Understanding 11

Culture, Society and 1

Politics
Quarter 4- Modules 8

Writers:
Eric F. Fungo, LPCNSHS-Manuyo Campus
Estella Marie A. Oclares, LPCNSHS-Manuyo Campus
Rosanna T. Sarte, LPCNSHS-Manuyo Campus
Maria Cristita B. Cuerdo, LPCNSHS-Manuyo Campus

Content Validator:
Eric F. Fungo, LPCNSHS-Manuyo Campus

Language Validator
Mary Rose B. Baita – GANHS - SHS

Consolidator/Team Leader
Mary Jane Aranda, PES Camella Annex

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Lesson Effects of Migration and Overseas Filipino
8 Workers

Most Essential Learning Competency

● Analyze the effects of migration and Overseas Filipino Workers to the country and the Filipino
families

What is it?
Aside from the human adaptation to changes in the environment brought by the unstoppable
global warming and its after effect – climate change – people on earth are also facing adaptation
challenges borne by the need for mobility. Life has been moving so fast and the people as well are
changing residences as rapidly.

Migration
Migration is defined as the process of geographic mobility, or the change of residence of a
person from one community to another with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently. The
movement is often over long distances and from one country to another, or it can be within the
immediate community. Migration can also be done by individuals, family units or in larger groups.

Three Types of Migration

International migration
● the permanent transfer from one country to another. It is the change of residence over national
boundaries.
Internal migration
● the change in residence within a country. This refers to a change of residence within national
boundaries, such as between states, provinces, cities or municipalities.
Circular migration
● the temporary movement of a person. The change in residence is temporary due to work or
study, but the migrant will definitely return to his home community.

Activity: Cite an example for each type of migration.

International migration.

Internal migration.

Circular migration.

Transnational Migration

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 Arising from structural transformations of the global economy, the magnitude and scope of
transnational labor migration has increased precipitously. At present, an estimated 125 million people
live and work outside their country of origin (World Bank, 1995). A sizable portion of this migration,
moreover, has occurred within the Asian region. In the process, transnational labor migration has
impacted the formation and function of Asian families.
Patterns of transnational migration have undergone rapid and dramatic shifts as a result of
changes in the global economy. The countries and territories of Asia have especially been affected by
globalizing processes as seen in the increased institutional regulation of transnational migration.
Together, these changes in the global economy, transnational migration and institutional penetration
have affected the formation and functions of families in the Asian region. Given the recency of these
changes, many questions remain unanswered. How do government and private institutions, for
example, influence familial relations and the migratory process? How are migrants’ identities affected
by these processes?
In the Philippines, for example, which is
the world’s largest exporter of government-
sponsored contract labor migration, over 55
percent of all migrant workers are women
(Tyner, 2000a). A deeply rooted and pervasive
culture of migration has made moving abroad
common, acceptable—even desirable—as an
option or strategy for a better life. For decades,
sizable numbers of Filipinos have left home in
search of permanent settlement or temporary
work overseas, trends long attributed to the
fragile economy (and exacerbated by frequent
natural disasters). Today, more than 10 million
Filipinos—or about 10 percent of the population—are working and/or living abroad. While a markedly
improved economic situation in recent years has not diminished the outflows, it has allowed the country
to move beyond its longstanding labor migration policy to incorporate migration into long-term
development planning and strengthen the return and reintegration of overseas Filipino workers
(OFWs).
When the Philippines launched an overseas employment program in the 1970s, the thrust was
finding labor markets: The state not only promoted Filipino workers to the oil-rich but labor-short Gulf
Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, it also sold these uncharted Middle East destinations to
Filipinos. By the latter half of the 1970s, as deployment and competition with other origin countries
increased, surfacing labor migration problems (including poor working conditions and abuse by
employers) prompted the government to address migrant welfare and protection. As destinations
diversified and women joined the labor migration flows, the protection aspect assumed more
importance.
The government subsequently developed a number of institutions, laws, and policies aimed at
enhancing the protection of OFWs and their families, spurred on by civil-society advocacy. This dual
approach of facilitation and protection contributed to making the Philippines a major source country of
workers and talent for the global labor market, while also providing protection to OFWs. The “success”
of this approach, however, may have trapped the Philippines into complacency: Large, steady flows
of remittances have become the country’s lifeline. The Philippines ranks third after India and China as
major recipients of remittances. In 2016, the country received US $26.9 billion in money transfers,
according to the Central Bank of the Philippines. There are concerns that reliance on remittances may
have delayed the implementation of needed reforms.
Recent attempts to link migration policies with development policies demonstrate a remarkable
shift in governance in the Philippines, earning positive reviews from the international community. After
several boom-and-bust decades, in the 2000s the Philippine economy entered a period of impressive
growth: Between 2011 and 2016, gross domestic product (GDP) grew by an average of approximately
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6 percent yearly, and the economy proved resilient through political crises and transitions.
Nonetheless, the positive economic news has not slowed or halted migration. This is likely because
Filipinos have more resources to migrate, and though the economy has grown, unemployment has yet
to be tempered. Thus, sustainable development that provides decent work opportunities continues to
elude the Philippines. This country profile examines the evolution of migration policymaking and trends
over the past several decades and through the present administration of President Rodrigo Duterte.

