CSSA T​RIAL​ P​APER​ – PLANS

C​ORE​ 1
21. Why is the potential for prevention and early intervention a reason to prioritise a health issue? Provide an
example in your answer. 3 marks

o Prevention and early intervention ​ ​ treatment more successful

o Easier to prevent disease ​ ​ more likely health promo will have an impact on the burden of the disease + reduce
incidence.
o No prevention ​ ​ early intervention is preferable
▪ Higher rates of survival for those diagnosed and treated early for the condition.
o Examples of diseases that have high potentials for being prevented include;
▪ type II diabetes
▪ hypertension
▪ cardiovascular disease
▪ obesity.
o Lifestyle diseases mostly caused by inactivity and poor dietary choices
o Preventative action ​ ​ reduce smoking ​ ​ reduce diseases that are linked
▪ E.g. COPD, cerebrovascular disease, and lung cancer.
o Other diseases have higher rates of successful treatment when identified and treated early.
o Means there is potential for early intervention.
o Examples of diseases with potential for early intervention are:
▪ all cancers
▪ cardiovascular disease,
▪ musculoskeletal conditions such as arthritis.
o HPIA ​ ​ more potential for prevention and early intervention ​ ​ more likely the health issue will be made a priority
▪ government funding will have more “value” and provide more outcomes.
▪ Particularly if condition has both potential for prevention and potential for early intervention

Other

o Giving more bang for the buck

o Financial side
o On a personal level

22. Outline the risk and protective factors for one condition other than CVD and cancer. 4 marks
 o Risk and protective factors for injuries vary depending on the type of injury sustained and its major cause.

Risk Protective

Falls
▪ Being elderly
▪ Poor balance ▪ Harnesses
▪ Working in a high-risk job, such a building, ▪ WH&S related safety regulations.
or roofing, where falls can be more frequent

Transport
▪ Speeding
▪ Drink driving ▪ Wearing a seatbelt
▪ Fatigue ▪ Going the speed limit
▪ Young people overrepresented ▪ Wearing a helmet
▪ Ensuring long road trips are broken up into manageable
chunks where fatigue does not become a dangerous
factor
▪ Laws

Self-Harm
▪ Mental health issues
▪ Depression ▪ Development of resilience
▪ Drug used ▪ Employment
▪ Unemployment ▪ Positive sense of self.
▪ Powerlessness.

Work
▪ Poor attitude to safety
▪ Unsafe work behaviours ▪ Use of protective measures
▪ Working in high risk jobs such as transport, ▪ Risk assessments
construction or mining ▪ Proper utilisation of WH&S legislation and the WorkCover
Authority.

23. How would an increased focus on early intervention and prevention affect health care expenditure in
Australia? 3 marks

o Health care expenditure versus expenditure on early intervention and prevention seeks to compare the treatment
of disease and illness with prevention.
o For an effective health care model ​ ​ Australia must seek early intervention and prevention AND as well as
treatment of disease and illness
o $160 billion dollars a year on health care and rising ​ ​ large burden on the government’s expenses
o Early intervention and prevention can help reduce this cost.
o Preventative and early intervention ​ ​ $2.2 billion a year ​ ​ 1.4% of total health expenditure
 o Main expenses going to immunisations, health promotion and cancer screening programs.
o Australia’s expenses on prevention and early intervention are amongst the lowest in the developed world, with
New Zealand at the top spending 7% of its health budget on prevention and early intervention.
o Prevention and early intervention have;
▪ great impact on quality of life
▪ life expectancy as well
▪ decreasing the burden on the health care system
▪ making it a healthier workforce boosting economic performance and productivity.
o Making a decision about early intervention and prevention strategies often comes down to cost and health
benefits.
o Cost should be kept low, while gains in health should be high.
o Health promotion directed at large population groups are expensive, compared to specific population groups with
specific risk factors
o Cost-effectiveness compares estimated cost with potential for health improvement.
o This comparison, however, is difficult to demonstrate over time, making decisions difficult to make.
▪ An example of this difficulty comes with discussion over taxing food with poor nutrition and using
generic drugs on combined risk factors to help prevent obesity and improving health.
o The WHO (2013) has a list of ‘best buy’ policies they suggest be implemented in primary care settings in all
countries.
▪ These include: reducing the impact of tobacco smoke (including no-smoking in public places), warning
about tobacco danger, restricting/banning advertising for tobacco and alcohol, tax tobacco and alcohol,
restricting access to alcohol, reducing salt intake, replacing trans-fats with unsaturated fats in foods,
promoting awareness of good diet and exercise levels, and cancer screenings.
o If this is complete, on the long run, health care expenditure will not only decrease, but Australia’s population will
be “healthier” as the level of illness and disease will rapidly decline.

