PE 2 Unit 4 Games and Sports

65
4 | Games and Sports

UNIT 4: Volleyball
4.0 Learning Objectives

a. Demonstrate the basic concepts of volleyball through blended learning
activities with video.
b. Explain historical development of a volleyball game and identify the
facilities, materials, court dimension, basic rules and regulations through
video.
c. Show basic techniques of the educational cascade of finger pass through
rubrics performance.
4.1 Introduction
If you are not an extremely athletic person, volleyball is a great sport to
test yourself. It is a fairly mellow game and is very enjoyable. You can make
the game of volleyball very powerful and strong, but you can also shy away
from that. It comes highly recommended as a sport that most anyone can
participate. The good thing about volleyball is that it can be played indoors.
Overall, volleyball is an excellent sport to participate in if you wish to join
…
The content of this Unit 4 is divided into four (4) parts these are:
 History/Drill (Volleyball Basic Skills)
 Rules and Functions of Officiating Officials (Volleyball)
 Facilities, Materials, Court Dimensions, Basic Rules and Regulations.
 Practicum (Home based tournament)
4.2 Topics Discussion (with Assessment/Activities)
4.2.1 History/Drills (Volleyball basic skills)
History of Volleyball
Volleyball was invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan, physical

director of the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke,
Massachusetts. It was designed as an indoor sport for businessmen who found
the new game of basketball too vigorous. Morgan called the sport “mintonette,”
until a professor from Springfield College in Massachusetts noted the volleying
nature of play and proposed the name of “volleyball.” The original rules were
written by Morgan and printed in the first edition of the Official Handbook of the
Athletic League of the Young Men’s Christian Associations of North America (1897).
The game soon proved to have wide appeal for both sexes in schools,
playgrounds, the armed forces, and other organizations in the United States,
and it was subsequently introduced to other countries.
Source: https://www.britannica.com/sports/volleyball
Refinements and Later Developments

The first official ball used in volleyball is disputed; some sources say
that Spalding created the first official ball in 1896, while others claim it was
created in 1900. The rules evolved over time: in the Philippines by 1916, the skill
and power of the set and spike had been introduced, and four years later a
"three hits" rule and a rule against hitting from the back row were established.
In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points. In 1919, about 16,000
volleyballs were distributed by the American Expeditionary Forces to their
troops and allies, which sparked the growth of volleyball in new countries.
66
The first
country outside the United States to adopt volleyball was Canada in 1900. An
international federation, the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), was
founded in 1947, and the first World Championships were held in 1949 for men
and 1952 for women. The sport is now popular in Brazil, in Europe (where
especially Italy, the Netherlands, and countries from Eastern Europe have been
major forces since the late 1980s), in Russia, and in other countries including
China and the rest of Asia, as well as in the United States.
Beach volleyball, a variation of the game played on sand and with only
two players per team, became a FIVB-endorsed variation in 1987 and was added
to the Olympic program at the 1996 Summer Olympics Volleyball is also a sport
at the Paralympics managed by the World Organization Volleyball for Disabled.
Source: http://volleyball2123.blogspot.com/p/refinements-
and-later-developments.html
 In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport.

 In 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high
trajectory to be struck by another player (the set and spike) was introduced.
 In 1917, the scoring was changed from 21 to 15 points.
 In 1920, the three hits per side and the back row attack rules were instituted.
 In 1930, the first two – man beach game was played.
 In 1934, the approval and recognition of national volleyball referees came
about.
 In 1947, the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded.
 In 1948, The first two – man beach tournament was held.
 In 1949, the World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia.
 In 1964, Volleyball was introduced in the Olympic Games in Tokyo.
 In 1974, the World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.
 In 1987, the FIVB ADDED A Beach Volleyball World Championship Series.
 In 1990, the World League was created.
 In 1995, the sport Volleyball was 100 years old!
 In 1996, the 2 – person beach volleyball was added to the Olympics.
Source: Tulio, Doris D., Physical Education 4 For College
Objective
The objective of the game is to try to make the ball touch the ground on
the opponent side. When the ball is hit by a team, the members of other team hit
it with their hands to prevent it from touching the ground and to send it to
another teammate or to the other side of the court across the net. Only three
players from the team can strike the ball successively before they send it to the
other team.
Volleyball allows players to pass the ball among teammates like
basketball, but the strategies of defending and attacking are similar to other net
or racquet games. Players try to shoot the ball over the net at the opponent side
where it is tough for the opponents to volley it. The players of both teams have
to prevent ball touching the ground thus preventing the opponent to gain
points.
Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/volleyball/volleyball_overview.htm
67
Now, what
you’ve learn on the history is just a theory that needs more understanding,
knowledge to be explore.
Fill the Gap…
 Read carefully the statement for you to understand.
 Write directly on your paper or in your Google Classroom that we had.
 Answer Activity Table 1A No. 4.2.1 and Table No. 4.2.1
Let’s do this..
Table 1A No. 4.2.1
Name:______________________________Date:_______________Score:______
Course/Yr&Sec.:_____________________Instructor/Prof.:________________
I. Read the history of Volleyball and answer the following:
1. The game volleyball was originally called ________________________.
2. The inventor of the game is ____________________________________.
3. It was invented in YMCA Massachusetts in the United States in the
year __________________________.
4. The game was introduced in the Philippines by ___________________.
5. It was introduced in the Philippines in the year ___________________.
6. The Philippine Amateur Athletics Federation adopted volleyball for
men as an official event in the national championships in __________.
7. The first national volleyball tournament for women in the Philippines
began in ___________.
8. The governing body for volleyball was founded in 1947 which called
the ______________________.
9. The governing body of volleyball in the Philippines is the __________.
10. A special ball was created for volleyball in the year
________________.

