1

PLAGIARISM AND
REFERENCING
CEB 3228: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 13/04/2023
 PLAGIARISM AS EXPLAINED IN 2

WIKIPEDIA
▪ Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation’’, "stealing
and publication" of another author's "language,
thoughts, ideas, or expressions" and the
representation of them as one's own original work
▪ Plagiarism is not in itself a crime, but in academia and
industry, it is a serious ethical offense
▪ Plagiarism is not defined or punished by law, but
rather by institutions
▪ Guideline to avoid plagiarism: "if you did not write it
yourself, you must give credit

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 PLAGIARISM IN ACADEMIA 3

▪ Within academia, plagiarism by students, professors, or

researchers is considered academic dishonesty or academic
fraud
▪ Offenders are subject to academic censure, up to and
including expulsion
▪ Many institutions use plagiarism detection software to uncover
potential plagiarism and to deter students from plagiarizing.
▪ For researchers, plagiarism is punished by sanctions ranging
from suspension to termination, along with the loss of credibility

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 4
DEFINITION OF PLAGIARISM IN ACADEMIA
▪ There exists no universally adopted definition of academic
plagiarism. It is defined differently among institutions of higher
learning and universities. Examples:

▪ Stanford university sees plagiarism as the "use, without giving

reasonable and appropriate credit to or acknowledging the
author or source, of another person's original work, whether
such work is made up of code, formulas, ideas, language,
research, strategies, writing or other form”.

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 DEFINITION OF PLAGIARISM IN ACADEMIA 5

CONT..
▪ Yale university views plagiarism as the "... use of another's work,
words, or ideas without attribution," which includes "... using a
source's language without quoting, using information from a
source without attribution, and paraphrasing a source in a form
that stays too close to the original”.

▪ Many academic institutions have plagiarism policies which

defines plagiarism and states the possible punishment if one
commits such

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 6

▪ Plagiarism refers to an act of copying

another person`s ideas, words or work and
pretend that they are your own; this
MUST’S includes lifting, stealing, illegally use,
DEFINITION bootlegging of work, passing off of the
OF words or ideas of someone else as his/her
PLAGIARISM without proper acknowledgement or
crediting of original source or use of
academic work that constitute breach of
copyright.

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 7

PLAGIARISM
CONT..
(MUST
prospectus
2020-2021)

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 8

PLAGIARISM
CONT..
(MUST
prospectus
2020-2021)

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 9

COMMON FORMS OF STUDENT PLAGIARISM

1. Submitting someone’s work as their own.
2. Taking text from their own previous work without adding
citations.
3. Re-writing someone’s work without properly citing sources.
4. Using quotations, but not citing the source.
5. Citing some, but not all passages that should be cited.
6. `Blend´ together cited and uncited sections of the piece.

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 10

COMMON FORMS OF STUDENT PLAGIARISM

7. Providing proper citations, but failing to change the
structure and wording of the borrowed ideas enough.
8. Inaccurately citing the source.
9. Relying too heavily on other people’s work. i.e. failing to
bring originality thought into the text.

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 IMPORTANCE OF REFERENCING 11

It is important to cite sources you used in your project for several

reasons:
1. To show your reader you have done proper research by
listing sources you used to get your information
2. To be a responsible scholar by giving credit to other
researchers and acknowledging their ideas
3. To avoid plagiarism by quoting words and ideas used by
other authors
4. To allow your reader to track down the sources you used by
citing them accurately
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 WHAT TO BE CITED 12

You must cite:

▪ Facts, figures, ideas, or other information that is not common
knowledge
▪ Ideas, words, theories, or exact language that another person
used in other publications
▪ Publications that must be cited include: books, book chapters,
articles, web pages, theses, etc.
▪ Another person's exact words should be quoted and cited to
show proper credit
When in doubt, be safe and cite your source!
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 WHAT YOU DON’T NEED TO CITE 13

1. Historical overviews: When multiple sources provide the same

information about historic events, you may provide a summary
of these events without a reference

2. Your own ideas or findings: When presenting ideas or research

results that are your own, just state that they are yours.

3. Conclusions: If you have already cited the ideas earlier, you do

not need to cite them again in your conclusion.