TRIAL sample Answer

Australian governments direct approx. 90% of health care expenditure to curative services. However, over 70% of
morbidity in Australia is caused by predominantly lifestyle, extremely preventable diseased e.g. CVD and lung cancer. Only
approx.. 2% of the health care budget is directed at preventable early intervention services. This has proven to be
inefficient, with many chronic diseases levels rising in Australia e.g. female lung cancer. However, government do not
want to take money out of hospitals and other services to the short term effects, it will have for their ‘image’. For
example; approx. 60% of health expenditure is directed at hospitals. This money would be of much greater use in
preventative or early intervention services such as QUITline or Breast Screen Australia as directly money to this can reduce
the burden/cost to the individual and community. However, governments do not want to take money out of hospitals. For
instance, if they did redirect expenditure to preventative services, it would result in the potential closure or
under-resourcing of hospitals. For example; many people would be removed from hospital beds, results in anger. This
results in frustration towards the governments and subsequent loss of votes, illustrating why there is not as much money
directed at prevention/early intervention measures.

However, through the effectiveness of government partnership initiatives, such as Breast Screen Australia, of which focus
on prevention, it is evident there should be more money directed to preventative/early intervention measures as part of
health care expenditure to reduce the incidence of chronic disease which lowers the health status of many.

OTHER

o When a hospital or state government is under pressure ​ ​ first thing they do is cut health promotion expenditure
o Recurrent expenditure ​ ​ recurring funding ​ ​ more people sick, more people will be on duty
o Curative expenditure
24. What is the impact of an increasing population living with chronic disease and disability on the health care
system and services? 8 marks

Ageing
population o As Australia’s population continues to age, there has been a significant increase in the population
of individuals living with chronic diseases and disability.
o Due to the prevalence of diseases amongst the elderly, a higher burden of disease has become
more prevalent causing strain on the Australian health sector.
o This is because elderly tend to have multiple health problems.
o For example; a 70-year-old woman may have an iron deficiency, diabetes, arthritis, and intolerance
to lactose whilst also undergoing 2 bypass surgeries. This places her in the category for all of these
conditions increasing the incidence of chronic diseases.

Chronic
Diseases o This is especially the case as survival rates from many chronic diseases increases, resulting in
decreased quality of living and independence.
o Chronic disease is the greatest issue for Australia’s health and has a large burden on the
population.
o Diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease and respiratory
disease and mental health issues continue to impact Australian society and can lead to debilitating
conditions.
o For example, a person who survives a stroke may never walk again and may end up in a nursing
home for the rest of their life.
o The more common chronic disease and disability amongst the elderly include: 53% of the have a
disability, 49% have arthritis, Over 1 in 5 (22%) have cardiovascular disease and 93% of people with
dementia are elderly

Demand
o A growing and ageing population with an increase in chronic diseases increases the demand for
health services and creates workforce shortages in the health service as an increase in the
workforce would be required.
o There is concern that the ageing population will increase public spending on health and place an
unsustainable strain on the health system trying to serve the increasing cliental.
o This concern comes because an increase in age is associated with an increase in health conditions
and disability making the elderly high users of health services.

