JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AS ENCOUNTERED BY BARANGAY

OFFICIALS IN THE CITY OF TAGUM DURING THE COVID 19 PANDEMIC:

A QUALITATIVE INQUIRY

A Thesis Presented to
The Criminology Department
St. Thomas More School of Law and Business
Doctolero Avenue, Tagum City

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

ELARCOSA, APPLE

LARROZA, CYREL JEAN F.

GOCELA JR., ROGELIO T.

PABUA, MARK STANLEY T.

MORION, IRISH JOY M.

SALAVERIA, SHELLA MAE M.

FEBRUARY 2023
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

The COVID-19 outbreak was declared a pandemic and a lockdown

was executed on March 13, 2020 in the Philippines, and the Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention (2020) described it as a "rapidly evolving

situation". Around the same time, responses began to roll out coast-to-coast,

at first at a crawling pace that quickly felt like a sprint; the catchphrase "social

distancing" evolved from a trending sound bite into increasingly specific

protocols, stay-at-home orders, and closures of entire economic and social

sectors. When children come into contact with the justice system, whether as

alleged offenders, victims, witnesses, or parties in civil or administrative

proceedings, they are entitled to specialized processes and procedures that

are in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the

Child and other international standards. However, many legal systems are

neither child-friendly or gender-sensitive, and they often fail to satisfy the

needs or protect the rights of all children (UNICEF, 2021).

The COVID-19 epidemic has taken a heavy toll on adolescents and

families, aggravating stressful conditions and exacerbating a number of

elements that might raise a youngster's proclivity for delinquent conduct

(Office of the Child Advocate, 2021). The extraordinary COVID-19 epidemic

has had a substantial effect on worldwide organizations, state-run institutions,

local governments, private enterprises, and people. In March of 2020, juvenile

justice organizations were confronted with the tremendous problem of

continuing to operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week while assuring the

safety and well-being of personnel and adolescents in their care. Leaders in

juvenile justice had to think fast and come up with inventive answers to the

problems they faced (Council of Juvenile Justice Administrators, 2022).

The act of committing a crime at a young age is known as juvenile

delinquency. A juvenile delinquent is a minor, usually under the age of

eighteen, who commits a crime that violates a state or federal law Teens are

still immature and do not think like adults, thus they are more likely to make

errors or commit crimes over which they have little control. Teens can breach

the law for a variety of reasons, and a variety of variables can contribute to

juvenile delinquency. Teens become juvenile delinquents as a result of the

four prongs that make up a shattered family: a lack of communication, a lack

of financial resources, and a lack of social and moral instruction (Villanueva,

2016).

Children are regarded one of the nation's most valuable assets, the

foundation of a nation begins with their education. Every effort should be

taken to improve their well-being and increase their chances of living a

productive and happy life. The home is where a child's character is formed.

Since a result, every family member should endeavor to make the house a

wholesome and harmonious environment, as the home's atmosphere and

surroundings will have a significant impact on the child's growth. Crime occurs

everywhere in the world, and no one is exempt, whether affluent or poor,

adults or children. Criminals are viewed by the general population as terrible

grownups. However, as the number of young people engaging in illegal

activities rises, the society becomes concerned (Juvenile Delinquency, 2019).

 Between 1992 and 2010, a number of violent killings in schools were

perpetrated by kids in the United States of America (USA). A student was shot

in the school corridor during a class change in one instance in Madison.

Learners assassinated an art technical director and a school resource officer

within the school grounds in Indianapolis and California, respectively. Youth

offending rates are comparable in England, Wales, the Netherlands, and

Spain, for example. Despite the fact that delinquency rates in Japan and India

are said to be low, there are worries that the problem has to be handled.

These claims are based on the presence of various historical data on human

behavior, particularly juvenile misbehavior (Stephens, 2010).

In the Philippines, delinquency and preventive programs account for

the majority of youth work. Because they are deemed minors and are not

criminally accountable, juveniles arrested by peace officers after committing a

crime are immediately turned over to the City Social Welfare Development

Office. The Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006, also known as Republic

Act (R.A) 9344, provides them with protection. According to the Philippine

National Police, the PNP Women and Children Protection Center received

reports of 2,158 instances involving minor offenders. The theft instances of

half of them occurred between January and December of 2008. The number

of crimes involving kids increased by 18%. Drug usage cases increased from

113 in 2007 to 145 in 2008. This indicates that there has been a 28 percent

growth. According to Laudie Salud A. Raras, Officer-in-Charge of the Ozamiz

City Social Welfare Development Office, the number of reported incidents

involving minors in confrontation with the law decreased from 2007 to 2011.

According to the statistics acquired, men make up the bulk of children who are
in dispute with the law, while girls make up a smaller percentage of those who

breach the law. It's also worth noting that, despite the fact that examples of

breaching the law were reported to the office in charge of child issues, no

action was taken. This means that the other offended party is not interested in

filing a case in the proper court to prosecute the youth offenders (Quismundo,

2019).