68
Table 1B No. 4.2.1
Name:______________________________Date:_______________Score:______
Course/Yr&Sec.:_____________________Instructor/Prof.:________________
I. Draw the playing court for volleyball. Identify the standard measurement
on the court. Indicate the center and back line as well as frontal and back
zone.
Source:
Pineda,
Mercy
D.,
Health
II. Answer the following:

A. Write the standard measurement for the net used in volleyball:
a. Height of the net for men: _________________
b Height of the net for the omen: ______________
.
c. Dimension of the volleyball net: _______________
B. Write the standard measurement of the ball used in volleyball:
a. Circumference:__________________
b Weight: ________________________
.
c. Inside pressure: ___________________
Optimizing Physical Education
(Sports for Life) Book 2
Drills
Volleyball Basic Skills
Pass is the most important skill in volleyball. The goal of the pass is to
make it easy for the setter to get the ball up high in the air to set up the hitters.
Source:
http://470399413812082311.weebly.com/how-to-dig-and-set-in-volleyball.html
Make a fist with your left hand with the thumb on top, and cover the
left fist with your right hand. Your thumbs should line up side by side. Bring
your arms together straight and way from the body.
69
Precaution: DO
NOT
use
interlocking fingers! This is dangerous!

Source: https://volleyball-basics.weebly.com/bump.html
Athletic Position
 The pass starts with proper foot placement, athletic position and proper
alignment.
 The dominant foot should be slightly place in front of the other foot little
more than shoulder width apart.
 Slightly bend the knees so you can easily move to the ball wherever it
land.
Table 1C No. 4.2.1
Name: ______________________________ Date: _____________________ Score:
_________
Course/Yr&Sec: _____________________ Instructor/Prof:
____________________________
CIRCLE PASS BALL
Materials Needed: 4 Volleyballs
Formation :
Players are divided into groups or teams of equal number of members.
Each group standing in a circle at arms length distance apart.
A leader stands in the middle.
Playing Rules :
1. The leader tosses the ball to player no. 1 who juggles or passes it back (any kind
of volleyball pass) to the leader.
2. The leader continues tossing the ball to the succeeding players in the circle until
the last player to the succeeding players in the circle until the last player is
reached.
3. When the ball falls to the ground, the player responsible should recover it and
pass it to leader to continue the play.
4. The team who first completes the circuit wins a point.
5. The team who first scores ten points declared winner
Group Score
Rubric
Rank 1 100
Rank 2 95
Rank 3 90
Rank 4 85
Rank 5 80
70
Table 1D No. 4.2.1

Name: ______________________________ Date: _____________________ Score:
_________
Course/Yr&Sec: _____________________ Instructor/Prof:
____________________________
Materials Needed: 4 Volleyballs, volleyball court and net
Formation :
Two teams of equal number of players are scattered on their respective halves of
the court.
Playing Rules :
1. To start the game the leader tosses the ball to the members of Team A who
continue to toss or volley the ball as long as they can keep it up. As the ball is
being volleyed, the players count the number of volleys made until the ball drops
and touches the ground.
2. The leader now tosses the ball to the members of Team B who also do the same.
3. The team who has the greater number of volleys gets a point for the team.
4. The game continues until a team scores ten points who is declared winner.
Group Score
Rubric
Rank 1 100
Rank 2 95
Rank 3 90
Rank 4 85
Rank 5 80
Serve. The game is always started with a serve. The serve is taken at
behind the end line of the court. The server may use any type of service he
preferred.
Type of Serve
71
Underhand Serve – used
for lower skill levels.
 The player holds the
ball in the hand
opposite from the
hitting hand (i.e. a
right – handed
player would hold
the ball in the left
hand)
Source: https://newcastlebeach.org/image/volleyball-underhand-serve/2505982.html
 The hitting hand should make a fist with the thumb on top of the folded –
in fingers. The fist should make contact with the underside of the ball,
and the point of contact is on the palm side of the hand.
 Bring the hitting arm back and swing through to make contact with the
ball and send it over the net. Bend the knees as you swing your hitting
arm. This is a good position to get the ball over the net.
Overhand Serves: The Floater

 Put your non
– dominant
foot in front
of the other
foot about
shoulder feet
apart
 Hold the ball
at about eye –
level with
your non –
dominant
hand on the bottom and the other hand on top.
 Toss the ball with your non – dominant hand; pull back your hitting arm
as far as possible and swing.
Topspin
 Put your non –
dominant foot in
front of the other
foot about
shoulder
feet apart.
 Hold the ball at
about eye – level
with your non –
dominant hand on
the bottom and the

other hand on top.
 Toss the ball high
enough so that the
72
right arm can
come down on the ball in a snapping motion on the underside of the
ball.
Jump Serve advanced type of serve

 Tosses the ball high
in the air and takes
a multistep
approach to hitting
the ball.
 Although the
player may land in
the court after the
jump serve, the feet
must leave the
ground behind the
end line to be legal.
Source: https://www.russelloliver.co.uk/silhouette/silhouette-spike-
volleyball/
Source: Pineda, Mercy D., Health Optimizing Physical Education

Table 1E No. 4.2.1

Name: ______________________________ Date: _____________________ Score: _________
Course/Yr&Sec: _____________________ Instructor/Prof: ____________________________
ASSESSMENT IN VOLLEYBALL SERVE
1. Observe your partner execute the following serve 3 times, Check YES, NO or
SOMETIMES in the column provided for.
Underhand Serve Yes No Sometimes
Holds the ball in the hand opposite from the hitting hand
Hitting hand make a fist with the thumb on top of the folded
– in fingers
Fist should make contact with the underside of the ball
Bend knees and swings hitting arm
Made contact with the ball and send it over the net.
Overhand Serve
Put non – dominant foot in front of the other foot about
shoulder feet apart
Hold the ball at about eye – level with non – dominant hand
on the bottom and the other hand on top
Toss the ball with non – dominant hand
Pull back hitting the arm as far as possible and swing
Made contact with the ball and send it over the net
Topspin
shoulder feet apart
73
on the bottom and the other hand on top.
Toss the ball high enough so that the right arm can come
down on the ball in a snapping motion on the underside of
the ball
Jump Serve
Tosses the ball high in the air and takes a multistep approach
to hit the ball
Feet leave the group behind the end of line
Observer:___________________
Spiking is an act of jumping in the air at the net

and forcefully hitting the ball down into the
opponent’s court preferably to a spot which is
hard for the opponent to field. Attacking the ball
is all about timing and precision.
Source:https://www.seekpng.com/ipng/
u2q8e6t4q8i1t4i1_beach-volleyball-girl-spiking-
volleyball-silhouette/
Toss. Is a technique used by player to launch the

ball high in the air toward hitters using
the finger pads. The fingers should be in a
diamond shape to start, and they should
finish outward, in what U like to call the
“Bullwinkle to Superman. “Most of the
power for the set comes from the legs and
the triceps.
Source:
https://www.vexels.com/png-svg/preview/156417/toss-
ball-setting-silhouette
74
Blocking is a technique employed by one or more

players of the defensive side to counter act the
advantage gained by a good spike on the part of
the offensive team.
Source:
https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photography-volleyball-
spike-block-image997517
Table 1F No. 4.2.1