o Currently there is an increase in the people living past 85 who suffer from diseases such as arthritis,
dementia and cancer, while the generation moving into the 65+ age group have larger levels of
lifestyle diseases such as diabetes.
 o The resulting challenges focus on how the health system and its workforce will manage the health
needs of the ageing population, particularly the increasing impact of chronic disease.
o The elderly visit health professionals more frequently than younger people, with 98% of the elderly
(90% under 65) consulting a health professional in the last year.
o In particular, the elderly have much higher rates of specialist consultation; with 57% of the elderly
using a specialist in the last year, compared to 28% of people under 65, and hospitalisation (20%
compared to 11%).

o In the last 10 years the number of people living in aged care facilities has risen by 20%.
o This reflects the growing and ageing population as well as the increase in government-subsidised residential
places.
o Aged care caries a high burden on the health system with all of their residents having chronic disease or illness
that increased the demand for health services.
o Many who live in these facilities (52%) also have symptoms of depression.

TRIAL Sample Answer

The growing and ageing population has a significant impact on the demand for health services an on workforce shortages
in Australia. Due to our growing and ageing population, there are many more people living with chronic diseases, such as
CVD, obesity, osteoporosis and dementia. This results in increasing demand on health services. However, many of the
health professionals in the workforce are ageing and are seen retiring. This adds the shortages in the health sector. As a
result to try and encourage people to continue working, the government has increased their pension age (from 64 to 69)
by around 3-5 years. This encourages more people to stay in the workforce and thereby slightly reduce the burden on
health services.

The amount of geriatric nurses in Australia are also decreasing due to less pay, as a result many immigrant workers are
fulfilling these shortages, which is superficial, however many of these immigrants do not have the full qualification of
nurses so the quality of healthcare for elderly people is decreasing due to the demand our ageing population has on our
health care sector.

To reduce this burden, carers and volunteers are essential, however volunteer members have begun to drop in recent
decades. An example of a volunteer organisation is Meals on Wheels, their organisation aims to keep elderly people in
their homes for longer amounts of time by providing hot foot at a reasonable price. This volunteer organisation reduces
the demand on aged care homes and the health sector because people are staying in their own homes looking after
themselves.

To reduce the impact of the ageing population, the government is now promoting health ageing. Healthy ageing begins at
a young age and aims to reduce the onset of degenerative diseases. For example; a young individual who participates in
healthy behaviours, such as healthy diet and exercise, is less likely to develop chronic diseases, such as CVD, when they
are older. Our growing (due to immigrants) and ageing (due to increased life expectancy) is having a significant impact on
our health services and has resulted in workforce shortages, however the government is attempting to put in place
initiatives to limit their impact

OTHER

o Talk about the entire dot-point

o Mention healthy ageing towards the end
o National Disability Insurance Scheme ​ ​ way of allowing disable people to retrain and have a better quality of life
​ struggling because not enough funding ​ ​ Libs want to increase funding by increasing Medicare Levy
o Disability ​ ​ arthritis and falls
o Immigration
o Start with healthy ageing
o Can have a triple bypass ​ ​ technology is getting better but it is very expensive
 o Chronic disease is expensive ​ ​ have to move to a nursing home
o IMPACT ​ ​ costs more $$$$$$
o Challenge to the government to SORT it out and plan for it ​ ​ calling it “the grey tsunami”

C​ORE​ 2
25. Outline the performance elements in sport. 3 marks

There are two main performance elements that need to be included in instruction of athletes. These are
decision-making and strategic and tactical development.