This article explores the influence of the COVID 19 pandemic on kids,

their behavior, and how we react to juvenile delinquency as a system and

society. Local concerns with reference to the Juvenile Delinquency of

Pandemic Protocols are stated to be frequently seen by residents, particularly

those barangay authorities. There have been no studies identified in Tagum

City. Although academics have stated that additional research is needed in

this area. The researchers set out to determine the Challenges faced by the

Barangay Authorities in terms of the Juvenile Delinquency of Pandemic

Protocols allocated in Tagum City. This research could also serve as a

foundation for future researchers and government authorities. Furthermore,

the focus of this research was on the different challenges faced by individual

especially by the barangay authorities in considering the protocols made by

the government during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Purpose of the Study

This study highlights the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown

on crucial aspects of daily life globally, including the juvenile delinquency as

experienced by the barangay officials during the COVID 19 pandemic. It has

been said that crime happens anywhere in this world and it excuses no one,
whether rich or poor, adults to youths and juveniles. The general public sees

criminals as gruesome adults. Hence, it may have increased during

lockdowns which add problems to the barangay officials, as such pandemic

protocols are at risk to be neglected.

At this point, the researchers want to determine the challenges faced

by the Barangay Officials in terms of the Juvenile Delinquency during the

COVID 19 Pandemic. Specifically, it sought to assess the different

alternatives that the Barangay Officials did to the specific person who disobey

the pandemic protocols implemented by the officials.

The researchers want to conduct this study for the reason that they

want to know about the lived experiences, coping mechanisms, and insights

of Barangay Officials in the City of Tagum pertaining to Juvenile Delinquency.

Claims are also made that juvenile delinquency is the act of committing a

crime at a very young age. A juvenile delinquent is a young person,

particularly a teenager under the age of eighteen, who breaks a state or

federal law by committing a crime. Teens are still immature and do not think

like adults, therefore they are prone to making mistakes or committing crimes

that are not fully in their control.

Research Questions

This study examined the lived experiences, coping mechanisms, and

insights of barangay officials in the City of Tagum in terms of juvenile

delinquency during the COVID 19 pandemic. Specifically, it seeks answers to

the following questions.

1. What are the challenges faced by Barangay Officials in handling

juvenile offenders of pandemic protocols?

 2. How do the Barangay Officials address the challenges of handling

juvenile offenders of pandemic protocols?

3. What are their insights in effectively handling juvenile delinquent

individuals they have encountered as Barangay Officials?

Theoretical Lens

This research is based on Guevara and Bautista's (2018) results, which

state that juvenile delinquency is defined as an anti-social act or conduct done

by juveniles that violates the society's norms, culture, customs, and rules.

"Juvenile delinquency is a huge problem that a society suffers from and will

continue to suffer from until there is a significant social and economic

transformation taking place," writes Villanueva (2016). According to Ngale

(2019), "monitoring becomes increasingly important as children move into

adolescence and spend less time under the direct supervision of parents or

other adults and more time with peers." Parental conflict and paternal

aggressiveness predicted violent offending, whereas lack of maternal

affection and paternal criminality predicted property crime involvement.

Furthermore, "juvenile delinquent activities are the direct result of their family's

economic disempowerment, permissive parenting style, and parent's

excessive work-time overload," according to the report. Furthermore, it

indicates that in the lack of moral, psychological, and economic viability at

home, children are pushed to seek "survival" outside of the family. In this

situation, juvenile delinquency is a way out of a family system that is neither

powerful nor empowering.

 This is reinforced by Villanueva (2016), whom declares the four factors

that contribute on juvenile delinquency. These four factors are: Family. The

infant learns to control his wants and accept norms that determine the time,

place, and condition in the first and most fundamental institution in society. In

the family, the child's particular needs are met in a socially acceptable

manner. However, owing to (1) improper child development, (2) lack of

parental guidance/monitoring, (3) lack of maternal care, (4) unjust treatment,

and (5) parental rejection and shattered house, the kid likely to turn delinquent

as a result of his or her own family's influence. Environment. After the child's

formative years, this is where he or she is impacted. His or her peers in the

community may persuade him or her to commit a crime. He/she eventually

becomes a victim of his/her own environment, attitude, clothes, likes, goals,

and even conduct, all of which have already been impacted by the anti-social

behaviors that have been identified in their environment. Associations with

criminal organizations, drunkenness and drug addiction, (3) crime-inducing

situations that lead to criminalistic inclinations, and (4) copied instincts such

as selfishness, aggression, and anti-social desires are some of the causes.

(6) Unlike the family, the school is a public institution that educates children.

As a result, schools are better positioned to influence kids through the

development of new tools and policies. Schools are the most important

institutions for exposing young people to societal aims and ideals. One of the

ways that schools contribute to juvenile delinquency is when they fail to build

the character of their students. In addition, the employment of tactics that

cause pupils to feel failure or frustration, absenteeism, and a lack of facilities

for curricular and extra-curricular activities are all factors that contribute to

juvenile delinquency.

Similarly, Hagan (2012), control theories have a long history. Hirschi's

Social Control Thesis is based on Shaw and Mckay's Social Disorganisation

Theory, Reckless's Informal Social Control Theories, and Sykes and Matza's

theory. Shaw and Mckay's ecological research from 1942 aided in refining

their hypothesis, which claims that crime is caused by social disorder in which

the environment has a detrimental influence on the person. Individuals resort

to crime when the environment fails to give healthy socialization in situations

such as severe poverty, homelessness, and deviant peer and community

culture. Reckless' Informal Social Control ideas are based on the concept of

"containment," which includes both inner and outside containment. Reckless

theories looked at why some people resort to illegal action while others are

able to avoid it. According to him, individuals at risk of improper conduct

benefit from inner moral strength, ethics, and a healthy self-concept, which

help them resist their desires to behave inappropriately. If the individual's

inner ability to avoid crime fails, external influences such as friends, family,

and the larger community can assist the individual in abstaining from illegal

action by providing counseling.

