PERIMETER, AREA, and VOLUME

Perimeter Formulas

The perimeter of any polygon is the sum of the lengths of all the sides.

square = 4a rectangle = 2a + 2b triangle = a + b + c

circle = 2π r circle = πd (where d is the diameter)

The perimeter of a circle is more commonly known as the circumference.

Area Formulas

square = a^2 rectangle = a b

parallelogram = b h trapezoid =

circle = π r^2 ellipse =

triangle = equilateral triangle =

VOLUME FORMULAS

cube = a^3 rectangular prism = a b c

irregular prism = b h cylinder = b h = π r^2 h

pyramid = cone =

sphere = ellipsoid =

WORKED EXAMPLES

1. Find the perimeter of a triangle with sides measuring 6 cm, 8 cm, and 9 cm.

Solution: P=a+b+c

P=6+8+9

P = 23 cm

2. A rectangle has a length of 9 inches and a width of 4 inches. Find the perimeter.

Solution: P = 2L + 2W

P = 2(9) + 2(4)

P = 18 + 8

P = 26 inches

3. Find the perimeter of a regular octagon, with each side measuring 7 meters.

Solution: P = 8 sides x 7 per side

P = 56 meters

4. A rectangular yard has a length of 16 meters and a width of 3 meters. Find the area.

Solution: A = bh

A = 16(3)

A = 48 m^2
5. Find the area of a triangle with a base of 7 meters and a height of 4 meters.

Solution: A = 1/2 bh

A = 1/2(7)(4)

A = 14 m^2

6. A trapezium is a 4-sided shape with straight sides and a pair of parallel sides. In order to calculate

the area of a trapezium, you must follow the rule:

What is the area of a trapezoid with two sides are 7cm and 11cm and a height of 5cm.

Solution: A = 1/2 (b1 + b2) h

A = 1/2 (7 + 11) 5

A = 45

7. Calculate the area of a circle which has a radius of 8m.

Solution: A = πr^2

A = π8^2

A = 201.06 m^2

8. Calculate the length of the arc and the area of the sector of a circle which has a radius

of 6cm and an angle of 90 degrees.

Solution: A = 2πr A = 2π6

Arc length = 2πr(angle/360) Sector = πr^2 (degrees/360)

Arc length = 2π6 (90/360) Sector = π6^2 (1/4)

Arc length = 2π6(1/4) Sector = 28.27 〖cm〗^2

Arc length = 9.424cm

9. Calculating the volume of a cone

A cone is a shape which has a flat base, one curved side, and a curved surface.

Calculate the volume of a cone that has 6cm in height, 7 cm in radius.

Solution: V = 1/3πr^2h r = radius of a base

V = 1/3π7^2(6)

V = 307.87 〖cm〗^3

10. Calculating the volume of the cylinder

Calculate the volume of a cylinder which has 13cm in height, 4cm in radius.

Solution: V = πr^2h r = radius of the base

V = π4^2(13)

V = 653.45 〖cm〗^3

SIMPLE INTEREST FORMULA (rate, principal, time)

The Interest Formula is given by

Interest = Principal × Interest Rate × Time

I = Prt

Where:

The Principal (P) is the amount of money deposited or borrowed.

The Interest Rate (r) is a percent of the principal earned or paid.

The Time (t) is the length of time the money is deposited or borrowed.
Example 1:

Sarah deposits P5, 000 at a bank at an interest rate of 6.7% per year. How much interest will she earn at

the end of 3 years?

Solution:

Simple Interest = 5,000 × 6.7% × 3 = P1,005 answer

She earns P1, 005 at the end of 3 years.

Examples to find Rate when Principal, Interest and Time are given:

1. Find Rate, when Principal = P 7,000; Interest = P 300; Time = 4 years.

Solution:

Principal = P 7,000,
Interest = P 300,
Time = 4 years.
Rate = (100 × Interest)/(Principal × Time)

= (100 × 300)/(7,000 × 4)

= 30,000/28,000

= 1.07 %

Therefore, Rate = 1.07 %.

2. Find Rate, when Principal = P5,500; Interest = P 600; Time = 4 years.

Solution:

Principal = P 5,500,
Interest = P 600,
Time = 4 years.
Rate = (100 × Interest)/(Principal × Time)

= (100 × 600)/(5,500 × 4)

= 60,000/22,000

= 2.73 %

Therefore, Rate = 2.73 %.

3. Find Rate, when Principal = P 15,000; Interest = P1,000; Time = 5 years.

Solution:

Principal = P 15,000,
Interest = P 1,000,
Time = 5 years.
Rate = (100 × Interest)/(Principal × Time)

= (100 × 1,000)/(15,000 × 5)

= 100,000/75,000

= 1.33 %

Therefore, Rate = 1.33 %.

4. Richard deposits 6,700 and got back an amount of 8,000 after 2 years. Find Richard's interest rate.

Solution:

Amount deposited by Richard = 6,700

He received the amount of money after 2 years = 8,000

Simple Interest = 8,000 – 6,700 = 1,300

Principal = P 6,700
Interest = P 1,300,
Time = 2 years.
Rate = (100 × Interest)/(Principal × Time)

= (100 × 1,300)/ (6,700 × 2)

=130,000/13,400

= 9.7 %

(Nearest to two decimal place)

Therefore, Rate = 9.70 %.

Examples to find Time (T) when Principal (P), Interest (I) and Rate (R) are given:

1. Find Time when, Principal = P2,500; Interest = P 750; Rate = 6% p.a.

Solution:

Principal = P 2,500,
Interest = P 750,
Rate = 6% p.a.
Time = (100 × Interest)/(Principal × Rate)

= (100 × 750)/(2,500 × 6)

= 75,000/15,000

=5

Therefore, Time (T) = 5 years.

2. Find Time when, Principal = P 3,500; Interest = P 700; Rate = 4% p.a.

Solution:

Principal = P 3,500,
Interest = P 700,
Rate = 4% p.a.
Time = (100 × Interest)/(Principal × Rate)

= (100 × 700)/(3,500 × 4)

= 70,000/14,000

=5

Therefore, Time (T) = 5 years.

3. Find Time when, Principal = P 10,000; Interest = P 900; Rate = 3% p.a.

Solution:

Principal = P10,000,
Interest = P900,
Rate = 3% p.a.
Time = (100 × Interest)/(Principal × Rate)

= (100 × 900)/(10,000 × 3)

= 90,000/30,000

=3

Therefore, Time (T) = 3 years.

COMPOUND INTEREST

Example 1:

Find the compound amount and compound interest on the principal 20,000 borrowed at 6% compounded

annually for 3 years.

Solution:

Let P = 20,000, r = 6%, n = 3

Using formula

A = P(1 + r)^n

= 20,000(1 + .06)^3

= 23, 820.32

Compound interest = 23,820.32 – 20,000 = 3,820.32

Example 2:

Find the compound amount, which would be obtained from an interest of 2,000 at 6% compounded

quarterly for 5years.

Solution:

Let P = 2,000, r = 6% = .06 x .25 = .015, n = 5 x 4 = 20

A = P(1 + r)^n

= 2,000(1 + .015)^20

= 2,693.71

SPECIAL PRODUCTS and FACTORING STRATEGIES