Decision
Making o Athletes need to be taught decision-making skills in order to understand their roles and
responsibilities in game situations.
o As an athlete's skill increases, they also increase their ability to make more diverse and creative
decisions in increasingly complex game situations.
o For example, knowing when to shift from man on man or zone defence based on possession in
a game

Strategic and
tactical o Strategic and tactical development are also important instruction elements for improving
development athletic performance because they ensure athletes can not only implement set plays and
rehearsed routines, but can also adapt and take advantages of different game situations as they
arise.
o Strategic development requires athletes to reflect on past performance and plan new
approaches for improving in future events.
o Tactical development requires athletes to 'think on their feet' and play out the scenario in front
of them to the best of their ability

26. How can the principles of specificity and variety be applied to aerobic training? 4 marks

Variety Specificity
Definition
o The principle of variety is ensuring training
sessions use multiple training types and
methods, as well as exercises within these
methods.
o Variety is needed in training, not only to
prevent boredom, but also to ensure
complete and full development of fitness
o The principle of specificity means that adaptations to training
are specific to the training.
o Specificity is that physiological adaptations only occur in
response to the stress placed on the body and only to the
sections that experience this stress.

Example
o For aerobic training variety would include
changes to the training method, between
fartlek, circuit, continuous, and aerobic
interval.
o It would also include variations within this
training, so that the continuous training
was not always doing a 10 km flat run on a
treadmill, but included outside runs, or
possibly some bike work.
o Specificity means if you participate in an aerobic sport such as
marathon running, you need to do aerobic training that
involves running so that your adaptations improve your
performance in that sport.
o Training should be done at a pace and in an environment that
best replicates competition in order to get the best specific
gains or adaptations for competition.
o Continuous training, such as running outside, becomes the
best method because it specifically reflects the marathon
sport

27. Describe sources of stress and its effect on performance. 5 marks

External
Stressors o External stressors, such as pressure from sponsors, the media and supporters can also have a
negative impact on the athlete.
o These can all lead to increased anxiety and can erode an athlete's motivation and sense of peace.
o Sources of stress vary from person to person and any and every source can impact on an athlete’s
performance.
o The stimulation of stress in an individual depends on how they view the situation. How a person views
the situation is affected by a variety of factors.

Past
o An athlete’s past experience can make a particular situation more stressful for them than it would be
Experience
for another.
o For example, an athlete who injured themselves during a gymnastic performance, will have more
stress when they perform the same routine after rehabilitation than someone who had never injured
themselves doing the routine.

Support
o The support provided for the athlete or that exists around the athlete will also affect their levels of
stress.
o For example, if the athlete is a single mother with little support for the care of her children and
general home life, she will be more stressed than a similar athlete who has a supportive family to help
with the care of children and home life.

Expectations
o Expectations can also be a source of stress for the athlete.
 o Athlete’s who have performed well in the past then have greater expectation put upon them for
future performances.
o Athlete’s are affected by this and have more stress than an athlete who is not expected to do well
o This is particularly stressful in countries where sport is highly valued.
o For example, the Australian cricket team is frequently expected to do well, placing more pressure
upon them and increasing the stress upon key athletes, such as the captain. This can lead to a
decrease in performance.

Pressure
o Stress is more likely to develop when the athlete is under pressure, whether this pressure be from
themselves, competition, fans, coaches, or simply from their body.
o Stress causes the body to produce adrenaline which: increases blood supply to skeletal muscles,
increases breathing and blood glucose levels, as well as stimulating sweat production.

Confidence
o People who are more confident, have a positive outlook on life, and have a can do attitude deal with
stress and anxiety better than others.
o All athletes experience stress and anxiety, though the sources of this stress may vary, and they
benefit from using methods to cope with it.
o These include: ​relaxation techniques​, ​mental rehearsal​, ​visualisation​, and developing ​concentration
skills​.

28. Justify the recovery strategies that may be used by an elite athlete to enhance performance. 8 marks

Elite athletes use a range of strategies designed to enable them to minimise fatigue associated with training and resume
full training in the shortest possible time. Recovery strategies can be categorised as physiological, neural, tissue damage or
psychological. Physiological recovery strategies are effective in removing the metabolic by-products of exercise through
the use of a cool-down period as well as by replacing lost fluids and energy.