Name: ______________________________ Date: _____________________ Score: _________
THE “SET”
NAMES: DOER 1
DOER 2
DOER 3
A. TOSS
Working on groups of three – doer, feeder, and observer. The feeder “feeds” with an
underhand toss to the doer. Doer “toss” the ball back to the feeder, while the observer
offers feedback to the doer by comparing the performance to the criteria listed below.
ATTEMPTS
1ST 2ND 3RD 4TH 5TH
CRITERIA
YES NO YE NO YE NO YE NO YES NO
S S S
75
1. Elbows high
2. Makes a diamond with
thumb and fingers
3. Makes contact with the ball
in front of forehead
4. Quick “catch” and flick with
fingers
5. Extend arms and wrist
Skill Beginning Developing Average Super Mastery Score
(1pts) (2pts) (3pts) (4pts) (5pts)
Toss 1 of the 2 of the 3 of the 4 of the 5 of the
attempts attempts are attempts attempts attempts
are all all perfectly are all are all are all
perfectly executed perfectly perfectly perfectly
executed executed executed executed
Source: Pineda, Mercy D., Health Optimizing Physical

Education (Sports for Life) Book 2
4.2.2 Rules and Functions of Officiating Officials (Volleyball)

Officials
To make sure that the rules are followed, there are officials at
volleyball games. The first referee sits in a high chair on a level with the
top of the net, so he has clear view across the top of the net and the
court.
The second referee stands opposite the first referee, close to the
scorer's table and substitute benches. There may also be four line
officials (linesmen is sometimes used) at each corner of the court, and
they say whether a ball is in or out, and whether a player touches the ball.
Sometimes there may only be two line officials, one at a corner, facing each
other diagonally.
The scorer usually sits at a table on the opposite side of court from the
first referee. The scorer's responsibility is to keep a record of the scores, names
and numbers of team members, the team coaches, and time-outs, substitutions,
and makes sure that the order of rotation is followed correctly.
Faults
Faults can lead to a loss of point to the opposing team, or a side-out.
The rules apply:
 If the ball touches the ground.
 If the ball does not go over the net, between the net posts.
 If the ball crosses center line underneath the net
76
A, B Legal (even if the foot is partly off the ground)

C Fault
Foot Over Center Line. Some part of the must stay in contact with the
line or be directly above it.
 If the ball hits the net posts, or the imaginary upward extensions of the
posts.
Crossing space. During play, except on service, the ball may touch the net
inside the antennae (including the vertical side bands), but not the antennae
itself or the net outside it.
 If the ball is played more than three times in a row by one team.
 Two opposing players hold the ball at the same time.
77
 If the ball is held
or rests in someone’s hands.
 If the ball is played twice in a row by one player (double contact)
Double Contact or Double Touch. A double contact

is not penalized any time the player is making the first
of the team’s permitted contacts, provided the player
makes only a single action at playing the ball.
GAME PLAY
 Each team consists of six players. To get the play started, a team is serve
by coin toss.
 A player from the serving team (the server) throws the ball into the air
and attempts to hit the ball so it passes over the net on a course such that
it will land in the opposing team's court (the serve).
 The opposing team must use a combination of no more than three
contacts with the volleyball to return the ball to the opponent's side of the
net.
 These contacts usually consist first of the bump or pass so that the ball's
trajectory is aimed towards the player designated as the setter; second of
the set (usually an over-hand pass using wrists to push finger-tips at the
ball) by the setter so that the ball's trajectory is aimed towards a spot
where one of the players designated as an attacker can hit it, and third by
the attacker who spikes (jumping, raising one arm above the head and
hitting the ball so it will move quickly down to the ground on the
opponent's court) to return the ball over the net.
 The team with possession of the ball that is trying to attack the ball as
described is said to be an offense.
 The team on defense attempts to prevent the attacker from directing the
ball into their court: players at the net jump and reach above the top (and
if possible, across the plane) of the net in order to block the attacked ball.
 If the ball is hit around, above, or through the block, the defensive
players arranged in the rest of the court attempt to control the ball with a
dig (usually a fore-arm pass of a hard-driven ball). After a successful dig,
the team transitions to offense.
 The game continues in this manner, rallying back and forth, until the ball
touches the court within the boundaries or until an error is made.
The Ball ‘In’ or ‘Out’

