■ Syllabus

■ Pre-test, not graded

■ Basic terminology
Levels of Organization
Levels of Organization
■ Chemical: atoms 🡪molecules
■ Cellular: cells containing organelles
❑ Basic unit of life
■ Tissue: groups of cells and surrounding material
❑ 4 basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular,
nervous
■ Organ: group of tissues performing a common
function
■ System: group of organs with a common function
■ Organism: contains all systems of an individual
Homeostasis
■ Maintaining a stable internal environment
■ Dynamic process because of many changes
(example glucose in blood)
■ Examples of variable factors
❑ Body temperature
❑ Blood pressure
❑ Water and nutrient levels
■ Maintained by feedback systems
Parts of a Feedback
System
Negative Feedback Systems
■ Most homeostatic control mechanisms are
negative feedback systems

■ “Negative” means “opposite” (not “bad”)

■ These systems reverse a change in the
controlled variable, bringing it back to
“normal”
❑ Example: high blood pressure (BP) is detected
and then lowered to normal BP
Example of Negative
Feedback System:
Blood Pressure
 Clinical Terms
■ Disorder: abnormality of structure
and or function (example Obsessive
Compulsive Disorder- OCD)

■ Disease: specific illness

characterized by signs and symptoms
(example Lyme disease)
Clinical Terms

■ Diagnosis: identification of
disease/disorder based on scientific
evaluations of signs and symptoms
❑ Symptoms: subjective changes not
observable from outside a person.
Examples: pain, headache, nausea
❑ Signs: observable or measurable
changes. Examples: high BP, ankle
swelling, fever
Anatomical Terms

❑ Common anatomical terms

❑ Directional terms

❑ Planes and sections

❑ Body cavities
Common Anatomical Terms
Directional Terms
Let’s practice

■ Superior/ Inferior
■ Anterior/ Posterior
■ Medial/ Lateral
■ Proximal/ Distal
Planes Through the Human Body
Transverse, Frontal, Sagittal and Oblique
Planes and Sections: Brain
Body Cavities
■ Body cavities
❑ Cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal cord)
❑ Thoracic (chest cavity): pleural, pericardial, and
mediastinal (region between lungs)
❑ Abdominopelvic (inferior to diaphragm):
■ Abdominal
❑ Larger; contains most abdominopelvic organs
■ Pelvic
❑ More inferior and smaller
❑ Contains urinary bladder, lowest portions of digestive
tract, and internal reproductive organs