Computer Arts and Technological College Inc.

College of Criminal Justice Education

Balintawak Street, Albay District, Legazpi City

An Assessment to Juvenile Delinquency

in Barangay 28 Victory Village Legazpi City, Albay

Prepared By,

Mallorca Rey Joseph B.

Balderrama Robert D.
Magdaraog Haron M.
Ebuenga Eugeane B.
Bermas Ara Mae M.

2023
 Table of contents
Title Page
CHAPTER I
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Map of the setting of the study
Scope and Limitation of the study
Definition of Terms
Significance of the study
CHAPTER II
Related literature
Related studies
Theoretical framework
Theoretical paradigm
Synthesis of the state of the art
Gap bridge by the study
Conceptual Framework
Conceptual paradigm
Chapter III
Method used
Respondent of the study
Data gathering procedures
Statistical tools
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 CHAPTER 1
The problem and its setting

Introduction

Juvenile delinquency refers to anti-social and criminal behavior committed by a person

under the age of 18. Juvenile delinquency is also simply called delinquents and the two terms
are used interchangeably in popular discourse. Once persons reach adulthood, anti-social and
criminal behavior is known as crime. In this way, juvenile delinquency is the child and
adolescent version of crime. Juvenile delinquency encompasses two general types of behavior
status and delinquent offenses. Status offenses are behaviors that are considered
inappropriate or unhealthy for children and adolescents, and the behaviors are proscribed
because of the age of the offender. Such behaviors if committed by adults are not illegal.
Examples of status offenses include smoking or using tobacco, drinking or possessing alcohol,
running away from home, truancy or nonattendance at school or violating curfew. There are
also other status offenses that are essentially levels the parents and the juvenile justice system
place in young people. These offenses include waywardness, incorrigibility, idleness, and being
ungovernable. Depending on the jurisdiction the juvenile justice system has device formal
labels for adolescents that are in need. These include CHINS (child in need of supervision), PINS
(person in need of supervision), MINS (minor in need of supervision), FINS (family in need of
supervision), and YINS (youth in need of supervision).

Delinquent offenses are violations of legal statutes that also apply to adults in the
criminal justice system. Delinquent offenses include acts of violation against persons such
murder, rape, armed robbery, aggravated and simple assault, harassment, stalking, menacing,
child abuse and similar offenses. Delinquent offenses also include acts that are considered
property crimes such as burglary, theft or larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson, damage to
property, criminal mischief, vandalism, and others. A variety of miscellaneous crimes
sometimes known as public other offenses are also delinquent’s offenses. This includes driving
while intoxicated, cruelty to animals, possession and use of controls of substance, forgery,
fraud, disorderly conduct, weapons violation, prostitution and commercialized vice, vagrancy
pig and loitering traffic violation and others.

Juvenile delinquency is important in society for several reasons but for there in
particular. First children and adolescents commit a significant amount of delinquent offenses
that result in violent, property, or other forms of victimization. Each year, more than one
million children and adolescents are arrested by police for their delinquent acts. Second
juvenile delinquency is itself seen as an indicator of the general health and prosperity of a
society in neighborhoods with high levels of delinquency; the anti-social behavior is seen as
part of a larger set of social problems. In this sense juvenile delinquency is troubling because
of victimization that is inflicted in the perceptual image of society as unable to adequately
control and supervise young people. Third, as this research paper will explore juvenile
delinquency has different meanings depending on each severity and other factors. For many
young people juvenile delinquency is a fairly normal facet of growing up. For a small group of
youths however, juvenile delinquency is simply the beginning stage of what will become a
lifetime antisocial behavior. This research paper offers a comprehensive look at juvenile
delinquency including its historical background, major theories of juvenile delinquency, and
types of typologies of juvenile delinquents.
(criminal-justice.iresearchnet.com)

Juveniles are the most significant segment not only in the Philippines but also in the
global society. They are regarded as the leaders of tomorrow, so when they are treated well in
a manner that even the society will feel comfortable for the betterment of future generations.
If the society fails to accommodate them and give them such care, sometimes when they feel
segregated, they react sharply to any antisocial activity in the sense that they stand for their
own right. Indeed, lack of parental attention, scarcity of basic needs and any other social
feelings of unhappiness, worry and disappointment that they might experience at their tender
age touches them so deeply. Many of them cannot cope with the abnormal situation. They
respond to social anomalies in ways that are not approved by social norms and law. At times
the elderly ones who are well experienced in crimes misguides the young folks by forming
them a gang in order to commit the type of crime they want either individually or collectively
Some of them use to choose berated life pattern by developing juveniles’ subculture to exhibit
their resistance that injustice has been done to them. Juvenile delinquency cannot be
considered by keeping it apart from social reality. Social segregation by the society increases
juvenile delinquency, the emergence of juvenile sub-culture and suggests that the juvenile has
been subjected to malnourishment.
If the dominant culture of society fails to accommodate all the children sufficiently, the
deprived young folks will stand up with their subculture.

In the past, Filipinos did not make distinctions between children and adults, as did
people in other countries of the world. Youth offenders were treated in the same way as
adults. With the passing of time, issues concerning children’s rights had been brought to light
and since then, efforts have been made worldwide towards creating a justice system that
would be for the best interest of the young citizens. Modern society is expected to be child-
centered and protective of children.

Apparently, juvenile delinquency continues to be one of the crucial social problems in

the Philippines, yet also the least given attention. Many view poverties in the country.
Unfortunately, the poor and marginalized children are more vulnerable to violence, and the
same are more likely to come into conflict with the law. the prevention and control of this
problem, if not dole out solution, is greatly dependent on the implementation of the current
juvenile justice system, R.A. 9344 or the “Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act'' defines the Juvenile
Justice and Welfare System as a system dealing with children at risk and children in conflict
with the law, which provides child-appropriate proceedings, including programmes and
services for prevention, diversion, rehabilitation, reintegration and aftercare to ensure their
normal growth and development.

