NOT

Understanding
Culture, Society
and
Politics
Quarter 1 – Module 7

Cultural Relativism Mitigates

Ethnocentrism
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

2
 Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 7: Cultural Relativism Mitigates Ethnocentrism
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro

Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Author/s: Roy H. Lumban, Ph.D.

Reviewers: Joel D. Potane, Ph.D., LRMS Manage
Content Validators: Romeo B. Aclo EPS-Araling Panlipunan and Cheryl C. Pontillas
Language Evaluators: Sylvio L.Carciller
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Asst. Schools Division Superintendent

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3
Understanding Culture,
Society, and Politics
Quarter 1 – Module 7
Cultural Relativism Mitigates
Ethnocentrism

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public schools. We encourage teachers and other
education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and
recommendations to the Department of Education at
cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph

​We value your feedback and recommendations.

4
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

5
   
Table of Contents

COVER PAGE............................................................................................................i
COPYRIGHT PAGE...................................................................................................ii
TITLE PAGE............................................................................................................. iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................ iv
WHAT THIS MODULE IS ABOUT ............................................................................v
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW ........................................................................................v
HOW TO LEARN FROM THIS MODULE..................................................................v
ICONS OF THIS MODULE ...................................................................................... vi
WHAT I KNOW ........................................................................................................ vii

Lesson 1: Social Relativism Mitigates Ethnocentrism

What’s In 1
What’s New: 1
What Is It 2
What’s More: 3
What Have I Learned: Reflection of Learning 3
What Can I Do: 4
Summary 5
What I Know (Post-Test) ​13
Midterm Exam ​15
Key to Answers ​21
References 22

6
What This Module is About

Why do we need to understand others culture? Is there a superior culture

compared to other culture? This module will answer this question to help you
understand and be aware of why and how cultural relativism lessen the impact of
ethnocentrism. Within this belief, individuals will judge other groups based on their
own upbringing culture about practices, customs, tradition, language, beliefs, and
religion.
Let the learning begin.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Become aware of why and how cultural relativism mitigates ethnocentrism

(UCSP11/12DCSId-10)

 
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
1. Take your time to read and understand the concepts in this module.
2. Follow the instruction carefully in every given task.
3. Answers all the given test and exercise
4. Work on the activities in this module and every performance task given.
5. Take the Post-Test after you are done with all the lessons and activities in the
module
6. Familiarize yourself with the given terms.
7. Meet with your teacher. Ask him/her about any difficulty or confusion you have
encountered in this module.
8. Finally, prepare and gather all your outputs and submit them to your teacher.
9. Please write all your answers to the tests, activities, exercises, and others on
your separate activity notebook.

7
 Icons of this Module

What I Need to Know This part contains learning objectives that

Learning are set for you to learn as you go along
Objectives the​ ​module.

This is an assessment as to your level of

What I Know? knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
Pre-Assessment meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge.

What’s In? This part connects previous lesson with

Review Activity that​ ​of the current one.

What’s New? An introduction of the new lesson through

Motivational various activities, before it will be
Activity presented​ ​to you.

These are discussions as a​ ​way to deepen

What Is It?
your discovery and understanding of the
Lesson Proper
concept.

These are follow-up activities that are

What’s More?
intended for you to practice further in order
Performance Task
to​ ​master the competencies.

What Have Learned? Activities designed to process what you

Generalization have learned from the lesson.

These are tasks that are designed to show

What Can I Do? case your skills and knowledge gained,
Application and​ ​applied to real-life concerns and
situations.

This evaluates your level of mastery in

Assessment
achieving the learning objectives of the
Post-Assessment
lesson.

8
 What I Know
PRETEST

Multiple Choice. ​Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following concept of "cultural relativism" refers to?