Physiological
(cool down, o Physiological recovery strategies are frequently
hydration) used in sports recovery.
o A cool downafter training or competition helps to
remove waste products and return the body back
to its pre-exercise state.
o A cool down is a series of low intensity exercises
completed straight after training or competition.
o Cool downs help speed up recovery by continuing
the muscle pump needed to take fluid back to the
heart and avoids fluid retention in the used
muscles.
o It is the continued removal of fluid, which helps to
remove waste products.
o Cool down exercises could include a light jog, or a
slow swim, but need to be specific to the sport and
the major muscles used.
o Another physiological strategy
is hydration, which is the consumption of
enough liquid after competition to
replace any fluids lost during training or
competition.
o Hydration often involves drinking 500mL
of a sports drink, such as PowerAde, and
plenty of water (2-3L) over the next 24hrs.
o Hydration speeds up recovery by
enabling the bodies physiological
processes to function well, as dehydration
can slow down or even stop some of the
recovery processes.
o Hydration also provides more volume to
the blood to assist in the removal of
waste products.
 o Water is also required in the storage of
glycogen, which needs to be restored
after exercise.

Neural
(hydrotherapy, o Neural strategies focus on the nervous system and
massage) relieving tension.
o They are useful for sports that generate large
amounts of muscle tension, such as American
Football or Rugby Union.
o Hydrotherapy is a neural strategy that involves
water immersion.
o There are multiple forms of hydrotherapy, which
include:.
o Contrast immersion – where an athlete moves
between warm and cold-water immersion. This
causes vasodilation and vasoconstriction, helping
to remove waste products and deliver nutrients
required for recovery.
o Even temperature immersion – where the athlete
is immersed in warm water to assist with the
removal of lactates and improves metabolic
activity.
o Hydrotherapy in warm water helps to relax the
nervous system and the muscles they control.
o It relieves tension and helps speed up recovery so
that the athlete is ready to perform again.
o Massage is another neural strategy, which
reduces muscle tension and relaxes the
nerves.
o Massage helps with mental relaxation,
which can lead to a decrease in muscular
tension.
o The benefits of massage for recovery are
still not adequately supported by
evidence.
o Proposed benefits include: removal of
waste products, increased nutrient
delivery, mental relaxation, and
minimising he effects of fatigue.
o There are various forms of massage
including, Swedish, myofascial, trigger
point, and sports.
o Sports massage is specifically developed
to help remove waste products and
reduce tension in the muscle.

Tissue Damage
(Cryotherapy) o Tissue damage strategies aim to speed up recovery by restoring damaged tissue, particularly
muscle.
o This damage is often found in highly strenuous activities such as rugby league and Australian Rules
Football.
o Cryotherapy​ is one of the tissue damage strategies and involves the many forms of cool treatments,
including ice pack, cold-water immersion and cryogenic chambers.
o Cryotherapy removes heat from the damaged tissue, decreases inflammation by causing
vasoconstriction and decreases pain.
o Ice packs placed directly over an injury speed up recovery and should be used over 24-48hrs for soft
tissue injuries.
o The application of ice slows down metabolism by lowering the local temperature.
o This decreases the demand for oxygen and decreases waste products.
o The decrease in inflammation also reduces secondary damage caused by the inflammation.

Psychological
(relaxation) o Psychological strategies focus on mental processes and are used to either calm the athletes brain
activity or to stimulate them.
o They frequently aim to reduce anxiety in order to allow the brain to relax, but can be used to focus
the athlete’s thoughts on the upcoming event.
o Psychological strategies such as relaxation are used to help decrease heart and respiration rates,
while directing the athletes focus either away from or towards competition or training, depending
not the context.
o An anxious athlete may use relaxation techniques before competition in order to reduce
nervousness and allow them to focus on the task.
o Although some athletes will chose to focus on something other than competition in order to help
relieve their anxiety.
o Other psychological strategies used include, debriefing, rest days and sleep.
o Psychological recovery strategies are important, as training and performance place stress on an
athlete’s mental capacities as well as their physical ones.
o Psychological strategies improve performance by not allowing the athlete to be held back by past
performances.
o They are particularly important after losing a major competition such as a grand final or the State of
Origin.