CH 1051 Engineering Thermodynamics

Lecture 04: First Law of Thermodynamics – Control Volumes

(Chapter 5 of the textbook)
Conservation of Mass Principle

By considering a control volume of

arbitrary shape
Considering mass flow rate into or out of the control volume through a
differential area

dA = A di𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

n = Outward unit vector of dA normal to dA
V = Flow velocity at dA relative to the fixed coordinate system
θ = Angle of V (off the normal of dA)

But,
 n = Outward unit vector of dA normal to dA
V = Flow velocity at dA relative to the fixed coordinate system
θ = Angle of V (off the normal of dA)

By splitting the surface interval into two parts

The area of an inlet or outlet

Mass Balance for Steady – Flow Processes
The total amount of mass contain within a control volume does not change with
the time
When dealing with steady-flow processes, the amount of mass flowing per unit
time is typically used, that is, the mass flow rate m ˙ .

For a steady – flow system

with multiple inlets and
outlets

Steady flow device

with single stream
For a compressible flow

For an incompressible flow

Incompressible Flow
Q1. Air enters a 16-cm-diameter pipe steadily at 200 kPa and 20°C with a velocity of 5
m/s. Air is heated as it flows, and it leaves the pipe at 180 kPa and 40°C. Determine (a)
the volume flow rate of air at the inlet, (b) the mass flow rate of air, and (c) the
velocity and volume flow rate at the exit.

a) The volume flow rate at the inlet

𝑉1ሶ = 𝐴𝑐 𝑉1

But, 𝜋𝐷2
𝐴𝐶 =
4
𝜋𝐷2 𝜋 × 0.162
𝑉1ሶ = 𝑉1 = × 5 = 0.1005 𝑚3 /𝑠
4 4
b) The mass flow rate through pipe

𝑚ሶ = 𝜌1 𝐴𝑐 𝑉1

𝑃1
But, 𝜌1 = The gas constant for air is 0.287 kJ/kg.K
𝑅𝑇1
(200 𝑘𝑃𝑎)
𝑚ሶ = 𝜌1 𝐴𝑐 𝑉1 = 𝑘𝐽 × 0.1005 𝑚3 /𝑠 = 0.2391 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
(0.287 )(20+273 𝐾)
𝑘𝑔.𝐾
c) The volume flow rate at the exit
• Mass flow rate is constant
𝑚ሶ 𝑃2
Accordingly, 𝑉ሶ2 = But, 𝜌2 =
𝜌2 𝑅𝑇2
𝑚ሶ 0.2391 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑉ሶ2 = 𝑃2 = 180 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0.1193 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑅𝑇2 𝑘𝐽
(0.287 )(40+273𝐾)
𝑘𝑔.𝐾

The velocity at the exit

𝑉2ሶ
𝑉2 = = 5.935 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴𝑐
Flow Work and the Energy of a Flowing Fluid
The work required to push the mass into or out of the system is known as flow work, or flow
energy.

Considering a unit volume, V

The work done in pushing the element across The flow work per unit mass
the boundary
Q2. An air compressor compresses 6 L of air at 120 kPa and 200C to 1000
kPa and 4000C. Determine the flow work, in kJ/kg, required by the
compressor.
Assumptions - Flow through the compressor is steady
Air is an ideal gas
Flow work per unit mass of inlet Air - 𝑃1 𝑣1
Flow work per unit mass of exit Air - 𝑃2 𝑣2
Flow work per unit mass required by the compressor - 𝑤𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑤𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝑃2 𝑣2 − 𝑃1 𝑣1

But, 𝑃2 𝑣2 − 𝑃1 𝑣1 = 𝑅𝑇2 − 𝑅𝑇1

Accordingly, 𝑤𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝑅(𝑇2 −𝑇1 )

𝑘𝐽
𝑤𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = (0.287 ) 673 − 293 𝐾
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

𝑤𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 109 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid
Total energy of a simple compressible system

The total energy of a flowing fluid on a unit mass basis

But, ℎ = 𝑃𝑣 + 𝑢

Hence,
 Energy Transport by
Mass

• Generally, properties of mass at an inlet or an exit may be changing with time

as well as over the cross section.

Considering small differential masses δm that have uniform properties

Energy Analysis of Steady – Flow Systems
Steady – flow process :
• A process during which a fluid flows through a control volume steadily.
• No intensive or extensive properties within the control volume change with time
- The boundary work is zero (since VCV is constant)
- 𝑚𝐶𝑉 and 𝐸𝐶𝑉 are constants

• The fluid properties at an inlet or exit remain constant.

