MBEYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN AND DETAILING II

PROF. J. J. MSAMBICHAKA
JUNE 2021

TOPIC: WIND LOAD EXAMPLE

A multistory open plan office framed building has a height of 13.5 m and plan dimension of 14
m X 36 m. The building is in Lindi where the basic wind speed is 20 m/s. The topography of the
area is horizontal flat without hills i.e. insignificant. Frames spaced at 4.5 m. The orientation of
the building is still unknown. Determine the wind load as per Code BS 6399 if the building is
located:

(a) In the city centre where the roof tops are at average 6 m height, and the building has an
open space of 50 m around it.At a distance 30 km from thhe sea.
(b) (HOME EXERCISE) In the city centre where the roof tops are at average 6 m height, and
the building has a space around it of 15 m. At 5 km from the sea.

Figure 2 of BS 6399

Solution:

(a) in an open field.

The maximum height H = 13.5 m above the ground.

Prof. J. J. Msambichaka - Mbeya University of Science and Technology - June 2021

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Reference height Hr = 13.5 m (Cl.1.7.3, Maximum height is most adverse)

(I) EFFECTIVE WIND SPEED

Effective height

Xo = 50 m

Ho = 6 m

X 50
= = 8.33
H 6

Xo = 8.33 Ho > 6 Ho (Cl.1.7.3.3)

Therefore Hd = 0

He = Hr - Hd = 13.5 – 0 = 13.5 m (Cl.1.7.3.3)

Building type factor Kb = 1.0 (Table 1 of the Code: Framed building)

Dynamic augmentation factor Cr = 0.04 (Fig. 3 of Code: H,Kb=13.5,1)

Basic wind speed: Vb =20 m/s

Altitude factor, Sa ≈1.0 (BS 6399 Cl. 2.2.2.2.2) (Topography insignificant or ignored)

Prof. J. J. Msambichaka - Mbeya University of Science and Technology - June 2021

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Direction factor, Sd=1.0 (Cl.2.2.2.3) (Table 3) (orientation of the building is unknown or
ignored)

Prof. J. J. Msambichaka - Mbeya University of Science and Technology - June 2021

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 Seasonal factor, Ss =1.0 (Cl.2.2.2.4) (Continuously exposed)

Probability factor, Sp =1.0 (Cl.2.2.2.5) (Standard: mean recurrence interval of 50 years

Site wind speed, Vs = Vb × Sa × Sd × Ss × Sp =20 (1) (1) (1) (1) = 20 m/s (Cl.2.2.2.1)

Terrain and building factor, Sb (Cl. 2.2.3.3 Table 4) :

Site in town, with the closest distance to sea upwind from the site is greater than 100
km. Using Table 4 of code and interpolating between 1.62 for 10 m and 1.71 for 15 m,

(13.5 − 10) 3.5

S = 1.62 + × (1.71 − 1.62) = 1.62 + × 0.09 = 1.62 + 0.03
(15 − 10) 5
= 1.65

Sb = 1.65

Effective wind speed: Ve = Vs × Sb = 20 × 1.65 = 33.03 m/s (Cl. 2.2.3)

(II) WIND PRESSURE

Dynamic pressure: qs = 0.613 Ve2 = 0.613×33.032 = 668.8 N/m2 = 0.67 kN/m2 (Cl. 3.1.2.1)
Prof. J. J. Msambichaka - Mbeya University of Science and Technology - June 2021
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External and internal surface pressure coefficient, Cpe and Cpi ((Cl. 3.1.2.1) Table 5 of the
Code).

