CHAPTER 14 Flow in Open Channels 144 142 43 ‘Water flows in a rectangular, concrete, open channel that is 12.0m wide at a depth of 2.5m. The channel slope is 0.0028. Find the water velocity and the flow rate. ' v= (LO/m\(R*)(5%) n= 0.013 (from Table A-13) R= Alpe = (12.0)(2.5)/(2.5 + 12.0 + 2.5) = 1.765 m v= (1.0/0.013)(1.765)°%(0.0028)"* = 5.945 m/s Q= Au =[(12.0)(2.5)(5.945) = 178 m"/s Water flows in the symmetrical trapezoidal channel lined with asphalt shown in Fig. 14-1. The channel bottom drops 0.1 ft vertically for every 100 ft of length. What are the water velocity and flow rate? t uv = (1.486/n)(R™)(s") n=0.015 (from Table A-13) R=Alp, _A=(16.0)(4.5) + 2){(4.5)1(2)(4.5)]/2} = 132.8 2 Pw = 16.0 + 2VG5)+[OVES)E = 44.46 ft R= 132.8/44.46 = 2.987 ft 5 =0.1/100 = 0.00100 v = (1.486/0.015)(2.987)°°(0.00100)'? = 6.498 ft/s Q = Av = (132.8)(6.498) = 863 ft"/s SF nee ‘Water is to flow at a rate of 30 m’/s in the concrete channel shown in Fig. 14-2. Find the required vertical drop of the channel bottom per kilometer of length. A= (3.6)(2.0) + (4.0-2.0)[(1.6 +3.6)/2]=12.40m? v= (1.0/n)(R”)(s!) = O/A = 30/12.40 = 2.419 m/s Pu =3.6+2.0+ VEO-2.0) + B6—1.6) +1.6=10.03m R= A/p, = 12.40/10.03=1.236m 2.419 = (1.0/0.013)(1.236)°%(s)'*_-s = 0.000746 This slope represents a drop of the channel bottom of 0.000746 m per meter of length, or 0.746m per kilometer of length. |» —| Fig. 142Ma m6 147 FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS 0 357 ‘Water flows in the triangular steel channel shown in Fig. 14-3 at a velocity of 2.9 ft/s. Find the depth of flow if the channel slope is 0.0015. ' v= (1.486/n\(R*\(8%)_— R= Alpy = 2{{(d)(d tan 27.5°)/2/ (2d/cos 27.5°)} = 0.23094 2.9 = (1.486/0.014)(0.2309d)°*(0.0015)'"_ d= 2.57ft Fig. 14-3 “After a flood had passed an observation station on a river, an engineer visited the site and, by locating flood marks, performing appropriate surveying, and doing necessary computations, determined that the cross-sectional area, wetted perimeter, and water-surface slope at the time of the peak flooding were 2960 m*, 341 m, and 0.00076, respectively. The engineer also noted that the channel bottom was “earth with grass and weeds” (n = 0.030). Estimate the peak flood discharge. ' v= (1.0/n)(R™)(s"2) = (1.0/0.030)(2960/341)**(0.00076)'* Av = (2960)(3.881) = 11.490 m*/s 3.881 m/s A rectangular, concrete channel 50 ft wide is to carry water at a flow rate of 800 cfs. The channel slope is 0.00025. Find the depth of flow. ' v= (1.486/n)(R”*)(s") = Q/A = 800/50d = 16.00/d R= Alp. = 50d/(50 + 2d) 16.00/d = (1.486/0.013)[S0d/(50 + 2d)}°*(0.00025)"* ‘This equation is not readily solvable, but a trial-and-error solution (not shown here) reveals that d = 3.92 ft Prepare a computer program that will determine the depth of flow of water in a rectangular channel (as in Prob. 14.6). Fc rus PROGRAM DETERMINES THE DEPTH OF FLOW FOR OPEN CHANNEL FLOW € IN RECTANGULAR SECTIONS. IT CAN BE USED FOR PROBLEMS TN BOTH THE © ENGLISH SYSTEM OF UNITS AND THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS. € INPUT DATA HUST BE SET UP AS FOLLOWS. c © caRD 1 coum 1 BVTER 0 (ZERO) OR BLANK IF ENGLISH SYSTEM c OF UNITS 15 70 BE USED. ENTER 1 (ONE) If c INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS 15 TO BE c seo. © cous; 2-78 ENTER TITLE, DATE, AND OTHER INFORMATION, c IF DESIRED. © can 2 cous 1-10 ENTER NUMBER INCLUDING DECIMAL GIVING c WIDTH OF CHANNEL (IN FEET OR METERS) c CoLuMis 11-20 ENTER HUMBER INCLUDING DECIMAL GIVING c FLOW RATE (IN CUBIC PEET PER SECOND OR c CUBIC METERS PER SECOND) c Ccouuais 21-30 ENTER NUMBER INCLUDING DECIMAL GIVING ¢ suore. c Cconumms 31-40 ENTER NUMBER INCLUDING DECTHAL GIVING ¢ MRBING NVALUE. ¢ © MULTIPLE DATA SETS FOR SOLVING ANY NUMBER OF PROBLEMS MAY BE © INCLUDED FoR PROCESSING. ¢ DIMENSION TITLE(13) REAL N INTEGER UNITS 1 READ(S,100,END=2) UNITS , TITLE.358 0 CHAPTER 14 148 149 100 FORMAT (TI, 1386) WRITE (6, 105) TITLE 105 FORMAT "1" ,13A6,////) (COEFF=1..486 IF (WNITS-B9. 1)COEFF=1.0 READ(5, 101)¥,Q,5, 101 FORMAT (4P10..0) 0.001 "TRY 1=COEFE /N*(W*D/(W+2..0*D)) ** (2.0/3.0) *SQRT(S) -Q/W/D 104 D=D+0.001 ‘TRY2=CORFF /N* (W*D/(W+2.0*D) ) ** (2.0/3.0) *SQRT(S) -Q/H/D IP (TRYI*TRY2) 102, 102, 103, 103 tRY1=TRY2 0 70 104 102 D=D-0.0005 IF (UNITS..BQ.0) WRITE(6,106)W,9/5/81,D 106 FORMAT (1X, "GIVEN DATA FOR AN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW IN A RECTANGULAR SE SCRION' , //5K, WIDTH =" F741," FT" ,//SK, "PLOW RATE =",F7.1," CU FT/S $5, //9%, "SLOPE =",F10.7,//5%, "MANNING NVALUE =",76.3,////1%, "THE D *EPTH OF PLOW WILL BE',F7.2," FT") IP(UNITS. BQ. 1) WRITE(6 ,107)¥,Q,5,N,D 4107 FORMAT (1X, ‘GIVEN DATA'FOR AN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW IN A RECTANGULAR SE SCTION’, //SX, "WIDTH =",P7.1," M*,//5K,"PLOW RATE =" E71," CU M/S 51 s//9%, "SLOPE =" ,F10.7,//5%, "MANNING N-VALUE =',6.3,////1X, "THE D ‘SEPTH OF FLOW WILL BE',F7.2," Mm") om 1 2 STOP END Solve Prob. 14.6 using the computer program of Prob. 14.7. ! Input OSAMPLE ANALYSIS QF @PEN CHANNEL FLOW IN A RECTANGULAR SECTION 50.0 800.0 0.00025 0.013 Outpat SAMPLE ANALYSIS OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW IN A RECTANGULAR SECTION GIVEN DATA FOR AN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW IN A RECTANGULAR SECTION wiprd = 50.0 er FLOW RATE = 800.0 CU FT/S SLOPE = 0.0002500 YANNING N-VALUE = 0.013 THE DEPTH OF FLOW WILL BE 3.92 Fr A rectangular channel (n= 0.016) 20 m wide is to carry water at a flow rate of 30 m/s at a slope of 0.00032, Find the depth of flow using the computer program of Prob. 14.7. f Input ISAMPLE ANALYSIS QF QPEN CHANNEL FLOW IN A RECTANGULAR SECTIGN 20.0 30.0 0.00032 0.01614.10 14.1 FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS J 359 Outpat SAMPLE ANALYSIS OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW IN A RECTANGULAR SECTION GIVEN DATA FOR AN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW IN A RECTANGULAR SECTION wIoTH = 20.0 30.0 cu M/s SLOPE = 0.0003200 MANNING K-VALUE = 0.016 ‘THE DEPTH OF FLOW WILL BE 1.25 ‘A corrugated metal pipe of 500 mm diameter flows half-full at a slope of 0.0050 (see Fig. 14-4). What is the flow rate for this condition? ' v= (1.0/m)(R™)(s') = (1.0/0.024){ (fs) /4)°*(0.0050)"* = 0.7366 m/s Q = Av = {[(-1)(8)7/4]/2}(0.7366) = 0.0723 m"/s (Note: The hydraulic radius for both a circular cross section and a semicircular cross section is one-fourth the diameter.) “ 7 250 mm Fig. 14-4 ‘A 24-in-diameter cast iron pipe on a zy slope carries water at a depth of 5.6.n, as shown in Fig. 14-5a. What is the flow rate? I v= (1.486/n)(R*)(s"), R= A/p,. The applicable area in this problem is the shaded area (AECDA) in Fig. 14-56: AB = BC = 12in (both are radii), BE = 12 — 5.6=6.4in. Therefore, AE = EC = V(12)"~ 6.4)" = 10.15 in and 4 ABE = 4EBC = arceos (6.4/12) = 57.77°, (Area) acon = [()(24)*/4]l(2)(57.77")/360"] = 145.19 in?, (Area) ena = (Area) aces = (6.4)(10.15)/2 = 32.48 in®, (Area)azcoa = (ATea)ancoa — (2)(Area) aca = 145.19 — (2)(32.48) = 80.23 in*. The applicable wetted perimeter in this problem is the arc distance ADC in Fig. 14-5: py = ADC = (1)(24){(2)(57.77°)/360" = 24.20 in. R = 80.23/24.20 = 3.315 in, or (0.2763 ft, v = (1.486/0.012)(0.2763)?*(als)"* = 2.627 ft/s, O = Av = (80.23/144)(2.627) = 1.46 ft/s. ia @) o Fig. 145,360 0 CHAPTER 14 14.2 14.13 14.14 14.15 A 500-mm-diameter concrete pipe on a sis slope is to carry water at a flow rate of 0.040 m?/s. Find the depth of flow. See Fig. 14-62. Fv =(10/n)(R*\(s'2) = Q/A = Since R= A/p,, 040/A 0,040 /A = (1.0/0.013)(R)(aks)"?_AR** = 0.01163 A [pe = 0.01163 @ Equation (1) contains two unknowns, A and p.; however, both unknowns can be expressed in terms of the unknown depth of flow, d. The applicable area in this problem is the shaded area (AECDA) in Fig. 14-66: AB=BC=0.25m (both are radii), BE = 0.25 — d. Therefore, AE = CE = V(0.25)' — (0.25 d)i, xABE= EBC = arcvos {(0.25 — d)/0.25], (hepa = [EHO a (0.25-d VOY — 0.25— dye 2 25 0.25 oi 225) (0.001091)(arccos (Area) sea = (Atea)acen = (Area)aecon = (Are8)ancon~ 2(At€8) nea ~ (0.001081) (ares 925= 4) - @[¢8— ovary" 5-5 recos [(0.25 ~ d)/0. 0.25 — 0.25 p= Ane =(ay0.50{2 (0.008727)(arceos ‘Therefore, substituting into Eq. (1), (0.001091) {arecos[(0.25 — 4)/0.25}) = (0.25 — A) VOZF = O25 AF] _ 5 gs gg" (0.008727) {arec0s [(0.25= a/o2syP> ——S ONG ‘This equation is not readily solvable, but a trial-and-error solution (not shown here) reveals that d= LOS Solve Prob. 14.11 utilizing Fig. A-18. > Bs = shy = 0.0025 fr/ft. From Fig. A-15, Qruy = 11.4 f0/s and tpg = 3.6 f0/8. These values of Qn and Yon must be adjusted for an m value of 0.012 for the given cast iron pipe (Fig. A-15 is based on an n value of 0.013): (Qaa)q-o012/11.4 = 0.013/0.012, (Qya)n-c012 = 12.4 £0/s, (pa)ymo012/3.6 = 0.013/0.012, (Uys4)eeoo12=3.9 fs, /deu, = 5.6/24 = 0.23, ot 23 percent. Enter the ordinate of Fig. A-18 with a value of d/dya of 23 percent, move horizontally to the line marked “discharge,” and then vertically downward to the abscissa to read Q/ Que percent. In a similar manner using the “velocity” line, read v/vpay = 63 percent. Therefore, Q LS ft/s, v = (0.63)(3.9) =2.5 ft/s. ) Fig. 146 Solve Prob. 14.12 utilizing Fig. A-18. ' 0.00200. From Fig. A-16, Oru =0.169 m/s: 0/Qpu = A-18, d/doay = 34 percent; d = (0.34)(500) = 170mm. ).040/0.169 = 0.24, or 24 percent. From Fig. A 30-in-diameter concrete storm sewer pipe must carry a flow rate of 9.0 cfs at a minimum velocity of 2.5 ft/s. Find the required slope and water depth. ' A=Q/v =9.0/2.5 = 3,600 ft? Atun = [(2)(3)7/4] = 4.909 ft? AlAra, = 3.600/4.909 = 0.73 or 73 percent416 4t7 FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS { 361 From Fig. A-18, d/dqu = 69 percent and R/Raa = 116 percent. d= (0.69)(30)=20.7in v= (1.486/n)(R**)(s"2) (1.486/0.013){(1.16)[(8)/4]}"(s"")__s = 0.000734 A concrete pipe must carry water at a slope of 0.0075, at a velocity of 0.76 m/s, and at a depth of flow equal to one-tenth its diameter. What is the required pipe diameter? ! v=(L0/n)(R*)(s") 0.76 = (1.0/0.013)(R**)(0.0075)"* R= 0.03853 ft From Fig. A-18 with d/dyay= 10 percent, R/Rix = 25 percent. 0.03853/Reu=0.25 Row =O.1541m 0.154 616m or 616mm =a/4 Prepare a computer program that will determine either the depth of flow or the flow rate for open channel flow in circular sections. Hc WIS PROGRAM DETERMINES EITHER THE DEPTH OF FLOW OR THE FLOW RATE [FOR OPEN CHANNEL PLOW IN CIRCULAR SECTIONS. IT CAN BE USED FOR PROBLEMS IN BOTH THE ENGLISI SYSTEM OF UNITS AND THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS. INPUT DATA MUST BE SET UP AS FOLLOWS. ARD 1 COLUMN 1 ENTER 0 (ZERO) OR BLANK IF ENGLISH SYSTEM OF UNITS 15 TO BE USED. ENTER 1 (ONE) IF INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OP UNITS IS T0 BE COLUMNS 2-79 ENTER TITLE, DATE, AND OTHER INFORMATION, IF DESIRED. CARD 2 COLUMNS 1-10 ENTER NUMBER INCLUDING DECIMAL GIVING DIAMETER OF CHANNEL (IN INCHES OR MILLI- METERS) . (COLUMNS 11-20 ENTER NUMBER INCLUDING DECIMAL GIVING DEPTH OF FLOW (IN INCHES OR MILLIMETERS) . COLUMS 21-30 ENTER NUMBER INCLUDING DECIMAL GIVING SLOPE. (COLUMNS 31-40 ENTER NUMBER INCLUDING DECIMAL GIVING MANWING N-VALUE. (COLUMNS 41-50 ENTER NUMBER INCLUDING DECIMAL GIVING FLOW RATE (IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND OR CUBIC METERS PER SECOND) . + NOTE WELL....EITHER THE DEPTH OF FLOW (COLUMNS 11-20) OR THE * + FLOW RATE (COLUMNS 41-50), WHICHEVER ONE IS TO BE DETERMINED By * THIS PROGRAM, SHOULD BE LEPT BLANK ON CARD 2. * MULTIPLE DATA SETS FOR SOLVING ANY NUMBER OP PROBLEMS MAY BE INCLUDED FOR PROCESSING. DIMENSION TITLE (13) ‘COMMON D,R,D1 ,DIAM, PI, FACTOR, AREA, WP. REAL N INTEGER uniTs Pin3,14159265, 1 READ(S, 100,END=2) UNITS /TITLE 100 FORMAT (51, 1326) WRITE (6, 105) TITLE 105 FORMAT (*1" ,13A6,////) IF (UNITS EQ. 1) COBFP=1.0 [IP (UNITS BQ. 1) PACTOR=1000.0 READ (5, 101)DIAM,D,5,N, 101 FORMAT(5F10.0) ReDIAN/2.0 IF(Q.GT.0-0001)G0 70 102 Diep962 0 CHAPTER 14 14.18 ‘CALL AREAWP MR=AREA/MP (Q*AREA*COEPE /M*HR** (2.0/3.0) *SQRP(S) ‘Ir (UNI7S. 9.0) WRITE (6,103) DIAM,D,5,N,Q 103 FORMAT(1X, ‘GIVEN DATA'FOR AN OPEN CHANNEL PLOW IN A CIRCULAR SECTI ton! //SX, "DIAMETER =",P7.2," IN',//SX,"DEPTH OF FLOM =",P7.2," IN", #//5K, "SLOPE =" ,F10.7,//5X, ‘MANNING NVALUE =" ,F6.3,////1X, "THE FLO SW RATE WILL BE',F8.3," CU FT/S") LIF (UNITS. BQ. 1) WRITE (6,104) DIAM,D,S-§,Q 104 FORMAT (IX, "GIVEN DATA FOR AN OPEN CHANNEL PLOW IN A CIRCULAR SECTI ON" //5K, "DIAMETER =",F7.1," MM! ,//SK, DEPTH OF FLOM =",F7.1," HM", *//9%, "SLOPE =" ,F10.7,//5K," MANNING N-VALUE =" ,P6.3,////1K,"THE FLO SW RATE WILL BE" ,FB.3," CU'M/S*) oni 102 AWP=Q*N/COEFF /SQRT(S) =0.01 pied ‘CALL AREAWP ‘TRYI=AREA** (5.0/3.0) /MP** (2.0/3.0) -AMP 108 D=D+0.01 IF(D.GP.DIAM)GO TO 112 CALL AREAWP ‘TRY2*AREA** (5.0/3.0) /WP** (2.0/3.0) “AMP IF (TRY *TRY2) 106, 106, 107 107 gRY1=TRY2 co 70 108, 106 DeD-0.005 IF (UNITS. 