• The fluid properties may be different at different inlets or
outlets and even vary across cross section of an inlet and
outlet.
• As a simplification, the fluid properties at an inlet or exit
usually considered to be uniform over the cross section.
• The heat and work interactions also do not change with time

Mass balance for a steady flow system

For a single stream

Energy balance for a steady flow system
When the fluid experiences negligible changes in its kinetic and potential energies
 Steady Flow Energy Devices
Nozzles and Diffusers

𝑄ሶ ≈ 0
𝑉2 2 − 𝑉1 2
𝑊ሶ = 0 𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ = 𝑚(ℎ
ሶ 2 − ℎ1 + + 𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ))
2
∆𝑝𝑒 ≅ 0
∆𝑘𝑒 ≡ 0 𝑉2 2 − 𝑉1 2
= ℎ1 − ℎ2
2
Q3. Air enters a nozzle steadily at 50 psia, 140°F, and 150 ft/s and leaves at
14.7 psia and 900 ft/s. The heat loss from the nozzle is estimated to be 6.5
Btu/lbm of air flowing. The inlet area of the nozzle is 0.1 ft2. Determine (a)
the exit temperature of air and (b) the exit area of the nozzle.
Assumptions - This is a steady flow process
Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats
There are no work interactions.
Potential energy changes are negligible
𝐸ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

𝐸ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉2 2 − 𝑉1 2
𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ = 𝑚(ℎ
ሶ 2 − ℎ1 + + 𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ))
2
𝑉2 2 − 𝑉1 2
−𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ2 − ℎ1 +
2
𝑉2 2 − 𝑉1 2 From Table A-17 E,
Per unit mass basis, ℎ2 = −𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 + ℎ1 −
2 ℎ1 = 143.47 Btu/lbm
 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡 2
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢 (900 𝑠 ) −(150 𝑠 ) 1 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏𝑚
ℎ2 = −6.5 + 143.47 −
𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚 2 25037 𝑓𝑡 2 /𝑠 2
ℎ2 = 121.2 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏𝑚

From Table A-17 E 𝑇2 = 507 𝑅

Exit area of the nozzle
Applying conservation of mass
𝑚ሶ 2 = 𝑚ሶ 1
𝐴2 𝑉2 𝐴1 𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑣2
= 𝐴2 = 𝐴
𝑣2 𝑣1 𝑉2 𝑣1 1
𝑅𝑇2 𝑅𝑇1
But, 𝑣2 = & 𝑣1 =
𝑃2 𝑃1
𝑅𝑇2 /𝑃2 𝑉1
𝐴2 = 𝐴
𝑅𝑇1 Τ𝑃1 𝑉2 1
507 𝑓𝑡
(14.7)(150 𝑠 )
𝐴2 = × 0.1 𝑓𝑡 2 = 0.048 𝑓𝑡 2
600 𝑓𝑡
( )(900 𝑠 )
50
 𝑉2 2 − 𝑉1 2
𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ = 𝑚(ℎ
ሶ 2 − ℎ1 + + 𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ))
2

Turbines1 and Compressors

1

2 2

• Compressors capable of compressing the gas to very

high Pressures and require power input.
• Turbines produce power output.
(Fans and pumps are same category; a fan increases the
• For insulated turbines, heat transfer is negligible.
pressure of a gas slightly and is mainly used to mobilize
a gas and pumps work very much like compressors • Potential energy changes are negligible.
except that they handle liquids instead of gases) • There can be significant change in kinetic energy,
• Heat transfer is negligible, unless there is intentional but it is often disregarded as change of kinetic
cooling. energy is relatively small compared to the change in
enthalpy.
• Potential energy change is negligible.
• The change in kinetic energy is negligible (except
fans).
Q4. Steam flows steadily through an adiabatic turbine. The inlet
conditions of the steam are 4 MPa, 500°C, and 80 m/s, and the exit
conditions are 30 kPa, 92 percent quality, and 50 m/s. The mass flow
rate of the steam is 12 kg/s. Determine (a) the change in kinetic energy,
(b) the power output, and (c) the turbine inlet area.
Assumptions – This is a steady flow process.
Potential energy changes are negligible.
The device is adiabatic, therefore heat
transfer is negligible.
Properties of steam @ inlet & outlet
Inlet Properties
𝑃1 = 4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑇1 = 500 𝑜𝐶
From Table A-6 (Superheated water, Page 894)
𝑣1 = 0.086442 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 ℎ1 = 3446.0 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Exit Properties
𝑃2 = 30 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥2 = 0.92
From Table A-5 (Saturated water – Pressure Table, Page
890)
ℎ𝑓 = 289.27 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2335.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

