Mathematics Department

Dr. Hany El - Sharkawy

Winter 2014

Math103 - Engineering 1st semester

Revision - Midterm

Chapter 1. Numbers, Inequalities, and Functions

(1) Prove That 7 is an irrational number. i.e., ( 7 Ï Q).

Proof Assume that 7 is a rational number ( 7 Î QN then

7 = , a, b Î Z, b ¹ 0 and, gcd Ha, bL = 1 ® (*), i.e., a, b have no common factors.

a
b

”a = 7 b”a2 = 7 b2 ® H1L ” a2 is multiple of 7”a is multiple of 7”a = 7. k ® H2L

From H2L in H1L ” H7L2 k 2 = 7 b2
” 7 k 2 = b2 ” b2 is multiple of 7”b is multiple of 7”b = 7. L ® H3L
From (2) and (3), there exist common factor "7" between a and b ” Contradiction with (*).
Then, the assumption that 7 Î Q was not true ” Then 7 Ï Q.

(2) Solve the following:

(i) ¤ 3 - x¤ =¤ x 2 + 2¥

Solution Since x 2 + 2 > 0 then ¥ x 2 + 2¥ = x 2 + 2 ”¥ 3 - x¥ = x 2 + 2

If x < 3 Or If x > 3
2
”3 - x = x + 2 ” -H3 - xL = x 2 + 2
” x2 + x + 2 - 3 = 0
” x2 - x + 5 = 0
” x2 + x - 1 = 0 ” x2 - x + 5 = 0
-1+ 5 -1- 5
”x = <3, x = <3 ” No real solutions
2 2

”x Î : >
-1- 5 -1+ 5
, ”x Î f
2 2

J-1 - 5 N J-1 + 5 N J-1 - 5 N J-1 + 5 N

xÎ: , > Ü f”x Î : , >
2 2 2 2

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(ii) ¥ 2 x 2 - 5 x - 4¥ > 6
Solution
¤ 2 x 2 - 5 x - 4¥ > 6

2 x2 - 5 x - 4 > 6 Or 2 x 2 - 5 x - 4 < -6
”2 x 2 - 5 x - 10 > 0 ”2 x 2 - 5 x + 2 < 0
”2 Ix 2 - ”H2 x - 1L Hx - 2L < 0 H*L
5
xM - 10 > 0
2

”2 Ix - M - - 10 > 0
5 2 25 1
”study points x = and x = 2
4 8 2

”Ix - M >
5 2 105
Use Line Test
4 16

5 105 H*L is F H*L is T H*L is F

” x- >
4 4 0.5 2

” x Î D 0.5, 2@
5 105 5 - 105
x- > Or x - <
4 4 4 4

105 +5 - 105 +5
x> Or x <
4 4
” x > 3.8 Or x < -1.3
” x Î D - ¥, -1.3@Ü D 3.8, ¥@

x Î D - ¥, -1.3@ æ D 3.8, ¥@ æ D 0.5, 2@

HiiiL log4 Ix 2 - 2 x + 1M = 1

Solution

4log4Ix
2
-2 x+1M
= 41 ” x 2 - 2 x + 1 = 4” x 2 - 2 x - 3 = 0” x = 3 and x = -1

HivL ã2 x+3 - 5 = 0
Solution

ã2 x+3 = 5”lnIã2 x+3 M = ln5 ”2 x + 3 = ln5” x =

ln5 - 3
.
2

(3) Find the equation of straight line passing through the points (-1,2) and (2,3)
Solution
The equation of straight line is

y - y1 y2 - y1 y -2 3-2
= ” = ”3 y - 6 = x + 1
x - x1 x2 - x1 x+1 2+1
1 7
”y = x+
3 3

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(4) True (T) or False (F)?

(i) (C. 3 ) is an irrational number for any real number C
(ii) (C. 3 ) is an irrational number for any rational number C
(iii) (C. 3 ) is an irrational number for any rational number C¹0
(iv) if a £ b, then a - 5 £ b - 5.
(v) if ¤ a¤ =¤ b¤, then a = b.
(vi) if ¤ a¤ = a, then a ³ 0.
(vii) if ¤ a¤ £¤ b¤, then a £ b.
Solution
(i) F if C = 3 , then C. 3 = 3 3 = 3 which is rational.
(ii) F if C = 0, then C. 3 = 0. 3 = 0 which is rational.
(iii) T
(iv) T
(v) F if ¤ a¤ =¤ b¤, then a = ±b.
(vi) T
(vii) F ¤ 2¤ £ ¤ - 5¤ while - 5 £ 2

(5) Without sketching Find the domain of the following functions.