The ball lands, ‘in’ when any part of it touches the floor of the playing
court, including the boundary lines.
Notes:
 If the ball passes
outside the
78
antennas on the first
contact for the team, e.g. as the result of a bad pass or dig, a player is allowed
to go after the ball as long as he or she does not touch the opponent's court
and the ball travels back to his or her team's court also outside the antennas.
 Except if a player blocks (touches a ball sent over the net by the opposing
team, while reaching above the top of the net) a ball that stays in the
blocker's side of the net. In such an instance the blocker may play the ball
another time without violating the rule against playing the ball twice in
succession. If the ball is touched during a block, that contact is not
considered one of the team's three contacts.
 At the first hit of the team, the ball may contact various parts of the body
consecutively provided that the contacts occur during one action. Also, when
a player touches the ball on a block, he or she may make another play on the
ball.
 Penetration under the net with hands or feet is allowed only if a portion of
the penetrating hands or feet remains in contact with or directly above the
player's court or center line.
 Screening is a fault only if the players stand directly next to each other in a
way that clearly impedes vision, and the serve is a low line drive over their
heads. (This is a judgment call by the referee. Teams are generally given a
warning before being sanctioned for screening.)
SCORING
 When the ball contacts the floor within the court boundaries or an error is
made, the team that did not make the error is awarded a point, whether they
served the ball or not.
 The team that won the point serves for the next point. If the team that won
the point served in the previous point, the same player serves again.
 If the team that won the point did not serve the previous point, the players
of the team rotate their position on the court in a clockwise manner.
 The game continues, with the first team to score 25 points (and be two points
ahead) awarded the set. Matches are best-of-five sets and the fifth set (if
necessary) is usually played to 15 points.
 Scoring differs between leagues, tournaments, and levels; high schools
sometimes play best-of-three to 30; in the NCAA games are played best- of-
five to 30.
Before 1999, points could be scored only when a team had the serve
(side-out scoring) and all sets went up to only 15 points. The FIVB changed the
rules in 1999 (with the changes being compulsory in 2000) to use the current
scoring system (formerly known as rally point system), primarily to make the
length of the match more predictable and to make the game more spectator- and
television-friendly.
THE LIBERO
 In 1998 the libero player was introduced internationally, the term meaning
free in Italian is pronounced LEE-bah-ro (rather than lih-BEAR-oh); the
NCAA introduced the libero in 2002.
 The libero is a player specialized in defensive skills: the libero must wear a
contrasting jersey color from his or her teammates and cannot block or attack
the ball when it is entirely above net height.
79
 When the ball is not
in play, the libero can replace any back-row player, without prior notice to
the officials.
 This replacement does not count against the substitution limit each team is
allowed per set, although the libero may be replaced only by the player
whom they replaced.
 The libero may function as a setter only under certain restrictions.
 If she/ he makes an overhand set, she/he must be standing behind (and not
stepping on) the 3 meter line; otherwise, the ball cannot be attacked above
the net in front of the 3 meter line,
 An under hand pass is allowed from any part of the court
 The libero is generally, the most skilled defensive player on the team.
 There is also a libero tracking sheet, where the referees or officiating team
must keep track of who the libero subs in and out for.
 There may only be one libero per set (game), although there may be a
different libero in the beginning of any new set (game).
 A libero is not allowed to serve, according to international rules, with the
exception of the NCAA women's volleyball games, where a 2004 rule change
allows the libero to serve, but only in a specific rotation. That is, the libero
can only serve for one person, not for all of the people for whom she goes in.
That rule change was also applied to high school play soon after.
Recent Rule Changes
Other rule changes enacted in 2000 include allowing serves in which
the ball touches the net, as long as it goes over the net into the opponents' court.
Also, the service area was expanded to allow players to serve from anywhere
behind the end line but still within the theoretical extension of the sidelines.
Other changes were made to lighten up calls on faults for carries and double-
touches, such as allowing multiple contacts by a single player (“double-hits”) on
a team's first contact provided that they are a part of a single play on the ball.
SKILLS
Competitive teams master six basic skills: serve, pass, set, attack, block
and dig. Each of these skills comprises a number of specific techniques that have
been introduced over the years and are now considered standard practice in
high-level volleyball.
SERVE
A player stands behind the end line and serves the ball, in an attempt to
drive it into the opponent's court. His or her main objective is to make it land
inside the court; it is also desirable to set the ball's direction, speed and
acceleration so that it becomes difficult for the receiver to handle it properly. A
serve is called an "ace" when the ball lands directly onto the court or travels
outside the court after being Touched by an opponent.
In contemporary volleyball, many types of serves are employed:
 Underhand and Overhand Serve: refers to whether the player strikes the ball
from below, at waist level, or first tosses the ball in the air and then hits it
above shoulder level. Underhand serve is considered very easy to receive
and is rarely employed in high-level competitions.
 Sky Ball Serve: a specific type of underhand serve occasionally used in beach
volleyball, where the ball is hit so high it comes down almost in a straight
line. This serve was invented and employed almost exclusively by the
Brazilian team in the early 1980s and is now considered outdated.
80
 Line and Cross-
Court Serve: refers to whether the ball flies in a straight trajectory parallel to
the side lines, or crosses through the court in an angle.
 Top Spin: an overhand serve where the ball gains topspin through wrist
snapping. This spin causes the ball to drop fast.
 Floater: an overhand serve where the ball is hit with no spin so that its path
becomes unpredictable. This type of serve can be administered while
jumping or standing. This is akin to a knuckleball in baseball.
 Jump Serve: an overhand serve where the ball is first tossed high in the air,
then the player makes a timed approach and jumps to make contact with the
ball. There is usually much topspin imparted on the ball. This is the most
popular serve amongst college and professional teams.
 Jump Float: This is a serve like the jump serve and the floater. The ball is
tossed lower than topspin jump serve, but contact is still made while in the
air. This serve is becoming more popular amongst college and professional
players because it has a certain unpredictability in its flight pattern.
 Round – House Serve: the player sands with one shoulder facing the net,
tosses the ball high and hits it with a fast circular movement of the arm. The
ball is hit with the palm of the hand, creating a lot of topspin.\
 Hybrid Serve: An overhand serve delivered similarly to a top spin serve;
however it has more pace than a floater, but has a similar unpredictable
path.
PASS
Also called reception, the pass is the attempt by a team to properly
handle the opponent's serve, or any form of attack. Proper handling includes not
only preventing the ball from touching the court, but also making it reach the
position where the setter is standing quickly and precisely.