ℎ2 = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥2 ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 289.27 + 0.92 × 2335.3 = 2437.7 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

The change in kinetic energy

𝑚 2 𝑚 2
𝑉2 2 − 𝑉1 2 (50 𝑠 ) −(80 𝑠 ) 1 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
∆𝑘𝑒 = = = −1.95 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
2 2 1000 𝑚2 /𝑠 2
The power output
𝑉2 2 − 𝑉1 2
𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ = 𝑚(ℎ
ሶ 2 − ℎ1 + + 𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ))
2
𝑉2 2 − 𝑉1 2 ሶ 𝑄 ≅ ሶ ∆𝑝𝑒 ≅ 0)
− 𝑊ሶ = 𝑚(ℎሶ 2 − ℎ1 + ) (𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒
2
2 2
𝑉 − 𝑉
𝑊ሶ = 𝑊ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡− 𝑊ሶ 𝑖𝑛, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑊ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑜 Hence, − 𝑊ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚(ℎ
ሶ 2 − ℎ1 +
2 1
)
2
 𝑉2 2 − 𝑉1 2
𝑊ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑚(ℎ
ሶ 2 − ℎ1 + )
2
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑊ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 12 2437.7 − 3446.0 − 1.95 = 12123 𝑘𝑊 = 12.1 𝑀𝑊
𝑠 𝑘𝑔

The inlet area of the turbine

𝐴1 𝑉1 𝑚𝑣
ሶ 1
𝑚ሶ = 𝐴1 =
𝑣1 𝑉1
𝑘𝑔
(12 𝑠 )(0.086442 𝑚3 𝑘𝑔)
𝐴1 = = 0.0130 𝑚2
80 𝑚/𝑠
Q5. An adiabatic air compressor compresses 10 L/s of air at 120 kPa
and 20°C to 1000 kPa and 300°C. Determine (a) the work required by
the compressor, in kJ/kg, and (b) the power required to drive the air
compressor, in kW.
Assumptions
This is a steady flow process
Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible
Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
𝐸ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝐸ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑉2 2 − 𝑉1 2
𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ = 𝑚(ℎ
ሶ 2 − ℎ1 + + 𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ))
2

𝑄ሶ = 0 (𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐)
∆𝑘𝑒 ≅ ∆𝑝𝑒 ≅ 0
𝑊ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0 Hence, 𝑊ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ2 − ℎ1
 𝑊ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇2ሶ − 𝑇1 )
Thus,
𝑘𝐽
𝑤𝑖𝑛 = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇2 ሶ− 𝑇1 ) = 1.018 300 − 20 𝐾 = 285.0 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

The specific volume of air at the inlet

𝑘𝑃𝑎. 𝑚3
𝑅𝑇1 (0.287 )(20 + 273 𝐾)
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑣1 = = = 0.7008 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
𝑃1 120 𝑘𝑃𝑎
The mass flow rate

𝑉1ሶ 0.01 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑚ሶ = = = 0.01427 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑣1 0.7008 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
The power required to drive the air compressor

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
ሶ 𝑝 (𝑇2ሶ − 𝑇1 ) = 0.01427
𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝐶 285.0 = 4.068 𝑘𝑊
𝑠 𝑘𝑔
 Throttling valves are any kind of flow-
restricting devices that cause a significant
Throttling Valves pressure drop in the fluid.
• Assumed to be adiabatic 𝑞 ≅ 0
• No work done 𝑤 = 0
• Negligible potential energy change ∆𝑝𝑒 ≅ 0
• Even though the exit velocity is often
considerably higher, kinetic energy change is
negligible ∆𝑘𝑒 ≅ 0

𝑉2 2 − 𝑉1 2
𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ = 𝑚(ℎ
ሶ 1 − ℎ2 + + 𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ))
2

ℎ1 ≅ ℎ2 isenthalpic device

𝑢1 + 𝑃1 𝑣1 = 𝑢2 + 𝑃2 𝑣2
Q6. Refrigerant-134a enters the capillary tube of a refrigerator as saturated
liquid at 0.8 MPa and is throttled to a pressure of 0.12 MPa. Determine the
quality of the refrigerant at the final state and the temperature drop during
this process.

Assumptions
Heat transfer from the tube is negligible.
Kinetic energy change of the refrigerant is negligible.