HiL f HxL = lnHx + 2L +

1

2x-1
Solution

Domain of ln Hx + 2L is x + 2 > 0 ” x > -2 ” x Î D - 2, ¥@

”x ÎF
1 1 1
Domain of is 2 x - 1 > 0 ” x > , ¥@
2x-1 2 2

Domain of f HxL is D - 2, ¥@ è D
1 1
, ¥@ ” Df =D , ¥@.
2 2

HiiL f HxL = HAlso find the rangeL

1
1 - SinH2 xL
Solution

Df = 8x, 1 - SinH2 xL ¹ 0< = 8x, SinH2 xL ¹ 1<

Df = :x, 2 x ¹ + 2 n p, n Î Z> = :x, x ¹

p p
+ n p, n Î Z>
2 4
Rf : - 1 £ SinH2 xL < 1”1 ³ -SinH2 xL > -1”2 ³ 1 - SinH2 xL > 0

< ¥”Rf = B .¥@

1 1 1
Rf : ” £
2 1 - SinH2 xL 2

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HiiiL f HxL = 6 -¤ x + 1¤ HAlso find the rangeL

Solution

Df = 8x, 6 -¤ x + 1¤ ³ 0< = 8x, ¤ x + 1¤ £ 6<

Df = 8x, -6 £ x + 1 £ 6< = 8x, -7 £ x £ 5< = @-7, 5D

Rf = B0, 6F

(6) Sketch the graphs of the following functions, indicate the x- & y- intercepts.
(i) f HxL =-ã-x+1 + 4

f HxL = ãx f HxL = ã-x f HxL = ã-x+1

Reflection on y - axis Shift right by 1
4 4
4
2 2
2

-2 -1 1 2 -2 -1 1 2 -1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

-2
-2 -2
-4
-4 -4

f HxL = -ã-x+1 f HxL = -ã-x+1 + 4 x -&y -

Reflection on x - axis Shift up by 4 intercepts
4 4

2 2

Put x = 0”y > 1.3

-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 -1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
-2 -2 Put y = 0” x > -0.4
-4 -4

(ii) f HxL = lnHx + 2L - 3

f HxL = ln HxL f HxL = ln Hx + 2L f HxL = ln Hx + 2L - 3 x -&y -

Shift lefy by 2 Shift down by 3 intercepts
6
2
2 4
1 1 2
Put x = 0
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 5 10 15 20
-1 -1 -2 ”y > -2.3
-2 -2 -4 Put y = 0
-6
” x > 18.1

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(iii) f HxL =
-1
Ix+2M
+3

f HxL = f HxL = f HxL = f HxL =

1 1 -1
x x+2 x+2
Shift left by 2 Reflection on x - axis
10 10
2

1 5 5

-4 -2 2 4 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2
-1 -5 -5
-2
-10 -10

f HxL =
-1
Ix+2M
+3 x -&y -
intercepts
Shift up by 3

Put x = 0
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6
”y = 2.5
-5 Put y = 0
-5
”x =
3

(iv) f HxL = CosI2 x + M + 1

p
2

f HxL = CosHxL f HxL = CosH2 xL ƒ

P=2p 2p
P= =p
2

1.0 1.0

0.5 0.5

ƒ
p p 3p p p p p 3p 3p
-2 p - p 2p 4p - - p 2p
2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2
-0.5 -0.5

-1.0
-1.0

f HxL = Cos I2 x + M f HxL = Cos I2 x + M + 1

p p
x -&y -
2 2
p intercepts
Shift left by , P=p Shift up by 1, P = p
4
2.5
1.0
2.0
0.5 1.5

1.0 Put x = 0
3p p p p p 3p 5p 3p
- - - p 2p Þy =1
4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 0.5
-0.5 Put y = 0
p
-
3p
-
p p 3p 5p
2p Þ x = + n p,
-1.0 4 4 4 4 4 4
-0.5
nÎZ

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(v). f HxL =CoshH-x - 2L + 4

f HxL = CoshHxL f HxL = CoshH-xL f HxL = CoshH-x - 2L
3 3 3

2 2 2

1 1 1

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 -4 -2 2
-1 -1 -1
-2 -2 -2
-3 -3 -3

CoshH-x - 2L + 4 x -&y - Note that :

intercepts
10

Put x = 0 CoshHxL = CoshH-xL

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2
-5
”y > 7.8
No x - intercept Since CoshHxL is an
-10
even function.