Instead of using the word “juvenile”, Philippine laws made use of the word “child”. As
defined in R.A. No. 9344, “Child” is a person under the age of eighteen (18) years. While “Child
at Risk” refers to a child who is vulnerable to and at the risk of committing criminal offenses
because of personal, family and social circumstances. Some of the examples mentioned in the
law are: being abandoned or neglected, and living in a community with a high level of
criminality or drug abuse.

“Child in Conflict with the Law” or CICL on the other hand refers to a child who is alleged
as, accused of, or adjudged as, having committed an offense under Philippine laws.

A child can commit an act or omission whether punishable under special laws or the
amended Revised Penal Code which is referred to as an “Offense”. Under Republic Act 10630,
offenses which only apply to a child and not to adults are called “Status Offences''. These shall
not be considered as offenses and shall not be punished if committed by a child. Examples of
status offenses include curfew violations, truancy, parental disobedience and the like.

Before R.A. No. 9344 was enacted, children at risk and CICL were treated much like adult
offenders as when former President Ferdinand Marcos, Sr. signed into law the Judiciary
Reorganization Act 1980 which abolished the juvenile and domestic relations courts. As such
child offenders were subjected to the same adversarial proceedings as their adult
counterparts.

As an offshoot of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), the
R.A. No. 9344 intends to deal with these children without resorting to judicial proceedings.
Instead of punishing juvenile offenders and treating them as criminals, these child offenders
will be provided by the State and the community with assistance to prevent them from
committing future offenses.

Republic Act No. 10630 or the Act Strengthening the Juvenile Justice System provided
for the establishment of an Intensive Juvenile Intervention and Support Center for children
(IJISC) under the minimum age of criminal responsibility in “Bahay Pag-asa”. R.A. No. 10630
further emphasized child-sensitive justice policies focused on the best interest of the child.

The “Bahay Pag-asa” is a 24-hour child-care institution funded and managed by local
government units (LGU) and licensed and/or accredited non-government organizations.
Children in conflict with the law who are 15 to 18 years old shall be housed in these temporary
shelters while awaiting trial and the judgment to be rendered by the courts.

The law also clarified procedures for children below the minimum age of criminal
responsibility, including those who commit serious offenses. It provides that any child aged 12
to 15 who commits a serious offense punishable by more than 12 years’ imprisonment should
be deemed a neglected child under the Child and Youth Welfare Code. As a neglected child,
the minor should be placed in the IJISC. The same is true with a child who was previously
subjected to a community-based intervention program. He shall also be deemed a neglected
child and as such shall undergo an intensive intervention program supervised by the LSWDO.
The child will undergo appropriate intervention programs through the written authorization
for voluntary commitment of the child as executed by the parents or guardians or through a
petition in the court for the involuntary confinement filed by the LSWDO or DSWD.

The “Bahay Pag-asa” will be managed by a multi-disciplinary team composed of a social

worker, a psychologist/mental health professional, a medical doctor, an educational guidance
counselor, and a member of the Barangay Council for the Protection of Children (BCPC). They
will come up with individualized intervention plans for the child and his/her family.
 Based on the recommendation of the multi-disciplinary team of the IJISC, the LSWDO or
the DSWD, the court may require the parents of the CICL to undergo counseling or any other
intervention that would advance the best interest of the child.

Statement of the problem

The researcher’s objective in conducting this study is to know the status of juvenile
delinquency in brgy 28 victory village legazpi city Albay. This gives a tangible overview of the
seemingly staggered figures concerning juvenile delinquents.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions.

1, what is the status of juvenile delinquency in brgy victory village, legazpi city albay 2020-
2021?

2, What are the factors that may trigger juveniles to commit delinquency in terms of.

a, home

b, school

c, community

d, social media

3, what measures can be recommended to lessen juvenile delinquency?

Scope and limitation

The study dealt with the condition of juvenile delinquency in brgy 28 victory village
legazpi city reported cases were taken within the barangay jurisdiction. It was drawn from a
barangay office in the area. Only reported cases from 2021-2022 were considered qualitative
analysis to describe the data used.
 The collected juvenile delinquency cases in brgy 28 victory village legazpi city will be
used to analyze the status of juvenile delinquency, the quantity of cases and which offenses
are usually committed.
This study also includes the factors that lead the children to commit a crime. Likewise, a
solution that may recommend to lessen the number of juvenile delinquent.

The respondent of this study were the community and the barangay officials of barangay
28 victory village legazpi city. They will be ask about the crimes committed by the minors and
the programs or laws they made to lessen the juvenile delinquents.

Definition of Terms

Juvenile
A young person who is under 18 years old or not yet old enough to be considered as an
adult.
Those under a specific age, which differs from state to state, who are not subject to
criminal sanctions when they commit behavior that would be considered criminal for someone
over that age.

Delinquency
Minor crime, especially that committed by young people.

Delinquent
A usually young person who regularly performs illegal or immoral acts

COMMUNITY
A group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in
common.
Significant of the study

The significance of this study is for us to know the effect and factors which lead
some juveniles to commit delinquent actions such as smoking, drinking alcoholic drinks,
running away from home etc. and those delinquent actions which if done by an adult can be
branded as criminal and punished by the law.

The outcome of the study would benefit the following:

The researcher
The result of this study will give the researcher an insight about the juvenile delinquency
in brgy 28, victory village legazpi city.

Future Researcher
This study would help the future researcher as a reference and to widen their
perception about the juvenile delinquency.