The researchers also adhere to the principles as said by Barton (1969)

that war, terror, natural calamities, and pandemics, particularly the COVID 19

pandemic as focused in this study, may all contribute to shifts in criminal

behavior patterns especially to the youngsters and therefore leads to higher

records of delinquency among youth. Moreover, the researchers also agree

to the statement given by UNICEF (2021) that governments and authorities

should take concrete steps to ensure that every child deprived of their liberty

is fully respected and protected especially in times of natural calamities such

as the COVID 19 pandemic. These measures can help make the justice

system more child-friendly and gender-sensitive, fulfilling the rights of every

child who comes into contact with the law.

Significance of the Study

The result of the study is intended to help officials of the Barangay. It

will be of greater advantage as well to the officials of the barangay to know

the result of this study for it will help them in becoming more efficient in terms

of monitoring the happenings inside their respective barangays. It will assist

them in enhancing their protocols, policies, and ordinances, and make a

plausible solution to problems related to juvenile delinquency. It will assist

them in understanding the ramifications of this problem so that they may take

appropriate action and respond quickly to this activity.

The researchers are confident that the outcome of this study would add

the information about the challenges faced by the Barangay Officials in

depicting the Juvenile Delinquency as one of those challenges. Additionally,

this knowledge will be useful for the residents for they will be made aware of

and become more responsible and responsive as a result of this study in

terms of their actions and be able to contribute meaningfully in minimizing, if

not total eradication, of juvenile delinquency within their communities and

barangays. Moreover, to the Future Researchers, this will serve as a

beginning point for them in terms of expanding the scope of the research in

terms of the variables examined and proving prospects for the study’s
development. They can also use the knowledge embodied in this study to

explore other methods of research in searching for answers to the research

questions.

Definition of Terms

The following terms will be defined conceptually and operationally for

clearer and in-depth understanding for the readers to understand more about

the study being undertaken.

Juvenile Delinquency. Juvenile delinquency also refers to children

who exhibit persistent misbehavior or disobedience to the point of being

considered out of parental control and hence subject to legal action by the

court system. Juvenile delinquency is also known as "juvenile offending," and

each state has its own legal system in place to deal with young people who

break the law (Legal Dictionary, 2015). The researchers define this word as

misbehavior displayed by youngsters against their parents or other individuals

in which injury or crime is committed by the kid in violation of the law which

often leads to conflict within the community where the juvenile delinquent

resides.

Barangay Officials. Barangay officials faithfully carry out their

statutory duties and obligations at the community level by, among other

things, preserving public order, enforcing laws and regulations, and promoting

the general welfare of the community (House of Representatives, 2022). In

this research, the researchers refer to this term as the functionaries of the

barangay that is responsible for the peace and order who face upfront the

dilemmas of the community and solve them to the best of their abilities.
Limitation and Delimitation

This phenomenological study is delimited and aimed only on the

barangay officials’ perspective on their challenges, coping mechanisms and

insights pertaining to juvenile delinquency during the COVID 19 Pandemic.

Moreover, this study will be conducted within the vicinity of the City of

Tagum, Davao del Norte from February 2023 to July 2023 with participants

that are barangay officials from the different barangays within the City of

Tagum, Davao del Norte who have relative experience and or insights with

juvenile delinquency.

However, since the medium of gathering data is through their

narratives about their challenges, coping mechanisms, and insights, there are

chances of memory lapses committed by these informants as they reminisce

the past events that will contribute to the acknowledgement of weaknesses of

this study. The fact that there were only a limited minority of participants

included in this research means that the results cannot be generalized to a

larger population, and as a result, the researchers were unable to generate

any conclusions about the study for a larger sample and population.

Organization of The Study

The study consists of five chapters, such as: Chapter 1 The Problem,

Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature, Chapter 3 Research Method, Chapter

4 Results, and Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusion.

Chapter 1 presents the problem of the study which includes: rationale,

purpose of the study, research questions, the theoretical lens of the study,
significance of the study, definition of terms, limitations and delimitations of

the study, and the organization of the study.

Chapter 2 Focuses on the related literatures which basically discuss

about the different constructs related to the lived experiences, coping

mechanisms, and insights of barangay officials in the City of Tagum pertaining

to juvenile delinquency during the COVID 19 pandemic.

Chapter 3 Contains the research methodologies being utilized in the

pursuit of this study. Specifically, it includes the research design, role of the

researchers, research participants, data collection, data analysis, and ethical

considerations.

Chapter 4 entails the results of the study from the in-depth interviews

and focused group discussion initiated by the researchers to collect data to be

analyzed. Essential themes and core ideas derived from the responses of the

participants are also presented in this chapter to give the readers of this study

a detailed analysis of the data the researchers have gathered.

Lastly, Chapter 5 presents the discussion of the findings of the study

along with supporting arguments from the related literatures the researchers

have evaluated. It also contains the conclusion of the researchers on the

research topic concerning the lived experiences, coping mechanisms, and

insights of barangay officials pertaining to juvenile delinquency during the

COVID 19 pandemic.
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Theories, concepts, ideas, facts, information, views, readings, and

related literatures are presented in this section to delve with and understand

the topic on juvenile delinquency as encountered by barangay officials during

the COVID 19 pandemic.

Juvenile Delinquency

In recent years, we have developed the capability of rapidly identifying

violations committed by juveniles in high-profile criminal cases. This topic is

relevant in today's world, which makes it current as well as potentially

damaging. Because of this, it is very interesting to investigate what factors

lead to juvenile delinquency, what steps may be taken to prevent it, what

elements are necessary for the rehabilitation of juveniles, and what kinds of

programs are now being implemented in this area. There are a lot of different

factors that go into crime, and they're difficult. It is made up of psychological

and social factors that, when brought together, interact with one another to

generate a certain behavior.

