GRUPO 6

Captive
management of
Panthera onca
Alessandra Calderón, Mariano Cisneros,
Carlos Chávez, Samantha Teves y Valeria
Agüero
 General Information

Center Name Zoo Wild World

Typo of breeding center Zoo Type A

Management instrument PMFS

Profesional (Prepared and subscribed) Wildlife regent

 Objectives & Goals

General objective Generate educational, cultural, recreational and exhibition activities on biodiversity,
conservation and management of wildlife for educational, reproduction, conservation and
research purposes.

Specific objective - Use the facilities to provide information about the species. Also, provide
opportunities for professionals and students.
- Maintain the species and improve its conservation status.

Goals Be an accredited member of the Latin American Association of Zoological Parks and
Aquariums (ALPZA), World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) and Species 360.
 Zoo Location

Political and geographic location Lima, Chosica

Accessibility Large and noise-free area

Easy access

● Longitud: O76°42'33.98"
● Latitud: S11°56'35.02"

❏ Private transport: Motorway

Ramiro Prialé, Central road
❏ Public transport
❏ Buses
Technical and Scientific Information on the Species to be managed

Reino Animalia
UICN/ MINAGRI ALMOST THREATENED
Phylum Cordados

Class Mammalia

Order Carnivora

suborder Feliformia

family Felidae

subfamily Pantherinae

Genus Panthera

Species P. onca
 Technical and Scientific Information on the Species to be managed

Geographical distribution Inhabits from Arizona and New Mexico, in the southern United States, to
Argentina.
Amazon Basin of Brazil and extends from the northeast coastline southward into the Cerrado, Pantanal
and Chaco in Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay.
PERÚ: It is found throughout the lowland and pre-mountain jungle up to an altitude of 2000 metres, in the departments of
Loreto, Ucayali, Madre de Dios, Puno, Cusco (Lower Urubamba), San Martín, Junín and Pasco. In the latter, the presence of
jaguars has been recorded by camera traps in the Yanachaga National Park.

Biological characteristics Hunters

FEEDING Their favorite prey are the painted

rabbit, deer, wild pigs, turtles, lizards.

BEHAVIOR Active during the day and Good Climbers and

night Swimmers
 Sexual Maturity

Females 1 – 2.5 years of age

Reproduction
Males 3 –4 years of age

● Gestation around 100 days

Gestation Period
● Generally, one or two pups are born.

Life expectancy 10-12 years

Social behaviour Jaguars are solitary animals, with individual home ranges.

Attack technique: Deep throat bite (choking) and piercing the back of the skull.
Predation
The jaguar then usually drags the prey into a thicket or secluded spot,
pulling out the digestive tract 2 - 3 m away. It eats first the ventral surface of
the prey: neck, chest, heart and lungs, and then the shoulders.
Description of installation
Minimum requirements for installations as per “Lineamientos para la elaboración de planes de manejo
de fauna silvestre aplicables para zoológicos” de SERFOR Y MINAGRI.

Recommended dimensions according to current regulations

 Exhibition area
Recommended dimensions according to current
regulations

Enclosure Scientific Common N° L (m) A (m) Área(m2)

name name of specimens Enclosure construction materials:
❖ Cement
❖ Natural trees
1 Panthera
onca
Otorongo
Jaguar
2 22.5
m
52.5 m 150 m2
❖ Cement and stone water pool
❖ Green areas of grass and dirt
areas
❖ Natural and artificial stones

For the perimeter

❖ 4 m high walls
❖ Wire mesh
❖ Tempered glass

SUBSTRATE: The substrate of their environment is natural with

vegetation cover, logs, mud and soil. Any environment design should
consider these aspects.

DESIGN PARAMETERS: This species is a good climber, stalking prey

from trees and shrubs and basking from a rock or log.
➔ TEMPERATURE: Thermometers are
used to determine if the otorongo
enclosures offer these temperature
ranges.
Complementary areas:
➔ HUMIDITY: . Relative humidity has
been found to range from 75 - 80%.
➔ LIGHTING: This species requires a
minimum of 12 h of natural lighting
depending on natural habitat
conditions. Light bulbs should be
installed inside the roosts/shelters.
Site Plan
● Storage and/or food preparation area → We
will have a nutrition and food area that is far
from the exhibition area.
● Topical and/or hospital → Located in a
separate area and separate areas for
examination and treatment, surgery, radiology,
laboratory, storage of medicines
● Quarantine area → Building separated from
other structures within the zoo to observe that
it is free to communicable diseases.
● Necropsy area → We will have a necropsy
room to inspect the animal internally and
externally when required, in case we want to
know what's the cause of death.
 Fotografía: Sonia R.