A. Viewing people’s behavior from the perspective of their own culture.
B. Judging another culture by its own standards
C. Judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture
D. Taking pride of one’s ethnicity

2. Which perspective thus judging another culture solely by the values and standards
of one's own culture?
A. Racism C. Ethnocentrism
B. Egocentrism D. Relativism

3. Which of the following ways best describes in understanding cultural differences,

except?
A. Don’t stereotype C. Everyone is unique
B. Judging another’s culture D. Acceptance of one’s culture

4. It connotes the idea that in viewing a certain culture, one must understand the
culture in terms of its values and beliefs.
A. racism C. cultural relativism
B. Egocentrism D. Ethnocentrism

5.​ ​What is the rationale behind why the Karen tribe of Thailand follows a bizarre
tradition of wearing rings on their neck to get a large neck?
A. It’s a symbol of beauty and elegance and adds to their attractiveness.
B. Symbolize womanhood, provide fertility and luck to the woman.
C. To cast out evil or bad spirits
D. It’s a symbol of social classes in the society

6. The social differences create __________among the individuals based on their

social characteristics
A. Equality C. Enculturation
B. Discrimination D. Division

7. The attitude that other societies' customs and ideas can be judged in the context
of one's own culture is known as
A. Barbarism C. Relativism
B. Ethnocentrism D. Ionism

8. What is ethnocentrism?
A. regarding another's culture as superior
B. regarding one's own culture as superior
C. regarding one's own culture as normal and using it to measure foreign cultures
D. regarding another's culture as superior and using it to measure its own culture

9. Which of these is an example of ethnocentrism?

A. westernized woman looking down on a tribal woman for not wearing clothing
9
 B. Respecting other cultures of not eating pork meat
C. Understand why people have strong belief of faith healers
D. Performing a cultural dance from another country

10. Which is the best definition of cultural relativism?

A. A guideline explaining that one society cannot impose its views and
standards on another
B. The highest-ranking for a group's most cherished customs and values
C. Your culture is the most superior around the world
D. Judging others who are different from you.

11. This​ r​ efers to the differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit
around the world.
A. Cultural differences C. Cultural Variation
B. Cultural diversity D. Cultural diffusions

12. Which of the following statement is ​FALSE​ regarding cultural relativism?

A. When studying another culture, you must convert to its religious beliefs to
understand its customs.
B. Something that might be taboo in your own society might be perfectly
acceptable in another society.
C. It's difficult or even impossible to force your own culture's rituals onto
another group.
D. People tend to be more tolerant of another culture's customs when they learn
the meaning behind them.

13. Some people had a hard time speaking English fluently, the use of English
language labelling of people who can’t speak well can lead to a ___________.
A. self-fulfilment C. Cultural connection
B. sense of ethnocentrism D. Sense of approval

14. In the Philippines, eating with bare hands is a common practice, judging them is
an example of
A. Barbarism C. Cultural Relativism
B. Nazism D. Ethnocentrism

15. Embracing language and other cultural differences is thought to be an attitude of

_________.
A. Comparing others C. Being pessimistic
B. Equality and tolerance D. Criticism and decisiveness

10
 Module Cultural Relativism Mitigates
7 Ethnocentrism
​ (UCSP11/12DCSId-10)
  

What’s In

In the previous lesson, we learned about ​the ​aspects of culture and society
and how these aspects are intricately related since society consists of the people
shared a common culture. As a continuation, our next lesson will highlight
awareness of why and how cultural relativism mitigates ethnocentrism.

​What’s New
 
Directions: Analyze the pictures and answers the questions below. Write your
answers in your notebook.

Guide questions

1. What was the picture all about?

2. In your own opinion, does a particular practices seen in the picture is
acceptable in our society?
3. Can you cite some practices or traditions in the Philippines that are not also
acceptable to other countries?

1
 What Is It
​Cultural variation refers to the differences in social behaviors that different
cultures exhibit around the world. What may be considered good etiquette in one
culture may be considered bad etiquette in another. "What is unacceptable and bad
in a group of people may be good and acceptable in another group of people."

There are two important perceptions of cultural variability namely,

ethnocentrism and cultural relativism.

Ethnocentrism means judging another culture solely by the values and

standards of one’s own culture. It is the belief that your native culture is the most
superior way of understanding around the world. Individuals may have difficulty
showing appreciation of other cultures due to a lack of information about the culture.