Juvenile delinquency is the act of committing a crime at a young age

and is referred to by that name. A young person who commits a crime in

violation of state or federal law is considered to be a juvenile delinquent. A

juvenile delinquent is often a teenager who has not yet reached the age of

eighteen (SecureTeen, 2017). Teenagers are still developing mentally and do

not think in the same way that adults do; as a result, they are more likely to

make mistakes or commit crimes over which they have limited control. While
delinquency does entail crimes, it also encompasses a range of other non-

criminal behaviors. Running away from home, truancy from school, and

defying the lawful demands of parents or legal guardians are examples of

such transgressions (Shoemaker, 2017).

A young who only needs to be a piece of something that can safeguard

him will join a group and cause tumult in the general public that rejects him. A

young who only needs to demonstrate something will oppose his loved ones.

A young who only needs to get away from his hopeless life will carry out

stupid wrongdoings. Furthermore, honest youth yet perilous (Juvenile

Delinquency, 2019).

Blanca (2022) said in the instructional video that she created that the

definition of juvenile delinquency is an underage person engaged in activity

that is considered illegal. Get an understanding of the notion of juvenile

delinquency also with the three common themes that are associated to it:

anomie, subculture, and uneven opportunity. Regardless of how each state

applies the word, a person is considered a juvenile if they are under the age

of 18. The act of breaking the law by a person who is less than 18 years old is

referred to as juvenile delinquency.

The setting in which teens grow up has been identified as one of the

elements that may have a role in the development of delinquency in young

people. A human being goes through several stages of social development

during their lifetime, the most important of which are childhood and

adolescence. Throughout childhood, children form their beliefs, patterns of

behavior, and reasons for doing things. A person's immediate family,

particularly their parents, are very important in their lives at this stage. In

addition, throughout the course of adolescence, people have a strong desire

to create their own identities and to establish themselves, and at this time, the

influence of classmates and friends often takes the place of the impact of

parents. As a consequence of this, one possible reason why adolescents

engage in illegal behavior is out of imitation (Gogua, 2020).

It is discovered that youngsters who are properly supervised by their

parents are less prone to participate in criminal behavior. On the other side,

adolescent delinquency is directly linked to dysfunctional family contexts

defined by conflict, insufficient parental supervision, weak internal link and

integration, and early autonomy. The article goes on to say that families that

engage in illegal activity tend to encourage their children to do the same.

More over two-thirds of those polled had jailed relatives, with 25% being a

parent and another 25% being a sibling or sister. (Juvenile Delinquency,

2019).

The social science research clearly suggests that parental influence is

the primary underlying cause of adolescent criminality. According to a recent

poll, criminal parents are far more likely to rear criminal kids; 43 percent of

convicts had family members who had been convicted, and 35% had been

imprisoned. The child’s harsh and cruel upbringing also has a role in the

development of aggressive conduct. When compared to non-maltreated

children, maltreated youngsters commit more crimes as adults (Muhktar,

2020).
 Furthermore, according to the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act,

“child/youth” refers to anybody under the age of eighteen (18). This statute

addresses children who are at danger or who have run afoul of the law. In

addition, Section 6 of this Act provides that “a minor 15 years of age or under

at the time of the offense shall be immune from criminal culpability.” A minor

under the age of 18 is also protected from criminal culpability, but must

participate in an intervention program. Around 40% of adolescent offenders

commit the majority of their offenses with the help of others. When young

offenders associate with criminals who have already used violence, the

probability of their committing a violent crime tends to increase.

Many juvenile offenders are also victims with complicated needs,

necessitating a public health strategy that incorporates both welfare and

justice concepts. Unfortunately, there are inconsistent and insufficient

legislative frameworks throughout the world, as well as a shortage of

specialized labor. Forensic child and adolescent psychiatry, a comprehensive

science encompassing legal, psychiatric, and developmental areas, has been

formed in the United Kingdom and other high-income nations throughout the

world. The use of an evidence-based therapeutic intervention philosophy has

been linked to lower recidivism rates when compared to punitive tactics used

in several nations throughout the world, making it a preferable strategy to

dealing with the problem of juvenile delinquency (Young, Greer, & Church,

2017).

On the other hand, academic achievement is influenced by a student’s

dedication to education and learning. However, schools function in a

complicated social environment with insufficient resources in many cases.

Schools in impoverished, chaotic urban areas have higher levels of chaos

than other schools. School disruption and a school’s incapacity to cope with

and handle the problem are linked to the availability of drugs, alcohol, or

weapons, as well as weak or inattentive school leadership and bad

disciplinary administration.

According to the information provided in the article that was produced

by StudyCorgi (2022), juvenile delinquency is a significant problem that not

only affects the people who are wrongfully accused of wrongdoing by juvenile

offenders, but also the juvenile offenders themselves, their families, and even

society as a whole. As was said earlier, juvenile offenders have a huge

influence on their lives, despite the fact that they may not be able to anticipate

how the consequences of their criminal behavior would play out for them. The

majority of these offenses lead to the youngster losing his or her freedom

since the child may be sentenced to probation or even jail as a consequence

of the crime. Because of this, it will have an effect on the juvenile's overall

academic health since he or she will be unable to participate in academic

activities that will take place while the juvenile is on probation or in jail.