8-0) WRITE (6,109) DIAM,Q,5,N,D 109 FORMAT(1X,"GIVEN DATA FOR AN OPEN CHARWEL PLOW IN A CIRCULAR SECTI ON" //5X, ‘DIAMETER =" ,P7.2," IN", //5X, "PLOW RATE #",F8.3," CU FT/S 8°, /75%, "SLOPE =" ,P13.7,//5%, "MANNING N-VALUE =" F6.3,////1K,"THE D “EPTH OF PLOW WILL BE',P7,2," IN"), {IP (UNITS. BQ. 1) WRITE (6,110) DIAN, Q,5,N,D 110 FORMAT(1x, "GIVEN DATA FOR AN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW IN A CIRCULAR SECTI SON", //5K, ‘DIAMETER =",F7.1," MA", //5X, "FLOM RATE =" ,F8.3," CU M/S $5, //5K, "SLOPE =" ,P13.7,//5K, "MANWING N-VALUE =" ,76.3,////1%, "THE D SEPTH OF FLOW WILL BE’,P7.1," MM") 701 112 WRITE (6,116) 116 FORMAT(Ix, "THIS CIRCULAR CONDUIT CANNOT CARRY THIS GREAT A FLOW AS ‘OPEN CHANNEL FLOW. *) wom! STOP END SUBROUTINE AREAWP ‘COMMON D,R,D1 , DIAN, PE PACTSR, AREA, WP IF(D.GP-R)D1=DIAN-D [ABCDA=DIAM!#2/4 .0*ARCOS ((R-D1) /R) [ABEA® (R-D1) #5QRT(R**2~(R-D1) #*2) /2.0 ARERABCDA-2.0*ABEA WP*DIAMARCOS ( IF (D.GT.R) AREA" IF (D.GT-R) WP=PI*DIAN-WP [AREA*AREA/FACTOR**2 WPsMP /PACTOR RETURN BD Solve Prob. 14.11 utilizing the computer program of Prob. 14.17. TF Input OSAMPLE ANALYSIS QF AN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW IN A CIRCULAR SECTIGN 24.0 5.6 0.0025 0.012419 M2 FLOW IN OPEN.CHANNELS J 363 Output SAMPLE ANALYSIS OF AN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW IN A CIRCULAR SECTION GIVEN DATA FOR AN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW IN A CIRCULAR SECTION DIAMETER = 24.00 IN DEPTH OF FLOW = 5.60 IN SLOPE = 0.002500 MaueLING N-VALUE = 0.012 ‘THE FLOW RATE WILL BE 1.463 CU FT/S Solve Prob. 14.12 utilizing the computer program of Prob. 14.17. TT input ASAMPLE ANALYSIS GF AN GPEN CHANNEL FLOW IN A CIRCULAR SECTION 500. 0.002 0.013 «0.040 Output SAMPLE ANALYSIS OF AN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW IN A CIRCULAR SECTION GIVEN DATA FOR AN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW IN A CIRCULAR SECTION DIAMETER = 500.0 m4 FLOW RATE = 0.040 cU M/S SLOPE = —_0.0020000 MANNING N-VALUE = 0.013, {THE DEPTH OF FLOW WILL BE 165.7 Hi ‘An open channel is to be designed to carry 1.0 m’/s at a slope of 0.0065. The channel material has an n value of 0.011. Find the most efficent cross section for a semicircular section. t v= (1.0/n)(R*)(s") Q/A=(L.0/n)(A/p.)(s"7) A* Ip? = Qn/s'? = (1.0)(0.011)/0.0065"? = 0.1364 A=ad@/8 — p=nd/2——(xd"/8)"° (ad 2° = 0.1364 d= 0.951m or 951mm (dis the diameter of the semicircular section; the depth of flow would, of course, be half of d.) Find the most efficient cross section for Prob. 14.20 for a rectangular section. I A“ /p% = 0.1364 (from Prob. 14.20). The most efficient rectangular section has a width equal to twice its )(2d) = 2d", p, = d + 2d + d = 4d, (2d°)*°/(4d)°* = 0.1364, d= 0.434 m, or Find the most efficient cross section for Prob. 14.20 for a triangular section. I A® [p= 0.1364 (from Prob. 14.20). The most efficient triangular section has a 90° angle and 1:1 side slopes (see Fig. 14-7). A = (3)(dV2)(dV2) = d?, p,, = (2)(dV2)= 2.828d, (d?)"°/(2.828d)" = 0.1364, d= 0.614 m, or 614mm; sides = dV2 = (614)(V2) = 868 mm.364 0 CHAPTER 14 14.23 404 1425 14.26 14.27 Fig. 16-7 Find the most efficient cross section for Prob. 14.20 for a trapezoidal section. i mee 0.1364 (from Prob. 14.20). The most efficient trapezoidal section is half a regular hexagon (see Ri 1.15Sd)(d) + (2)[(d)(d tan 30°)/2] = 1.732¢", p, = (3)(1-155d) = 3.465d, a 20 465d)" = 0, 1364, d = 0.459 m; sides and bottom: each = 1.155d = (1.155)(0.459) = 0.530 m. Fig. 168 For the same conditions given in Prob. 14.2, determine the status of flow (i.e., is it critical, subcritical, or supercritical?) TON, =v/Ved, v =6.498 ft/s (from Prob. 14.2) d,=A/B A= 132.8 ft (from Prob. 14.2) B= (3)(4.5) + 16.0+ 3)(4.5)=43.0ft dy, = 132.8/43.0 = 3.088 ft Ny = 6.498/ V(32.2)(3.088) = 0.652 Since Ny <1.0, the flow is subcritical. ‘The triangular channel (nt = 0.012) shown in Fig. 14-9 is to carry water at a flow rate of 10m°/s. Find the critical depth, critical velocity, and critical slope of the channel. F B/A=8/0? B=6d. A=2(d.)(3d,)/2] = 3d? 6d_/(3d2)° = 9.807/10° d,=1.178m Y= Q/A=10/{(3)(1.1787}=2.402 m/s 5. = {nv_/{(LOKRP)))? R= Alpy = [@)(1-178)°V/[(2)(VIO)(1.178)] = 0.5588m 5, = {(0.012)(2.402)/[(1.0)(0.5588)""]}? = 0.00181 “fe 1. mas ‘The semicircular channel (n = 0.010) shown in Fig. 14-10 is to carry water at a depth of 1.0 ft. Find the velocity, slope, and discharge at the critical stage. ' day = A/B = ((3)(22)(2.09/4)/2.0= 0.7854 ft v= Vedas = VGZ2)(0.7854) = 5.029 ft/s 5. = {nv,/[(1.486)(R2°)]}? = {(0.010)(5.029)/[(1.486)(2.0/4)""]}? = 0.00289 Q= Av, = [()(4)(2.0)°/4](5.029) = 7.90 ft/s A flow rate of 2.1 m’/s is to be carried in an open channel at a velocity of 1.3 m/s. Determine the dimensions of the channel cross section and required slope if the cross section is rectangular with depth equal to one-half the width, Use n = 0.020.14.28 429 M31 FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS J 365 | = Fig. 14:10 HQ =Av. Let B = channel width. Then channel depth = B/2; 2.1 = [(B)(B/2)](1.3), B = 1.797 m. Hence, the required width is 1.797 m and depth is 1.797/2, or 0.898 m. R= Alp, = (1.797)(0.898)/(1.797 + (2)(0.898)] = 0.4491 m 5 = {nv/{(1.0)(R*)}}? = {((0.020)(1.3)/[(1.0)(0.4491)""}}? = 0.00197 Repeat Prob. 14.27 if the depth must be equal to twice the width. Compare answers with Prob. 14.27. I Q=Av. Let B= channel width. Then channel depth = 2B; 2.1 = ((B)(2B)|(1.3), B = 0.899 m. Hence, the required width is 0.899 m and depth is (2)(0.899), or 1.798 m. R= Alp. = (1.798)(0.899)/[0.899 + (2)(1.798)] = 0.3596 m 5 = (nv/{(1.0)(R™)}}? = ((0.020)(1.3)/{(1.0)(0.3596)""}}? = 0.00264 ‘The channel area is the same (neglecting round-off errors) but a steeper slope is required for the narrower channel. Repeat Prob. 14.27 if the channel cross section is semicircular. t Q=Av 2.1=[()(ad?