Drinkers, feeders, enrichment and others→

A small lagoon available, cement-based
feeders that are only found in the internal
part of the enclosure and enrichments with
cardboard boxes, scratchers, essences,
among others.

Security→ For the exhibition environment, 15mm thick

tempered glass with a height of 2.5 meters will be used.
Guillotine doors measuring 1 m2 will be used for handling.

Dimensions of the area→ The size of the outdoor

display must not be less than 91.4 m2 with an
increase of 50% of additional square area for each
Biosecurity→ The cleaning of individual. Indoor exhibit area should not be less
the exhibition and roost than 20' by 15' with 50% additional square footage
environment must be done with for each added individual. Height for indoor displays
gloves, correct cleaning of the must be at least 2.4m.
lagoon and feeder.
 Management Activities-Feeding

Portion and
Ingredients Composition Feeding system
frequency

❏ Commercial meat Worldwide, the dietary management

mixtures of wild felines has been determined Feeding them together is not
❏ Whole prey by extrapolating from the domestic recommended.
cat model
❏ Bones Individual Feeding: Recommended
❏ Carcasses Nutritional requirements in cats:
https://www.um.es/documents/14554/744854
- Greater control of food
/Guias-Nutricionales-FEDIAF-es-2017.pdf/410 consumption.
142b0-9ad7-4752-a0a7-3b102b1dc3c0 - Avoids risk of injury
Meat: Horse, beef, pork; have from defending prey
demonstrated high digestibility According to AZA:
in felines They are fasted for 24
- 1,8 KG of prey per hours per week as part of
day in males the feeding programme,
- 1.6 kg of prey per day simulating free-living.
in females
 Management Activities-Feeding

TYPE OF FOOD M T W T F S S
Horsemeat (2000 gr) X X X X X Fasted for 24 X

Chicken Meat ( 800 gr) X X X X X Fasted for 24 X

Any pray (400 gr) Fasted for 24

X
Bone without meat X Fasted for 24

Chicken offal (300 gr) X X X X X Fasted for 24 X

Fuente: Zoo Huachipa

 Microchip Technology

- Recognition
- Theft of an animal can be avoided
- Avoid accidents
- Recapture/relocate

Common diseases of dietary origin

Common dietary diseases in jaguars

- A lot of soft diet (dental diseases)

- Kidney diseases (diet-associated kidney
failure)
- Gastrointestinal diseases
- Hepatic lipidosis
 Enrichment Program

Days Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

Enrichment Alimentary Toys Sensory

Objective Promote feeding and Promote stalking, Promote behaviors of

hunting behaviors. hunting and shooting exploration and use
behaviors. of the senses.

Materials Gunny sacks, ropes, Barrel, ball, ropes, Essences, animal

diet of the day, scrapers, cardboard blood, feces of other
frozen blood and boxes, wool, jute bags, prey mammals,
bones. tires. barrel, jute bags.

Fuente: Zoo Huachipa

The program must present varied enrichments to avoid stereotypes; in the following week the same type of enrichment can be applied but with
other materials and the days would be applied: Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday.

Habitat
Changing the environment
creates a novel experience for
animals. Adding trees, vines,
and perching areas or using
different substrates, such as
sand, mulch, or grass can
entice animals to navigate
their habitats in new ways.
Keepers can also provide
options for dens and different
types of bedding.
Enrichment Program
Cognitive
Helping animals exercise their
minds is as important as giving
them space to run, jump and
climb. Training sessions and
research projects are two
types of cognitive
enrichment that allow
animals to problem-solve,
learn and try new activities.
Past research has included
studies on orangutan memory,
how lizards see color, and how
giant pandas forage. Training
often lets animals participate in
their own medical care, like
learning to step onto a scale.
Sensory Toys
Scents and sounds encourage Toys can include burlap bags,
animals explore their habitats. sheets, boomer balls, kongs,
Natural predator or prey chew toys, hammocks and
scents and new smells, such more. Often, toys and food are
as spices or diluted perfumes, combined to create new,
can be sprinkled on the ground enriching activities for
or sprayed on a log for an animals.
animal to investigate. Playing
recorded sounds, like insect
activity and bird calls, can
simulate the sounds of a
habitat in the wild.
 Evaluation of enrichment