According to a survey published by Columbia University’s National

Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA), four out of every five

children and teens arrested in state juvenile justice systems are under the

influence of alcohol or drugs at the time of their offences. In their five-year

research, Criminal Neglect: Substance Abuse, Juvenile Justice, and the

Children Left Behind, they discovered that substance abuse and addiction

were involved in 1.9 million of the 2.4 million juvenile arrests.

 Today, a child who commits a crime will have to deal with

repercussions that it is impossible for them to have anticipated. Throughout

their time in prison or on probation, they run the risk of having their freedom

taken away from them (Barker, 2018). There is a possibility that the child may

fall behind in their schoolwork. While imprisonment in juvenile detention

facilities may be an appropriate punishment for the adolescent's unlawful

actions, it also brings him or her into touch with other juvenile offenders, some

of whom may be more clever or influential than the offender in question.

The COVID 19 Pandemic

After an incident unleashing a deadly virus now commonly called as

the COVID 19, the world was shocked by its impact that was felt by every

individual, both young and old, all around the globe. The World Health

Organization declared a pandemic on March 13, 2020, due to the worldwide

spread of SARS-CoV-2 and thousands of fatalities caused by coronavirus

illness (COVID-19). To far, the globe has paid a heavy price in terms of

human lives lost, economic ramifications, and increasing poverty as a result of

this epidemic (Ciotti, et al., 2020).

So far, the current epidemic has severely harmed the world's most

industrialized nations and is posing a significant danger to low- and middle-

income countries. The current COVID-19 epidemic is expected to have a

substantial impact on Africa's poorest continent, which has the most

susceptible people to infectious illnesses (Lone & Ahmad, 2020). The COVID-

19 epidemic has led in a historic drop in the worldwide activity. The escalating

epidemic across major and developing nations resulted in strict lockdowns

and massive interruptions in economic activity at an unprecedented rate and

magnitude (Baldwin & di Mauro, 2020; Gopinath, 2020).

Humanity has progressed along with diseases; as man has advanced,

he has encountered several challenges that have impacted the majority of

society. More viruses have emerged in the previous 50 years, affecting

various areas and several nations, but COVID-19 is one of the most widely

dispersed (Suryasa, Rodriguez-Gamez, & Koldoris, 2021). The globe is still

dealing with a potentially fatal viral outbreak. Since January 2020, the virus

that causes COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, has caused approximately 98 million

confirmed illnesses and 2.2 million fatalities. Although the most recent

respiratory virus pandemic swept the world just a decade ago, science's

operation and response to current events has undergone a paradigm change

in the intervening decade. Within 10 months after the first documented

occurrence, the scientific community reacted quickly to the COVID-19

pandemic, publishing over 125,000 COVID-19-related scientific publications,

more than 30,000 of which were posted via preprint servers (Fraser, et al.,

2021).

COVID-19 has resulted in two million illnesses and 120,000 fatalities

worldwide. Companies and researchers are attempting to contain the spread

and discover a cure. Science and technology, such as face recognition

cameras to follow sick patients, robots to transport food and medications,

drones to sanitize public locations, and patrol and broadcast audio messages

to the public telling people to remain at home, are all playing important roles

(Kumar, Gupta, & Srivastava, 2020). COVID-19 is currently a worldwide

epidemic. Containment and mitigation measures have been organized by

governments throughout the world, with different degrees of effectiveness.

Countries with low COVID-19 per-capita death rates tend to use similar

tactics, such as early monitoring, testing, contact tracing, and stringent

quarantine. In most successful nations, the scale of coordination and data

management necessary for efficient execution of these policies has depended

on the use of digital technology and its integration into policy and health care

(Whitelaw, Mamas, Topol, & Spall, 2020).

Emerging pandemics demonstrate that people are not invincible, and

societies must be prepared. The World Health Organization has declared a

pandemic of the Coronavirus epidemic, which was originally detected in 2019.

Countries throughout the world are reacting differently to the viral pandemic,

with delays in identification and response overburdening local health systems.

However, several countries have implemented efficient anti-infection

programs and have reported a relatively low number of instances. Social

distance, lockdown, case detection, isolation, contact tracking, and quarantine

have shown to be the most effective ways to restrict disease transmission.

This review will assist readers in understanding the differences in reaction and

results across nations (Khana, Cicinelli, Gilbert, Honavar, & Murthy, 2020).

More to that, several countries, including India, have implemented

guidelines in the efforts to minimize the spread of COVID 19 among

individuals. The Indian government (central and state) is working hard to

reduce the number of cases and consequences on a daily basis, and is taking

all necessary steps to combat the challenges and threat posed by this

growing invisible pandemic war, which involves the public, medical

associations, nurses, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), police forces,

and paramilitary forces. The only plausible explanation for the containment

and treatment of the epidemic has been the sincere efforts of all frontline

workers, particularly medical physicians, nurses, healthcare professionals,

sanitation workers, police officers, volunteers, and the active support and

obedience of the people of India (Ghosh, Nundy, & Mallick, 2020).

Modeling the strategies done by other countries in preventing and

isolating the rapid spread of the COVID 19 virus, Philippines created a task

force that targets and focuses the prevention and widespread of the said

virus. The Inter-Agency Task Force on Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF)

and the nationwide Task Force (NTF) developed a nationwide action plan to

combat the virus's spread throughout the country as part of its preventative

efforts. In order to 'adjust to the new normal,' the government implemented

the Prevent, Detect, Isolate, Treat, and Reintegrate (PDITR) plan.4 This policy

attempts to restrict the spread of the virus and maintain public health safety

among individuals. This technique also urges constituents to maintain minimal

health standards, such as frequent hand washing, wearing a face mask and

face shield, and maintaining social separation (De Vero, Gozum, & Melad,

2021).