(vi) f HxL =¤ 2 x - 1¤ + 3

f HxL =¤ 2 x¤ f HxL =¤ 2 x - 1¤ f HxL = ¤ 2 x - 1¤ + 3 x -&y -

1 Shift up by 3 intercepts
Shift right by
2
6
3 3
4
2 2
1 2
1
Put x = 0
-2 -1 1 2 -2 -1 1 2 -3 -2 -1 1 2
-1 -1
-2
-2 ”y = 4
-2
-4
-3 -3 No x - intercept
-6

(7) Find the inverse of the 1-1 function f HxL =

2 x-1
3 x+1

Solution 1. f HxL is 1 - 1 function HGivenL

” f -1 HxL =
2x-1 1+y 1+x
2. y = ”3 x y + y = 2 x - 1” x =
3x+1 2-3y 2-3x

3. Check if f If -1 HxLM = x and f -1 Hf HxLL = x ?

2 f -1 HxL - 1
1+x
2 -1
f If HxLM =
-1 2-3 x 2+2x-2+3x 5x
= = = =x
3 f -1 HxL + 1 3
1+x
+1 3+3x+2-3x 5
2-3 x

Similarly f -1 Hf HxLL = x.

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(8) Without using calculator, evaluate:

HiL SinBCos-1 F
-1 -2
+ CSC-1
2 3
Solution 1 :

-1 1 p 2p
Cos-1 = p - Cos-1 =p- =
2 2 3 3

-2 - 3 3 -p
CSC-1 = Sin-1 = -Sin-1 =
3 2 2 3

F = SinB F = Sin
-1 -2 2p p p 3
SinBCos-1 + CSC-1 - =
2 3 3 3 3 2

Solution 2 : "Using right triangle and ASTC rule"

, a Î @0, pD and Cosa is - ve”a in the 2nd quadrant

-1 -1
Let a = Cos-1 ” Cosa =
2 2

-2 - 3 - 3
Let b = CSC-1 = Sin-1 ” Sin b = ,
3 2 2

bÎB , F and Sin b is - ve” b in the 4th quadrant

-p p
2 2
1
b

3 2
- 3
2

a
-1

F = Sin@a + bD
-1 -2
SinBCos-1 + CSC-1
2 3

3 1 -1 - 3 3
= Sina Cosb + Cosa Sin b = + =
2 2 2 2 2

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HiiL Cos-1 Cos

5p
3

Ï @0, pD” use refrence angle

5p
Solution Since
3
5p p -p
”Cos = Cos 2 p - = Cos "Cos is +ve in the 4th quad."
3 3 3
5p -p p 1
”Cos = Cos = Cos =
3 3 3 2
5p p p
”Cos-1 Cos = Cos-1 Cos = .
3 3 3

-3
(9) Given that tanhHxL = . Without using calculator, find CoshHxL and SinhHxL
4
Solution

-3 SinhHxL -3 Sinh2 HxL 9

tanhHxL = ” = ” =
4 CoshHxL 4 Cosh2 HxL 16

Now use the identity Cosh2 HxL - Sinh2 HxL = 1 "proof in lec. 6"

Cosh2 HxL - 1
”7 Cosh2 HxL = 16”CoshHxL = ±
9 4
” =
Cosh2 HxL 16 7

Since CoshHxL is + ve for any x ”Cosh HxL =

4

”Sinh2 HxL = Cosh2 HxL - 1” Sinh2 HxL =

9 3
” SinhHxL = ±
7 7

is -ve ”Sinh HxL = -

-3 3
Since tanhHxL =
4 7

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(10) Given that tanHxL = - 2 . Without using calculator, find CosHxL and SinHxL
Solution

tanHxL = - 2 ” tanHxL is - ve” x in the 2nd quadrant or x in the 4th quadrant

Case1 : x in the 2nd quadrant

”cos HxL = and sin HxL =

2 3 -1 2

3 3
x
-1

Case2 : x in the 4th quadrant

1
x

”cos HxL = and sin HxL =

1 - 2
- 2
3 3 3

(11) Given that SecHxL = - 3 . Without using calculator, find all other trignometric
functions
Solution "Check solution of WSH 3"

(12) Prove the following identities:

HiL Cos-1 HxL =
p
- Sin-1 x
2
Proof

Let y = Cos-1 HxL” x = CosHyL = Sin

p
-y
2

- y = Sin-1 HxL”y = - Sin-1 HxL”Cos-1 HxL = - Sin-1 HxL

p p p
2 2 2
HiiL Similarly you can prove the following "See lecure 5, 6"