The application of an environmental It was shown that within the EE types,

enrichment can decrease up to 60% food enrichment was the most
the presentation of stereotypies interacted with by zoo jaguars (with no
significant difference).
 Programs of Education

Panthera onca is currently a near threatened species and continues to decline

according to the IUCN Red List.
Causes:
- Habitat loss and fragmentation
- Illegal commerce
- Poaching

Objective: to know the importance of the jaguar within an ecosystem and

recognize the different threats that surround it

Activities: implementation of informative signs, interactive brochures, special

guides on festive dates such as the international day of the jaguar

Goal: Make children and adults aware of the importance of animals in a wild
environment and the reason why we must protect them

Mandatory Programs for a Type A Zoo:

● Environmental education program (required)
● Investigation programme (required)
● Conservation program (required)

Programs for a Type A Zoo: Celebration of the International Jaguar Day: November 29
● animal training program (optional)
● Others
● Emergency protocol
● Environmental impact prevention and mitigation measures.
● Schedule of activities and budget
● Financing
● Records

Maternal behaviour
Studying animal maternal
behavior and sensory
perception can help zoos take
better care of wild animals and
provide better enrichment for
them, while also providing
insights that may aid wild
animal conservation.
Research Programs
In situ
Conducted out in the wild. This
type of research can directly
study the threats facing wild
animal populations.
Allows scientists to monitor
and evaluate animal behavior,
population dynamics, and
ecosystem processes.
- Benefit: Studying wild
animals in their
habitats.
Feeding programs
Studying animal diets to
improve their own capability of
nutrition in order to establish
an standard diet for each one
of them and control of the
amount of food that is
recommended, otherwise we
waste supplies.
- Benefit: Contribute
with animal health
 Emergency protocol

Emergency or leakage working

Materials and requirements
equipment:

● Firearms
● Trained and authorised personnel for their ● Capture team
use ● Shooting team:
● Tranquiliser rifle, blowguns and complete ● First aid equipment
drug application kit and personnel trained ● Evacuation equipment
in their use. ● Communications team
SECOND PART
 Common diseases
Causal Diagnóstico
Diseases Factores Signos Tratamiento Prevención
Agent s
Feline Leukemia FELV immunosuppressi Fever, lethargy, loss of appetite and weight, pale SNAP Feline Triple ® No treatment Vaccination
“Retrovirus” on mucous membranes, respiratory, skin and intestinal Básico: Only signs are treated to Quarantine
Geographic signs. Hemograma y stabilize the patient. good handling
location The signs will be cyclical and persistent. bioquímica Continuous monitoring of Know the geographical distribution
neurological disorders, eye problems, the patient. of the disease.
gingivostomatitis, dermatoses, increased Isolated from other Reduce stress situations.
node size, enteritis or vasculitis. negative felines. Prohibit and control the entry of
animals into the zoo.

Feline infectious immunosuppressi Very diverse clinical manifestations ImmunoComb Feline No treatment and poor Vaccination
peritonitis (FIP) CoVF on Loss of appetite and weight loss, ascites with Coronavirus (FCoV) prognosis. Avoid stress factors
Geographic involvement of abdominal organs, and dyspnea in [FIP] Antibody Test Mitigate symptoms Quarantine
location the case of pleural effusion Kit ® Possible use of antivirals Prohibit and control the entry of
stres inflammatory lesions in the eyes or in the nervous Signología y biopsia animals into the zoo.
system, del tejido afectado.
Básico:
Hemograma y
bioquímica

Mycoplasmosis Mycoplasma Ambient Pale mucous membranes, jaundice, Frotis sanguíneo Antibiotherapy: Flea and tick control
haemofelis. pests tachypnea, SNAP Tetracyclines pest control
tachycardia, dehydration, Henmoparásitos Prohibit and control the entry of
lymphadenomegaly, dyspnea, anorexia, Básico: animals into the zoo.
depression, weakness, distended abdomen, Hemograma y
fever, hyperthermia, blindness, bioquímica
hyperesthesia and alopecia, digestive signs
such as diarrhea and vomiting.