/4)10.3) dd =2.028m r= 2.028/2 = 1.014m 5 = (nv /{(1.0)(R™)}}? = {(0.020)(1.3)/[(1.0)(2.028/4)°*]}? = 0.00167 Repeat Prob. 14.27 if the channel cross section is trapezoidal, with depth equal to the width of the channel bottom and side slopes of 1:1. 1H Q=Av. Let depth and channel bottom width = B (see Fig. 14-11). Then surface width = 3B; A = (3B)(B) — (2)[4)(B)(B)] = 28°, 2.1 = (2B7)(1.3), B= 0.899 m. R= Alp. = (2)(0-899)/[0.899 + (2)(0.899)V2] = 0.4696 m 5 = {nv/{(1.0)(R™)}}? = ((0.020)(1.3)/{(1.0)(0.4696)"*]}? = 0.00185 3B -- 5 > Fig. 14-11 For each of the channel cross sections shown in Fig. 14-12, compute the area, wetted perimeter, and hydraulic radius. H (a) A=3()(4.07/4] = 6.283 m? p= H(#)(4.0)]=6.283m R= A/p, = 6.283/6.283 = 1.000m ©) A=(5.092.5)=12.50m? pp =2.54+5.042.5=10.00m — R= 12.50/10.00= 1.250m © A= (5.0)(1.2) + (2)[(4)(1.2)(1.2)] = 7.440 m* Pw = 5.0 + (2){(1.2)(V2)] = 8.394. m R= 7.440/8.394 = 0.886 m366 0 CHAPTER 14 14.32 1433 1434 14.35 146.36 Fig. 16:12 ‘Water is to flow in a rectangular flume at a rate of 1.42 m*/s and at a slope of 0.0028. Determine the dimensions of the channel cross section if width must be equal to twice the depth. Use » = 0.017. # Q=(A)(1.0/n)(R*)(s"). Let B = channel width and B/2 = channel depth; 1.42 = [(8)(B/2)](1.0/0.017(B)(B/2)/(B/2 + B + B/2)P(0.0028)", B = 1.366 m. Hence, required channel width= 1.366 m and depth = 1.366/2, o 0.683 m. Rework Prob. 14.32, assuming width must be equal to the depth. Note which solution gives the smaller (and therefore more efficient) cross section. HQ =(A)(1.0/n)(R%)(s"%). Let B = channel width and depth; 1.42 = ((B)(B)|(1.0/0.017)[(B)(B)/(B + B+ B)F"(0.0028)'”, B = 0.981 m. Hence, required channel width and depth are each 0.981 m. A = (0.981)(0.981) = 0.962 m?. For Prob. 14.32, A = (1.366)(0.683) = 0.933 m?, The cross section of Prob. 14.32 has the smaller cross-sectional area. A rectangular channel (n = 0.011) 18 m wide is to carry water at a flow rate of 35 cfs. The slope of the channel is 0.00078. Determine the depth of flow. 1 Q=(A)(1.0/n)(R*)(s"7)___-35 = (18d)(1.0/0.011)[184/(18 + 24)}°7(0.00078)"* d=0.885m (by trial and error) The trapezoidal channel shown in Fig. 14-13 is laid on a slope of 0.00191. The channel must carry 60 cfs. Determine the depth of flow. Use n = 0.015. i Q =(A)(1.486/n)(R™)(s") A= 4.0d + (2){(d)(d)/2] = 4.0d + d? Pw = 4.0 + (2)(dV2) = 4.0 + 2dV2 60 = (4.0d + d°)(1.486/0.015)[(4.0d + d?)/(4.0 + 2dV2)P""(0.00191) d=200ft (by trial and error) Fig. 14-13 ‘A 36-in-diameter concrete pipe on a 0.0015 slope carries water at a depth of 26 in. Determine the flow rate for this pipe.FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS 1 367 I See Fig. 14-14. Q =(A)(1.486/n)(R™)(s") OE=2%6-¥ ‘or 0.6667 ft 4.COE = arccos [8/(¥)] = 63.61" EC = ViCy/iay — 0.6667 = 1.344 ft A= {[360 — (2)(63.61)]/360}{()(34)°/4] + (2)[(4)(1.344)(0.6667)] = 5.467 ft? Pw = {[360 ~ (2)(63.61)]/360}[()(¥8)] = 6.094 ft Q = (S.467)(1.486/0.013)(5.467/6.094)*°(0.0015)'* = 22.5 ft/s Prt 36 in a. in Fig. 14-14 Rework Prob. 14.36 using Fig. A-18. From Fig. A-15, Oran = 25.8 ft"/s; d/dyu = 3 = 0.722, or 72.2 percent. From Fig. A-18, Q/Quu = 87.5 percent; Q = (0.875)(25.8) = 22.6 ft/s. ‘A sewer pipe, for which n = 0.014, is laid on a slope of 0.00018 and is to carry 2.76 m’/s when the pipe flows at £80 percent of full depth. Determine the required diameter of pipe. I See Fig. 14-15. Q=(AMLO/nY(R*Y5"7) OE =0.80D - D/2=0.300D =a =arcvos [0.30D/(D/2)] = 53.13" CE = (0.3000D)\tan $3.13°) = 0.4000D A= ((360 ~ (2)(53.13)]/360)(xD?/4) + 2{(3)(0.3000D)(0.4000D)] = 0.6736D? Pw = {[360 ~ (2)(53.13)]/360}("D) = 2.214D 2.16 = (0.6736D*)(1.0/0.014)(0.6736D7/2.214D)""(0.00018)"" sD =2.32m Fig. 14-15 Rework Prob. 14.38 using Fig. A-18. HE D/Dyu= 0.80. From Fig. A-18, Q/Qrun= 0.96, A/Anau = 0.84, and R/Ry = 1.21: Qran = 2.76/0.96 = 2.88 m°/s. Figure A-16 cannot be used for Quu>1.0m°/s: Q = (A)(1.0/n)(R2)(s"7), A= (0.84)(aD7/4) = 0.6597D?, R= (1.21)(D/4) = 0.3025D, 2.76 = (0.6597D")(1.0/0.014)(0.3025D)"*(0.00018)"", D = 2.34m. AA Tein inmeter vile sewer pipe (n= 014i dom a lope of 0.0025 aod carries wastewater at a ow rate of 50cfs. What is the depth of From Fig. A-15, Onn = 67 ft/s: (Qnal-ansA/67=0.013/0.01, (Quat)nao0re = 62.2 ft°/8; Q/ Qu = '50/62.2 = 0.804, or 80.4 percent. From Fig. A-18, D/Dyu = 69 percent, D = (0.69)(72) = 49.7 in.368 0 CHAPTER 14 14.41 1442 14.43 14.44 14.45 18.46 A L.0-m-diameter pipe must carry a discharge of 0.40 m"/s at a velocity of 0.80 m/s. Determine the slope and the depth of water. ' A= Q/v =0.40/0.80=0.5000m? Agu = (2)(1.0)3/4 = 0.7854 m? A/Agat = 0-5000/0.7854=0.64 or 64 percent From Fig. A-18, D/Dey = 0.63 and R/Reuy = 1.12. = (0.63)(1.0)=0.630m = v=(L.O/n)(R™Y(s7) Rey = 1.0/4 = 0.2500. R= (1.12)(0.2500) =0.2800m —_0,80= (1.0/0.013)(0.2800)"(s")___s = 0.000590 The trapezoidal channel of Fig. 14-16 is to carry 500 cfs of water. The maximum allowable velocity of flow is 3.0 fps to avoid scouring. Determine the depth of flow, d, and the width of the channel bottom, B, if the hydraulic radius of the channel is one-half the depth of flow. Also, determine the slope of the channel bottom. Use n = 0,025. IE R=d2=Alp. A= Ba + 2[(4)(1.5d)(d)] = Bd + 1.54” Pu = B+ 2d? + (15d) = B +3.606d d/2= (Bd + 1.5d°)/(B +3.606d) B+ 3.606d = 2B +3.0d 0.606d = A=Qlv Bd + 1.5d* = 500/3.0 166.7, d= 8.90: (0.606)(8.90) = 5.39 ft. (1.486/n\(R2Y(5"7) R= 8.90/2=4.45 ft 3.0 = (1.486/0.025)(4.45)%(s"?) ‘Substituting B = 0.606d, (0.606d)(d) + 1.Sd” f}— a=? — Fig. 14:16 ‘An open channel to be made of concrete is to be designed to carry 1.5 m’/s at a slope of 0.00085. Find the most efficient cross section for a semicircular section. ‘ v= (1.0/n)(R™)(s) QIA=(1.0/n)(A/p.)(s") A [p= Onis"? = (1.5)(0.013)/0.00085"* = 0.6688 A=axd"/8 Pw =nd/2— (d?/8)"/(xd/2)=0.6688 d= 1.727m (dis the diameter of the semicircular section; the depth of flow would, of course, be half of d.) Find the most efficient cross section for Prob. 14.43 for a rectangular section. 