When do we become ethnocentric?

1. When you judge the behavior and beliefs of people who are different from you
Way out: To stop ethnocentric behavior, you must stop judging
others who are different from you.

2. When you believe that some cultures are backward if they lack the technology
and consumerism of your own culture.
Way out: Remember that there are no primitive or backward
cultures. All cultures provide their members with the means to
meet all human needs.

Have you ever seen or eaten food from other places, such as dried squid or
fried crickets, and think of it as weird and gross? This is an example of
ethnocentrism! That means you use your own culture as the center and evaluate
other cultures based on it. You are judging or making assumptions about the food of
other places based on your norms, values, or beliefs. Thinking “dried squid is smelly”
or “people shouldn’t eat insects” are examples of ​ethnocentrism​ in societies where
people may not eat dried squid or insects. Can you think of other examples where
people might view practices from another culture as “wrong” or “weird”?

Cultural relativism i​ s that a person’s beliefs and activities should be

understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture. Cultural relativism
promotes greater appreciation of the cultures one encountered along the way. For
instance, fur clothing is good in the Arctic countries but not in tropical countries. In
some cultures, food is eaten with different instruments: hands, cutlery, chopsticks.
Even the way people use these instruments can differ from culture to culture with
people using forks or spoons more regularly or for specific foods.

Have you ever noticed that travel guide books often have information about
cultural practices and behavior that is considered disrespectful? This information is
provided to develop awareness about different practices and beliefs, in other words,
to help people develop intercultural competence.

What’s else? Think of another example.

​What’s More
2
Direction:​ Write T if the statement is true and F is false. Write your answer on the
space provided.
________1. It is the habit of each group to take for granted the superiority of its
culture.
________2. Ethnocentrism is a sense of value and community among people who
share a cultural tradition.
________3. Equality and similarity do not necessarily translate to real or imagined
inferiority/superiority of cultures out there
________4. People everywhere think that their expectations, opinions, and
customs are right, true, proper natural, and moral
________5. Ethnocentrism encourages the solidarity of a group

Direction: ​List activities that exemplify the ways on how cultural relativism mitigates
ethnocentrism

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

What have I learn

Direction: ​In writing your reflection, you have to complete the sentence below.

I learned that________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

I realized that________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

If given a chance_____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3
 ​What Can I do

Direction: Using the Venn diagram, identify what are the similarities and differences
between the two ideologies. For ​A & B​ write their differences and ​C​ for similarities

Summary

4
   
What I Know

POST-TEST

Multiple Choice. ​Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Some people had a hard time speaking English fluently, the use of English
language labeling of people who can’t speak well can lead to a ___________.
A. self-fulfilment C. Cultural connection
B. sense of ethnocentrism D. Sense of approval

2. Which perspective thus judging another culture solely by the values and standards
of one's own culture?
A. Racism C. Ethnocentrism
B. Egocentrism D. Relativism

3. In the Philippines, eating with bare hands is a common practice, judging them is
an example of
A. Barbarism C. Cultural Relativism
B. Nazism D. Ethnocentrism

4. It connotes the idea that in viewing a certain culture, one must understand the
culture in terms of its values and beliefs.
A. Racism C. Cultural relativism
B. Egocentrism D. Ethnocentrism

5.​ ​What is the rationale behind why the Karen tribe of Thailand follows a bizarre
tradition of wearing rings on their neck to get a large neck?
A. It’s a symbol of beauty and elegance and adds to their attractiveness.
B. Symbolize womanhood, provide fertility and luck to the woman.
C. To cast out evil or bad spirits
D. It’s a symbol of social classes in the society

6. The social differences create __________among the individuals based on their

social characteristics
A. Equality C. Enculturation
B. Discrimination D. Division

7. The attitude that other societies' customs and ideas can be judged in the context
of one's own culture is known as
A. Barbarism C. Relativism
B. Ethnocentrism D. Ionism