Community
To help the people in the community to be more aware about the status of juvenile
delinquency.
 END NOTES

https://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/RS_No101/No101_17_IP_Philippines.pdf

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY (Armando A. Alviola, Ph.D. / Author)

http://criminal-justice.iresearchnet.com/crime/juvenile-delinquency/
 CHAPTER II

Related studies in juvenile delinquency

According to Katharina Neissl and Simon S. Singer Juvenile delinquent offending and
society’s reaction to it has been steadily growing, despite the inherent difficulties of comparing
juvenile justice processes across different regions. Both adolescence and the concept of
juvenile delinquency are social constructs that vary by time and place. To know what
constitutes a juvenile, or a delinquent act, requires detailed knowledge of a jurisdiction’s
social, political, cultural, and legal history. International data in the form of officially recorded
contact of juveniles with formal institutions are scarce, and they are often limited in their use
for direct comparisons, due to divergent definitions and recording practices, or coverage of
geographical regions. The United Nations Surveys on Crime Trends and the Operations of
Criminal Justice Systems (UN-CTS) have the widest geographical reach but lack transparency of
definitions or verification. The World Prison Brief by the Institute for Policy Research at
Birkbeck University of London provides prison trends around the globe, but only offers one
indicator of juvenile imprisonment. The Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics and the
European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics collect data on a range of
custodial and non-custodial measures, and include detailed notes on national definitions, but
are limited to Europe. The largest self-report study of youth is the International Self-Report
Delinquency (ISRD) study, which is currently in its third wave that includes 40 countries across
the globe.

Since 1990 the United Nations has developed international conventions, rules, and guidelines
that govern the rights of children, particularly as they relate to juvenile justice, and these
guidelines have shaped, and continue to shape, juvenile justice processes across the globe.
Almost all regions in the world have provisions to treat juveniles violating the law differently
from adults, but they do so in a multitude of ways. Not all countries have separate systems for
juveniles and adults, and in some regions of the world informal reactions to juvenile law-
breaking dominate or coexist with formal juvenile justice institutions. Juvenile justice systems
are often categorized according to their founding philosophies, between the poles of a welfare
and protection approach on one extreme, and a crime control and justice approach on the
other. However, such classifications mask important differences between countries, and can
only be seen as broad generalizations. In order to capture the intricacies of existing systems,
and compare them between jurisdictions, a localized approach to juvenile justice is needed. It
is not sufficient to describe which legal orientations or traditions inform a system, but rather it
is necessary to examine how these traditions (as well as global trends and pressures) are
interpreted by local juvenile justice Table of contentpublic debates and to achieving better
outcomes for juveniles across the globe needs to be localized, pay special attention to the
specific cultural, legal, and historical context of the jurisdiction studied, and differentiate
between the law in theory and the law in practice. (Katharina neissl and Simon S. Singer)

This review considers juvenile delinquency and justice from a global perspective. Youth
crime is a growing concern. Many young offenders are also victims with complex needs,
leading to a public health approach that requires a balance of welfare and justice models.
However, around the world there are variable and inadequate legal frameworks and a lack of a
specialist workforce. The UK and other high-income countries worldwide have established
forensic child and adolescent psychiatry, a multifaceted discipline incorporating legal,
psychiatric and developmental fields. Its adoption of an evidence-based therapeutic
intervention philosophy has been associated with greater reductions in recidivism compared
with punitive approaches prevalent in some countries worldwide, and it is therefore a superior
approach to dealing with the problem of juvenile delinquency.

Recent years have seen sustained public and academic interest in criminality and mental
health, with attention often focused on antisocial behaviour by children and adolescents. The
scale of the problem of juvenile delinquency has provoked mixed responses from governments
and the media across the world, with calls for improved rehabilitation and support for juvenile
offenders competing with voices advocating more punitive approaches. Meanwhile, decades
of rigorous academic scrutiny have shed light on the complex and diverse needs of children
who come into conflict with the law. Much of the growing body of literature on juvenile
offenders shows considerable overlap between criminological, social and biomedical research,
with a consensus emerging around the significance of a developmental understanding of the
emergence of juvenile delinquency.

Importantly, juvenile offenders have consistently been identified as a population that suffers
from a markedly elevated prevalence and severity of mental disorder compared with the
general juvenile population. Meeting the needs of these young offenders presents practical
and ethical challenges concerning treatment and management, including liaison with other
agencies(Susan Young, Ben Green, Richard Church.)

Juvenile delinquency has become a cause of social concern all over the world. It is a universal
phenomenon, in the sense that it is found in all human groups. Perhaps there is no society who
has a pause as far as misbehavior or crime by individuals, more so among the younger ones
that is children. The nature of human behavior is such that violation of standards of behavior
or actions are sometimes hardly kept intact, in tune with that of norms, regulations, code of
conduct, values, etc., of the society. The problem of human misbehavior has been observed
and felt throughout the human world and at all levels of strata. However, the causation of
delinquency, nature and extent of juvenile delinquency, genesis of delinquency, forms of
delinquency, and patterns of delinquency vary from time to time, place to place, and well
within a community, society, region, and nation. Shoemaker (2009) provides an overview of
the history of the problem. According to him, juvenile delinquency is purported to have begun
in Europe in the 7th century. Puritanism was one of the major ideologies of the time. This
ideology advocated strict and acceptable individual and collective behavior, especially in
matters related to religion. As early as the 17th century, children were treated as adults and,
likewise, were held accountable for their actions. Children are said to have been deliberately
exposed to sexual activity, hardships, and adult behaviors with the express purpose of
initiating them into adulthood. They were also harshly punished for any misdemeanors
because it was believed that corporal punishment was good for discipline. (Ebrary.net)

failure of the state to properly deal with the so-called “children in conflict with the law” (CICL)
in this article. We will discuss what the juvenile delinquency is in the Philippines, what the
possible causes are, and how the law sees incidences of juvenile delinquency. On the other
hand, crimes against persons, which include rape, attempted rape, acts of lasciviousness,
physical injuries, murder, attempted murder, seduction, grave threats, abduction, and
homicide, constitute 36 percent of the crime committed by children covering the same period.

While children and teenagers primarily figured in pretty crimes youth offenders are allegedly
getting younger and bolder. Some children are now figuring heinous crimes that would send
them jail for life. In 2015, the physical injury and rape were the top3 crimes committed by
children. Theft cases recorded in 2015 reached 3,715 while physical case involving child
perpetrators reached 642.