1 A*/p2 = 0.6688 (from Prob. 14.43). The most efficient rectangular section has a width equal to twice its depth. Letting d= depth, A = (d)(2d) = 2d?, p, =d + 2d +d = 4d, (2d?)°?/(4d)?* = 0.6688, d = 0.789 m; width = 2d = (2)(0.789) = 1.578 m. Find the most efficient cross section for Prob. 14.43 for a triangular section. H A°*ip2? =0.6688 (from Prob. 14.43), The most efficient triangular section has a 9P angle and 1:1 side slopes (see Fig. 14-7 3)(d:V2)(dy2) = d*, p,, = (2)(dV2) = 2.828d, (d)**/(2.828d)** = 0. 1.115 m; sides = d'y2 = (1.115)(V2) = 1.577 m. Find the most efficient cross section for Prob. 14.43 for a trapezoidal section. I A®/p® = 0.6688 _ (from Prob. 14.43). The most efficient trapezoidal section is half a regular hexagon (see Fig. 141 (1.155d)(d) + 2[(d)(d tan 30°)/2] = 1.73242, p. = (3)(1.155d) = 3.465d, (1.732d?)°°/(3.465d)*? = 0.6688, d = 0.832 m. Sides and bottom: each = 1.155d = (1.155)(0.832) = 0.961 m. For the conditions given in Prob. 14,32, determine whether the flow is critical, subcritical, or supercritical. Be v=Q/A=1.42/{(1.366)(0.683)] = 1.522m/s Np = v/Vgd,,=1.522/V(9.807)(0.683) = 0.588 Since Np <1.0, the flow is subcritical.448 re) MSL MS? M3 FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS J 369 A rectangular channel with a width of 3.0m and an n value of 0.014 is to carry water at a flow rate of 13.4m*/s. Determine the critical depth, velocity, and channel slope. Hd, =((Q/B)?/g}"* = ((13.4/3.0)7/9.807]? = 1.267 m ‘v.= Q/A = 13.4/{(1.267)(3.0)] = 3.525 m/s. R= Alp, = (1.267)(3.0)/(1.267 + 3.0 + 1.267) = 0,6868m Se = {nv,/[(1.0)(R*)]}? = ((0.014)(3.525)/{(1.0)(0.6868)"7}}? = 0.00402, ‘The semicircular channel (n = 0.013) shown in Fig. 14-17 is to carry water while flowing full (.c., at a depth of, 1.5 ft). Determine the velocity, slope, and discharge when flow is critical. 1 d,, = A/B = 3{(x)(3.0)"/4]/3.0 = 1.178 ft u, = Vdn = V@2.2)(1.178) = 6.159 ft/s <= {nv f[(1-486)(R*)]}? = {(0.013)(6.159)/{(1-486)(3.0/4)?°]}? = 0.00426 Q = Av = {}{()(3.0)7/4])(6.159) = 21.8 f1/s A — | Fig. 14:17 Determine the dimensions of the most economical trapezoidal brick-lined (n = 0.016) channel to carry 200 m*/s with a slope of 0.0004. 1 The most economical trapezoidal channel has a cross section as shown in Fig. 14-8 and R = d/2 and V3d"; Q = (A)(1.0/n)(R2*)(5"7), 200 = (V3d?)(1.0/0.016)(4/2F"7(0.0004)"*, d= 6.491 m. Bottom width = (1.155)(6.491) = 7.497 m. Determine the discharge for a trapezoidal channel with a bottom width of 8 ft and side slopes 1:1. The depth is 6 ft, and the slope of the bottom is 0.0009. The channel has a finished conerete lining (n = 0.012). ' A= (8(6) + 2)[G)(6)(6)] = 84.00 fF Pv =8+ (2)[(6)(V2)] = 24.97 ft Q = (A)(1.486/n)(R29)(s") = (84.00)(1.486/0.012)(84.00/24.97)°°(0.0009)"* = 701 ft/s ‘What depth is required for 4-m’/s flow in a rectangular planed-wood (n = 0.012) channel 2m wide with a bottom slope of 0.002? 1 Q=(A(LO/M\(R* Ys") 4 = (2d)(1.0/0.012)[24/(2 + 24)F°%(0.002)"* 4° /(2+2d)**=0.3381 d= 0.888m (by trial and error) A developer has been required by environmental regulatory authorities to line an open channel to prevent ‘erosion. The channel is trapezoidal in cross section and has a slope of 0.0009. The bottom width is 10 ft and side slopes are 2:1 (horizontal to vertical). If he uses rubble (y, = 135 Ib/ft’) for the lining, what is the minimum Dso of the rubble that can be used? The design flow is 1000 cfs. Assume the shear that rubble can withstand is described by r = (0.040)(y, ~ y)(Dsa) (lb/ft), in which 7, is the unit weight of rock and Ds is the average rock diameter in feet. IA Manning n of 0.03 is appropriate for rubble. = (A)(1.486/n(R™\(s") 1000 = [(d)(10 + 2a)}(1.486/0.03){(d)(10 + 2d)/[10 + (2)(V5)(d)]}*°(0.0009)"7 [(a)(10 + 2a)}*9/[10 + (2)(VS)(A)P2= 672.9 d=8.63ft (by trial and error) t= yRs R = 8.6310 + (2)(8.63)]/[10 + (2)(V5)(8.63)] = 4.841 ft to = (62.4)(4.841)(0.0009) = 0.2719 Ib/ft? To find the Dso size for incipient movement r = rp and 0.2719 = (0.040)(135 — 62.4)(Dso), Dio = 0.0936 ft. ‘A metal-lined rectangular stuiceway is to carry 1.0 m’/s at a slope of 0.010. Determine the minimum area of galvanized iron (n = 0.011) needed per meter of length. Neglect freeboard.370 0 CHAPTER 14 I For minimum area, D = B/2 and R = B/4. Q=(A)(L.0/n)(R™)Y") 1.0 = [(B)(B/2)](1.0/0.011)(B/4)"(0.010)'? B= 0.8015 m D=0.8015/2=0.4008m —— Aneui/L = 0.4008 + 0.8015 + 0.4008 = 1.6 m?/m 14.55 The sides of a trapezoidal channel are inclined 63.4° to the vertical; the channel is to carry 18 m"/s with a bottom slope of 0.0009. Determine the bottom width, depth, and velocity for the best hydraulic section (n= 0.026). ' Q=(A\(LO/n(R\(6) and Pu = 4dV1+ mi = 2md = (4)(d)V1 + (2.000) — (2)(2.000)(4) B=04719d A= Bd + 2d? = (0.4719d)(d) + 2d? = 2.4724" 18 = (2.472d°)(1.0/0.026)(2.4724"/4.944d)?°(0.0009)"? d= 2.373 m B= (0.4719)(2.373)=1.120m =v = Q/A = 18/{(2.472)(2.373)"] = 1.293 m/s 14.56 A semicircular corrugated-metal (n = 0.025) channel must transport 2.4:m*/s a distance of 1000 m with a head loss of 2m. Compute the required radius. ' Q=(ANLO/nY(R)(5"7)_— 2.4-= (ar? /2)(1-0/0.025)(r/2)°*(rds)" r= 1.121. m. 14.57 Determine the best hydraulic trapezoidal section to convey 86 m’/s with a bottom slope of 0.002. The lining is finished concrete (n = 0.012). i Q=(A}(1.0/n)(R*(s"7) 86 = (A)(1.0/0.012)(A/p.)”(0.002)"" A /p2? = 23.08 ‘The best trapezoidal section is half a regular hexagon (see Fig. 14-8) for which A = 1.732d" and p, =3.465d (from Prob. 14.23). (1.7324?)"°/(3.465d)°” = 23.08, d = 3.141 m. Sides and bottom: each = 1.155d = (1.155)(3.141) = 3.628 m. | 14.58 Calculate the discharge in steady flow through the channel and floodway of Fig. 14-18; take s = 0.0010 and y = 2.438 m. U 2 =(AN(1.0/n)(RN(5") A, = (12)(5 + 2.438) + (2)(5 + 2.438)(5 + 2.438)/2 — (2.438)(2.438)/2 = 141.6 m (poi VEF LABS C+ DABS + 12 + VF FS = 29,59 Q, = (141.6)(1.0/0.025)(141.6/29.59)”°(0.0010)"? = 508.6 m*/s ‘Az = (120)(2.438) + (2.438)(2.438)/2 = 295.5 m* (Pua = 120 + V2.438" + 2.438" = 123.4m Q2 = (295.5)(1.0/0.040)(295.5/123.4)°(0.0010)' = 418.1 m/s =O, + Q,= 508.6 + 418.1 = 926.7 m'/s Fig. 1418, 14.59 For 25 000 cfs through the section of Fig. 14-18, find the depth of flow in the floodway (i.c., evaluate y) in feet when the slope of the energy grade line is 0.0004. Be Q=CAYL.O/MY RYE") A= 2)(5 +9) + YS + YS + Y/2— ON OZ=Y7/2 + 22y +85 (Pui = VEF IF FHI +12 + Vy Fy? = (SVB) + 12+ (29)(V2) Az= 120y + (y)(y)/2= 120y + y?