Smaller dimension of the building,

D = 14 m

H = 13.5 m

𝐷 14
= 1.04
𝐻 13.5
Cpe (Windward (front) face) (interpolation in Table 5 of the Code)

(1.04 − 1)
C = 0.85 − × (0.85 − 0.6) = 0.847
(4 − 1)

Cpe (leeward (rear) face) = –0.5 (Table 5 of the Code)

Size effect factor, Ca : (Figure 4 of the Code)

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Diagonal dimension of the area on which wind acts,

𝛼 =√((362 +13.52 ))= 38.45 𝑚

Using the factors for site in town, Ca ≈0.83

External surface pressure:

(front face) pe = qs × Cpe× Ca = 0.87 × 0.847 × 0.83 = 0.612 kN/m2 (cl. 3.1.3.5.2)

(rear face)pe = 0.87 × (–0.5) × 0.83 = −0.361 kN/m2

Total pressure p on the building: pe (front face) – pe (rear face) (cl. 2.1.3.6)
Prof. J. J. Msambichaka - Mbeya University of Science and Technology - June 2021
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 p = 0.612 – (–0.361) = 0.973 kN/m2

(III) WIND LOAD

Figure shows the wind load acting as a uniformly distributed load over the height of the
building.

Total horizontal load per frame = 0.85 × (1 + Cr ) × p × A

= 0.85 × (1+0.04) × 0.973 × (4.5 × 13.5) = 52.25 KN (cl. 2.1.3.6)

The total load is distributed at the storey levels in proportion as follows:

(0.5 × 4)
𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 = 52.25 × = 7.74 𝐾𝑁
13.5
4.0
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 = 52.25 × = 15.48 𝐾𝑁
13.5
{0.5(4.0 + 5.5)}
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 = 52.25 × = 18.38 𝑘𝑁
13.5

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 Figure: Shows the concentrated loads acting at each storey levels

(IV) ANALYSIS BY PORTAL METHOD

(i) Shear Force for Bays

Total Shear Force V in each storey is divided between the bays in proportion to their
spans
Bay AB: Span = 6 m
Bay BC: Span = 8 m
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𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐵𝑎𝑦 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑉 = 𝑉 × = 0.4286 𝑉
(6 + 8)
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𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐵𝑎𝑦 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑉 = 𝑉 × = 0.5714 𝑉
(6 + 8)

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(ii) Shear Forces for Grids

The Shear Force in each bay is divided equally between the column Grids.

Shear Force for column grid A = VA = 0.5 × 0.4286 V = 0.2143 V

Shear Force for the middle column grid B = VB = (0.5 × 0.4286) + (0.5 × 0.5714) V = 0.5 V

Shear Force for right column grid C = VC = 0.5 × 0.5714 V = 0.2857 V

(iii) Shear Forces for Floor Levels

Shear Force for each level = Sum of Shear Forces above the level

Floor Level 3-2: V = 7.74 kN

Floor Level 2-1: V = 7.74 + 15.48 = 23.22 kN

Floor Level 1-0: V = 7.74 + 15.48 + 18.38 = 41.60 kN

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(iv) Shear Force in Columns

Location P kN V kN Shear Force in Columns kN

Grid A Grid B Grid C
Shear for
Each Grid 0.2143V 0.5V 0.2857V

Level 3-2
7.74 7.74 1.66 3.87 2.21
(Roof)
Level 2-1 15.48 23.22 4.97 11.61 6.63
Level 1-0 18.38 41.60 8.92 20.80 11.89

(v) Bending Moment In Columns

Bending moment at the top and bottom of a column

storey height
= shear in the column × =
2
𝐻
𝑀 = 𝑉×
2

Location Shear Force in Columns, V H Bending Moment in

(kN) (m) Columns: 𝑀 = 𝑉 ×
(kNm)
Grid A Grid B Grid C Grid A Grid B Grid C
Level 3-2 1.66 3.87 2.21 4 3.32 7.74 4.42
Level 2-1 4.97 11.61 6.63 4 9.94 23.22 13.26
Level 1-0 8.92 20.80 11.89 5.5 24.53 57.2 32.70

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(vi) Bending Moment in Beams

The bending moments at the ends of the left beam are equal to sum of the bending moments
at the ends of the columns on the left connecting the beam.

Similarly the bending moments at the ends of the right beam are equal to sum of the bending
moments at the ends of the columns on the right connecting the beam.