While the numbers of juvenile delinquents in the Philippines is astounding laws protect them
from being put in place prioritize their welfare, rehabilitation, and reintegration into society,
allowing CILCS to improve their lives after the crimes they’ve committed in the past.

However, while the laws of the land aim to protect these children, the rehabilitation programs
remain wanting, with some reformative aspects of the Philippine Juvenile Justice law not being
implemented well due to a lack of financial support from the government of the absence of
housing programs that should be designed for their welfare during their supposed trial.
Unfortunately, these not only affect the success of rehabilitation, but also exposes children to
the risk of abuses within the system. (Bussinessmirror.com.)
Children and juvenile delinquency is considered as one of the problems and concerns of
different countries. This phenomenon has a growing trend in our country as one of the
youngest countries in the world.  This study aims at investigating the factors affecting juvenile
delinquency. This research is a cross - sectional study performed on 250 subjects including 200
male juvenile delinquents and 50 female juvenile delinquents aged 9 - 18 years and sentenced
in juvenile institution and tribunals responsible with addressing the children’s offenses in
Tehran. The data collection tool was an information form completed through interviews and
studying the records of the subjects.  SPSS software for data analysis and frequency
distribution tables and chi-square test were used. In this study, 62% of young people aged 17-
18 years were studied among which 80% is male and 20% female. Besides, 48% of them were
educated at guidance school level and 50.8% of them did not live with their parents. The
crimes committed in order of frequency were: Theft, evil-doing, drugs, mischief, mayhem and
40.8% of them were addicted. Moreover, gender and education level as well as occupation and
education level of their mothers were significantly associated with delinquency. Additionally,
no significant relationship was observed among the marital status, place of residence, family
size, birth order, educational backwardness, performing religious duties, education level,
fathers’ job, level of income and criminal background of their family members. A significant
correlation was observed between the separation from family and addiction, with delinquency
type, as well as addiction of families with the addiction of the juveniles. In this study, various
demographic, social and familial factors, such as education, occupation, separation from family
and drug addiction have turned out to be influential on the development of juvenile
delinquency. (biomedpharmajournal.org)

Juvenile behavior is complex, and the identification of delinquent acts and delinquent youth
involves interaction among people. Juvenile behavior involves many decisions by juveniles,
victims, and police. A major problem with sources of data about juvenile delinquency is
representativeness. Agencies reporting official statistics are public bodies, responsible to some
executive or judicial branch of government. These agencies, therefore, are subject to pressures
from certain constituencies. Nonetheless, the behavior of juvenile delinquents can be
characterized as falling on a continuum of inclusiveness. One end of the continuum is
represented by those who are incarcerated, while the other end is delinquent behavior.
Various theories have been proposed to explain delinquency, but any theory must recognize
that causes of most human behavior involve interaction among variables. All theories
necessarily make assumptions, and these assumptions are based on knowledge about juvenile
delinquency, crime, and control. Three levels of explanation for juvenile delinquency are
offered (individual, macrosocial, and microsocial). (www.ojp.gov)

Juvenile delinquency is an enormous problem in India by which most of the youth ruin their
lives. Delhi is facing the most problem. The main objective is to find the delinquent behavior,
and what is causing them Delinquency is a kind of abnormality when an individual deviate
from the course of normal social life. His behavior is called 'Delinquency'. When a juvenile,
below an age specified under a statute exhibits behavior which may prove to be dangerous to
society and / or to him he may be called a Juvenile delinquent. Juvenile delinquents are those
offenders including boys and girls who are normally under 16 years of age. A Juvenile
delinquent is a young person incorrigible or habitually disobedient Because of juvenile crime
and relates problems youth, their families and the entire society suffer multiple consequences.
When a juvenile, below an age specified under a statute exhibits behavior which may prove to
be dangerous to society and / or to him he may be called a Juvenile delinquent. Juvenile
delinquents are those offenders including boys and girls who are normally under 16 years of
age. A Juvenile delinquent is a young person incorrigible or habitually disobedient. Not only
does the problem affect the victims of the crime; it also affects the juvenile delinquent’s
family, their future, and the society as a whole. Act of delinquency may include (garph.co.uk)

In recent years, the crime rate of minors in our country has risen steadily, laying a hidden
danger for the harmonious and orderly development of the country and society. The healthy
growth of teenagers is not only related to the harmony of a family and the future of a nation
but also to the destiny of a country. Therefore, in order to ensure the healthy growth of young
people and prevent juvenile delinquency, we should start with the causes of juvenile
delinquency, identifying the core issues, so as to better study juvenile delinquency. In schools
and families, strengthen the education of minors and guide them to develop positively. In
terms of law, strengthen the supervision of minors to prevent them from breaking the law.
(hindawi.com)

Crimes are on the rise and nowadays these crimes are committed not only by adults but by
children as well. There are a lot of possible reasons why children commit these crimes, and
these reasons will be the main focus of this study. This study discusses the influence of
different factors surrounding a child that may negatively affect the child's psychological
development.
In this study, the population consists of Filipino juvenile delinquents whose ages range from
15-18 years old. They were interviewed through a focus group discussion facilitated by the
researchers. Data from the interviews have been analyzed using a three-phased variant of the
Grounded Theory. The study found out that most juveniles perceive violence as a way of
survival. Most of them also believed that violence is justified when they use this as a means to
survive, for example, to gather needed financial resources or as a method of protecting
themselves and their loved ones. As long as juveniles are continuously exposed to violence and
to have reason to commit them, they would continue to rely of violence as their primary mode
of survival. (Maria Roxanne bassig, anne marie Nicole fevidal, Gabriel Antonio d. robeniol
2009)