/2 (Pu) = 120 + Vy? 9 = 120 + (y)(V2) Q = (25 000)(0.3048)° = 707.9 m?/s 107.9 = (y?/2 + 22y + 85)(1.0/0.025) {(y?/2 + 22y + B5)/((5)(V2) + 12+ (2y)(V2)}}*7(0.0004)'? + (120y + y2/2)(1.0/0.040){(120y + y*/12)/[120 + (y)(V2)}}?"(0.0004)"* y=279m or 9.15ft — (by trial and error)14.0 ML 4.2 4.63 FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS J 371 Find the critical depth for flow at 1.6 m*/s per meter of width. ! Ye (G18)? = (1.67/9.807)"* = 0.639 m Compute the critical depth for flow at 0.4 m*/s through the cross section of Fig. 14-19. ' QT/gA?=1 T= (2)(y tan 60"/2) = 1.155y A= (y)(y tan 60°/2) = 0.S774y? —_ (0.4)°(1.155y)/[(9.807)(0.5774y?))] = 1—-y = 0.628m Fig. 1419 Determine the critical depth for flow at 8.49 m*/s through a trapezoidal channel with bottom 2.5m wide and with 45° sides. ' QTigA=1 T=25+2y A=By+my? (8.49)7(2.5 + 2y)/[9.807)2.5y +y7]=1 ¥ 25y + (Iv? .928m (by trial and error) Design a transition from a trapezoidal section, 8 ft bottom width and side slopes 1 on 1, depth 4ft, toa rectangular section, 6 ft wide and 6 ft deep, for a flow of 250 cfs. The transition is to be 20 ft long, and the loss is one-tenth the difference between velocity heads. Show the bottom profile, and do not make any sudden changes in cross-sectional area. 1 Ay=8x4+ 4 = 48 fC, Ar=36 ft, loss = 0.1[(03/2g) — (vi/2g)], and yy + (Yj/2g) + 21 = ys + (V3/2g) + 22+ Joss. Assume a linear change in area, b, and T: b = 8 ~ 2(x/L) and T = 16 ~ 10(x/L). Hence: A = (6 + T)y/2) = 48 — 12(x/L) and y = 2{[4 — (x/L)\/[2 — («/L)}}. xIL | A | v/2g | toss | EGL | y z 0 48 | 0.421 44 | 40 0 0.008 0.333 | 44 | osor 4413 | 4.4 = 0.488 0.011 0.667 | 40 | 0.607 4.402 | 5.001 | -1.206 0.014 1.0 | 36 | 0.749 4.388 | 6.0 -2.361 The profile is shown in Fig. 14-20.372 0 CHAPTER 14 Fig. 14-20 14.64 Ina transition from a rectangular channel (2.5 m wide, 2m deep) to a trapezoidal channel (bottom width 4m, side slopes 2.on 1, depth 1.3 m) the energy loss is equal to 0.4 times the difference between velocity heads. The discharge is 5.8 m’/s. Determine the difference between elevations of channel bottoms. ' 0+ vildg + yi = Az + 03/2g + yo + (0.4)(Ui/2g — ¥3/28) A, = (2.5)(2) = 5.00 m? (4)(1.3) + 2){[4.3)Q)]C1.3)/2} =8.580m? =v, = Q/A, = 5.8/5.00= 1.160 m/s V2 = 5.8/8,580 = 0.6760 m/s j/2g = 1.160"/{(2)(9.807)] = 0.06860 m ——_v3/2g = 0.6760"/{(2)(9.807)] = 0.02330 m (0+ 0.06860 + 2 = Az +0.02330+ 1.3 + (0.4)(0.06860— 0.02330) Az =0.727m 14.65 A dam gate (Fig. 14-21) admits water to a horizontal canal. Considering the pressure distribution hydrostatic at section O, compute the depth at O and the discharge per meter of width when y = 1.0m. i dy= C.y = (0.85)(1.0) = 0.85 m Dil y + Vi/2g + 2 = pal y + 03/28 + 2+ he, 0+04+6=0+ u2/{(2)(9.807)] +0.8540 — v,=10.05m/s uv, = C,v,=(0.95)(10.05) = 9.548 m/s Q = Av = [(0.85)(1)](9.548) = 8.12 m’/s per meter of width Gate C,-085 Fig. 14-21 14.66 A discharge of 4.5 m°/s occurs in a rectangular channel 1.83 m wide with s = 0.002 and n = 0.012. Find the normal depth for uniform flow and determine the critical depth. Is the flow subcritical or supercritical? ' Q=(A\(L.0/n)(R* 5") 4,5 = (1.83y,)(1.0/0.012)[1.83yq/ (J, + 1-83 + Yq)]?(0.002)'” Yn=1.060m (by trial and error) Qig=A/B 4.5*/9.807 = (1.83y,)/1.83 y= Since y. y.). Hence y2= 1.60 ft and the drop in the water surface on the hump = 2.00 — (0.30 + 1.60) = 0.10 ft. (©) In this case the hump height Az = 0.60 ft which is greater than the critical hump height. Hence critical depth (y. = 1.12 ft) will occur on the hump. Writing the energy equation for this case, we have Jat (Vi/2g) = 0.60 + 1.12 - (V3/2g) © From continuity, (4xy)V = 27 cfs. a and, for critical flow, Vi/2g = ty = 0.56 ft (8) ‘Combining Eqs. (6), (7), and (8) gives y, + {2)?/(2g)y3] = 2.28 from which y, = 2.12 ft, 0.66 ft, or a negative answer which has no physical meaning. In this case, damming action occurs and the depth y, upstream of the hump, is 2.12 ft. On the hump the depth passes through critical depth of 1.12 ft and just downstream of the hump the depth will be 0.66 ft. The depth will then increase in the downstream direction following an Mz water-surface profile until a hydraulic jump occurs to return the depth to the normal uniform flow depth of 2.008. y(t) yiand yy /% 5 re 204 \bs Me Ys. pa 7 oa -Az(ft) (Bz )ert Fig. 14.29 For the channel of Prob. 14.84, compute the “open-channel Reynolds number” assuming that water at 50°F is flowing. Refer to Fig. A-S to verify whether or not the flow is wholly rough. Determine ¢ from Fig. A-5 and compare it with the value computed in Prob. 14.84, Ff Ng=Rou/v. From Prob. 14.84, Q = 225 cfs, R = 2.272 ft, f = 0.0225, and A = 3.4110 + (2)(3.41)] = 57.36 ft; A = 225/57.36 = 3.923 ft/s. Open channel: Ng = (2.272)(3.923)/(1.40 x 105) = 6.37 x 10° Equivalent pipe: Ng = (4)(6.37 X 10°) = 2.55 x 10° From Fig. A-5 with Ng = 2.55 x 10° and f = 0.0225, €/D = 0.0018 and the flow is wholly rough: € = 0.0018D = (0.0018)(4R) = 0.0018{(4)(2.272)] = 0.0164 ft. This value of € (0.0164) is close to the value of 0.0156 computed in Prob. 14.84, ‘On the assumption that Fig. A-5 applies also to open channels, find the rate of discharge of water at 60°F in a 100-in-diameter smooth concrete pipe flowing half full (R = D/4), if the pipe is laid on a grade of 1.8 ft/mile. FE /D =0.001/(4) = 0.00012, Try turbulent flow with f = 0.0135: v=V@gif(Rs) R= D/4=(4P)/4=2.083ft 5 = ss = 0.0003409 v= VAG@BX2)10.0135]1 C2. 083)(0.0003405)] = 3.681 ft/s Ng = Du /v = {(4)(2.083)|(3.681)/(1.21 x 10-*) = 2.53 x 10° From Fig. A-5, f = 0.013. Try f = 0.013: v= V{@)@22)/0.013][2.083)(0.0003405)] 751 ft/s ‘Ny = {(4)(2.083)](3.751)/(1.21 x 10°%) = 2.58 x 10° F=0.013 (OK) — Q=Av=[(4)(x)(HEY/4](G.751) = 102 f'/s380 0 CHAPTER 14 1439 14.90 1491 492 1493 14.94 14.95 For the channel of Prob. 14.84, compute the flow rate for depth 8 ft. FQ =(A)(1.486/n)(R**)(s"). For yo = 8 ft, A = 8[10 + (2)(8)} = 208 ft, p, = 10+ (2)(V5)(8) = 45.78 ft, Q= (208)(1.486/0.016)(208/45.78)**(0,0006)"" = 1298 ft"/s. Figure 14-30 shows a cross section of a canal designed to carry 1590 cfs. The canal is lined with concrete (@=0.014). Find the grade of the canal and the drop in elevation per mile. ' Q =(A)(1.486/m\(R*)(s")_ A = (10.2)(50.6 + 20)/2 = 360.1 fe Pu = 18.39 + 20+ 18,39 = 56.78 ft 1590 = (360. 