Panleukopenia Feline No vaccination Diarrhea apathy, generalized depression, loss complete blood The signs are treated, Vaccination
or feline panleukopen of appetite, high fever, drowsiness, vomiting, count there is no treatment
distemper ia virus severe diarrhea, dehydration Biochemistry to eliminate the viral
Snap agent as such.
 Common diseases
Disease Causal
Factores Signos Diagnósticos Tratamiento Prevención
s Agent
Renal Source: High protein diet Weak and tired, he complete blood count fluid therapy feeding control
disease food stops eating and Biochemistry diuretics Records
Infectious suffers from severe Assessment of Urea Change and control of
Neoplastic pain in his abdomen. and Creatinine in blood food, low protein diet
vomiting and diarrhea Sign-focused treatment

Sarna Sarcoptes spp Use of live prey with ectoparasites Pruritus, alopecia, clinical diagnosis External antiparasitic. Deworming
immunosuppression intense itching, peeling Scraping, Tape Test, Ivermectin 1% Sanitary control and
of the skin and the Microscopic Evaluation Selamectin 6& inspection of live prey
appearance of wounds offered
caused by scratching Prohibit and control the
entry of animals into the
zoo.

Toxoplasmos Toxoplasma Ingestion of meats and tissues Lethargy, loss of ELISE Clindamycin used at Comply with the
is gondii infected with bradyzoite cysts. appetite, vomiting, PCR doses of deworming schedule
Ingestion of food or water anorexia and Definitive diagnosis: 20-25mg/kg/day Prohibit and control the
contaminated with sporulated generalized weakness, Biopsy sulfa entry of animals into the
oocysts from the feces of an dehydration deworming zoo.
infected cat

Feline Feline Unvaccinated animals Depression (mild to Blood count: signs are treated Vaccination
Panleukopeni parvovirus Contact with sick animals severe), Vomiting, Leukopenia Quarantine
a (PF) or Entry of infected cats Diarrhoea, Anorexia, Biochemistry Prohibit and control the
Parvovirus Person in contact with sick domestic Mild fever, Abdominal entry of animals into the
cats pain, Dehydration zoo.
 Vaccination & Antiparasitic Program
Vaccinations needed for Panthera onca:
● Feline Panleukopenia Virus(FPV) →1ml
● Feline Herpes Virus (FHV) → 1ml
● Feline Calicivirus (FCV) → 1ml
● Rabies: Vaccine not licensed for non-domestic
felines but can be used to protect valuable
animals and public health →1ml esta es
porque es zoo
When you get vaccinated?
● In case of neonates: 12 weeks old followed by
a second injection 4 weeks later
● Adults who were never vaccinated as
youngsters should be vaccinated twice three
to four weeks apart.
● Thereafter a booster vaccination every 2-3
years should be adequate
Vaccines should be used in conjunction with other
preventive measures, including limiting the contact
that jaguars under human, feral carnivores, good
standards of hygiene and proper maintenance of the
nutrition and general health of the jaguars to ensure
that the immune system remains strong.
Antiparasitic Program
In non-domestic felines the main parasites are
related to gastrointestinal parasites
● When a coprological examination is done
When there are suspicions that the animal is
sick and when it shows characteristic signs
such as diarrhea
● Deworming criteria
Based on the results of the coprological
analysis and established deworming dates
● Deworming intervals
Every 6 or 12 months
● Deworming products
Ivermectina
Praziquantel
Fenbendazole
Levamisole
● Prevention → Cleanliness of cages/enclosures
Daily cleaning of the cement floor (chlorine
and creolin), there is no change of the soil
 Quarantine Protocol

During quarantine period specific tests must be conducted: Chemical immobilization

- Complete physical examination:

- Dental examination
- Ectoparasites
- Blood collected and tested (analyzed and the sera
banked in either a - 70°C freezer
- Fecal samples collected and analyzed
- Vaccination update as appropriate