1. Cos-1 H-xL = p - Cos-1 HxL

2. Sin-1 H-xL = -Sin-1 HxL

3. tan-1 H-xL = -tan-1 HxL

4. Sec-1 HxL = Cos-1

1
x

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5. CSC-1 HxL = Sin-1

1
x

6. Cot-1 HxL = tan-1

1
x

7. Sech-1 HxL = Cosh-1

1
x

8. CSCh-1 HxL = Sinh-1

1
x

(13) Prove that

HiL Sinh-1 x = ln x + x2 + 1

Proof

ãy - ã-y
Let y = Sinh-1 x ” x = SinhHyL” x =
2
”ãy - ã-y - 2 x = 0”ã2 y - 2 xãy - 1 = 0”

2x± 4 x2 + 4
”ã2 y - 2 xãx - 1 = 0”ãy = ”
2

ãy = x - x 2 + 1 rejected, Since ãy is + ve while x - x 2 + 1 is - ve

Or ãy = x + x 2 + 1 ”y = ln x + x 2 + 1 ”Sinh-1 x = ln x + x2 + 1

ø Similarly you can prove the following :

HiiL Cosh-1 x = ln x + x 2 - 1 "See worksheet 3"

HiiiL tanh-1 x =
1 1+x
ln "See worksheet 3"
2 1-x

HivL coth-1 x =
1 x+1
ln "The same idea. Do it by yourself"
2 x-1

1 + x2
HvL csch-1 x = ln
1+
"The same idea. Do it by yourself"
x

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Chapter 2. Limit and Continuity of Functions

(14) Find the following limits, if exist:

H1+¤ x¤ L H1+CosHxLL
(i) lim
x®0 1+x 2
Solution
H1 +¤ x¤ L H1 + CosHxLL H1 +¤ 0¤L H1 + CosH0LL
= 2 H Use Direct SubstitutionL
2
lim = =
x®0
1+0 1
1 + x2

(ii) lim 1+x

x®-2

Solution

lim 1 + x is UNDEFINED. since f HxL = 1 + x has a domain Df = @-1, ¥@.

x®-2

(iii) lim x-1 +2 1+x

x®1-

Solution

lim x-1 +2 1+x = 0 +2 2 =2 2 H Use Direct SubstitutionL

x®1-

x 2 +2 x-3
(iv) lim
x®-3 x+3

Solution
x2 + 2 x - 3 0
lim = "Undetermined"”Use Factorization,
x®-3 x+3 0

x2 + 2 x - 3 Hx + 3L Hx - 1L
lim = lim = lim Hx - 1L = -4
x®-3 x+3 x®-3 x+3 x®-3

x3
(v) lim 4
x®0 x+x 3

Solution
5
x3 0
lim 4
= "Undetermined"”Use Factorization,
x®0
x + x3 0
5 2 2
x3 x. x 3 x3 0
lim = lim = lim = =0
xK1 + x O K1 + x O
4 1 1
x®0
x+x 3
x®0
3
x®0
3
1

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x 3 -2
(vi) lim
x®8 x-8
Solution
1
x3 -2 0
lim = "Undetermined"
x®8 x-8 0
1 1 1
x3 -2 x 3 - 83 1 1
-1
1
lim = lim = .8 3 =
x®8 x-8 x®8 x 1 - 81 3 12

x
(vii) lim
x®0 x+3 - 3
Solution
x 0
lim = "Undetermined"” Use conjugate,
x®0
x+3 - 3 0

x x+3 + 3 xJ x + 3 + 3N

Hx + 3 - 3L
lim . = lim = lim x+3 + 3 =2 3
x®0 x®0 x®0
x+3 - 3 x+3 + 3

tanH3 xL
(viii) lim
x®0 x

Solution
tanH3 xL tanHxL
lim =3 using lim =1
x®0 x x®0 x

(ix) lim @lnHtan2xL - lnH3 xLD

x®0+

Solution
lim @lnHtan2xL - lnH3 xLD = -¥ + ¥ "Undetermined"
x®0+

Htan2xL Htan2xL
lim @lnHtan2xL - lnH3 xLD = lim Bln F = ln B lim F = ln
2
x®0 +
x®0 +
H3 xL x®0 +
H3 xL 3

(x) lim x cscH3 xL

x®0

Solution
x 0 SinHxL
lim x cscH3 xL = lim = , "Undetermined"”Use lim =1
x®0 x®0 SinH3 xL 0 x®0 x
x 1
lim =
x®0 SinH3 xL 3