The research explored the perceptions and levels of empathy in Filipino children in conflict
with the law (Filipino CICL). Specifically, the study delved into the children's constructs of
empathy, how it was formed and their experiences showing and receiving empathy to and
from other individuals. A semi-constructed interview and the Pagkamaunawain subscale from
the Masaklaw na Panulat ng Loob (MAPA) was utilized in order to gather the needed data.
Data collected through the interviews was analyzed through thematic and content analysis and
the scores from the scale were showcased through descriptive statistics. Results from the
interviews showed that the children in conflict with the law had experienced empathy mainly
through their friends and family, specifically the mother and father, and constructed their
perceptions through the acts of empathy happening to them. In turn, the children were ble to
recall experiences in which they have either shown or received empathy to or from another
individual. Scores from the scale showed that the children in conflict with the law had mainly
average levels of empathy. In regards to the Filipino CICL and their constructs of empathy, it
was determined that these children were indeed impacted through past experiences and
observations in such a way, that they are able to understand and show empathy alike to how
individuals in society would normally do so today. Finally, the researchers summarized that the
Filipino CICL had capabilities of expressing and understanding emotions of others, empathizing
with them in order to fit in and be part fo society.(Hiram Andrew E. Lopez, Mary Grace S.
Mondia, Lorraine Mae F. Porio, Veronica Isabel W. Javier 2016)

RELATED LITERATURE IN JUVENILE DELICQUENCY

Juvenile processing is outlined from the time of the offense through sentencing
decisions, and an examination of the measures of juvenile delinquency considers self-report
studies, victim surveys, observation methods, the behavioral characteristics of offenders, and
the sub-classification of delinquency and conduct disorders. The discussion of adolescent
development gives attention to age trends, moral development, and the continuity and course
of antisocial behavior. A chapter is devoted to the impact of various historical trends, including
changes in society and family, which may have contributed to an increase in juvenile
delinquency, and research findings pertaining to the impact of sex, social class, and race on
delinquency are reviewed. An analysis of individual characteristics that may contribute to
delinquency focuses on I.Q. and scholastic attainment, body build and disabilities, physiological
characteristics, hyperactivity, personality characteristics, and genetic factors. Psychosocial
factors considered include family influences, films and television, school factors, and
geographic influences. The chapter on protective factors considers influences that appear to
counter the development of delinquent patterns. Following a review of theories and
explanations of delinquency, approaches for prevention and intervention are presented, while
the concluding chapter discusses implications for research, policy, and practice. Over 1,000
references are provided, along with subject and author indexes. (M Rutter; H Giller 1984)

This book presents the results of 20 years of ecological research into the nature of the
relationship between the distribution of delinquency and the pattern of physical structure and
social organization of 21 American cities. Uniform findings in every city confirm the hypothesis
that the physical deterioration of residential areas accompanied by social disorganization is
greatest in a central zone in the business district, intermediate in a middle zone, and lowest in
the other zones, and that there is a progressive decline in the incidence of delinquency from
the innermost zone where it is most concentrated to the peripheral areas. Delinquency is
found to be highly correlated with changes in population, inadequate housing, poverty,
presence of Negroes and foreign-born, tuberculosis, mental disorders, and adult criminality.
The common basic factor is social disorganization or the absence of community effort to cope
with these conditions. Causation of juvenile delinquency is to be sought more in terms of the
community than of the individual. 107 maps pertaining to the cities studied and 118 tables
relating to population and delinquency rates are included as well as a chapter describing the
Chicago Area Project as a demonstration of the effective mobilization of community forces to
combat delinquency and crime. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
(Shaw, C.R. and McKay, H.D. 1942)

In order to investigate the effects of parental monitoring, parental involvement,

ethnicity, and being U.S born on juvenile violent and non-violent delinquency, an analysis was
run using a public data set from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health
(ADD). Prior research has focused on the types of juvenile delinquent behaviors but not
specifically how their social environments are related to these behaviors. It was hypothesized
that social influences and/or factors such as parental monitoring, parental involvement,
ethnicity, and being U.S born will all be associated with juvenile delinquent behaviors. The
findings of the study showed no significant associations between parental monitoring and
parental involvement with juvenile violent and nonviolent behavior. However, there do tend
to be trends indicating that the lower the parental involvement the more likely the juvenile
had non-violent behaviors. The research also shows a significant association between U.S born
juveniles and violent juvenile delinquency. Keywords: Juvenile, juvenile delinquency, non-
violent behaviors, violent behaviors, public school, private school, family structure, family
type. (Jusmine C. Dunn 2017)

There are a variety of factors contributing to the delinquency of juveniles. This study
examined Los Angeles Risk and Resiliency Checkup (LARCC) to determine the frequency and
percentage of protective and risk factors regarding delinquency, education, family, peers, and
substance use and the individual. This study included 40 LARRC records from juveniles on
probation at Los Angeles Probation South Central Gang Unit. Risk factors that contributed to
juvenile delinquency ranged from absentee parents, significant crime in the neighborhood,
gang affiliation, and drug and alcohol use. Protective factors that helped juveniles resist
delinquent behavior ranged from a supportive community, positive interaction with teachers,
family support, pro-social peer relations, and able to manage stress well. Results indicated no
significant correlation between the number of prior arrests and the risk level for male
offenders. (Olivia Crosby 2017)

Criminologists have long studied police prejudice with the assumption that it is a
fundamental problem resulting in discrimination against certain racial and ethnic groups.
However, little research has examined how individuals’ perceptions of police prejudice (PPP)
influences compliance or delinquency behavior among the public. To fill this gap, in this paper,
I reviewed relations between police and racial/ethnic groups, theorized an association
between PPP and juvenile delinquency, and empirically examined the association. The long
history of racial/ethnic prejudice and discrimination predisposes racial/ethnic minorities to
consider themselves targets of discrimination and to feel powerless. Moreover, some
minorities justify the current system and tolerate injustice. These mechanisms may then
predispose racial/ethnic minorities to internalize police discrimination and prejudice as
instrumental factors that potentially threaten their security. To theoretically associate PPP and
delinquency given the asymmetrical relations between police and racial/ethnic groups, I
reviewed criminal decision-making theories (procedural justice and deterrence theories). The
theories provide consistent implications of PPP on delinquency for racial majorities, in that
both theories imply a criminogenic impact of PPP on delinquency. On the other hand, for
racial/ethnic minorities, police prejudice has contrasting implications. For minorities, police
prejudice may be a deterrent because it increases sanction risks for minorities, but it may also
be a criminogenic influence because it weakens police legitimacy. To empirically examine the
association, I utilized the GREAT dataset and performed a series of group-based trajectory
models. I did not find clear associations between longitudinal patterns of PPP and delinquency
(e.g., an incremental PPP trend with a decremented PPP trend); nevertheless, membership
models show that white juveniles who strongly believe police to be prejudiced tend to belong
to criminogenic groups, while there is no association between level of PPP and level of
delinquency among African-American juveniles. These results of membership models are
consistent with theoretical predictions in this study. That is, both theories of procedural justice
and of deterrence predict a high PPP is associated with high involvement in delinquency in
racial majorities, and for the implications of PPP to contrast among African-American juveniles.
Given these results, I suggested some academic and policy implications.
(Kwang Hyun Ra 2018)