- During the quarantine period

- Three fecal samples for internal parasite evaluation
should be submitted
Usually in the time period between 30–90 days of quarantine

Anthelmintics that have been effective and safe in jaguars include:

- Carbaryl (0.5%)
- Fenbendazole
- Ivermectin
- Praziquantel
- Pyrantel pamoate
- Pyrethrins
- Sulfadimethoxine
 Quarantine Protocol

ID
- Recognition by paint color on
spine
- Daily activity tracking

Behavior evaluation
- Usage of focal ethogram to evaluate basic activity such as movement, rest,
feeding, water consumption.
- Our table will include an individual evaluation in the quarantine area and in
the exhibition area
- Data collection will be every minute
Tiempo de observación 1 hora

Tipo de conducta Conducta / Espacio Area de exhibición Area de cuarentena

Intervalo de observación Cada 1 minuto Cada 1 minuto

Comer

Beber

Búsqueda de alimento

FISIOLOGÍA Dormir

Acicalamiento

Defecar

Marcar

Relajación

Miedo

COGNITIVO Estereotipias

Angustia

Agresividad

Rugidos

MOTORA Desplazamiento

Estiramiento
GRUPO 6

Captive
management of
Panthera onca
Alessandra Calderón, Mariano Cisneros,
Carlos Chávez, Samantha Teves y Valeria
Agüero
BIOSAFETY
 Cleaning & Disinfection

- Daily inspections of natural exhibit (remove

Schedule Time
fecal material, waste products, enrichment
items) Mornings (7:30) & afternoon -
Monday
- Cleaning/sanitations of off-display (areas, evenings (1:00 - 3:00 pm)
exhibits, work areas, corridors)
Mornings (7:30) & afternoon -
Tuesday
- Use of detergents (lotionized soap and evenings (1:00 - 3:00 pm)
degreasing dish detergents) and disinfecting
Mornings (7:30) & afternoon -
agents (e.g., quaternary ammonium Wednesday
evenings (1:00 - 3:00 pm)
disinfectants, chlorhexidine, and diluted
Mornings (7:30) & afternoon -
bleach) → Veterinary-approved Thursday
evenings (1:00 - 3:00 pm)
- After any chemical application, surfaces
should be rinsed with a high-pressure water Mornings (7:30) & afternoon -
Friday
evenings (1:00 - 3:00 pm)
stream
- Wet areas have completely dried in order to Mornings (7:30) & afternoon -
Saturday
prevent injury to the animals evenings (1:00 - 3:00 pm)

Mornings (7:30) & afternoon -

Sunday
evenings (1:00 - 3:00 pm)
 Occupational Risk

- The transport of animals must be conducted in - Training and procedures must be implemented to
order to be safe, well planned and coordinated and minimize the risk of zoonotic diseases
reduce risk to the animal, staff and the general - Use of gloves, masks, disinfected material
public

At no time should the animal or people be subjected to Masks and minimize physical exposure with some
unnecessary risks or dangers species
 Occupational Risk

- In caregiver work areas, good results have been - Taking care of the correct handling and care during
achieved using 2 in. x 2 in. steel mesh with a the time of feeding and cleaning of the jaguar
thickness of 1/4 in. Woven cable mesh is quite - Always follow the rules for animal control
flexible and can be stretched several meters
 Analysis of Food & Water Sources

Hire a laboratory that performs food analysis Have an expert staff in wildlife nutrition

➔ Physical-chemical analysis: Parameters of its ➔ Nutritional study: the nutritional

chemical composition such as pH, water composition of food is analyzed (fats,
activity, humidity, etc. They are of vital proteins, salt, sugars, energy values)
importance for the development of ➔ Formulation of diets.
microorganisms in food.
➔ Microbiologic analysis: Evaluate the amount
of microorganisms that the food to offer
possesses.
➔ Pesticide residue analysis: These pesticides
can come from environmental contamination
or treatment of plants.
➔ Analysis of possible toxins in food
➔ Post treatment contamination related to fecal
coliforms, enterobacteria and Streptococci.

