SITI AISAH BINTI SABRI

sitiaisah@picoms.edu.my
WHAT IS HARDWARE
● Hardware is the physical component of a computer system
● It refers to the electrical parts and devices that make up a computer
● Generally, hardware is categorized according to the five basic operation it
performs:

❑ Input devices (We use to send data to computer processor/memory)

❑ Processors (fetch, decode and execute data into information)

❑ Memory (it holds data /instructions that CPU needs)

❑ Output devices (display information/results)

❑ Storage (store data/information for later use)

COMPUTER HARDWARE
COMPONENTS
● Motherboard
● CPU
● Keyboard
● Mouse
● RAM
● Monitor
● Floppy drive
● CD_ROM drive
● Hard disk drive
● DVD Drives
MOTHERBOARD
❑ It is a digital circuitry holding CPU (Central
Processing Unit), memory chipset, USB ports,
and numerous connectors for linking
peripheral devices & power supply.

❑ Motherboard is the main circuit board inside

the computer

❑ That connects the different part of computer

together
RAM (RANDOM ACCESS
MEMORY)
❑ RAM ( Random Access
Memory) is a type of data
storage used in computer
❑ That is generally located on
the motherboard
❑ It stores data that is required
by the CPU while processing
instructions.
CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)
❑ This component performs all mathematical computations and other
processing with the help of three sub-components like arithmetic logic
unit(ALU), control unit(CU), and memory unit(MU).
❑ The CPU stands for Central Processing Unit. The CPU is one the most
important component within a computer system
❑ The CPU also alternately referred to as a processor or a
microprocessor. It is the CPU, that actually provides the processing
power to the computer,
❑ The CPU is the brain of the computer system that provides
computational and decision making power.
HARD DISK DRIVE
❑ Without hard disk, the user would not be able to store the result of
any processing or any application required in particular functions.
❑ A Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is used to store data
❑ It use magnetic recording to store information
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Computer System consists of:

A computer system primarily

comprises of a central processing
unit, memory, input/output devices,
and storage devices.
 COMPUTER HARDWARE DEVICES &
COMPONENTS

01 02
INPUT DEVICES OUTPUT DEVICES

03 04
PROCESS DEVICES STORAGE DEVICES
WHAT IS COMPUTER
Computer is an (High Speed)
electronic computing & data
processing device, which takes
inputs, processes it and produces the
output accordingly. It also store
information in memory
 Examples of Input Devices

❑Keyboard
❑Mouse
❑Touchpad
❑Scanner
❑Digital Camera
❑Microphone
❑Joystick
❑Graphic Tablet
❑Touch Screen
❑Webcam
 INPUT DEVICES - KEYBOARD
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INPUT DEVICES - MOUSE
• Mouse is a popular pointing, selection and
cursor-control device

• It is a device that controls the movement of

the cursor or point on a display screen

INPUT DEVICES - JOY STICK

• Joy Stick is a pointing device, which is used
to move the cursor position on a screen. It is
mainly used in games.
Touchpad - Also known as a trackpad, a touchpad is a common
substitute for a computer mouse. It is essentially a specialized
surface that can detect the movement of a user's finger and use
that information to direct a pointer and control a computer.
Touchpads were first introduced for laptops in the 1990s, and it's
now rare to find a laptop without one.

Scanner - This input device copies from paper into your

computer.

Digital Camera - The digital camera allows you to take pictures

that you can input into your computer.

Microphone - A microphone captures audio and sends it to a

computer where it is converted to a digital format. Microphone
is usually used for voice input into the computer.
 WHAT IS AN OUTPUT DEVICE?
• An output device is a piece of computer hardware
that receives data from a computer and then
translates that data into another form. That form may
be audio, visual, textual, or hard copy such as a
printed document.
• Thekey distinction between an input device and an
output device is that an input device sends data to the
computer, whereas an output device receives data
from the computer.
 Examples of Output Devices
❑Printer
❑Headphones
❑Computer Speakers
❑Projector
❑GPS
❑Sound Card
❑Video Card
❑Braille Reader
❑Speech-Generating
Device
❑Monitor
OUTPUT DEVICES - MONITOR
● It is the most common computer output device, just like TV. It comes in
various sizes and resolutions.
● Monitor resolution : It describes the visual dimensions of any given
display. Expressed in terms of width and height, monitor resolution is
comprised of a specific number of pixels.