Filipinos are present in the far

reaches of the globe, mostly because of
work. Although the destinations of
OFWs have diversified, to this day, the
Middle East still receives the largest
share, with 64 percent heading to the
region in 2015, followed by Asia with 28
percent. In 2015, six of the top ten
destinations for both new hires and
rehires were in the Middle East (Saudi
Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar,
Kuwait, Oman, and Bahrain), and the
remainder were in Asia (Singapore,
Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Malaysia).

Filipino women are very visible in

international migration. They not only
compose the majority of permanent
settlers, i.e., as part of family migration, but are as prominent as men in labor migration. In fact, since
1992, females have generally outnumbered men among the newly hired land-based workers legally
deployed every year. In 2015, domestic work was the top occupation for new hires, at 38 percent.

Linking Migration and Development

Beyond the now-traditional facilitate-and-protect policy framework, migration governance in recent
years has also started to make inroads on migration and development. The global discussion on the
migration and development nexus may have influenced reflections in the Philippine context. A 2007
conference and a 2010 comprehensive study on migration and development in the Philippines brought
to the fore five key observations:
1. Migration policies in the Philippines were primarily focused on temporary labor migration.
2. The development impact of migration was mostly discussed in terms of economic benefits,
particularly remittances.
3. The social costs of migration to families were often mentioned.
4. National, regional, and local development plans did not take international migration into
consideration.
5. At the regional and local levels, there were few migration institutions.

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References:

Lesson 3
Balena, Ederlina D., Dolores M. Lucero, and Arnel M. Peralta. “Responding to Social, Political, and
Cultural Change.” In Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics, 215-239. Quezon City, NCR:
Educational Resources Corporation, 2016.

Contreras, Antonio P., Arleigh Ross P. Dela Cruz, Dennis S. Erasga, and Cecile B. Fadrigon.
“Responding to Social, Political, and Cultural Change.” Essay. In Understanding Culture, Society,
and Politics, 300-301. Quezon City, NCR: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2016.

Santarita, Joefe B., and Randy M. Madrid. “Responding to Social, Political, and Cultural Change.”
Essay. In Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics, 136. Quezon City, NCR: Vibal, 2016.

Egyptian Social Structure. (n.d.). Retrieved September 02, 2020, from

https://www.ushistory.org/civ/3b.asp

Social Structure. (2014, December 05). Retrieved September 02, 2020, from
https://culturalcomparisonscom2722014.wordpress.com/philippines-laos/philippines/social-
structure/
Lesson 4
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/social-inequality
https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/social_inequality.htm
https://www.pachamama.org/social-justice/social-inequality
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-social-inequality-in-sociology-definition-effects-
causes.html
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/programs/conditional-cash-transfer/
https://www.doh.gov.ph/Health-and-Wellness-Program-for-Senior-Citizen

Lesson 5
https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/poverty.shtml
https://www.a-id.org/2016/11/08/nine-strategies-to-reduce-inequality/
https://www.sv.uio.no/iss/english/research/research-areas/social-inequality/#globalnav
https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/10_inequalities_20July.pdf

Lesson 7

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Balena, Ederlina D., Dolores M. Lucero, and Arnel M. Peralta. “Responding to Social, Political, and
Cultural Change.” In Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics, 215-239. Quezon City, NCR:
Educational Resources Corporation, 2016.

Contreras, Antonio P., Arleigh Ross P. Dela Cruz, Dennis S. Erasga, and Cecile B. Fadrigon.
“Responding to Social, Political, and Cultural Change.” Essay. In Understanding Culture,
Society, and Politics, 300-301. Quezon City, NCR: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2016.

Santarita, Joefe B., and Randy M. Madrid. “Responding to Social, Political, and Cultural Change.”
Essay. In Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics, 136. Quezon City, NCR: Vibal, 2016.

NASSA-JP Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines, E. (2001). CITIZENSHIP BUILDING FOR
PARTICIPATORY POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE Module II for Political Education. Retrieved
September 02, 2020, from http://cchope.freeservers.com/Pol_Ed/Citizenship Building.htm

Sarka-SPIP, C. (n.d.). Mindanao Peoples' Peace Movement. Retrieved September 02, 2020, from
https://intercoll.net/Mindanao-Peoples-Peace-Movement

Transparency Seal. (n.d.). Retrieved September 02, 2020, from https://www.gov.ph/web/integrated-

government-philippines-program/transparency

Lesson 8

Asis., M.M. B. (2017). The Philippines: beyond labor Migration, toward development and (possibly)
return retrieved fromhttps://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/philippines-beyond-labor-migration-
toward-development-and-possibly-return

Balena, E.D., Lucero, D.M., Peralta, A.M. (2016). Understanding culture, society and politics.
Educational
Resources Corporation. Cubao, Quezon City.

Tyner, J. (2002). The globalization of transnational labor migration and the Filipino family: A narrative
retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273341119_The_Globalization_of_Transnational_Labor_Mi
gration_and_the_Filipino_Family_A_Narrative

Statistical Tables on Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW): 2018 retrieved from

https://psa.gov.ph/content/statistical-tables-overseas-filipino-workers-ofw-2018