Now that the COVID 19 Pandemic is gradually prevented due to

initiatives and combined efforts of the different countries in battling the said

health adversity, countries all around the globe are now devising strategies to

still observe minimum health standards while gradually lifting the intensity of

the protocols they have implemented according to the risk factor or level of

infection in a certain country or locality. Governments are presently

contemplating constructing lockdown relaxation strategies that take into

account both public health and economic recovery. Without recorded

experiences to draw on, governments are relying on a trial-and-error

approach to developing a lockdown escape plan while avoiding further waves

of patients from overwhelming hospital facilities (Ocampo & Yamagishi, 2020).

Juvenile Justice and the COVID 19 Pandemic

Early arguments in social theory on the consequences of the

coronavirus (COVID) pandemic featured a contrast between libertarian and

authoritarian responses to the epidemic. This, however, undervalues the

importance of the contest between social democratic and neoliberal visions of

society, as well as the understanding of public health as a social democratic

intervention by states, and the potential for a critical turning point between

social democratic and neoliberal forms of governance and society in the crisis.

In these arguments, the interpretation of public health intervention in social

theories, the link between science, government, and society, and the crises

are all on the table. (Agamben, 2020).

Infectious illness outbreaks can worsen vulnerabilities, create new

risks, and have harmful consequences for children through a variety of paths.

In most cases, results are multi-layered, with immediate consequences for

children, families, and communities – such as orphanhood, stigmatization and

discrimination, and lower household income – contributing to longer-term

unfavorable risks and outcomes for children. Child labor and domestic work

are among the dangers, as are detrimental habits such as early marriage and

early and teenage pregnancy (Bakrania, 2020).

 It provides an early, agenda-setting assessment of several approaches

to the individual-society interaction, which is critical to understanding the

COVID dilemma. How are the interests of individuals and the societal whole

being balanced in public policy towards COVID, both now and in the future?

The interests of the total, according to utilitarianism (Singer), are more

important than the interests of any individual such as in the instances of ‘herd

immunity’ and lock-down and isolation (Delanty, 2020).

In Kantian philosophy, every individual human existence has

paramount worth, and utilitarian solutions are not welcome. Even if there is a

clear public interest, the libertarian viewpoint opposes any infringement on

human liberty. Agamben condemns the application of Foucault’s biopolitical

securitization theory in the context of the COVID crisis as an illegitimate

extension of state authority disguised as an unjustifiable claim to state of

emergency (Habermas & Gunther. 2020).

The continuing COVID-19 epidemic is definitely one of the most crucial

occurrences in recent world history. The pandemic lockdown strategy had a

significant influence on global society in many domains, including the social

(Singh & Singh, 2020), political (Tisdell, 2020), economic (Hevia & Neumeyer,

2020; Tisdell, 2020; Yamin, 2020), and health systems (Driggin et al., 2020).

(Kraemer 2020). Furthermore, the epidemic caused extensive injury,

emotional suffering, and sadness in millions of individuals worldwide

(Pfefferbaum and Noerth 2020; Shanahan et al., 2020; Usher et al., 2020).

Extreme events such as wars, terror, pandemics, and natural

catastrophes can also cause shifts in criminal behavior patterns. According to

recent research, the COVID-19 pandemic affects crime rates differently

depending on the kind of crime and area. While there was a significant

decrease in robbery, burglary, assault-battery, and shoplifting offenses (Ashby

2020; Andresen, 2020; Campedelli et al., 2020; Hodgkinson & Andresen,

2020; Mohler et al., 2020; Shayegh & Malpede, 2020), there was an increase

in domestic violence (Leslie & Wilson, 2020; Mohler (Buil-Gil et al. 2020;

Collier et al., 2020; Hawdon et al., 2020; Payne, 2020).

The other members of the family may experience instability as a result

of the turmoil and stress caused by the presence of a juvenile offender in the

household. In addition to attending to the necessities of the troublesome child,

the family may also be required to amass significant quantities of money in

order to pay for legal representation (Barker, 2018). In addition, the family is

forced to consider the moral dilemmas that arise from their duties to the

people who were wronged by the kid. During the time when their child is doing

time in jail or on probation, families are usually obliged to participate in group

therapy sessions, which may be inconvenient and costly.

Throughout the formative years of a person's life, the environment that

person is exposed to in their family has a tremendous influence on the many

future consequences that person will experience. Children who are raised in

households that provide them with support and care and in which they have

the opportunity to form strong relationships with adults are more likely to

acquire effective emotional regulation and other prosocial talents that will

serve them well throughout their life (Yu, 2019). On the other side, young

people who develop poor problem-solving skills and behavioral disorders as a

result of being raised in homes that are unstable and abusive. Offenders who
had a history of negative childhood experiences, such as emotional, physical,

and sexual abuse, as well as emotional and physical neglect, have been

shown to be more difficult to rehabilitate and more likely to reoffend than

those who have not had such experiences. This is due to the fact that

offenders with a history of negative childhood experiences are more likely to

act out in a criminal manner.