8. Which of the following ways best describes in understanding cultural differences,

except?
A. Don’t stereotype C. Everyone is unique
B. Judging another’s culture D. Acceptance of one’s culture

5
9. Which of these is an example of ethnocentrism?
A. westernized woman looking down on a tribal woman for not wearing clothing
B. Respecting other cultures of not eating pork meat
C. Understand why people have strong belief of faith healers
D. Performing a cultural dance from other country

10. This​ r​ efers to the differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit
around the world.
C. Cultural differences C. Cultural Variation
D. Cultural diversity D. Cultural diffusions

11. Which of the following statement is ​FALSE​ regarding cultural relativism?

A. When studying another culture, you must convert to its religious beliefs to
understand its customs.
B. Something that might be taboo in your society might be perfectly
acceptable in another society.
C. It's difficult or even impossible to force your own culture's rituals onto
another group.
D. People tend to be more tolerant of another culture's customs when they
learn the meaning behind them.

12. What is ethnocentrism?

A. regarding another's culture as superior
B. regarding one's own culture as superior
C. regarding one's own culture as normal and using it to measure foreign cultures
D. regarding another's culture as superior and using it to measure one's own
culture

13. Embracing language and other cultural differences is thought to be an attitude of

_________.
C. Comparing others C. Being pessimistic
D. Equality and tolerance D. Criticism and decisiveness

14. Which of the following concept of "cultural relativism" refers to?

A. Viewing people’s behavior from the perspective of their own culture.
B. Judging another culture by its standards
C. Judging another culture by the standards of one's culture
D. Taking pride in one’s ethnicity

15. Which is the best definition of cultural relativism?

A. A guideline explaining that one society cannot impose its views and
standards on another
B. The highest-ranking for a group's most cherished customs and values
C. Your culture is the most superior around the world
D. Judging others who are different from you.

6
 ​UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
MIDTERM EXAM
GRADE 11/12

Name:_________________________________ Date:______________
Grade/Section: _________________________ Score:______________

Multiple Choice. ​Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. This a concept that denotes some internal and external factors leading to change
in the cultural pattern of societies.
A. Political Change ​C. Social Change
B. Environmental Change ​D. Cultural Change

2. The following are the main factors of cultural change, except.

A. Technology innovation C. Geographical factor
B. Contact D. Heredity

3. ​The following​ are the common causes of​ ​social change as recognized by social
scientists, except
A. Genetics ​C. Environment
B. Population ​D. Technology

4. It focuses on relationships among humans and groups living together in societies

A. Anthropology C. Psychology
B. Sociology D. Biology

5. The use of power, interest, influence, and diplomacy which is important in creating
a well-ordered society.
A. Anthropology C. Political Science
B. Archaeology D. Social Science

6. The following are the latest inventions produced by technology that brought
changes
to culture​ except.
A. Android Phones C. Humanoid robot
B. Drones D. Fax Machine

7. What are the common concerns of anthropology?

A. It analyzes human interaction, which is essential in understanding man’s
cultural make-up.
B. It analyzes how people attain the political position in society
C. Both A and B
D. It analyzes the history of evolution with social aspect

8. The following are the three disciplines of social sciences that interlinked and
therefore,
you cannot separate one from another except.
A. Astronomy C. Political Science
B. Sociology D. Anthropology

7
9.​ The following are examples of the geographical factors of cultural change except.
A. Technological inventions C. Altitude of the place
B. Closeness to the sea D. Climate

10. Sociology concentrates on society while anthropology focuses on _________

A. Culture C. Politics
B. Genetic make-up D. Social Structures

11. The following are the goals of anthropology except

A. Describe and analyze the biological evolution of humanity
B. Describe and assess the cultural development of our species
C. Describe, explain, and analyze the present-day human cultural
similarities
and differences
D. Describe how political activities are organized in and out of our country

12. The following are the goals of Sociology, except.

A. Understand the political contexts in which people live
B. Understand ourselves better
C. Build a better understanding of mankind
D. Help with decision-making

13. The following are areas or interest of political science, except

A. Government C. Customs and traditions
B. Constitution and by-laws D. Leadership of president

14. The following statement best describes the goals of sociology except.
A. Explain the diversity of people and societies.
B. Describe the interaction between the individual and society
C. Views the world from a sociological perspective.
D. Explain the political aspect as a whole

15. What does the sociological perspective teach us about whom to marry?
A. There is no explaining personal feelings like love
B. Peoples actions reflect human free will
C. The operation of society guides many of our personal choices
D. In the case of love opposites attract

1​6. What is the relation between sociology and anthropology?