For many years’ researchers and theorists have argued and found empirical evidence for
the hypothesis that intelligence is inversely associated with criminal behavior and juvenile
delinquency (Hirschi & Hindelang, 1977; Wilson & Hernstein, 1985; Rushton & Templer, 2009;
Walsh, Swogger, & Kosson, 2004). A specific aspect of intelligence, working memory, has also
been shown to be a risk factor for crime and delinquency (Cauffman, Steinberg, & Piquero,
2005; Syngelaki et al., 2009), likely through its association with difficulties anticipating the
consequences of one’s actions (Romer, 2012). Additionally, the constructs of psychopathy and
antisocial personality traits have also been shown to be strong predictors of criminal behavior
and delinquency, particularly violent offending (Hare, Clark, Grann, & Thornton, 2000). Recent
research has demonstrated the possibility that psychopathy and intelligence interact, with the
highest levels of offending observed among youth and adults high in both psychopathy and
intelligence (Johansson & Kerr, 2005; Hampton, Drabick and Steinberg, 2014). The present
study used an archival data set of approximately 303 juvenile offenders’ psychology
assessment score data. Specifically, each assessment includes the WISC-IV, WISC-V or WAIS-IV
and the Personality Assessment Inventory-Adolescent. From the WISC, the study used the
General Ability Index as a measure of general intelligence, Working Memory Index as a
measure of working memory, and Antisocial scale from the PAI as an approximate measure of
psychopathy. Additionally, the researcher gathered the complete offense histories of each
youth and a count of the number of offenses served as the dependent variable. Results found
that GAI, and more specifically the Verbal Comprehension Index, were significant and mild
inverse predictors of total offending. The overall ANT scale was not associated with offending,
but the Antisocial Behaviors (ANT-A) subscale was mildly and positively associated with
offending. The interaction effect of GAI x ANT-A or VCI x ANT-A were not significant, whether
examined through a multiple regression analysis or an ANOVA model. Other relevant findings
were that the Positive Impression Management and Negative Impression Management PAI-A
scales emerged as significant predictors of offending in a post hoc analysis in which the sample
was culled for youth producing invalid profiles based on the Infrequency and Inconsistency
PAI-A scales, or based on the Reliable Digit Span score on the Wechsler scales.(Kelly N. Fields
2017)
 The neighborhood, a harsh environment where gangs constantly feud. The locale,
people who struggle to merely survive day to day. The protagonist, a lost youth trying to make
sense of and find his way in the world.
The video starts with a fight between two rival gangs. Amidst the chaos Ermes (Mes) Santiago
notices an innocent by standard who is accidentally killed. He runs to the kid in an attempt to
help. Unaware of what just happened, Caloy Braganza looks around and sees Mes standing
over the body of Raffy, his younger brother.
Tomas Ramirez is a confused teen who us hard on his luck and has a lot of problem with his
family. He constantly butts head with his mom who always pushes him to help out with their
situation. As a solution to his problems he decides to join a gang in hopes to make things
better. One day Tomas sees Mes, a cousin he hasn't seen in a long time. As they catch up,
Tomas confides his plans of joining a gang but is told to think twice before doing so.
Caloy's interest is aroused when he finds out that a neophyte of the gang he now leads is
related to the man he believes responsible for his brother's death. With this information, he
intends to use tomas to get her revenge.
After finding out that Tomas went on with his plan, Mes is bothered by Tomas's attitude after
being accepted into the gang. In a final attempt to get through to Tomas, Mes crosses paths
with Caloy in an unfortunate confrontation that makes Tomas opens his eyes to the reality of
what he got himself into. He knows the possiblility that one day he will have to pay his dues,
just as Caloy and Mes faces the consequences of their own actions. (Renato Puangco, Jose
Ramon B. Tuason 2005)

"Second chance" is a documentary film that deals with children who are in conflict with
the law. Through the help of the Albert Schweitzer Organization, the documentary video will
deal with the experiences, feelings, and perceptions of juvenile delinquents in a hostile
environment.
"Delinquency as well as other problem behaviors, increases during the adolescent years for
several reasons. First, these years bring increasing freedom from parental scrutiny, and with
this freedom come more opportunities to be involved in socially unacceptable behavior.
Second, new tastes (often expensive ones) are acquired, for such things as stereos, clothing,
automobiles and alcohol, yet legitimate means of satisfying these desires are often not
available. Third, there is often a miss match between adolescent needs and the opportunities
to fulfill them provided by the social environment. Finally, in some cases, the unmet needs and
frustrations of early childhood fester into socially unacceptable behavior in later years."
Clemens Bartolas author of Juvenile Delinquency. 5th ed.
Before the 20th century, there was little distinction made between adult and juvenile
offenders; the same treatment and punishment were given to law offenders, whether young
or old. This concept changed throughout the years, due to moral and social responsibility
because it is of common knowledge that children need more understanding and have special
needs compared to adults.
The 10 to 15 minute documentary is about cases of children; one to two children who are in
conflict with the law because of emotional, social and urban decay problems most youths of
the Philippines are experiencing today.
This documentary aims to challenge the Philippine justice system in handling cases of children
who are in conflict with the law. Furthermore, it will promote social awareness to these
children and will help in garnering more support from people in the position to help.
With this, the proponents hope that they would become the middle-persons between the
children who are in conflict with the law and the viewers as they try to awaken them to the
current situation of the youth, particularly those who are in conflict with the law. (Jopet
Ventanilla, Albert Diaz 2005)