Resolution Pixels
5K resolution 5120 x 2880

4K resolution 3840 x 2160

Ultra HD (UHD) resolution 3840 x 2160

Full HD (FHD) 1920 x 1080

HD aka 720p resolution 1280 x 720

OUTPUT DEVICES – MONITOR TYPES
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) – This uses
phosphorescent dots to generate the
pixels that constitute displayed images.
Bulk in size and weight.
Flat Panel Screen – This makes use of
liquid crystals or plasma to produce
output. Light is passed through the liquid
crystals in order to generate pixels.
LCD : Liquid Crystal Display
LED : Light Emitting diodes
 EXAMPLES OF OUTPUT DEVICES
• Printer - this device generates a hard copy version of processed
data, like documents and photographs.
The computer transmits the image data to the printer, which
then physically recreates the image, typically on paper.
• Computer Speakers -speakers are attached to computers to
facilitate the output of sound; sound cards are required in the
computer for speakers to function.
• Projector -this is a display device that projects a computer-
created image onto another surface: usually some sort of
whiteboard or wall. The computer transmits the image data to
its video card, which then sends the video image to
the projector. It is most often used for presentations, or for
viewing videos.
• Headset - this is a combination of speakers
and microphone. It is mostly used by
gamers, and is also a great tool for
communicating with family and friends
over the internet using some VOIP
program or other.

• Monitor -This is the most

common computer output device. It
creates a visual display by the use of which
users can view processed data. Monitors
come in various sizes and resolutions.

• Plotter - A plotter is an output device used

to produce a high-quality drawing. It holds
paint wallpaper and can draw curved lines.
The text is drawn like an image. Water
can drown in black and white or in color.
 PROCESSING DEVICE EXAMPLES

Some of the most common

processing devices in a computer
include the following:

•Central processing unit (CPU)

•Graphics processing unit (GPU)
•Motherboard
•Network card
•Sound card
•Video card
 STORAGE DEVICES
● A storage device is used in the
computers to store the data.
● Provides one of the core
functions of the modern
computer.
 TYPES OF STORAGE
● There are four type of storage:

01 02
PRIMARY STORAGE SECONDARY STORAGE

03 04
TERTIARY STORAGE OFF-LINE STORAGE
PRIMARY STORAGE
• Also known as main memory.
• Main memory is directly or indirectly connected to
the central processing unit via a memory bus.
• The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there
and executes them as required.
• Example:

– RAM (Random Access Memory)

– ROM (Read-Only Memory)

– Cache
PRIMARY STORAGE
RAM
❑ It is called Random Access Memory because any of the data in RAM can be
accessed just as fast as any of the other data.
❑ RAM is used to store the programs and data being used by the CPU in real-
time.
❑ The data on the RAM can be read, written and erased any number of times.
RAM is a hardware element where the data being currently used is stored.
❑ It is a volatile memory.
❑ There are two types of RAM:

❑ DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)

❑ SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)

PRIMARY STORAGE
RAM
❑ There are two types of RAM:

❑ DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) which stores a bit

data using a pair or transistor and capacitor which constitute a
DRAM memory cell.

❑ SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) which stores a bit of

data using the state of a six transistor memory cell.
PRIMARY STORAGE
RAM – Random Access Memory
Static RAM Dynamic RAM

Faster Slower

More expensive Less expensive

More power consumption Less power consumption

does not need to be refreshed needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second
ROM – READ ONLY MEMORY

