MXupu IM@EPEHOMAIBHAS TOMONOTHA ‘Kuura mpmmayiexet nepy m3RecTHoro aMepHKaHcKoro Tonosora # mpeycTaRaaeT co6oi yue6noe noco6He no sMdepenmManbnoi TonororHM, BKMOAIOMTee PasHooGpasubie cReeHHs W3 anANHGa mM amreOpanveckoli TonoxorMH. Har0xKeHHe MocrpoeHo Tax, 470 HeOGXoAMMBIK sanac MpenpapuTenbuBIX sHaHMi cReneH K MunMMyMy. Munoro BHMMaHMa —ysleeHO ~—MeToRMHeCKoH © cTOpone —_jesla: MOTMBHpORAHHOCTH onperencHui m reoMeTpHaecKoi HaraaqHOcTH dopMymMpoROK aBTop MpHjaer He MeHBIlIee 3HaXieHHe, HeM roTHOTe NOKAxATeNKCTB. Kura 6yser nosesia MareMarHkam Boex cheitManbHocTell, a TaKKe cTyTenTaM ¢puanxo-maremaruuecknx haxyawTeToR yHURepCHTeTOR Ht TIeAMHCTHTYTOR, Conepxanne TIpeavcaosne 5 Baejenne 7 Taapa 1. Muoroo6pasns « oroSpaxcimst 14 0. TloamniorooGpasua npocrpasicrsa Rak 16 1. Tadibepemmansiste etpyxtypst 20 2. Paankue oroGpaxexus 1 MHorooGpasis KacaTemBHBIX BeKTOOR 25 3. Broxenns m norpyxenna 32 4, Mroroo6pasna c Kpaem 4B 5. Cornamenue 47 Tana 2. @ynxumonasnmae mpocrpancraa 48 1, Caa6as 1 cumsuas Tononorun B CT (M,N) 49 2. Annpoxcumanan 58 3. AnmpoxcHMani na 2 -MHorooGpasHax M napax MHorooGpasHit 1 4, Crpyn x cnoiicrao Bopa 80 5. Anamutieckne anmpoxcumaryi 89 Taana 3. Tpancnepcasuocrs 92 1. Teopema Mopea—Capaa 93 2. TpanenepcamsiocTs 101 Taapa 4, Bexropuste pacc:tocnms a rpyGuarste oxpecrnocra 1s 1. Bextoprsie paccnoenua 117 2. Koucrpyxiuan kareropun nextopHeix paccstoeHiit 124 3. Knacendnxans nexropisix paccoenmit 133, 4, Opwenruponannte nexToprte paccoeHHa 138 5. TpyGuarsie oxpectuocrit 146 6. Boporinkn # tpyGuarste oxpectHocrH mpanHTbHBIx TlomMHorooSpasHit 152 7. Auamutusecke audypepeHnuansiste CrpykTypBt 158 Tarawa 5. Crenenu, mijexest nepecetenmst m 3iistepona xapaxrepucTHxa 160 1. Crenenn oro6paxennii 161 2. Mnmexcet nepecesenua u iitepona xapaktepucTHKa 175 3. Hictopueckne samesannst 186 Tana 6. Teopust Mopca 1881. @ysnun Mopea 2. Jiudybepermmansinte ypanricna H perynspHbte MOBepXHOCTH YpOBHA 3, TIpoxoxslenme KpHTHTeCKOTO YPOBHA H MpHCOEMHHEHHE KTCTOK 4, Kaerounie mpoerpanerna Tapa 7. KoGopansmet 1. KoGopauame # Tparicnepcamsuocts 2. Fomomopipuam Toma Taana 8. Hotomast 1. Vaoromms 2, Cknenpanue mioroo6pasnii 3. Wsoronun 7ucKoB Taana 9, Honepxnocrn 1, Mogemm nionepxuocreit 2. Xapaxrepyaanus jucKa 3. Knaccnduxanus koMmaxtHbix nopepxsoctelt Tipunoxenne (Crcox autepatypst Crmcox oGosnasennit Tipeamernmrié yrasaresrs Tipeamernsiii ykasareas AGcomornstit oxpectnocrisiii perpaxt 25 Anmpoxeumanun 67—69, 77—80 —anreGparmiecxue 90 — ananuTuyeckue 89—90 — Gonee rnankHmn oroGpaxxernsnn 67 — BIOKeHHAMH 39 aundppeomoppuama 72 norpy enna 40 —ceuenns 76 Ataac 16, 20 ‘exTopHoro paccnoenus 117, 118 ——— oproronanpupiit 129 — Ha MHonkectBe 24 ‘opuenrupyroutat 139 Berra suena 211 Bumopduam 119 Bydepuas dyaxuns 58 Bopa nioasmHoxectso 89 — npocrpancrao 81 Bexropnoro pacesioenns Gasa 118 —— nyzenoe cesenme 118 