The skill of passing involves fundamentally two specific techniques:
 underarm pass, or bump where the ball touches the inside part of the
joined forearms or platform, at waist line.
 overhand pass, where it is handled with the fingertips, like a set,
above the head.
SET
The set is usually the second contact that a team makes with the ball.
The main goal of setting is to put the ball in the air in such a way that it can be
driven by an attack into the opponent’s court. The setter coordinates the
offensive movements of a team, and is the player who ultimately decides which
player will actually attack the pall.
As with passing, one may distinguish between an overhand and a
bump set. Since the former allows for more control over the speed and direction
of the ball, the bump is used only when the ball is so low it cannot be properly
handled with fingertips, or in peach volleyball where rules regulating overhand
setting are more stringent. In the case of a Set, one also speaks of a front or back
set, meaning whether the ball is passed in the direction the setter is facing or
behind the setter. There is also a jump set that is used when the ball is too close
to the net. In this case the setter usually jumps off his or her right foot straight
up to avoid going into the net. The setter usually stands about of the way from
the left to the right of the net and faces the left (the larger portion of net that he
or she can see).
81
Sometimes a
setter refrains from raising the ball for a teammate to perform an attack and tries
to play it directly onto the opponents’ court. This movement is called a “dump.”
The most common dumps are to ‘throw’ the ball behind the setter or in front of
the setter to zones 2 and 4. More experienced setters toss the ball into the deep
corners or spike the ball on the second hit.
ATTACK
An attack in progress —
The attack (or Spike, the Slang term) is usually the third contact a team
makes with the ball. The object of attacking is to toss the ball so that it lands on
the opponents’ court and cannot be defended. A player makes a series of steps
(the “approach”), jumps, and swings at the ball.
Ideally the contact with the ball is made at the apex of the hitter’s jump.
At the moment of contact, the hitter’s arm is fully extended above his or her
head and slightly forward, making the highest possible contact while
maintaining the ability to deliver a powerful hit. The hitter uses arm swing,
wrist snap, and a rapid forward contraction of the entire body to drive the ball.
A ‘bounce’ is a slap term for a very hard/loud spike that follows an almost
straight trajectory steeply downward into the opponents’ court and bounces
very high into the air.
Contemporary volleyball comprises a number of attacking techniques:
 Backcourt (or backrow) attack: an attack performed by a back row player.
The player must jump from behind the 3-meter line before making contact
with the ball, but may land in front of the 3-meter line.
 Line and Cross-court Shot: refers to whether the ball flies in a straight
trajectory parallel to the side lines, or crosses through the court in an angle.
A cross-court shot with a very pronounced angle, resulting in the ball
landing near the 3-meter line, is called a cut shot.
 Dip/Dink/Tip/Cheat: the player does not try to make a hit, but touches the
ball lightly, so that it lands on an area of the opponent’s court that is not
being covered by the defense.
 Tool/Wipe/Block-abuse: the player does not try to make a hard spike, by
hits the ball so that it touches the opponent’s block and then bounces off
court.
 Off-speed hit: the player does not hit the ball hard, reducing its acceleration
and thus confusing the opponent’s defense.
 Quick hit/” One”: an attack (usually by the middle blocker) where the
approach and jump begin before the setter contacts the ball. The set (called a
“quick set’’) is placed only slightly above the net and the ball is struck by the
hitter almost immediately after leaving the setter’s hands. Quick attacks are
often effective because they isolate the middle blocker to be the only blocker
on the hit.
 Slide: a variation of the quick hit that uses a low back set. The middle hitter
steps around the setter and hits from behind him or her ’: a variation of
quick hit where two
 Double quick hit/"Stack”/"Tandem”: a variation of quick hit where the
hitters, one in front and one behind the setter or both in front of the setter
jump to perform a quick hit at the same time. It can be used to deceive
opposite blockers and free a fourth hitter attacking from backcourt, maybe
without block at all.
BLOCK
82
3 players performing a
block
Blocking refers to the actions taken by players standing at the net to
stop or alter an opponents’ attack.
A block that is aimed at completely stopping an attack, thus making the
ball remain in the opponents’ court, is called offensive. A well-executed
offensive block is performed by jumping and reaching to penetrate with one’s
arms and hands over the net and into the opponent’s area. The jump should be
timed so as to intercept the ball’s trajectory prior to it crossing over the net.
Palms are held deflected downward about 45-60 degrees toward the interior of
the opponents court. A “roof” is a spectacular offensive block that redirects the
power and speed of the attack straight down to the attacker’s floor, as if the
attacker has hit the ball into the underside of a peaked house roof.
By contrast, it is called a defensive, or “soft” block if the goal is to
control and deflect the hard-driven ball up so that it slows down and becomes
more easy to be defended. A well-executed soft-block is performed by jumping
and placing one’s hands above the net with no penetration into the opponent’s
court and with the palms up and fingers pointing backward.
Blocking is also classified according to the number of players involved.
Thus, one may speak of single (or solo), double, or triple block.
Successful blocking does not always result in a “roof” and many times
does not even touch the ball. While it’s obvious that a block was a success when
the attacker is roofed, a block that consistently forces the attacker away from his
or her ‘power’ Or preferred attack into a more easily controlled shot by the
defense is also a highly successful block.
At the same time, the block position influences the positions where
other defenders Place themselves while opponent hitters are spiking.
DIG
Digging is the ability to prevent the ball from touching one’s court after
a spike, particularly a ball that is nearly touching the ground. In many aspects,
this skill 1s similar to passing, or bumping: overhand dig and bump are also
used to distinguish between defensive actions taken with fingertips or with
joined arms.
Some specific techniques are more common in digging than in passing,
A player may sometimes perform a “dive”, i.e., throw his or her body in the air
with a forward movement in an attempt to save the ball, and land on his or her
chest. When the player also slides his or her hand under a ball that is almost
touching the court, this is called a “pancake”.
Sometimes a player may also be forced to drop his or her body quickly
to floor in order to save the ball. In this situation, the player makes use of a
specific
rolling technique to minimize the chances of injuries.
COACHING
Basic principles
Coaching for volleyball can be classified under two main categories:
Match coaching and developmental coaching. The objective of match coaching is
to win match by managing a team’s strategy. Developmental coaching
emphasizes player development through the reinforcement of basic skills
during exercises known as “drills.” Drills promote repetition and refinement of
volleyball movements, particularly in footwork patterns, body positioning
relative to others, and ball contact, a coach will construct drills that simulate
83
match situations thereby
encouraging speed of movement, anticipation, timing, communication, and
team-work. At the various stages of a player’s career, a coach will tailor drills to
meet the strategic requirements of the team. The American Volleyball Coaches
Association is the largest organization in the world dedicated exclusively to