The diet must be negative for the presence of

Salmonella and Listeria, and must be within the
specified tolerance limits for total coliforms and E. coli.
 Analysis of Food & Water Sources

Hire a laboratory that performs analysis of water sources

➔ Microbiological tests*
➔ Trace metal and major anion tests
➔ Tests of the full range of organic compounds (hydrocarbons, PAHs, pesticides,
volatiles, PCBs, etc.)
➔ Disinfection Byproduct Testing including Haloacetic Acids (HAAs),
Trihalomethanes (THMs), NDMA, Bromate, Bromide, Chlorate, and Chlorite
 Vector Control
They are carriers and carriers
Management and reduction
of various communicable
of the rodent population
diseases.
The elimination of a pest such as the rat is practically
impossible, so what must be done is to rotate preventive
measures (poisons, traps, location, etc), constant checks of
the facilities and the exhibition area must have a metal
mesh at its base, with a depth of 60 cm and avoid the
formation of burrows.

- Use of warfarin-based rodenticides (rotate rodenticide every 3 months)

- Mouse traps (rotate location and check of these)
Preventive measures - Seal empty spaces or holes where the animal can hide and make its nest
- Electrical helpers (alarms) to give us a location where to put more emphasis

Activities Month 1 Month 2 Moth 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6

Cheat review
x x x x x x
Bait change
x x x
 Solid Waste and/or Water Waste Management

Rejillas Detritus Vortice

They should be placed upstream Conventional: Horizontal flow is

of pumping stations or any Vortex desanding systems are
the most used in our
subsequent treatment device based on the formation of a
environment. The particles settle
that is likely to become clogged mechanically induced vortex
as the speed with which they are
by coarse material brought in by (eddy), which captures the
transported by the water is
untreated wastewater. The solids in the central hopper of
reduced.
approach channel to the screen a circular tank.
must be designed to prevent the
accumulation of sand or other
They must be removed to avoid risks. The
heavy material upstream of it. infestations, e.g. parasites, they can spread
Objective of
Management of waste through them. Some flies also use those
droppings to deposit their eggs.
 Bibliographic references
- Association of Zoo Aquariums (2018). MANUAL PARA CUIDADO DE JAGUARES (Panthera onca) Recuperado
de: https://assets.speakcdn.com/assets/2332/jaguar_care_manual_spanish_alpza.pdf
- EAZA (2022). Jaguar (Panthera onca) EAZA Best Practice Guidelines. Recuperado de:
https://www.eaza.net/assets/Uploads/CCC/BPG-2022/Panthera-Onca-BPGs-2022.pdf
- School of Planning and Architecture (2018) Design Guidelines for Zoos. Recuperado de:
https://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/publications/english/ZOO%20BOOK___LOW-RES.pdf
- SERFOR (2020 Lineamientos para la elaboración de planes de manejo de fauna silvestre aplicables para
zoológicos
https://www.serfor.gob.pe/portal/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Lineamiento-para-PMFS-Zoologicos.pdf
- Federación Europea de Fabricantes de Alimentos para Animales de Compañía (s/f). Guías Nutricionales para
alimentos completos y complementarios para perros y gatos. Recuperado de:
https://www.um.es/documents/14554/744854/Guias-Nutricionales-FEDIAF-es-2017.pdf/410142b0-9ad7-475
2-a0a7-3b102b1dc3c0
- INEC (2007) Instalación de cautiverio. Recuperado de:
http://www2.inecc.gob.mx/publicaciones2/libros/331/instala.html
- El papel de los zoológicos de Mesoamérica y el Caribe en la Conservación de los Jaguares (Panthera
onca). 2000. Parque zoológico y Jardín Botánico Nacional Simón Bolivar San José, Costa Rica
Recuperado de: http://www.cbsg.org/sites/cbsg.org/files/documents/Zoos%20Jaguar%202000.pdf
- Viscarra, M., Ayala, G., Galeon, R. (2010). Programa piloto de enriquecimiento ambiental para jaguar
(Panthera onca) en el Zoológico Municipal Vesty Pakos Sofro, La Paz, Bolivia.
- MINAM (2017). DECRETO LEGISLATIVO Nº 1278. Recuperado de
https://www.minam.gob.pe/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ds_014-2017-minam_-RRSS.pdf
-