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x Sin HxL
2
(xi) lim
x®0 CosHxL-1

Solution
x Sin2 HxL
, "Undetermined"” multiply up and down by HCosHxL + 1L,
0
lim =
x®0 CosHxL - 1 0

x Sin2 HxL CosHxL + 1 x Sin2 HxL HCosHxL + 1L

lim . = lim =
x®0 CosHxL - 1 CosHxL + 1 x®0 Cos2 HxL - 1
x Sin2 HxL HCosHxL + 1L
lim = lim - x HCosHxL + 1L = 0
x®0 -Sin2 HxL x®0

¤ x-2
(xii) lim
x®2 x-2

Solution
¤x-2 0
lim = , "Undetermined"
x®2 x-2 0
Since the study point x = 2 is the same as the symmetric point of x - 2 ,

then get rid of the absolute :

x-2 -Hx - 2L x-2 -Hx - 2L

lim =1 and lim = -1 ” lim ¹ lim
x®2+ x-2 x®2- x-2 x®2+ x-2 x®2- x-2
¤x-2
” lim = DNE.
x®2 x-2

x 2 -1
(xiii) lim
x®-1 x+1

Solution
x2 - 1 0
lim = "Undetermined"”Use Factorization,
x®-1 x+1 0

x2 - 1 Hx + 1L Hx - 1L
lim = lim = lim Hx - 1L = -2
x®-1 x+1 x®-1 x+1 x®-1

x 2 +1
(xiv) lim
x®-1 x-1

Solution
x2 + 1
H Use Direct SubstitutionL
2
lim = = -1
x®-1 x-1 -2

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x 2 +1
(xv) lim
x®-1 x+1
x 2 +1 2
Solution lim = = ??
x®-1 x+1 0

x2 + 1
= lim Ix 2 + 1M lim
1
lim = 2.¥=¥
x®-1+ x+1 x®-1+ x®-1+ x+1

x2 + 1
= lim Ix 2 + 1M lim = 2 . H-¥L = -¥
1
lim
- - -
x®-1 x+1 x®-1 x®-1 x+1

x2 + 1 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
Since lim ¹ lim then, lim = DNE.
x®-1+ x+1 x®-1- x+1 x®-1 x+1
-x
(xvi) lim 2
x®1 x -1
-x -1
Solution lim 2
= = ??
x®1 x -1 0

-x -x 1 -1
lim = lim lim = . ¥ = -¥
x®1+ x2 - 1 x®1+ x+1 x®1+ x-1 2

. H-¥L = ¥
-x -x 1 -1
lim = lim lim =
x®1- x2 - 1 x®1- x+1 x®1- x-1 2
x x x
Since lim ¹ lim then, lim = DNE.
x®1+ x2 - 1 x®1- x2 - 1 x®1 x2 - 1
x
(xvii) lim
x®1 Hx+3L Ix -2 x+1M
2

x 1
Solution lim = = ??
x®1 Ix+3M Ix -2 x+1M
2 0

x x
lim = lim
x®1 Hx + 3L Ix 2 - 2 x + 1M x®1 Hx + 3L Hx - 1L2

x x 1 1
lim = lim lim = .¥=¥
x®1+ Hx + 3L Hx - 1L2 x®1+ x+3 x®1+ Hx - 1L2 4
x x 1 1
lim = lim lim = .¥=¥
x®1- Hx + 3L Hx - 1L2 x®1- x+3 x®1- Hx - 1L2 4
x x
Since lim = lim = ¥ then,
x®1+ Hx + 3L Hx - 1L2 x®1- Hx + 3L Hx - 1L2
x
lim =¥
x®1 Hx + 3L Ix 2 - 2 x + 1M

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(xviii) lim J - N
1 1
x®0 x x 2 +x

Solution

I In both cases when x ® 0+ or x ® 0- , Try it!!!M

1 1
lim - =¥-¥
x®0 x 2
x +x
1 1 x+1-1 1
Hx + 1L
lim - = lim = lim =1
x®0 x x2 + x x®0 xHx + 1L x®0