In the research that Tapia, Alarid, and Clare (2018) carried out, they

noted that neglectful and authoritarian parenting styles were demonstrated to

be related with the largest levels of delinquency in children. This was proved

to be the case by the findings of their study. When the sample was broken

down according to the gender of the parents, it was revealed that

authoritarianism was prevalent in both sets of parents, however permissive

and neglectful parenting were more prevalent in fathers. Regardless of the

kind of parenting that is practiced, the incidence of delinquency is higher

among men than among girls. In separate equations for mothers and fathers,

the strength and degree of this link are almost identical. This is because the

association is between the mother and the father. It did not seem that a lack

of parental connection was a substantial risk factor for delinquency in either

the mothers or the fathers of the children.

The findings of the research carried out by Johnson (2016) further

highlight the fact that parents of violent teens are increasingly criticizing law

enforcement for being forced to respond to the violent behavior of their

children with force, and often lethal force. At some point, parents will need to

come to terms with the fact that they are ultimately accountable for providing

their children with appropriate parenting practices that encourage moral and
responsible thought. Research on parenting styles has indicated which

techniques tend to be more beneficial and which tend to be less effective in

teaching and encouraging children and teenagers to adopt more prosocial

attitudes and behaviors.

There are a plenty of information and circumstances that were not

included by the researchers and this serves as an encouragement to the

future researchers who will make this research as a reference for their own in-

depth study to unearth relevant and significant information to the research

topic.
 Chapter 3

METHOD

This section provides a description of how the study is being carried out and

processed through a variety of approaches to gather the data that is being analyzed

to provide answers to the research questions in an effort to discover accurate and

pertinent information regarding the phenomenon that is being investigated.

Research Design

This research will be of the qualitative kind and use a phenomenological

method in order to get a deeper knowledge and more in-depth examination of the

problems, coping strategies, and insights of barangay officials with regard to juvenile

delinquency.

Qualitative research will often entail the collection of typographical data. This

indicates that the information being acquired is more in the form of strings of

sentences that comprise the participants' narratives on their own lived experiences of

a certain occurrence. In most cases, they are used when the research question

seeks to get a more in-depth understanding of a certain social situation or

phenomena (Creswell, 1998). The phenomenon that is being investigated in this

research is the juvenile delinquency as encountered by the barangay officials in

Tagum City during the COVID 19 Pandemic. Over the course of this study, barangay

officials will be expressing their lived experiences in relation to the academic

accomplishments of their learners.

When qualitative research is conducted, a study is provided with a feeling of

discovery that unfolds via a plethora of specific aspects of genuine experiences that

have been present in surrounds. This offers the study an edge over quantitative

research. Their points of view will serve as the basis for the facts that will be studied

in order to get a deeper level of comprehension. It is important to mention that this

research is regarded as addressing a specific phenomenon that is pertinent to social

behaviors in new and developing ideas (Williams, 2007).

Research Locale and Participants

This study requires a good number of informants that share different

narratives that still undergo a certain phenomenon so the choosing of participants

must be carefully picked according to the information they have through purposive

sampling technique (Creswell, 2013).

The participants of the study are barangay officials that are diligently working

and playing their incumbent role as advocates of peace and solidarity in the

barangays of Tagum City, Davao del Norte. From the broad number of barangay

officials, there must be an application of purposive sampling technique to narrow it

down to seven (7) participants for the in-depth interviews (IDIs) and seven (7)

participants for the focused group discussion (FGD) which will be then scheduled

prior to the availability and consent of the participants.

Furthermore, the barangay officials that are selected differ in some way such

as the number of years in service as a barangay official, age, and gender to give a

more variety and more realistic findings to the study being conducted. This study

ensures quality in pursuit of an authentic study.

Data Gathering Procedure

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on

variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer

stated research questions and evaluate outcomes. Series of steps will be done to

ensure that the expected data will be extracted and recorded properly (Sapsford &

Juff, 2006).

The collection of data starts with the approval of the research advisor to for

the study, including the set of questions as the medium for the participants to be

answered that are carefully written to further understand the phenomenon. If the
study will be approved, there shall be an inquiry for the parents through building

rapport and asking for their willingness in participating for the study.

With seven participants, all of them will undergo in-depth interviews and the

other seven participants will undergo through the focused group discussion. A pre-

interview for the informants and an informed consent that states their willingness in

participating for the study will be employed upon selecting the participants to be more

comfortable and lessen the pressure for the final interview to enable to them to

narrate their experiences with confidence.

To document the whole interview, while being questioned, a voice recorder

from a smartphone will be used as the medium to capture their lived experiences,

share their coping mechanisms and provide their insights on a certain phenomenon.

A camera is also used as the medium to capture the emotions, body expressions,

and gestures underlying from their statements. To sustain the interview process, the

conversation must be smooth to ease the pressure and enable the comfort of the

participants.

Also, while being interviewed, they have the freedom to use what language

will they use, whether, English, Filipino, Sinugbuanong Binisaya, or the mixture of the

three. Upon the end of the interview, they will be given a letter of verification to

ensure their full confidentiality and respect from the data being received.

After the interview session, all of the recordings both from the voice recorder

and the camera will be categorized into different folders, renamed it according to their

pseudonyms, and secured it with password for full control of access. The data will

then be translated, transcribed, analyzed, and narrowed down into different emerging

themes.

Data Analysis

Data analysis is used to analyze the data and interpret the data to provide

results, form implications and arrive conclusions. The data gathered from the

transcription of the statements and expressions of the informants will be further

analyzed using thematic approach. There shall be an examination of raw data using

many interpretations in order to find linkages between the research object and the

outcomes with reference to the original research questions. Throughout the

evaluation and analysis process, there is an openness to new opportunities and

insights. This method provides researchers with opportunities to triangulate data in

order to strengthen the research findings and conclusions (Nowell, Norris, White, &

Moules, 2017).