Beam AB: Beam BC:

Level 3: Level 3:
MA = MBL = 3.32 kNm MC = MBL = 4.42 kNm

Level 2: Level 2:
MA = MBL = 3.32 + 9.94 = 13.26 kNm MC = MBL = 4.42 + 13.26 = 17.68 kNm

Level 1: Level 1:
MC = MBL = 9.94 + 24.53 = 34.47 kNm MC = MBL = 13.26 + 32.7 = 45.96 kNm

Location Moment in Beams kNm

Beam AB Beam BC
Level 3 3.32 4.42
Level 2 13.26 17.68
Level 1 34.47 45.96

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(vii) Reactions at ends of Beams

Since there is no distributed load on the beams and the contra-flexure point is at mid-span,
reactions R at the ends of the beam is given by

2 × 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠

𝑅 =
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛

2𝑀
𝑅 =
𝐿

Prof. J. J. Msambichaka - Mbeya University of Science and Technology - June 2021

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 Beam AB: Beam BC:
Level 3: Level 3:
2(3.32) 2(4.42)
𝑅 = = −1.11 𝑘𝑁 𝑅 = = −1.11 𝑘𝑁
6 8
𝑅 = −𝑅 = 1.11 𝑘𝑁 𝑅 = −𝑅 = 1.11 𝑘𝑁
𝑅 = 𝑅 +𝑅 = 1.11 + (−1.11) = 0

Level 2: Level 2:
2(13.26) 2(17.68)
𝑅 = = −4.42 kN 𝑅 = = −4.42 𝑘𝑁
6 8
𝑅 = −𝑅 = 4.42 𝑘𝑁 𝑅 = −𝑅 = 4.42 𝑘𝑁
𝑅 = 𝑅 +𝑅 = 4.42 + (−4.42) = 0

Level 1: Level 1:
2(34.47) 2(45.96)
𝑅 = = −11.49 kN 𝑅 = = −11.49 𝑘𝑁
6 8
𝑅 = −𝑅 = 11.49 𝑘𝑁 𝑅 = −𝑅 = 11.49 𝑘𝑁
𝑅 = 𝑅 +𝑅 = 11.49 + (−11.49) = 0

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 Reactions
Grid A Grid B Grid C
RA RB RC

Level 3 -1.11 0 1.11

Level 2 -4.42 0 4.42

Level 1 -11.49 0 11.49

(viii) Axial Force in Columns

From the reactions in the beam, axial Forces are determined by adding the reactions.

Note that the axial force in the middle column is zero and the axial force in the left column is
tensile while in the right column it is compressive.

Level 3:

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Pv = 1.11 kN

Level 2:
Pv = -1.11 + 4.42 = 5.53 kN

Level 1:
Pv = -1.11 + 4.42 + 11.49 = 17.02 kN

Axial force in Columns (kN)

Grid A Grid B Grid C

Level 3 -1.11 0 1.11

Level 2 -5.53 0 5.53
Level 1 -17.02 0 17.02
(ix) Load to the foundation

Foundation on Grid A = Pv = -17.02 kN

Foundation on Grid B = Pv = Zero kN
Foundation on Grid C = Pv = 17.02 kN

(x) Axial forces in beams

From the shear forces in the columns and by considering the horizontal force equilibrium at the
joints, axial forces in beams can be determined.

Beam AB: Beam BC

Level 3: Level 3:
PH3 = 7.74 - 1.66 = 6.08 kN
Prof. J. J. Msambichaka - Mbeya University of Science and Technology - June 2021
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Level 2: PH3 = 2.21 kN
PH2 = 15.48 + 1.66 - 4.97 = 12.17 kN Level 2:
Level 1: PH2 = 6.63 - 2.21 = 4.42 kN
PH1 = 18.38 + 4.97 - 8.92 = 14.43 kN Level 1:
PH1 = 11.89 - 6.63 = 5.26 kN

Location Axial Force in Beams (kN)

Beam AB Beam BC
Level 3 6.08 2.21
Level 2 12.17 4.42
Level 1 14.43 5.26

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