1)(1.486/0.014)(360.1/56.78)°%(s)""_s = 0.000147 Drop in elevation = (0.000147)(5280) = 0.776 ft/mile 506 ft Fig. 14:30 If the flow in the canal of Prob. 14,90 were halved, all other data, including the slope, being the same, what would be the depth of water? ' Q=(AY(1.486/m)(R™)(5")_——A = y[20+ (2)(1.5)(y) + 20/2 = 20y + 1.5)? Pe = 20+ (2)VIF# (LSyF] = 20 + 3.606y ‘795 = (20y + 1.5y?)(1.486/0.014)|(20y + 1.5y?)/(20 + 3.606y))7(0.000147)"2 Y=T10ft (by trial and error) Evaluate € for Prob. 14.90. BF A/Vf= 210g (14.8R/e), n = 0.093f'7R", Therefore, 2log (14.8R/e)=0.093R"/n R= 360.1/56.78= 6.342 (from Prob. 14.90) 2 log [(14.8)(6.342)/€] = (0.093)(6.342)""/0.014 = 0.00284 ft Find the capacity of the canal of Prob. 14.90, assuming the grade to be 1.5 ft/mile. HQ =(A)(1.486/n)(R°*)(s'*). From Prob. 14.90, A = 360.1 f°, n =0.014, R = 360.1/56.78 = 6.342 ft, O = (360. 1)(1.486/0.014)¢6.342)?°(1.5/5280)"” = 2207 ft/s. ‘Water flows uniformly in a 2-m-wide rectangular channel at a depth of 0.5 m. The channel slope is 0.0025 and 015. Find the flow rate. ' Q = (A)(1.0/n)(R*\(s"7) R= (2)(0.5)/(0.5 +2 + 0.5) = 0.3333 m 2 =[(2)(0.5)](1.0/0.015)(0.3333)°"(0.0025)"? = 1.60 m"/s ‘At what depth will 4 m”/s of water flow in a 3-m-wide rectangular channel if n = 0.016 and s = 0.0009, ' Q=(A)LO/m)(R*Ys")__ 4= (3d)(1.0/0.016)[3a/(d +3 + d)P7(0.0009)'2 4=1.00m (by trial and error)FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS J 381 1496 The water cross-sectional area in Fig. 14-31 measures 191 ft?, and the wetted perimeter is 39.1 ft. Ifthe flow is 1580 ft’/s and n = 0.012, find the slope. ' = (A)(1.486/n)(R™*)(s")__ 1580= (191)(1.486/0.012)(191/39.1)°%(s)"? = 0.000538 1497 Rework Prob. 14.96 for a completely filled conduit. ' Q=(A)(1.486/n)(R™)(s"7)__ 1580 = [()(16)7/4](1.486/0.012)('8)°%(s)'" = 0.000634 1498 A 30-in-diameter pipe is known to have a Manning's n of 0.01800. Calculate Manning's n for a 96-in-diameter pipe that has the same €-value as a 30-in pipe for which n= 0.01800. FB 1/Vf=2iog (14.8R/e), n = 0.093f"7R"™. Therefore, 2 log (14.8R/€) = 0.093R"*/n. For 30-in pipe: R = (€8)/4 = 0.6250 ft, 2 log [(14.8)(0.6250)/¢] = (0.093)(0.6250)"*/0.01800, € = 0.03780 ft. For 96-in pipe: (8)/4= 2.000 f, 210g [(14.8)(2.000)/0.03780] = (0.093)(2.000)"*/n, n = 0.01804. 14.99 The dimensions indicated in Fig. 14-32 pertain to a flow of 30 cfs with n = 0.018. Compute the required slope. ' Q=(ANL.O/MY(RYS) A= (2.5)(5) + (2.5 2M (25 — 5)/2)/2 = 15.008 Pu =2.5454+24 VRS 2) + [OS = S\/2F = 19.51 ft 30 = (15.00)(1.0/0.018)(15.00/19.51)°%s)" 5 = 0.00184 we25tt a2 ft laz2tt BrStt ig. 14:32 14.100 Water flows at 10 ft/s in a rectangular trough 6 ft wide for which n = 0.013. Find the slope needed for a water depth of 3ft. : t v= (1.486/m)(R*)(s"7) 10 = (1.486/0.013)[(6)(3)/(3 + 6+ 3)P%s)"" 5 = 0.00446 14.101 In Fig. 14-33, area A, is 100 ft by 2 ft, Az is 30 ft by 10 ft, and A, is 200 ft by 3 ft. Compute the flow rate if 5 = 0.0018, m, =n; =0.03, and n, = 0.020. a = (A)(1.486/n)(R7Y(5") Q, = [(100)(2)](1.486/0.03)[(100)(2)/(2 + 100)}”*(0.0018)'? = 658 f°/s z= [(30)(10)](1.486/0.02) {(30)(10)/[(10 — 2) + 30 + (10 — 3)}}*9(0.0018)' = 3350 ft'/s Qs = [(200)(3)](1.486/0.03)[(200)(3)/(3 + 200)P*(0.0018)'* = 2597 fe /s Q =Q, + Q: + Qy = 658 + 3350 + 2597 = 6605 ft"/s.982 0 CHAPTER 14 14,102 In Prob. 14.99 the parameters are changed as follows: a= 3ft, b = 6ft, d= 5 ft, w = 36 ft; n = 0.020. Given the slope s = 0.0015, determine the rate of flow. HQ =(A)(1.486/n)(R)(s"”). For depth A, = (6)(5) = 30.00 ft?, A, = (5 — 3)[(36 - 6)//2= VS 3) + [(G6— 6)P = 30.07 ft, O= (30.00)(1.486/0.020)(30.00/14.00)°3(0.0015)" + (30.00)(1.486/0.020)(30.00/30.07)°°(0.0015)"? = 230 ft/s. 30.008, (p.), =5 +6 +3= 14.008, (p.. 14.103 Determine the depth below the surface of clear water at which the velocity (u) as given by the von Karman equation is equal to the mean velocity (v). # w= +t (1/K)(Veyos)[1 +2.3 log (y/y4)}. Where u =v, 0.367. Hence, the velocity (1) is equal to the mean velocit surface of 1 - 0.367, or 0.633 times the channel depth. =u + (/K)(Vayos)I1 + 2.3 log (y/¥0)), ¥/¥o= (v) when y/yo = 0.367, or at a depth below the 14.104 Figure 14-34 is the longitudinal section of a very wide channel. The fluid is clear water (K = 0.40). Given a= 2.50 ft and n = 0.020, find b. Hv =v +(1/K)(Vayos)[1 + 2.3 log (y/y)]. Working with a 1-ft width of channel, v= (1,486 /0.020){(2 + 4 + 3)(1)/1]*(s)"* s 1.000009676u7 ui )2g = 2.80 ft VQGEZ2YC50) = 12.69 ft/s w= + (1/K)(Vgyos)[1 + 2.3 og (y/ye)] 12.69 =v + (1/0.40)[ V(32.2)(2 + 4 + 3)(0.000009676u")][1 + 2.3 log (2 + 4)/(2+ 4+ 3)] = 11.76 ft/s Ws = 11.76 + (1/0.40)[ VG2.2)2 + 4 + 3)(0.000009676)(12.457] {1 + 2.3 log [2/(4 +3 +2)]} = 10.98 ft/s b = 10.98"/{(2)(32.2)] = 1.87 ft 2 TTT, Wig, Na 14.105 Water flows uniformly in a very wide rectangular channel at a depth of 1.5 m ($ = 0.006 and n = 0.015). Calculate the velocities at two-thirds and at full depth. Hv =(2.0/n)(R*)(6"). For a very wide channel, u=v + (1/K)(Vgyos)[1 + 2.3 log (y/yo)]. At. 2.3 log (1.0/1.5)] = 7.21 m/s. Aty = 1.5m, u 751 m/s. Yo 1.5 m: v = (1.0/0.015)(1.5)°°(0.006)"? = 6.767 m/s, 1.0m, u =6.767 + (1/0.40)[ V(9.807)(1.5)(0.006)][1 + 767 + (1/0.40)[ V@.807)(1.5)(0-006)][1 + 2.3 log (1.5/1.5)} =FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS 1 383 14.106 For a rectangular channel cross section of area 5 m?, tabulate hydraulic radius versus width over the range of widths from 1 m to Sm. I R= Alp, = Al(w + 2d) = Aw(w? + 2A); see following table. wm | Rom 0.455 os 0.790 0.769 ons 14,107 Set up a general expression for the wetted perimeter p,, of a trapezoidal channel in terms of the cross-sectional area A, depth y, and angle of side slope g. Then differentiate p, with respect to y with A and g held constant. From this, prove that R = y/2 for the section of greatest hydraulic efficiency (i.e., smallest p, for a given A). H Let = bottom width. A= By +(y)(y tang) = By +y?tang B= Aly—ytang Pu=B+2y sec p= Aly ~y tang +2y seep dp,|/dy =—Aly — tan p + 2sec @ = —(By + y? tan @)/y?