❑
❑
❑
❑
❑
PRIMARY STORAGE
ROM – READ ONLY MEMORY ❑
PRIMARY STORAGE
 DIFFERENTIATES RAM AND ROM
Difference RAM ROM
PRIMARY STORAGE
CACHE
● Cache is a high-speed access area that can be either a reserved section of
main memory or a storage device.
● Most computers today come with L3 cache or L2 cache, while older
computers included only L1 cache
SECONDARY STORAGE
• Since the main memory of a computer has a limited capacity, it is
necessary to retain data in secondary storage between different
processing cycles. This is the medium used to store the program
instructions as well as the data required for future processing. Most
secondary storage devices in use today are based on magnetic or
optical technologies.
• It is not directly accessible by the CPU.
• Computer usually uses its input/output channels to access secondary
storage and transfers the desired data using intermediate area in
primary storage.
• Example:
• – Hard disk
SECONDARY STORAGE
HARD DISK
● The hard disk drive is the main, and usually largest data storage device in a
computer.
● It can store anywhere from 160 gigabytes to 2 terabytes.
● Hard disk speed is the speed at which content can be read and written on a
hard disk.
● A hard disk unit comes with a set rotation speed varying from 4500 to 7200
rpm.
● Disk access time is measured in milliseconds
SECONDARY STORAGE
HARD DISK
TERTIARY STORAGE
• Typically it involves a robotic mechanism which will mount
(insert) and dismount removable mass storage media into a
storage device.
• It is a comprehensive computer storage system that is usually
very slow, so it is usually used to archive data that is not
accessed frequently.
• This is primarily useful for extraordinarily large data stores,
accessed without human operators.
• Examples:
• – Magnetic Tape
• – Optical Disc
OFF-LINE STORAGE
• Also known as disconnected storage or removable storage.
• Is a computer data storage on a medium or a device that is not
under the control of a processing unit.
• It must be inserted or connected by a human operator before a
computer can access it again.
• Examples:
• – Floppy Disk
• – Zip diskette
• – USB Flash drive
• – Memory card
OFF-LINE STORAGE
FLOPPY DISK
● A soft magnetic disk.
● Floppy disks are portable.
● Floppy disks are slower to access than hard disks and have less storage
capacity, but they are much less expensive.
● Can store data up to 1.44MB
● Two common sizes : 5 ¼” and 3 ½”.
OFF-LINE STORAGE
USB FLASH DRIVE
● A small, portable flash memory card that plugs into a computer’s USB port
and functions as a portable hard drive.
● Flash drives are available in sizes such as 256MB, 512MB, 1GB, 5GB, and
16GB and are an easy way to transfer and store information.
OFF-LINE STORAGE
MEMORY CARD
● An electronic flash memory storage disk commonly used in consumer
electronic devices such as digital cameras, MP3 players, mobile phones, and
other small portable devices.
● Memory cards are usually read by connecting the device containing the card to
your computer, or by using a USB card reader
 STORAGE DEVICE FEATURES

01 02
VOLATILITY ACCESSIBILITY

03 04
MUTABILITY ADDRESSABILITY
STORAGE DEVICE
VOLATILITY
● Two types of volatility:

1) Volatile Memory

2) Non-Volatile Memory
VOLATILE MEMORY
● Requires constant power to maintain the stored information.
● The fastest memory technologies.
● All contents are erased when the system’s power is turned off or interrupted.
● It has been more popularly known as temporary memory

NON-VOLATILE MEMORY
● Will retain the stored information even if it is not constantly supplied with
electric power.
● Non volatile memory is the device which keeps the data even when the current
is off.
● It is suitable for long-term storage of information.
STORAGE DEVICES
ACCESSIBILITY
● Refers to reading or writing data records
● Two types of accessibility:
1) Random access
2) Sequential access
RANDOM ACCESS
● Any location in storage can be accessed at any moment in approximately the
same amount of time.
● Such characteristic is well suited for primary and secondary storage

SEQUENTIAL ACCESS
● The accessing of pieces of information will be in a serial order, one after the
other; therefore the time to access a particular piece of information depends
upon which piece of information was last accessed.
● Such characteristic is typical of off-line storage.
STORAGE DEVICES
MUTABILITY
● Allows information to be overwritten at any time.
● A computer without some amount of read/write storage for primary storage
purposes would be useless for many tasks.
● Three types of mutability:
1. Read/write storage or mutable storage
2. Read only storage
3. Slow write, fast read storage
STORAGE DEVICES
ADDRESSABILITY
● Three types of addressability
1. Location-addressable – Each individually accessible unit of information in
storage is selected with its numerical memory address.
2. File addressable – Information is divided into files of variable length, and a
particular files is selected with human-readable directory and file names.
3. Content-addressable:
- Each individually accessible unit of information is selected based on the
basis of (part of) the contents stored there.
- Hardware content addressable memory is often used in a computer’s CPU
cache.