Before the data being analyzed, all the interviews, observations, and

documents will be transcribed and translated into Standard English. The process of

transcribing will allow us to become more acquainted with the data. All files from the

voice recorder and the camera will be saved for full control of the access.

For the thematic analysis, Clarke’s step-by-step guidelines will be used.

These guidelines start with the familiarization of the data; creation of initial codes;

thorough reading to immerse in the data; review of themes; creation of themes, and

production of the report (Clarke, 2006).

Ethical Considerations

In all human studies, ethical consideration is imperative and should be

implemented by any researcher, especially in qualitative research. One must observe

of respect with any informants’ rights. The right of every individual for privacy and of

communication according to Article III, section three of Philippine Constitution of

1987 and Republic Act 10173, the Data Privacy Act of 2012 must be implemented

and should be taken into consideration. It is the right of the person to be free from

undesired publicity or disclosure and to enjoy private life not to be made public

against the will. The law connotes further, that violation of this human right, a

corresponding penalty will be imposed. Hence, in this study, there is an incorporation

the basic ethical principles used in the Belmont Report such as respect for persons,

consent, beneficence, confidentiality and justice translated into several acts or

processes accepted by the research world and the academe (Rivas & Nael, 2010).
 To empower respect for persons, one must be oriented and sensitive in

respecting an individual’s human rights and ensuring that these are not violated in

the course of participation. Before giving the informed consent to the potential

participants, they will be fully oriented on the research topic, purpose of the study,

procedures, the risks and benefits to be expected, how the findings are to be

reported, and a promise of confidentiality and correct data interpretation (Creswell,

2013).

Throughout the course of the researchers’ study, they will maintain civility and

rapport with their subjects. Before they videotape the IDI sessions, they will obtain

their permission. Similarly, they will offer them the opportunity to ask questions

before, during, and after the interviews. More significantly, they will work hard to keep

all proceedings in the impending IDI extremely secret or private from the public.

Furthermore, they will make assurance that the volunteers in their research would not

be damaged physically or mentally. In addition, they will guarantee that all of their

data collecting techniques were acceptable by rigorously referring to the St. Thomas

More School of Law and Business Research Ethics Committee (REC) and their panel

of examiners on all of the measures that they did prior to the conduct of their

research.

Moreover, agreement participants will be completely voluntary and potential

informants will not be coerced to participate. It will be stressed that their consent to

participate can be withdrawn at any stage of the interview (Creswell, 2013) .

As a result, the researchers will make an effort to respect their subjects by

inquiring whether they honestly wanted to engage in this research. As proof of this,

their subjects will complete an informed consent form to indicate their willingness to

participate. This form will also include early facts about this research, such as its

approach, techniques, design, and procedures, to orient participants on what the

study is all about, allowing them to make educated judgments about whether or not

to join in this inquiry. Participants who chose not to participate in the research will be
free to leave with the promise that their data would be kept private even after the

study was completed.

With regards to the risks and beneficence the participants may receive, the

participants should have known that might be some risks and issues that will be

expected along the journey of investigation. They should be told about the benefits of

the informants as well. One thing, monetary compensations will not be given to each

of the participants, plus the ownership of their lived experienced will be protected with

a pseudonym, and their contribution will be a great learning to the academe, in

general (Creswell, 2013).

As an outcome, the findings of this research will be anticipated to be

advantageous to the participants in this endeavor for this may yield insights that

might be valuable in boosting the motivation of the barangay officials in maintaining

peace within the community against juvenile delinquency. With this, barangay

officials might learn from the results of this study some benchmark strategies they

can apply to improve their service towards the people in their community.

There is also a promise of confidentiality, anonymity, and correctness of

data interpretation. Informants will be guaranteed that what they share will be kept

confidential and will not be passed on to anyone outside (Creswell, 2013).

The researchers will utilize discrete coding to designate each participant in

their transcription of all of their replies. This measure is based on Republic Act

10173, also known as the Data Privacy Act of 2012, which states that any information

that could potentially identify participants, such as their name, gender, ethnicity, or

employment/location description, should be carefully phrased to avoid violating

participant anonymity. As a result, adequate coding and other precautions will be

implemented and followed in order to secure the participants' identities. In addition,

their research participants will be never required to provide their identities on any

relevant documents for this study. Another step taken by the researchers was the

transcribing of the interviews firsthand.

 Lastly, their contribution will be given justice as their narratives play a huge

role for the conducting of the study that will contribute to the acknowledgement of its

success and therefore must be given credits (Creswell, 2013).

In the researchers’ situation, they will make certain that the participants will be

picked equally based on the right way of participant selection, which was the use of

the purposive sampling method. As a result, no suitable candidates will be refused

research participation owing to their personal characteristics (age, gender, sex,

ethnicity, etc.). In addition, the interview will be held to a venue where the participants

will be comfortable during the interview. This was done in accordance with current

safety measures to guarantee that they and my participants were completely

protected against COVID-19 infection.

To eliminate bias, the researchers will always treat their volunteers fairly and

with respect throughout the course of their research. All participants will be equally

exposed to the possible advantages and dangers of this research. Throughout the

IDI sessions and FGD session, they made certain that the participants will be at

ease. Furthermore, the researchers will hand appropriate tokens to all of their

volunteers as reward for all of their efforts in completing this survey. Any money to be

spent on this research will be quickly returned to eliminate any minor financial

concerns on the part of the participants. More significantly, the researchers will make

sure that their research represented just the participants’ relevant and truthful replies.
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