Juvenile delinquency is prevalent in the present society. This study aims to identify the
moral perception of right and wrong of juvenile delinquents and the contribution of
intervention in changing this perception. Two factors are said to influence the delinquents’
moral perception specifically parents and peers. Researchers determined how these variables
contribute to individuals’ delinquent behavior. The sample was composed of ten (N=10) male
juvenile delinquents currently admitted in the Manila Youth Rehabilitation Center. Semi-
structured in-depth interview was used to gather data and content analysis to analyze relevant
data. Results showed that peers are more influential in the formation of juvenile delinquents’
moral perception. Parent influences only play secondary but an equally significant role.
Through intervention, delinquents have experienced changes in their moral perception but
there is a need for more professionally administered treatments to better their rehabilitation.
(Marrianne S. Magalona, Cesar Augustine, C. Marasigan, Sarah Marie M. Santos 2008)

Back in the 1900's, scientists and researchers rely solely on their experiments and observations
to address and produce theoretical claims without the use of computer technology. With that,
the use of computer technology in the modern world is acceptable in terms of using it properly
without harming other people like social media abuse, identity theft, and so on. Itisalsohelpful-
becauseinalongprocesssuchasresearchingandstudyingonecanfindusefulinformationontheinter-
netwithoutgoingback.Nonetheless,computertechnologyimplementationcanbechangedbu-
titwillalwaysproduceagoodandbadresult.Of course, it will make it easier for the people to
search right away the information that is necessary,butsomehow,theiridentityandpersonalinfor-
mationontheInternetisnotsafefromthievesbecause,astechnologyimproves,thewaypeoplethink-
inthemodernworldisalsoimprovingwhenitcomestotechnology.So, the researcher wants the
reader to learn how to criticize the news, and to classify it as false or legitimate, so that they
won't be fooled by the people behind the internet. In addition, to make them aware of the cur-
rent
situation in the Philippines regarding juvenile delinquency and stereotyping in relation to this
issue (Caterine Joy R. Alcantara 2019)

Youthful crime is not something new in human affairs.  But in our age the problem of juvenile
delinquency has assumed such proportions as to cause grave concern to the community and to
call for special comment and prompt remedy.
To an alarming degree the records of wrongdoing reveal that the criminals are under 21 years
of age, and many of them are under 18, a fact which is reflected in the unsavory notoriety
which has gathered around the term “teen-age gang.”
The crimes involved run from general disorderliness and insubordination to acts of the gravest
violence, not excluding murder.  And the wave has spread its influence so widely that it has af-
fected society at every level, and there is hardly a family with growing sons and daughters
which does not feel apprehensive of its contagion.
What are the reasons for this upsurge of youthful criminality?  Obviously at the root of it is
that primordial rebellion which we call original sin, which at all times and in all places has been
prolific in wrongdoing.  But why is this evil root producing such luxuriant fruit precisely now
and precisely among our youth?
Let it be said at the very beginning that it is a great mistake to treat juvenile delinquency as a
malady detached from the body of society.  There is juvenile delinquency because there is
adult delinquency.  And therefore its most basic cause is a decline in public and private moral-
ity, as its most fundamental remedy is a reformation of life at all levels of society.  This is an
unpleasant necessity that many reformers refuse to face, and as a result deserve from youth
the scriptural rebuke:  Physician cure yourself.
Nevertheless, there are special reasons why the evil is flourishing in our day and these deserve
mention and discussion.
The first reason is to be found in the fact that hundreds of thousands of our boys and girls are
growing up without serious religious formation.  The first source of religious training for chil-
dren should be the family.  But with a very large fraction of the parents themselves products of
the very system that creates juvenile delinquency, not much is to be hoped for from that
source, until the parents themselves seriously study and practice religion.  Too many homes
are without any religion except perhaps a few traditional observances that have lost most of
their meaning.  As a consequence, the children are raised in an environment devoid of Chris-
tian virtue.  There is a lack of true love between husband and wife; an absence of proper es-
teem for honesty, truthfulness and chastity.  The parents in too many instances seek their hap-
piness elsewhere.  They are constantly out of the house in quest of diversion, according to the
potentialities of their income, at gambling tables, night clubs, or movies.  The care of the chil-
dren is confided to maids, houseboys, chauffeurs; or they are simply left to their own devices. 
Little effort is made to exercise parental authority; with cruel indulgence fathers and mothers
yield to their children’s every whim, spare them every hardship, pass over every misdeed.  It is
obvious that such a home is little prepared to fulfill its most important function of turning the
child’s heart and mind to God.
(CBCP Online)

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

According to Dr. Sandra Trappen no single theoretical orientation can adequately

explain the multiple variables and factors that cause delinquent behavior, so criminologist
have taken the best parts of differents social theories and combined them to explain crime and
delinquency.

Merton’s theory explains that juvenile delinquency accurses because the juvenile do not have
the means to make themselves happy. Given their limited perspective, be offend find that their
goals are un-attainable and so they often resort to unlawful means by which to attain their
goals. To illustrate, a juvenile who doesn’t have money. As a result, they might decide to steal
a car or steal money to purchase a car.

In 1955, Albert Cohen develop the sub-culture theory which is actually an amalgamation
of several of his theory. According to him sub-culture theory posits the juvenile who do you
not fit and are meet conventional social standards may seek validation from a sub-culture. The
subculture group is formed of other juveniles who also do not need conventional social
standards. This groups then engage in behavior that is generally vied not socially acceptable
and so, they actively rebel against social acceptable standards.