volleyball coaching.
Strategy
An image from an international match between Italy and Russia in
2005. A Russian player on the left has just served, with three men of his team
next to the net moving to their assigned block positions from the starting ones.
Two others, in the back-row positions, are preparing for defense. Italy, on the
right, has three men in a line, each preparing to pass if the ball reaches him. The
setter is waiting for their pass while the middle hitter with no. 10 will jump for a
quick hit if the pass is good enough. Alessandro Fei (no. 14) has no passing
duties and is preparing for a backrow hit on the right side of the field. Note the
two liberos with different color dress. Middle hitters/blockers are commonly
substituted by liberos in their back-row positions.
Player specialization
There are 5 positions filled on every volleyball team at the elite level.
Setter, Outside Hitter/Left Side Hitter, Middle Hitter and Opposite
Hitter/Right Side Hitter and Libero/Defensive Specialist. Each of these
positions plays a specific, key role in winning a volleyball match.
 Setters have the task for orchestrating the offense of the team. They aim for
second touch and their main responsibility is to place the ball in the air
where the attackers can place the ball into the opponents’ court for a point.
They have to be able to operate with the hitters, manage the tempo of their
side of the court and choose the right attackers to set. Setters need to have
swift and skillful appraisal and tactical accuracy, and must be quick at
moving around the court.
 Liberos are defensive players, who are responsible for receiving the attack or
serve and are usually the players on the court with the quickest reaction time
and best passing skills. Librero means ‘free’ as they have the ability to
substitute for any other player on the court during each play. They do not
necessarily need to be tall, as they never play at the net, which allows shorter
players with strong passing and defensive skills to excel in the position and
play an important role in the team’s success. A player designated as a libero
for a match may not play other roles during that match. Liberos wear a
different colour jersey than their teammates.
 Middle blockers or Middle hitters are players that can perform very fast
attacks that usually take place near the setter. They are specialized in
blocking, since they must attempt to stop equally fast plays from their
opponents and then quickly set up a double block at the sides of the court. In
non-beginners play, every team will have two middle hitters.
 Outside hitters attack from near the left antenna. Since most sets to the
outside are high, the outside hitter may take a longer approach, always
starting from outside the court sideline. In non-beginners’ play, there are
again two outside hitters on every team in every match.
 Opposite hitters or Right side hitters carry the offensive workload for a
volleyball team. Their primary responsibilities are to attack the ball from the
84
tight side and to put
up a well formed block against the opponents Outside Hitters. This player
hits the most balls on the team. He/she is set from the front row and the
back row. Sets to the opposite usually go to the right side.
FORMATIONS
The three standard volleyball formations are known as “4-2”, “6-2” and
“5-1”, which refers to the number of hitters and setters respectively. 4-2 is a
basic formation used only in beginners’ play, while 5-1 is by far the most
common formation in high level play.
4-2
The 4-2 formation has four hitters and two setters. The setters usually
set from the middle front or right front position. The team will therefore have
two front-row attacker, at all times. In the international 4-2, the setters set from
the right front position. The international 4-2 translates more easily into other
forms of offense.
The setters line up opposite each other in the rotation. The typical
lineup has two outside hitters. By aligning like positions opposite themselves in
the rotation, there will always be one of each position in the front and back
rows. After service, the players in the front row move into their assigned
positions, so that the setter is always in middle front. Alternatively, the setter
moves into the right front and has both a middle and an outside attacker; the
disadvantage here lies in the lack of an offside hitter, allowing one of the other
team’s blockers to “cheat in” on a middle block.
The clear disadvantage to this offensive formation is that there are only
two attackers, leaving a team with fewer offensive weapons.
Another aspect is to see the setter as an attacking force, albeit a weakened
force, because when the setter is in the front court they are able to ‘tip’ or
‘dump’, so when the ball is close to the net on the second touch, the setter may
opt to hit the ball over with one hand. This means that the blocker who would
otherwise not have to block the setter is engaged and may allow one of the
hitters to have an easier attack.
6-2
In the 6-2 formation, a player always comes forward from the back row
to set. The three front row players are all in attacking positions. Thus, all six
players act as hitters at one time or another, while two can act as setters. So the
6-2 formation is actually a 4-2 system, but the back-row setter penetrates to set.
The 6-2 lineup thus requires two setters, who line up opposite to each
other in the rotation. In addition to the setters, a typical lineup will have two
middle hitters and two outside hitters. By aligning like positions opposite
themselves in the rotation, there will always be one of each position in the front
and back rows. After service, the players in the front row move into their
assigned positions.
The advantage of the 6-2 is that there are always three front-row hitters
available, maximizing the offensive possibilities. However, not only does the 6-2
require a team to possess two people capable of performing the highly
specialized role of setter, it also requires both of those players to be effective
offensive hitters when not in the setter position. At the international level, only
the Cuban National Women’s Team employs this kind of formation, It is also
used in Women’s NCAA play, partially due to the variant rules used which
85
allow 15 substitutions
per set (as opposed to the 6 allowed in the standard rules).
5-1
The 5-1 formation has only one player who assumes setting
responsibilities regardless of his or her position in the rotation. The team will
therefore have three front-row attackers when the setter is in the back row, and
only two when the setter is in the front row, for a total of five.
The player opposite the setter in a 5-1 rotation is called the opposite
hitter. In general, opposite hitters do not pass; they stand behind their
teammates when the opponent is serving. The opposite hitter may be used as a
third attack option (backrow attack) when the setter is in the front row: this is
the normal option used to increase the attack capabilities of modern volley ball
teams. Normally the opposite hitter is the most technical skilled hitter of the
team. Back-row attacks generally come from the back-right position (position 1),
but are increasingly performed from back-center in high-level play.
The big advantage of this system is that the setter always has 3 hitters to
vary sets with. If the setter does this well, the opponent's middle blocker may
not have enough time to block with the outside hitter, increasing the chance for
the attaching team to make a point.
There is another advantage: when the setter is a front-row player, he or
she is allowed to jump and “dump” the ball onto the opponent's side. This too
can confuse the opponent's blocking players: the setter can jump and dump or
can set to one of the hitters. A good setter knows this and thus won't only jump
to dump or to set for a quick hit, but as well to confuse the opponent.
The 5-1 offense is actually a mix of 6-2 and 4-2: when the setter is in the
front row, the offense looks like a 4-2; when the setter is in the back row, the
offense looks like a 6-2.
LOCATION OF MATCH OFFICIALS
86