(xix) lim 1 + x2 - 3
x®¥

Solution

lim 1 + x2 - 3 = ¥ - 3 = ¥
x®¥

1+9 x 2
(xx) lim
x®¥ 1+3 x

Solution

1 + 9 x2 ¥
lim = "Undetermined"”Divid up and down by x 2 = x = x,
x®¥ 1+3x ¥

1
2 +9
1+9x x2 9
lim = lim = =1
x®¥ 1+3x x®¥ 1 3
+3
x

(xxi) lim 1 + x2 - 2 x
x®¥

Solution

lim 1 + x2 - 2 x = ¥ - ¥ "Undetermined"”Use Conjugate,

x®¥

1 + x2 + 2 x 1 + x2 - 4 x2 1 - 3 x2 ¥
lim 1 + x 2 - 2 x. = lim = lim =
x®¥ x®¥ x®¥ ¥
1 + x2 + 2 x 1 + x2 + 2 x 1 + x2 + 2 x
1
1 - 3 x2 -3x 0-¥
x
Divide up and down by x, lim = = = -¥
x®¥
1+x 2
+2x 1 0+1 +2
+1 +2
x2

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ã3 x +3
(xxii) lim 3x
x®¥ ã +2
Solution 1
ã3 x + 3 ¥
lim = "Undetermined"”Divid up and down by ã3 x ,
x®¥ 3x ¥
ã +2
3
ã3 x + 3 1+ 1+0
ã3 x
lim = lim = =1
x®¥ ã3 x + 2 x®¥
1+
2 1+0
ã3 x

Solution 2
ã3 x + 3 Iã3 x + 2M + 1
= lim B1 + F=1+
1 1
lim = lim =1
x®¥ ã3 x + 2 x®¥ Iã3 x + 2M x®¥ Iã3 x + 2M ¥

ãx - ã-x
(xxiii) lim tanhHxL = lim x -x
x®-¥ x®-¥ ã + ã
Solution
ãx - ã-x
I"Undetermined"”Divid up and down by ã-x M
¥
lim =
x®-¥ x -x
ã +ã ¥

ã2 x - 1 0-1
= lim = = -1
x®-¥ ã2 x + 1 0+1
Why did not we Divid up and down by ãx ?

3 x 2 +x
(xxiv) lim
x®-¥ x

Solution

3 x2 + x ¥
lim = "Undetermined"
x®-¥ x -¥

”Divid up and down by x 2 = x = -x

1
2 3+
3x +x x
lim = lim =- 3
x®-¥ x x®-¥ -1

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1
(xxv) lim x 1+
x®0 x2

Solution

1
lim x 1+ =0.¥ "Undetermined"
x®0 x2

1 x2 + 1 x x
x 2 + 1 = lim
¤x ¤x
lim x 1+ = lim x = lim
x®0 x2 x®0 x2 x®0 x®0

x
lim =1
x x®0+ x

¤x
” lim = x
x®0- H-xL
x®0 lim = -1

1
Then lim x 1+ = DNE.
x®0 x2

(xxvi) lim x J1 + N
1
x®0 x

Solution
lim x J1 + N = 0 . ¥
1
"Undetermined"
1 x®0 + x
lim x 1 +
lim x J1 + N = 0 . H-¥L "Undetermined"
= 1
x®0 x
x®0- x

= lim Hx + 1L = 1.
1
lim x 1 +
x®0 x x®0

(15) Use Sandwich theorem to find the following limits, if exist:

N
1
(i) lim x 4 tanhJ
x®0 x3

N < 1 ” -x 4 < x 4 tanhJ N < x4

1 1
Solution -1 < tanhJ
x3 x3

Since lim -x 4 = lim x 4 = 0.

x®0 x®0

1
Then use Sandwich theorem to get, lim x 4 tanh =0
x®0 x3

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Ix-1M Cos
HiiL lim
3
x 2 -1

x®1+ x-1¤

Solution

-1 £ Cos x2 - 1 £ 1

Multiply byHx - 1L3 Hwhich is positiveL ” -Hx - 1L3 £ Hx - 1L3 Cos x 2 - 1 £ Hx - 1L3

Hx - 1L3 Cos
Hx - 1L3
x2 - 1
-Hx - 1L3
Divide by x - 1¤ Hwhich is positiveL ” £ £
x - 1¤ x - 1¤ x - 1¤

-Hx - 1L3 -Hx - 1L3

Since lim = lim = -Hx - 1L2 = 0 and
x®1+ x - 1¤ x®1+ x-1

Hx - 1L3 Hx - 1L3
lim = lim = Hx - 1L2 = 0, then use Sandwich theorem to get,
x®1+ x - 1¤ x®1+ x-1

Hx - 1L3 Cos x2 - 1
lim =0
x®1+ x - 1¤

x 2 - Sin 1+x 2
(iii) lim
x®¥ 1+x 2
Solution

-1 £ Sin 1 + x2 £ 1 ” -1 £ -Sin 1 + x2 £1

” x 2 - 1 £ x 2 - Sin 1 + x2 £ x 2 + 1 Divide by 1 + x 2 Hwhich is positiveL to obtain,