A. The two focuses on studying the behavior of humans within the societies
B. Analyzes its cultural and genetic make-up
C. Studies relationships of people in the community and political
sovereignty
D. All of the above

17. The field of sociology concentrates on the ____________

A. Origins of Humanity C. Human artifacts
B. Past events D. Human social relationship

8
18. Is a composite areas that comprise beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws,
norms, that a person learns and shares as a member of society
A. Ethnicity C. Socialization
B. Culture D. Enculturation

19. Which of the following best explains of the sociological perspective of culture,
except.
A. sociological perspective enables you to gain a new vision of social life
B. It provides a different way of looking at life’s social relationship
C. Provides a deeper understanding of how people interact in the
community
D. Enables you to understand the origin of humanity through the evolution
​ of man

20. Which of the following is considered as the norms in the society except;
A. Not wearing decent clothes in particular events or occasions
B. Cheating during exams or long quiz
C. The use of “po” and “opo” when answering/talking to the elderly.
D. A Crime committed by criminals

21. Social norms and values are culturally determined rules to ____________
A. Guide the people regarding what is right and wrong
B. Avoid paying fines and penalties
C. Lead us to popularity for being the talk of the town
D. Threat us to follow the rules even if it is against our will

22. The following are the norms being played by the students inside the classroom
except;
A. Attend classes regularly,
B. Interacting in the class discussions with the teachers.
C. Participates in group activities with another student
D. Cheat or use such material forbidden in the examinations

23. Shouting inside the church during mass would be a violation of a ________
A. Folkway C. Customs
B. Moores D. Law

24. It is not acceptable to wear casual clothes in most fine dining establishments this
is an example of ____________
A. Patterns C. Beliefs
B. Laws D. Mores

25. Culture is usually assumed to be___________

A. Always Changing C. Fixed and Static
B. Subjective entity D. ​All of the above

26. Which of the following statement is ​FALSE​ about culture

​A. Culture is shared and passed down through generations
B. Cultures around the world are different but equal

9
 C. Culture is also based on symbols
D. Culture is inherited genetically

27. Wearing a rectangular black mourning pin by the immediate family members
during deep bereavement is a characteristic of culture that is ___________
A. Shared. C. Symbolic
B. Cumulative. D. Transmitted

28. Culture blending with other culture is possible because the characteristic of
culture is ______________
A. Integrated C. Dynamic
B. Interpretative D. Compounded

29. Which of the following statement is ​TRUE​ about culture

A. Culture does not evolve and adapt changes
B. Culture blending with other culture is impossible.
C. Culture is learned from our families, peers and society where we live
D. Culture is does not evolves or change

30. Which of the following concept of "cultural relativism" refers to?

A. Viewing people’s behavior from the perspective of their own culture.
B. Judging another culture by its standards
C. Judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture
D. Taking pride in one’s ethnicity

31. Which of the following ways best describes in understanding cultural differences,
except?
A. Don’t stereotype C. Everyone is unique
B. Judging another’s culture D. Acceptance of one’s
culture

32. Which of these is an example of ethnocentrism?

A. westernized woman looking down on a tribal woman for not wearing clothing
B. Respecting other cultures of not eating pork meat
C. Understand why people have strong belief of faith healers
D. Performing a cultural dance from another country

33. It connotes the idea that in viewing a certain culture, one must understand the
culture in terms of its own values and beliefs.
A. racism C. cultural relativism
B. Egocentrism D. Ethnocentrism

34. Some people had a hard time speaking English fluently, the use of English
language labelling of people who can’t speak well can lead to a ___________.
A. Self-fulfilment C. Cultural connection
B. Sense of ethnocentrism D. Sense of approval

35. Which of the following statement is ​FALSE​ regarding cultural relativism?

A. When studying another culture, you must convert to its religious beliefs to

10
 understand its customs.
B. Something that might be taboo in your own society might be perfectly
acceptable in another society.
C. It's difficult or even impossible to force your own culture's rituals onto
another group.
D. People tend to be more tolerant of another culture's customs when they
learn the meaning behind them.