87
4.2.3 Facilities, Materials, Court Dimensions, Basic Rules and Regulations

88
Facilities, Materials and
Court Dimensions
The Volleyball Court
The net is 2.43 meters (8 feet) high for men, 2.24 meters (7 feet 4 inches)
high for women.
If games go to a deciding set in a match, the teams change ends when one team
has reached eight points. Then player who is serving continues to serve, unless,
89
course, the team loses
the previous service.
THE BALL
The ball is round and covered with leather with rubber or similar
inside. It is light in color, often white, and the circumference is between 65 and
67 centimeters (25 and a half to 26 inches), and must weigh between 260 and 280
grams (10 and 10 and a half ounces). It is inflated to a pressure of 0.40 to 0.45
kilograms per square centimeter.
The volleyball is made of leather or synthetic leather and inflated with
compressed air, According to FIVB regulations:
Its circumference is 65-67 cm and its weight is 260-280 g.
Its inside pressure shall be 0.30 to 0.325 kG/cm2 (4.26 to 4.61 psi) (294.3
to 318.82 mbar or hPa).
THE NET
The net is stretched across the court, 1 meter (3 feet) deep and 9.5
meters (31 feet 6 inches long). There is a flexible cable through the canvas fold at
the top, and at the bottom. As the net goes beyond the distance of the court, two
white canvas tapes are placed vertically up and down the net above where the
sidelines are.
Extending up from the tapes are flexible poles 10 millimeters in

diameter and 1.8 meters (6 feet) long. They extend from the top of the net by 80
90
centimeters (31 inches).
They are part of the net, and count as the side limits. These antennae should be
painted in red and white stripes so they are clearly visible.
The net height is 2.43 meters (8 feet) high for men, 2.24 meters (7 feet 4
inches) high for women. There is a slight difference for beach volleyball (see
below).
The net is supported by two posts (often adjustable), each 2.55 meters (8
feet 3 inches) high. The posts are between 0.6 to 1 meter(1 foot 6 inches to 3 feet
3 inches} from the side-lines and must not be attached to the floor with cables or
wires.
BASIC VOLLEYBALL RULES

Paying The Game
 Maximum of three hits per side.
 Player may not hit the ball twice in succession (A block is not considered a
hit)
 Ball may be played off the net during a volley and on serve
 A ball touching a boundary line is good
 A legal hit is contact with the ball simultaneously, It is considered one play
and the players involved may not participate in the next play
 A player must not block or attack a serve
 Switching positions will be allowed only between front line players. (After
the serve only)
Basic Rule Violations
 Stepping on or over the line on a serve.
 Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully.
 Hitting the ball illegally (Carrying, Palming, Throwing, etc.)
 Touches of the net with any part of the body while the ball is in play. If the
ball is driven into the net with such force that it causes the net to contact an
opposing player, no foul will be called, and the ball shall continue to be in
play
 Reaching over the net, except under these conditions
- when executing a follow – through
- when blocking a ball which is in the opponents court but is being
returned (the blocker must not contact the ball until after the opponent
who is attempting to return the ball makes contact. Except to block the
third play
 Reaches under the net (if it interferes with the ball or opposing player)
 Failure to serve in the correct order
 Blocks or spikes from a position which is clearly not behind the 10-foot line
while in a back row position
The Serve
 Server must serve from behind the end line until after contact
 Ball may be served underhand or overhand
 Ball must be clearly visible to opponents before serve
 Served ball may graze the net and drop to the other side for point
 First game serve is determined by a volley, each subsequent game shall be
served by the previous game loser
 Serve must be returned by a bump only. No setting or attacking a serve
91
Rotation
 Team will rotate each time they win the serve
 Players shall rotate in a clockwise manner
 There shall be 6 players in each side.
Scoring
 Rally scoring will be used.
 There will be a point scored on every score of the ball
 Offense will score on a defense miss or out of bounds hit.
 Defense will score on an offensive miss, out of bounds hit, or serve in the net.
 Game will be played to 25 pts.
 Must win by 2 points.
Let’s do this…
- choose from the referees’ hand signals and identify the
signals.
- answer activity Table 1 No. 4.2.3
Table 1 No. 4.2.3

Name: ______________________________ Date: _____________________ Score: _________
I. Paste 10 referees’ hand signals and their meaning.
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.

4.2.4 Practicum (Classroom based tournament/ home based tournament)

4.2.4.1 GAME PLAY
 Each team consists of six players. To get the play started, a team is chosen to
serve by coin toss.
 A player from the serving team (the server) throws the ball into the air and
attempts to hit the ball so it passes over the net on a course such that it will
land in the opposing team’s court (the serve).
 The opposing team must use a combination of no more than three contacts
with the volleyball to return the ball to the opponent’s side of the net.
 These contacts usually consist first of the bump or pass so that the ball’s
trajectory is aimed towards the player designated as the setter; second of the
set (usually an over-hand pass using wrists to push finger-tips at the ball) by
the setter so that the ball’s trajectory is aimed towards a spot where one of
the players designated as an attacker can hit it, and third by the attacker who
92
spikes (jumping,
raising one arm above the head and hitting the ball so it will move quickly
down to the ground on the opponent’s court) to return the ball over the net.
 The team with possession of the ball that is trying to attack the ball as
describing is said to be on offense.
 The team on defense attempts to prevent the attacker from directing the ball
into their court: players at the net jump and reach above the top (and if
possible, across the plane) of the net in order to block the attacked ball.
 If the ball is hit around, above, or through the block, the defensive players
arranged in the rest of the court attempt to control the ball with a dig
(usually a fore-arm pass of a hard-driven ball). After a successful dig, the
team transitions to offense.
 The game continues in this manner, rallying back and forth, until the ball
touches the court within the boundaries or until an error is made.
Submit a video showing yourself on the different type of serve.
Keep on Moving…
Answer Assessment Activity Table 1A No. 4.2.2.1
Table 1A No. 4.2.2.1
Name: ______________________________ Date: _____________________ Score: _________

