects, and even tying one’s shoelaces.

Health Problems Associated with the Nervous System

 Meningitis- The inflammation of the meninges covering the brain or

the spinal cord that is caused by a certain type of bacteria.
 Poliomyelitis (infantile paralysis)- A disease caused by polio virus that
attacks the nerve cells.
- Signs and symptoms - headache, sore throat, vomiting, and muscle
weakness
- In severe cases, poliomyelitis may cause paralysis that may
eventually lead to shriveled or disfigured limbs.
- A child with this disease takes medicines for fever, needs a lot of rest,
and does light exercises.
- A polio vaccine is an effective way to prevent the onset of the
diseases
 Amnesia - A condition commonly caused by head injuries, physical
trauma, shock, repression, or even anesthesia.
- People who suffer from amnesia experience a temporary or
permanent loss of memory.
- A person with amnesia may undergo occupational therapy to help
him/her cope with the condition.
Occupational therapy - A form of therapy given to those recovering
from physical or mental illness. It engages the patient in activities
 that will enable him/her to eventually perform normal daily
activities.
 Brain Tumor - An abnormal growth of cells in the brain. The patient
suffers from headache, nausea, and vomiting.
- Having a brain tumor is a serious condition. Surgery, chemotherapy,
and radiation therapy are some methods used to treat brain tumor.
 Epilepsy- A condition that involves damage to the neurons. It may be
caused by a brain defect that originates at birth. It may also be caused
by brain trauma due to brain tumor, toxic chemical exposure, or other
brain illnesses.
- People with epilepsy experiences sudden convulsions, abnormal
muscle jerks, seizures, and unconsciousness.
- They should undergo surgery to repair the injured neurons. Regular
medication is also recommended by doctors to lessen the seizures.
 Stroke - A condition that occurs when the supply of oxygen in the
brain is cut off due to a blockage in the arteries. It is one of the
leading causes death in the Philippines,especially among adults.
- A stroke victim experiences difficulty in speaking, numbness in the
face, weakness of one side of the body, or temporary blindness in one eye.
- Medical treatments may be used to prevent stroke. Therapy is also
recommended for those recovering from stroke to regain the
functioning of the affected body part. A healthy diet is low in fat is
always recommended to prevent the blockage of the arteries.

 Cerebral Palsy- A partial or complete brain damage before, during,

or shortly after birth.
- A person with cerebral palsy experiences speech difficulties,
convulsions, and lack of muscular coordination.
- To improve the patient’s condition and life quality, he/she has to
undergo therapy and take medicine that a doctor prescribes.
-
Proper Care for the Nervous System
 Drink plenty of water
• Eat healthy foods that contain calcium and potassium.
• Have enough exercise to make your nervous system healthy.
 Protect your brain and spinal cord from falls and accidents.
Neurons

Neurons or Nerve Cells - The long, thin cells of the nervous system.
- Neurons are of different sizes and shapes.
- They are responsible for generating and transmitting electrical signals or
nerve impulses throughout the body.

Types of Neurons

Sensory Neurons- They carry messages from the different sense organs to the
central nervous system. A neuron that is responsible for detecting different
sensations.

- They send impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles,
causing the muscles to contract.
Interneuron - A neuron that connects sensory and motor neurons, allowing
impulses to travel from one nerve to another.
Interaction with Other Body Systems

 Bones in the body - provide calcium for the nervous system

• Receptors in the muscles - provide the brain with information about body
positions and movements

• Digestive System - sends information to the brain with regards to its functions
and the brain regulates even the involuntary digestive processes

• Respiratory System - regulates breathing rate

• Excretory System - regulates urination