36. This is an essential concept in the society as well as in morality, because through
it the quality and honor of the people can be determined.
A. Money C. Human Dignity
B. Religion D. Humanity

37. It is the process of learning skills and social roles

A. Assimilation C. Socialization
B. Accommodation D. Mobilization

38. These are norms that regulate and control the people’s behavior and conduct.
A. Folkways C. Mores
B. Laws D. Values

39. These are rights an individual enjoys such as the right to vote and the right to
be
voted into public office.
A. Economic rights C. Civil Rights
B. Statutory Rights D. Political Rights

40. They involve the pattern of expected behavior in a social relationship with one or
more persons occupying other statuses.
A. Norms C. Statuses
B. Values D. Roles

41. It is defined as an act that violates a social norm.

A. Deviance C. Cooperation
B. Conformity D. Conflict

42. It is the sum total of the conditions of social life which enable people to enjoy basic
human rights as members of the society.
A. Common Good C. People’s welfare
B. Economic Development D. Peace and Order

43. It is the process by which an individual learns the traditional content of a

culture and assimilates its practices and values
A. Socialization C. Norms
B. Enculturation D. Values

44. These include society’s standards of morality, good manners, legality, and integrity.
A. Norms C. Statuses
B. Values D. Roles

11
45. The social differences create __________among the individuals on the basis of
their social characteristics
A. Equality C. Enculturation
B. Discrimination D. Division

46. What is ethnocentrism?

A. regarding another's culture as superior
B. regarding one's own culture as superior
C. regarding one's own culture as normal and using it to measure
foreign cultures
D. regarding another's culture as superior and using it to measure one's
own culture

47. It is made possible through special abilities or talents, performance and

opportunities.
A. Achieved Status C. Prescribed Status
B. Ascribed Status D. Recognized Status

48. The following are examples of material culture except

A. Tools C. Customs
B. Dwelling Units D. Weapons

49. These consist of tangible things such as technological tools, architectural,

structures, fashion and accessories and food.
A. Material Culture C. Non-material Culture
B. Basic Culture D. Commercial Culture

50. It is a type of culture that are being learned and observed by humans such as
religion, folk behavior, customs, etc.
A. Material Culture C. Non-material Culture
B. Basic Culture D. Commercial Culture

12
 Key Answers

Module 7

Pre-Test Post-Test
1. A 1. B
2. D 2. D
3. B 3. D
4. C 4. C
5. A 5. A
6. B 6. B
7. B 7. B
8. B 8. B
9. A 9. A
10. A 10. C
11. C 11. A
12. A 12. B
13. B 13. C
14. D 14. A
15. C 15. A

13
References

Books

Baleña, E. Lucero, D. Peralta, A. (2016) ​Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics for
​ uezon City: Educational Resources Corporation. Philippines
Senior High School, Q

Contreras, A, Dela Cruz, A. Erasga, D and Fadrigon C. (2016) ​Understanding Culture, Society,
and Politics, ​Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., Philippines.

INTERNET SOURCES

Courses.lumenlearning.com. 2020. ​Ethnocentrism And Cultural Relativism | Introduction To

Sociology​. [online] Available at:
<https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-introductiontosociology/chapter/ethnocen
trism-and-cultural-relativism/> [Accessed 10 June 2020].

Mc Bos. (n.d.). ​CC search​. CC

Search. ​https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/7794e1cf-8621-4f08-82ac-82e2
03b4b26c

Senior high school - Google Drive. (n.d.). Bitly | Custom URL Shortener, Link Management &
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