mpoexnas 118 —— pasmeprocts 118 ——cyxene 118 —— roransioe mpocrpanerno 118 ——spuemamasanus 119 Bextopce moze sriosie wirrerpupyemoe 209 —— orpanwsernoit cxopocrs 204, 232 —pacesoenne 118 rpaccmanono 134 uaynuponasie 130 —— opuentuporannoe 139 oproronanbtioe 128 —— tpupuamsnoe 119 —— ynmmepcarpuoe 116, 134 Baoxenne 32 — nesaysrennoe 242 — mpasumsnioe 45 Bopornnx 152 Teccuan 190 Ta0Gammsanuonsas Teopema 73 Tpacemarta mnorooGpasne 23 Twaronass 38 Tludepeomopdusm 26 — o6pamaiomui opnerrranmio 142 — coxpanmommii opuerranmo 142 189 197 206 217 220 221 224 230 231 238 239 244 245 251 258 268 2m 275 278Tudbdpeoronus 231 Visomopdv3M Mexyy BeKTOpHBiMH paccnoenuamu 119 Wsoronns 149, 231 — Mexkay TpyOvaTbIMH OKpecTHOCTAMH 150 orpanitentol cxopocra 234 Vismepcus 32 Vintexe nexropuoro noma 177 — sanenmenna 174 — kragpatwanoii oper 191 nepeceyenus 175, 184 —ceyenna 177 Visrrerpanstias xpunas 197199 Werounmx crpyn 82 Kapa 16, 20 —zexropuoro pacesoenua 117 — ectecraenas (miorooSpasns KacaTembHEIX BeKTOpOR) 28 HopmatbHas (napsi) 23 — npneniocoGnenmas 25 Kacarenpusaii nexrop 27 Kaace oroGpaxenuii 101 Kaelina Gyrbunka 241 ‘Knerka 207 KoBopawam 221 — opwentuposannsiit 221 ‘ocamennstii 228 Koxacaresbnoe paccstoenne 189 ‘Koren nonepxnoctu 267 Kopasmepuocts 23 Koumen arzaca 118 Kpaii 44 Kpaenas touKa 43 Kpuraueckas TouKa 94 — — nessipoxsenias 190 Kpuruuecxoe snasenue 34 Tledmmena sexo 184 Ju rpynmss 9, 124 Suns toxa 197, 199 Toxamwsantis axcnoma 106 Tloxansnas xouesnocts 50 Tlokambnoe npencransenne oroGpaxenus 25 MéGuyca nenra 249 —sneno 265 Muoroo6pasne 7, 14, 20 —anreGpanseckoe 90 — Ges xpas 44 riaaKoe 20 KacarenbHbix Bexropos 19, 27 ——— enmumenerx 39 —xaacea Ct 20 oGpamaemoe 246 opuentuponanice 141 — napanemasyemoe 120 — penepos 132 —c yraamn 47 Muoectso stopoii kareropun 269 maccusoe 94 —mepsr ym 93, 94 —nurze ne notHoe 268 nepsoli xareropuu 269 Moromopdiam mexmy RexTopremn paccsmoenmsm 119 Mopea nema 192 —— o606mennas 196 nepanencraa 211 Capa Teopema 95 — bynnas 188, 190 nonycruwas 206 Mopibusm Mexkily BeKTOpHEIME paccstoenmam 115, 119 Haxpsrrue opwentupyiomee 141, 142 Hopmantbnioe paccnoenue 129 Hocurems waoromu 233 oynxunn 59 O6mee noroxerne 106 Openranus sexroproro mpocrpancrsa 138 —— pacenoerna 139 wmaynmponannas 138, 162 — mnoroo6pasns 141 — cranaprias npoctpancraa R" 161 OroGpaxxenne axtunojanbHoe 142, 162, 237 —raanKoe 25 —samxnyroe 56ummepcuntioe 32 — nerounmea 82 —renacea Ct 17, 25 — eaaccuunmpyiomee 135 ‘orxpsiroe 57 — co6ersentioe 53 — cy6mepcusuoe 32 ‘Tpatienepcatbtioe K sApyroMy oro6paxenmio 113 noaMHorooGpamio 34, 101 yersa 82 Tleraa o6pamaromas opuertarno 140 — coxpauisiomtas openraniio 140 Tlonepxnocrs moxemsnas 250 — pwaniona 8 pona p 41,247 — ——neopnenrupyemas 248 Torpyaxenne 32 ‘Gero nomoxenns 112 TlonmnrorooGpasne 23 —npasumpnoe 45 Tlonpacenoenme 124 — mapopoe 155 Tlonyopura 205 Tlonynpoerpanerao 43 Tlorox 198, 199 Tipocrpanicrao xerounioe 217 —— konetHoe 217 —— orHocutembHoe 219 Hopmasisnioe 259 — napakommaxritoe 269 — npoexruanioe nemectnentioe 22 xpaTepunonHioe 24 —— KommuekcHoe 23 — xayenopdono 269 Tipsmas sprmnnas 24 —c mayma nyaann 24 Tlyanxape runoresa 8 Pas6venne exMAHts! 