Ix 2 - 1M x 2 - Sin 1 + x2
£ £1
1 + x2 1 + x2

Ix 2 - 1M J1 - N
1
x2
Since lim = lim = 1 and lim 1 = 1
x®¥ 1 + x2 x®¥ 1
2
+1 x®¥
x

x 2 - Sin 1 + x2
” Use Sandwich theorem to get, lim =1
x®¥ 1 + x2

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3
tan-1 x2
HivL lim
x®¥ x Ix 3 +2M

H-p• 2L < tan-1 < Hp• 2L x Ix 3 + 2M Hwhich is positiveL to obtain,

3

Solution x2 ” Divide by

H-p• 2L Hp• 2L
3

tan-1 x2
< <
x Ix 3 + 2M x Ix 3 + 2M x Ix 3 + 2M

H-p• 2L Hp• 2L
Since lim = lim = 0.
x®¥
x Ix 3 + 2M x®¥
x Ix 3 + 2M

tan-1 x2
Then use Sandwich theorem to get, lim =0
x®¥
x Ix 3 + 2M

HvL lim
SinHxL + CosHxL
x®¥ x

Solution -1 £ SinHxL £ 1 and -1 £ CosHxL£ 1 then,

- 2 £ SinHxL + CosHxL £ 2 ” Divide by x Hx ® ¥, means that x is positiveL

- 2 SinHxL + CosHxL 2
£ £
x x x

- 2 2
Since lim = lim = 0.
x®¥ x x®¥ x
SinHxL + CosHxL
Then use Sandwich theorem to get, lim =0
x®¥ x

HviL Given that, 3 x + 1 £ f HxL £ x 2 + 3 , find lim f HxL

x®1

Solution lim H3 x + 1L = 4 = lim Ix 2 + 3M.

x®1 x®1

Then use Sandwich theorem to get, lim f HxL = 4

x®1

HviiL Given that, ¤ f HxL + 3 x¤ £¤ 5 Hx - 2L , find lim f HxL

x®2

Solution ¤ f(x) + 3x ¤ £ ¤ 5(x-2) ” -5 Hx - 2L £ f HxL + 3 x £ 5 Hx - 2L

-5 Hx - 2L -3 x £ f HxL £ 5 Hx - 2L -3 x
apply the limit for all sides when x ® 2.
Then use Sandwich theorem to get, lim f HxL = -6
x®2

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-

(16) Discuss the continuity of the following functions fo all values of x and
determine the type of discontinuity, if any:
x 2 -25
(i) f HxL =
x¹5
x-5
5 x=5
Solution
x 2 - 25
1. On D - ¥, 5@ æ D 5, ¥B, f HxL = is continuous
x-5
2. At x = 5

HiL f H5L = 5” f H5L defined.

x 2 - 25 Hx - 5L Hx + 5L
HiiL lim f HxL = lim = lim = lim Hx + 5L = 10.
x®5 x®5 x-5 x®5 x-5 x®5

HiiiL lim f HxL ¹ f H5L

x®5

”f HxL is not continuous at x = 5 and it is removable discontiuity.

From 1 and 2, f HxL is continuous on R - 85<.

x2 -¥ < x £ -1

HiiL f HxL =
1
-1 < x < 0
x
2x+1 0<x<1
3x 1£x<¥

Solution
1. On D - ¥, -1@, f HxL = x 2 is continuous

2. On D - 1, 0@, f HxL =
1
is continuous
x
3. On D 0, 1@ , f HxL = 2 x + 1 is continuous
4. On D 1, ¥@, f HxL = 3 x is continuous
5 . At x = -1

HiL f H-1L = 1” f H-1L defined.

lim x 2 = 1
HiiL lim f HxL = ” lim f HxL = DNE
x®-1-
1
x®-1 lim = -1 x®-1
x®-1+ x

”f HxL is not continuous at x = -1 and it is jump discontinuity

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-

6 . At x = 0

HiL f H0L is not defined.