I. Obeserve your partner execute the following serve 3 times, Check YES, NO or
SOMETIMES in the column provided for.
Underhand Serve YES NO SOMETIMES
Holds the ball in the hand opposite from the thumb on top of
the folded – in fingers
Hitting hands make a fist with the thumb on top of the
folded – in fingers
Fist should make contact with the underside of the ball
Bend knees and swings hitting arm
Overhand Serve
shoulder feet apart
on the bottom and the other hand on top
Toss the ball with non – dominant hand
Pull back hitting arm as far as possible and swing
Topspin
shoulder feet apart
on the bottom and the hand on top
Toss the ball high enough so that the right arm can come
down on the ball in a snapping motion on the underside of
the ball.
93
Jump Serve
Tosses the ball high in the air and takes a multistep approach
to hit the ball
Feet leave the ground behind the end line
Observer:_______________________________
GAME ETIQUETTE RUBRIC

Name: ______________________________ Date: _____________________ Score: _________
Assess the game etiquette demonstrated by the player(s). Circle the most appropriate
response for each criterion.
1. Encourages others (says things like nice shot, good hustle, etc). 1 2 3 4 5
2. Wins or loses gracefully (doesn’t throw temper tantrums;
shakes opponent’s hands after the game.
3. As a team member played equally (one person didn’t dominate
play).
4. Correct calls were made; they didn’t attempt to cheat.
5. Courteous to others
Levels of Performance
1 – student never demonstrate criterion.
2 – student demonstrate criterion in less than 50% of the opportunities presented.
3 - student demonstrate criterion in less than 50% of the opportunities presented, but less
than 75%
4 - student demonstrate criterion in less than 75% of the opportunities presented, but less
than 100%
5 – student always demonstrates criterion.
4.3 References
Beach Volleyball - Girl Spiking Volleyball Silhouette. (n.d.). SeekPNG.

https://www.seekpng.com/ipng/u2q8e6t4q8i1t4i1_beach-volleyball-
girl-spiking-volleyball-silhouette/
Bumping/Passing. (n.d.). Weebly.
https://volleyball-basics.weebly.com/bump.html
How to Dig and Set. (n.d.). THGS Pass.
http://470399413812082311.weebly.com/how-to-dig-and-set-in-
volleyball.html
Pineda, M. D., et. al. (2016). Health Optimizing Physical Education (Sports for Life)
Book 2. Jimczyville Publications.
Qoura How Volleyball Serve. (n.d.). Newcastlebeach.
https://newcastlebeach.org/image/volleyball-underhand-serve/250598
2.html
Silhouette Spike Volleyball. (n.d.).
https://www.russelloliver.co.uk/silhouette/silhouette-spike-volleyball/
94
The Serve. (n.d.).
Woodland P.E. Volleyball Unit. http://vbunit.weebly.com/phase-2.html
Toss Ball Setting Silhouette. (n.d.). Vexels.
https://www.vexels.com/png-svg/preview/156417/toss-ball-setting-
silhouette
Volleyball. (n.d.). Blogspot. http://volleyball2123.blogspot.com/p/refinements-
and-later-developments.html
Volleyball. (n.d.). Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/sports/volleyball
Volleyball Spike/Block. (n.d.). Dreamstime.
https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photography-
volleyball-spike-block-image997517
4.4 Acknowledgement
The images, tables, figures and information contained in this
modules were taken from the reference cited above.

PE 2 Unit 4 Games and Sports

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

PE 2 Unit 4 Games and Sports

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PE 2 Unit 4 Games and Sports

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

65

4 | Games and Sports

4.0 Learning Objectives

Volleyball was invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan, physical

Refinements and Later Developments

 In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport.

Fill the Gap…

 Read carefully the statement for you to understand.

 Write directly on your paper or in your Google Classroom that we had.

 Answer Activity Table 1A No. 4.2.1 and Table No. 4.2.1

Source: Tulio, Doris D., Physical Education 4 For College

II. Answer the following:

interlocking fingers! This is dangerous!

Table 1D No. 4.2.1

Overhand Serves: The Floater

the bottom and the

Jump Serve advanced type of serve

Source: Pineda, Mercy D., Health Optimizing Physical Education

Table 1E No. 4.2.1

Spiking is an act of jumping in the air at the net

Toss. Is a technique used by player to launch the

Blocking is a technique employed by one or more

Table 1F No. 4.2.1

Source: Pineda, Mercy D., Health Optimizing Physical

4.2.2 Rules and Functions of Officiating Officials (Volleyball)

A, B Legal (even if the foot is partly off the ground)

Double Contact or Double Touch. A double contact

The Ball ‘In’ or ‘Out’

Source: Tulio, Doris D., Physical Education 4 For College

Source: Tulio, Doris D., Physical Education 4 For College

4.2.3 Facilities, Materials, Court Dimensions, Basic Rules and Regulations

Extending up from the tapes are flexible poles 10 millimeters in

BASIC VOLLEYBALL RULES

Table 1 No. 4.2.3

Source: Pineda, Mercy D., Health Optimizing Physical Education

4.2.4 Practicum (Classroom based tournament/ home based tournament)

Answer Assessment Activity Table 1A No. 4.2.2.1

Table 1A No. 4.2.2.1

Name: ______________________________ Date: _____________________ Score: _________

GAME ETIQUETTE RUBRIC

Beach Volleyball - Girl Spiking Volleyball Silhouette. (n.d.). SeekPNG.

You might also like

Name: __________________ Date: _ Score: _