4. Common knowledge: Information qualifies as common

knowledge when it can be found in a significant number of
sources and is not considered to be controversial. It also
depends on the audience
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 IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF A CITATION 14

▪ Citations consist of standard elements, and contain all the

information necessary to identify and track down publications,
including:
1. author name or names
2. titles of books, articles, and journals
3. date of publication
4. page numbers
5. volume and issue numbers (for articles)
▪ Citations may look different, depending on what is being cited
and which style was used to create them
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 REFERENCING STYLES/SYSTEMS 15

▪ There exists hundreds of different referencing styles from which to

choose when you are citing the sources of your research
material.
▪ Different academic disciplines and publishing houses have
differing rules about the citation of sources. The following appear
to be common:
1. APA stands for "American Psychological Association“.
Although originally drawn up for use in psychological journals,
the APA style is now widely used in the social sciences, in
education, in business, and numerous other disciplines.
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 REFERENCING STYLES/SYSTEMS CONT.. 16

2. MLA comes from the "Modern Language Association of

America" and is used mainly in English and the Humanities.

3. Chicago is sometimes referred to as Turabian or

Chicago/Turabian. It comes "A Manual for Writers of Term
Papers, Theses, and Dissertations", written by Kate Turabian.
Chicago is used mainly in the social sciences, including
history, political studies, and theology.

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 REFERENCING STYLES/SYSTEMS CONT.. 17

4. Vancouver originally came from The International Committee

of Medical Journal Editors which produced the "Uniform
Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical
Journals". The Vancouver style is used mainly in the medical
sciences.

5. Harvard came originally from "The Bluebook: A Uniform System

of Citation" published by the Harvard Law Review Association.
The Harvard style and its many variations are used in law,
natural sciences, social and behavioral sciences, and
medicine.
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 EXAMPLES OF HARVARD CITATION 18

▪ Harvard is known as the Author & Date system:

▪ In the Harvard referencing system, the book title is italicised or
underlined (Neville, 2010). … Moreover, Neville (2010) has also
stated that series title and volume if applicable, edition (if not
the first), place of publication and the publisher are also
important to be stated. Bradbury, Boyle and Morse (2002) is a
good example of a book with three authors whereby it is
required to use either “and” or “&” between authors names as
dictated by the book’s own presentation (Campbell et al.,
2008)....

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 THE REFERENCE LIST (REF EXAMPLE OF HARVARD 19
CITATION)
BRADBURY, I., BOYLE, J. and MORSE, A. (2002) Scientific
Principles for Physical Geographers. Harlow: Prentice Hall.

CAMPBELL, N. A. et al. (2008) Biology. 8th Ed. London:

Pearson.

NEVILLE, C. (2010) The Complete Guide to Referencing and

Avoiding Plagiarism. 2nd Ed. Maidenhead: Open University
Press.

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EXAMPLES OF HARVARD STYLE REFERENCES 20

Book, one Author

NEVILLE, C. (2010) The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding
Plagiarism. 2nd Ed. Maidenhead. Open University Press.
Or, precisely, since I have access to the electronic book (not the printed)
NEVILLE, C. (2010) The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding
Plagiarism. [online]. Maidenhead. Open University Press. Available from
https://books.google.co.tz/books?isbn=0335241034 . [Accessed: 18th
April 2019]
Book, multiple Authors
Terzaghi, K., Peck, R.B. and Mesri, G. (1996) Soil mechanics in
engineering practice. 3rd Ed. John Wiley & Sons.

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EXAMPLES OF HARVARD STYLE REFERENCES CONT..21
Journal paper, single Author
Fredlund, D.G. (2006) Unsaturated soil mechanics in engineering
practice. Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental
engineering, 132(3), pp.286-321.

Journal paper, more than three Authors

Diekhoff, G.M., LaBeff, E.E., Shinohara, K. and Yasukawa, H. (1999) College
cheating in Japan and the United States. Research in Higher
education, 40(3), pp.343-353.
OR
Diekhoff, G.M. et al. (1999) College cheating in Japan and the United
States. Research in Higher education, 40(3), pp.343-353.
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EXAMPLES OF HARVARD STYLE REFERENCES CONT..22
Conference paper
Lingwanda, M.I, Larsson, S. and Nyaoro, D. L. (2015) Consequences of
Geotechnical Uncertainties in Predicting Settlement of Shallow
Foundations on Sands, 16th African Regional Conference on Soil
Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Hammamet – Tunisia, 27th –
30th April 2015, Association Tunisienne de Mecanique des Sols (Tunisia),
307 – 313.

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EXAMPLES OF HARVARD STYLE REFERENCES CONT..23
▪ References usually come at the end of a text (essay or research
report) and should contain only those works cited within the text.

▪ A Bibliography is any list of references at the end of a text, whether

cited or not. It includes texts you made use of, not only texts you
referred to in your paper, but your own additional background
reading, and any other articles you think the reader might need as
background reading.

▪ Both References and Bibliography must be in alphabetical order;

and each entry must be laid out in a strictly ordered sequence.

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