At inlet: P1 = 0.8 Mpa, sat. liquid

From Table A–12,
T1 = Tsat @ 0.8 MPa = 31.31°C
h1 = hf @ 0.8 MPa = 95.48 kJ / kg

At exit: P2 = 0.12 Mpa, h2 = h1

hf = 22.47 kJ / kg
hg = 236.99 kJ / kg
Tsat = − 22.32°C

Obviously hf < h2 < hg

x2 =(h2 − hf)/hfg = (95.48-22.47)/(236.99-22.47)
= 0.340

ΔT = T2 − T1 = ( − 22.32 − 31.31 ) °C = − 53.63°C

Mixing Chambers
• Well insulated (𝑞 ≅ 0)
3 • Not involving any kind of work 𝑤 = 0
• Kinetic energy and potential energies of the
fluid streams are negligible ∆𝑝𝑒 ≅ 0, ∆𝑘𝑒 ≅ 0

𝑚ሶ 𝑖1 ℎ𝑖1 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑖2 ℎ𝑖2 = (𝑚ሶ 𝑖1 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑖2 )ℎ𝑒3

Q7. Consider an ordinary shower where hot water at 140°F is mixed with
cold water at 50°F. If it is desired that a steady stream of warm water at
110°F be supplied, determine the ratio of the mass flow rates of the hot to
cold water. Assume the heat losses from the mixing chamber to be
negligible and the mixing to take place at a pressure of 20 psia.

Assumptions
This is a steady-flow process and thus ΔmCV = 0 and ΔECV = 0.
ke ≌ pe ≌ 0.
Heat losses from the system are negligible and thus Q˙ ≌ 0.
There is no work interaction involved.

𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ1 + 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ2 = (𝑚ሶ 1 + 𝑚ሶ 2 )ℎ3
𝑦 = 𝑚ሶ 1 /𝑚ሶ 2
𝑦ℎ1 + ℎ2 = (𝑦 + 1)ℎ3
The saturation temperature of water at 20 psia is 227.92°F. Since the temperatures of
all three streams are below this value (T < Tsat), the water in all three streams exists as
a compressed liquid. A compressed liquid can be approximated as a saturated liquid at
the given temperature. Thus,
h1≅hf @ 140°F=107.99 Btu / lbm
h2 ≅ hf @ 50°F = 18.07 Btu / lbm
h3≅hf @ 110°F=78.02 Btu / lbm

ℎ3 − ℎ2 78.02 − 18.07
𝑦= = =2
ℎ1 − ℎ3 107.99 − 78.02
 Heat Exchangers
Under steady operation, the mass flow rate of each fluid
stream flowing through a heat exchanger remains constant.

• No work interactions 𝑤 = 0
• Neglegible kinetic and potential energy
changes ∆𝑝𝑒 ≅ 0, ∆𝑘𝑒 ≅ 0

• 𝑄ሶ ≅ 0, if the entire heat exchanger is

selected as the control volume

3
2 1

4 𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ1 + 𝑚ሶ 3 ℎ3 = 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ2 + 𝑚ሶ 4 ℎ4

But, 𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑚ሶ 3 = 𝑚ሶ 4
Q8. Refrigerant-134a is to be cooled by water in a condenser. The refrigerant
enters the condenser with a mass flow rate of 6 kg/min at 1 MPa and 70°C
and leaves at 35°C. The cooling water enters at 300 kPa and 15°C and leaves
at 25°C. Neglecting any pressure drops, determine (a) the mass flow rate of
the cooling water required and (b) the heat transfer rate from the
refrigerant to water.
Assumptions
This is a steady-flow process and thus ΔmCV = 0 and ΔECV = 0.
ke ≌ pe ≌ 0.
Heat losses from the system are negligible and thus Q˙ ≌ 0.
There is no work interaction involved.
(a)
𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ1 + 𝑚ሶ 3 ℎ3 = 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ2 + 𝑚ሶ 4 ℎ4

𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 𝑚ሶ 3 = 𝑚ሶ 4 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑅

𝑚ሶ 𝑤 (ℎ1 −ℎ2 ) = 𝑚ሶ 𝑅 (ℎ4 −ℎ3 )

h1≅hf @ 15°C = 62.982 kJ / kg
h2 ≅ hf @ 25°C = 104.83 kJ / kg (Table A–4)

P3 = 1 MPa, T3 = 70°C
h3 = 303.87 kJ / kg (Table A–13)

P4 = 1 MPa, T4 = 70°C
h4 ≅ hf @ 35°C = 100.88 kJ / kg (Table A–11)

Substituting,
𝑚ሶ 𝑤 ( 62.982 − 104.83 ) kJ / kg = 6 kg / min * ( 100.88 − 303.87 ) kJ / kg
𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 29.1 kg / min

(b)
𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 h1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 h 2
Rearranging and substituting,
𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 ( h2 − h1 ) = (29.1 kg / min)*(104.83 − 62.982) kJ / kg
= 1218 kJ / min