Cohen understand juvenile delinquency to be a product of society., given this, when

juveniles commit crimes, such as stealing, they do so because they are violating a social norm,
and in doing so they signal conformity with their sub-culture.
 Richard Cloward and loid Ohlin in 1960, believes that opportunity plays are rules in
juvenile delinquency. Cloward and Ohlin believes that if juvenile were presented with more
opportunities to succeed, they would be less likely to turn to affiliation which sub-culture
group for validation.

The above mention relevant theories, it is shows to determine the purpose of our
research and to analyze our theoretical paradigm.

Juvenile do not have means to make

themselves happy. Given their limited
perspectives and find their goals un-
attainable so they often resort to
unlawful means by which to attain
their goals.
(Merton’s Theory)
Sub-culture group formed by
juveniles who also do not need
conventional social standards. This
group engage in behavior that is
generally vied not socially
acceptable. Juveniles commit crimes
such as stealing and in doing so they
signal conformity with their sub-
culture
(Albert Cohen 1955 )
If juvenile were presented with more
opportunities to succeed they would
be less likely to turn to which sub-
culture group for validation
(Richard Cloward and Loin Ohlin,
1960)
These theories state why
juveniles commit delinquents
action and formed their sub-
culture group which is not
acceptable to social standards,
Merton’s theory discuss the
limited perspective of juveniles
and find their goals un-attainable
so they resort to unlawful acts to
attain their goals. Albert cohen
theory in 1955 discuss that the
sub-culture group formed by
juveniles which is not acceptable
to social norms and standard
and the unlawful acts of
juveniles as a signal of their
conformity with their sub-culture
group. Richard Cloward and Loid
Ohlin 1960 state that the lack of
opportunities in their tender age
can be the result of their
unlawful acts and if when
presented with more
opportunities to succeed would
be less likely to turn into their
sub-culture group.
Figure 2. Theoretical Paradigm
 Synthesis of the state of the art

Juvenile delinquency occurs because the juveniles do not have the means to make themselves
happy. Their goals are un-attainable within the legal means so they find unlawful means by
which to attain their goals. An example would be a juvenile who had a goal to have a job and
buy a car. the juvenile is not able to find a job to make money so he/she either steals car or
steals money to buy a car.
(Robert Merton 1940)
The sub-culture group is formed of other juveniles who also do not meet the social standards.
These groups then act in a manner that are not socially acceptable and rebel against the
socially acceptable standards. Juvenile delinquency is a product of society, juveniles commit
crimes such as stealing, because it is not a social norm and they do it to fit in with their sub-
culture. (Albert Cohen 1955)
If juveniles have more opportunities to succeed then they would be less likely to turn to sub-
culture groups for validation, juvenile may be successful during school but may fail to find
gainful employment can lead the juvenile to be delinquent and not the social factors. If the
juveniles have more opportunities, they will be more willing to succeed than to join a sub-
culture (Cloward and Ohlin 1960)

Gap bridge by the study

This studies an assessment to the current state of juvenile delinquency in barangay 28

victory village legazpi city albay.

The literature and the studies is to give the researcher an idea regarding to juvenile
delinquency, it’s also gives an idea of the causes why juveniles commit delinquents action and
what is the effect toward society of juvenile delinquency. these likely showed aspects to
current status of juvenile delinquency since the present study discussed also about the
changes, causes and programs of barangay towards juvenile delinquency.
 END NOTES

https://biomedpharmajournal.org/vol8marchspledition/a-study-of-factors-affecting-juvenile-
delinquency/

https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/defining-studying-and-explaining-juvenile-
delinquency-delinquency

https://garph.co.uk/IJARMSS/Nov2017/2.pdf

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jeph/2022/8657491/

https://libguides.dlsu.edu.ph/c.php?g=939096&p=6797264

ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/juvenile-delinquency-trends-and-perspectives

https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1943-00271-000

https://www.google.com/search?
q=related+literature+about+juvenile+delinquency+in+the+philippines&sxsrf=ALiCzsauZhf7qEk
3888gPvTasE6SP6uBzQ%3A1672201487314&ei=D8WrY6_eEvTg2roP-
qeN8AI&ved=0ahUKEwjvoZP9u5v8AhV0sFYBHfpTAy4Q4dUDCA8&uact=5&oq=related+literatu
re+about+juvenile+delinquency+in+the+philippines&gs_lcp=Cgxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAQAzIFCAA
QgAQyBggAEBYQHjIGCAAQFhAeMgYIABAWEB46CggAEEcQ1gQQsAM6BQgAEIYDSgQIQRgASgQ
IRhgAUMwDWP4dYPYhaAFwAXgDgAHPBIgBozmSAQsyLjIuMC4yLjYuNpgBAKABAcgBCMABAQ
&sclient=gws-wiz-serp

https://cbcponline.net/statement-of-the-philippine-hierarchy-on-juvenile-delinquency/
Name: Age: Sex:

5 - Always 4 – Often 3 – Sometimes 2- Rarely 1 – Never

A. please put a check [√] on the corresponding boxes. 5 4 3 2 1

1. How frequent the barangay implements curfew hour?
2. How frequent Do you see a minor smoke cigarettes?
2. How frequent do you see a minor drink alcoholic drinks?
3. How frequent do you see a minor violate curfew hour?
4. How often do you see a minor violate the law?

B,
1, what do think the causes for a minor to commit crimes?
a. Lack of parental control
b. Poverty
c. Poor education
d. Mental illness
e. Others (please specify) _________________________________________

2, what do you think is the best method to fix the issue of juvenile delinquency or a minor
committing a crime?

a. Juvenile detention
b. Therapy/Counseling
c. School programs
d. Others (Please specify) __________________________________________

2, do you think social media also the cause of some minor’s bad behavior?
a. Yes
b. No
3, do you think that this past pandemic affects the minor’s behavior?
a. Yes
b. No

4, do you think that barangay programs like feeding program, lakbay aral, tree planting or
liga etc. can help to lessen the crimes committed by minors?
a. Yes
b. No
5, in your area how do you see a minor’s behavior?
a. Good
b. Bad
c. Others(please specify )_______________________________________