1
lim = -¥
HiiL lim f HxL = ” lim f HxL = DNE
x®0 x -

x®0 lim 2 x + 1 = 1 x®0

+
x®0

”f HxL is not continuous at x = 0 and it is infinite discontinuity

7 . At x = 1

HiL f H1L = 3” f H1L defined.

lim 2 x + 1 = 3
HiiL lim f HxL = ” lim f HxL = 3
x®1-

x®1 lim 3 x = 3 x®3

+
x®1

HiiiL f H1L = lim f HxL = 3.

x®1

”f HxL is continuous at x = 1.
From H1L - H7L ”f HxL is continuous on R - 8-1, 0<

(17) For what value of the constant C is the function f(x) continuous?
x 2 -1
f HxL =
x < -1
x+1

c x 2 - 1 x ³ -1

Solution 1. On D - ¥, -1@, f HxL =

x 2 -1
is continuous
x+1

2. On D - 1, ¥@, f HxL = c x 2 - 1 is continuous

3. At x = -1

HiL f H-1L = c - 1.
x 2 -1
lim = -2
HiiL lim f HxL =
x®-1 x+1 -

x®-1 lim c x 2 - 1 = c - 1
x®-1+

HiiiL f HxL is contiuous at x = -1 if

f H-1L = lim f HxL = lim f HxL” c - 1 = -2”c = -1.
x®-1- x®-1+

21
-

(18) Show that the equation ãx - Cos Hp x + pL = 0 has at least one solution (root) between
-p p
and .
4 4

Solution To do so, we need to use the Intermediate Value Theorem

Let f HxL = ãx - CosHp x + pL

1. f HxL is continuous on B , F , as the difference between 2 continuous functions

-p p
4 4
-p p
2. f > -0.325 < 0 "-ve" and f > 1.412 > 0 "+ve"
4 4

and such that f HcL = 0

-p p
” there exist "c" between
4 4

” there exist a solution for f HxL = 0 between

-p p
and .
4 4

Chapter 3. Differentiation

(19) Use the definition to find derivative of following functions:

(1)f HxL = x-1
(2)f HxL = lnHxL
(3)f HxL = ãx
(4)f HxL = x¤
(5)f HxL = CosHxL
(6)f HxL = SinhHxL
Solution
(1)f HxL = x-1
f Hx + hL - f HxL
f ' HxL = lim
h®0 h

f ' HxL = lim

x +h-1 - x-1 0
= , use conjugate
h®0 h 0
Hx + h - 1L - Hx - 1L
f ' HxL = lim
1
= lim
h®0
hJ x + h - 1 + x-1 N h®0
J x +h-1 + x-1 N

”f ' HxL =
1

2 x-1

For (2), (3), (4), (5) and, (6) See lectures 9, 10, 11.

22
-

(20) Given f HxL =

3x x£2
,
2x+2 x>2

(i) Is f(x) continuous at x=2?

(ii) Use definition of differentiation to show that this function is not diffreentiable at x=2.
Solution
(i) f(x) is continuous at x=2 (Try it!)
f HxL - f HaL
HiiL Here we will use that f ' HaL = lim
x®a x-a

f HxL - f H2L
3 x-6
lim =3
f H2L = lim
' x®2- x-2
= 2 x+2-6
x®2 x-2 lim =2
x®2+ x-2

”f ' H2L = DNE”f HxL is not Differentiable at x = 2.

(21) Find the derivative of the following functions:

(i) f HxL = x 2 + 2 x + 3.
(ii) f HxL = H3 x + 2L5 .
(iii) f HxL = 2x+1 .
(iv) f HxL =
1
.
x-2

(v) f HxL =
lnI2 x+1M 5x
+¤x 3 .
3 x 2 -1

(vi) f HxL = tanI3 x 2 - 1M + cschIlog3 Hx + 1L)

Solution
HiL f ' HxL = 2 x + 2

HiiL f ' HxL = 5 H3 x + 2L4 .3 = 15 H3 x + 4L4

HiiiL f ' HxL = H2 x + 1L 2 .2 =

1 -1 1
2 2x+1

HivL f ' HxL = Hx - 2L 2

-1 -3

I3 x 2 - 1M . - H6 xL lnH2 x + 1L
2
I2 x+1M
HvL f HxL = + ¤ x¤ 3
' 5x
5 x 5x

¤ x¤
. . ln3 + .3
I3 x 2 - 1M
2
2 5x

(vi) f ' HxL = H6 xL sec2 I3 x 2 - 1M - cschIlog3 Hx + 1LM cothIlog3 Hx + 1LM.

1 1
.
x+1 lnI3M

23
-

(22) Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y = 2 x 2 + 1 at the point H2, 9L.
Solution
Slop of the tangent line = y ' at H2, 9L

m = 4 x¤x=2 = 8
y - y1 y -9
=m ” =8
x - x1 x-2
y =8x-7

24