— tan p +2sec Setting dp, /dy = 0, (By + y?tan g)/y?=2sec — tan $, B=2y sec $ ~2y tan $ = (2y)(sec $ — tan $). A _By+y?tan gp _ (2y\(secp—tan p(y) +y* tang _y RD.” Be Dy seg Qyseeg— tang) +2y veg 14.108 Prove that the most efficient triangular section is the one with a 90° vertex angle. I Sec Fig, 14-35. A=asingcosd = py= 2a R=AIPy R= (asin d cos $)/2a= (a/2)(sin g cos) dR/de = (a/2)(cos* # - sin® ¢)=0 Hence, cos ¢ = sin p; or g = 45° and the vertex angle = (2)(45), or 90°. 1 Fig. 16.35 14.109 A canal cut in smooth earth (n= 0.03123) must transport 9.0 m’/s of water at a depth of at most 1.5m (see Fig, 14-36). If the side slopes are 2: 1 and the channel slope is 0.0004, what must be the width at the bottom?384 0 CHAPTER 14 ' Q=(ALO/MYR*Y) A= 1.516 +b + (2)(1.5) + (2)(1.5)/2= 1.56 +45 Pw =b + (2)VLSFF [LSP = b + 6.708 9.0 = (1.56 + 4.5)(1.0/0.03123){(1.5b + 4.5)/(b + 6.708)}°(0.0004)'? 5 =6.00m (by trial and error) E=T a Fig. 14-36 14.110 | Refer to Fig. 14-36. If the discharge in the canal (n = 0.03123) is to be 6 m*/s at a depth of 1.5 m and if the velocity is not to exceed 1.0 m/s, what must be the width at the bottom and the slope? ' A= Qlv=6/(1.0)=6.00m? ——_(6)(1.5) + 2)(2)(1.5)(1.5)/2= 6.00 b= 1.0m Y= (LO/M\(R\87) py = 1.004 (2)VIS*F[QCLDF = 7.708 m B = (1.0/0.03123)(6.00/7.708)""(s)"*__s = 0.001362 14.111 A rectangular flume of smooth wood (11 = 0.012) slopes 1 ft per 1000 ft. (a) Compute the rate of discharge ifthe width is 4 ft and the depth of water is 2ft. (b) What would be the rate of discharge if the width were 2 ft and the depth of water 4 ft? (€) Which of the two forms would have the greater capacity and which would require less lumber? ' Q = (A)(1.486/n)(R*)(s") (@) (4)(2)](1.468/0.012)[(4)(2)/(2 + 4 + 2))°° (a5)? = 31.3 ft/s ©) Q = [(4)(2)](4.468/0.012)[(4)(2)/(4 + 2 + 4)? ids)" = 27.0 f0°/s © Lumber ratio= (2+442)/(4+2+4)=0.80 Flow ratio= 31.3/27.0= 1.16 Hence, the first design provides 16 percent more flow capacity while requiring only 80 percent as much lumber. 14.112 What diameter of semicircular channel will provide the same capacity as a rectangular channel of width 6 m and depth 3m? Assume s and n are the same for both channels. FQ =(A)(1.486/n)(R”)(s"). Since Q, = Q, and (1.486/n)(s") is constant, A,R?? = A,R?*. [G7d"/4)/2\(4/4y* = [()BMOE)/B+6+3)P? d=6.57m 14,113 Consider steady flow of water in a circular concrete pipe (n = 0.016) of diameter 10ft at a depth of 4 ft. Using Fig. A-18, determine the flow rate and the average velocity of flow (s = 0.0004). i Q =(A)(1.486/n)(R”)(57) ran = [(24)(10)7/4](1.486/0.016)('2)°°(0.0004)'? = 269 ft/s Yet = Qraul Aran = 269/[(2)(10)?/4] = 3.43 ft/s [dou = =0.40 or 40 percent From Fig, A-18, O/Qua=32 percent and v/a = 88 percent: = (032)209) = 86.1 ft/s, v= (0.88)3.43) = .02 ft/s. 14.114 At what depth will water flow at 0.25 m’/s in a 1.0-m-diameter concrete pipe (n = 0.012) on a slope of 0.0004? ' Q=(AY(L.O/n(R™\(5") ‘Quas = [(7)(1.0)7/4](1.0/0.012)f1.0/4]°*(0.0004)"? = 0.519 m°/s 2 Qray = 0.25/0.519 = 0.48, oF 48 percent. From Fig. A-18, d/dyy= 51 percent: d = (0.51)(1.0) = 0.51 m.145 14.116 14.07 14.118 149 14,120 14.121 14.122 FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS 2 385 Evaluate the friction factor ffor laminar flow in terms of the Reynolds number, and compare with the equation for pipe flow. (Note: Recall that for a wide channel the hydraulic radius is approximately equal to the depth.) TNg= (RU) v = Ayou/¥ 9 = (/v)(v0/3)(5) v= Q/A=qlyo = gsys/3v = [(8g/f (RMS) Therefore, [(8¢/f)(R)(s)] = vgsyé/3v. With R = yo, f = 24v/you = 96v/4yov = 96/Ng. This compares with f = 64/Nx for pipe flow. ‘A viscous fluid (v = 0.0015 ft?/s) flows down a flat plate 10 ft wide. Find the maximum rate of discharge for laminar flow, assuming a critical Reynolds number of 500. TN, =Rulv=yoalvyo=alv —_q =(500)(0.0015) = 0.7500 ft/s per ft Q = (10)(0.7500) = 7.50 ft/s At what rate will water at 60°F flow in a wide rectangular channel on a slope of 0.00018 if the depth is 0.01 ft? Assuming laminar flow, q = (g/-v)(yi/3)(s) = [32.2/(1.21 x 10°$)}(0.01°/3)(0.00018) = 1.60 x 10~* f/s/ft, Ne = Ru/v = you/v = (yo)(q/yo)/¥ = q/v = 1.60 x 10°*/(1.21 x 10-*) = 13, Since Nx < 500, the assumption of laminar flow is justified. At what rate will water at 15°C flow in a wide, smooth, rectangular channel on a slope of 0.0002, if the depth is 8.0mm? Assuming laminar flow, q = (g/v)(y2/3)(s) = [9.807/(1.16 x 10-*)]{(0.008)°/3}(0.0002) = 2.89 x 10-* (mm°/s)/m. Checking the assumption: Nx = Ru/-v = you/v = (¥o)(q/yo)/ ¥ = /¥ = 2.89 X 10-*/(1.16 x 10°) = 249 (laminar), Water flows with a velocity of 4 fps and at a depth of 2 ft in a wide rectangular channel. Is the flow subcritical or supercritical? Find the alternate depth for the same discharge and specific energy. ' v?/2g = 4/{(2)(32.2)] =0.2484ft y= 9 Since 0.2484 < 1.000, the flow is subcritical. = 1.000ft E=y + (1/2g)(q"/y") = 2+ 0.2484 = 2.2484 ft q = (4)(2) = 8.000 (ft7/s)/ft 2.2484 = y + (1/{(2)(32.2)]}(8.00%/y?) 2. 2484y? — y? - 0.0938 = 0 Since y = 2 is one known solution, divide by (y — 2) to yield y? ~ 0.2484y — 0.4968 = 0, y = (—(-0.2484) + V(=0.2484)" = (4)(1)(—0.4968)]/{(2)(1)] = 0.840 ft. Water flows down a wide rectangular channel of concrete (nt = 0.014) laid on a slope of 2.4 mm/m. Find the depth and rate of flow for critical conditions. ' v = (1.0/n)(R™Y\s'7) ve= Vay. V(G-807)(¥.) = (1.0/0.014)(y.)*°(0.0024)* y= 0.514m = ye. = (y-)(Vgy.) = (0.514) VO.807)(0.514)] = 1.15 (m?/s)/m Water flows at 15 ft/s in a rectangular channel at a depth of 2 ft. Find the critical depth for (a) this specific energy, (6) this rate of discharge. I@ E=y +v"/2g =2+ 157/[(2)(32.2)] = 5.494 ft Ye = GE) = 35.494) = 3.66 ft @) = yu = (2)(15) = 30.00 ft'/s/ft Ye= (q?/g)"” = (30.007/32.2)" = 3.03 ft A flow of 120 ft’/s is carried in a rectangular channel 10 ft wide at a depth of 1.5 ft, the channel is made of smooth concrete (n= 0.013). Find (a) the necessary slope, (b) the roughness coefficient needed to produce uniform critical flow for the given rate of discharge on this slope.