59 Peryaspuoe savenne 23, 34 Poctox 73, 123 Pysxa 246 C6opxa 112 Creprxa 62 Casatias cymaa 248 Crasnocte 8, 244, 267 Ceuenne 76, 176 Cxsenpanne xnddbepernmmarsrnix crpyktyp 22 Muoroo6pasuii 238 Cxpemerntti xosmnax 249 Caeq w30Torun 231 Crenens oroGpaxennsa 163 Crpysrypa andepermmarrsnas 20 —— mazynmponannas 22 opwenruponannas 142 Crpys 82 Cy6mepens 32 Chepa 16 Teopema rao6anusanmonnas 73 — xaaccnpuxanuonnas 18 paccsioenuii 135 — 0 nakpsiparomed romotormn 122 mporiomxexu4 romorormai 122 —— —rtpy6uaroii oxpectnoerm 153 Tumoeste suicna bynxnimt Mopca 210 Toma mpocrpanerao 224 Tonosorus 8 byHKnMonatHoM mpoctpancrse cumsxas 49, 81 ————ea6as 49, 80 — nponsnegenus cubttas 88 Tosa k-xparnas 113 nenoqpinxnas 91, 98, 184 —nepuoguaeckas 185 Toutiaa nocnejonareabHocTs BeKTOpHBIX paccnoennit 125 —— —— pacmenamomases 126 Tpaexropus 197, 199 —rpaqwenruas 252 ‘Tpancrepcansuocra teopema 101 napamerpuseckas 108 Tpy6uaras oxpectiocts 146 ——samxnyras 155 —— nopmansnas 148 —— sactwnas 146 Yaqnoenne 46 ‘Yoxarne nopsrrns 59 Yura cysma 126‘Teopema 0 Bsloxenuu 12, 37 Yerse erpy 82 ‘axrop paccnoenne 126 peliienrana Teopema 237 ‘ynxrop kacaresbubtii 14, 120 ‘erpyktypusli 72 bynxunu nepexona 20, 118 Xonha wunapuaur 174 ‘oToGpaxxenne 174 —reopema 214 Ilrudens muorooGpasue 186 Siinepa sexo 161, 176 Oiimepona xapaxtepucrixa 177 ——romonornseckas 211 OkpuBATeHTHOCTS MeKY BeXTOpHBIMHL paccitoenuamu 119 OnumopdisM Mexsy BeKTopHBIMH paccoexusan 119 Sixpo onmMopiuama Mexyty RekTopibimn paccnocrmsann 125B srofi kiure uaaaraiorea Hexotopsie 43 ocHoBHsix TonomorHte- exis wef, Henonbayewix npH uayeHKH raaxkwx Neoroobpasnit 1H oro6paxenuit. TIpetsaptrensusie rpeSonatiia cpexenit K MINH MYM: AocraToUny!o MOATOTOBKY OGecneNMBaIoT cranlapTitNe KypCHt ataauza 1 outelt ononorut. Kparki 0630p sroro marepuana co- Repyares 8 mpHTOKeHHE. Yro6si nomtepKHyTs reoverpHYeckHe i HuTYHTHBHNe acneKTsL Audibepenmuansnof TonozorHu, # crapatea HaGeraT npuMeneHa ‘AareOpanveckofi TONOAOTHH; HeCKONBKO OTMeAbHBX MecT, Pe 9TO Mile He Yaatocs, vHTaTeX Bronte womeT nponycturp. Tlo Tem 2Ke TpHsHHaM 9 He HeTOMss0naT AMdybepemttatbHEX GopM H TeHSOpOD Ha wofi sara, nponsunyram adreGpaneckan TexHMKa, cKaKeN Teopia roMonorii, nenaerea Gontee sichiof, ecaMt cilavasa’ nonsTS, Kak HS TeoMerpHYecKOTO HAH AHAANTHYECKOTO CHIPHA HBBLTEKAIOTCS uHeroDKe HMMBApHaHTH, moTOGHe TeN, KOTOPHIe H3y"aIOTeR B STO! Kuure: crenews oroGpaxenua, weno Sfinepa sextopHoro paccaoentis, oR, mMovepxsocrs, “oSopsteckm xace atoroogpasha 1. locale sHaKOMeTBa ¢ NOLOOHBIMH NpHMepaANH SHeAperIHe B TONOAOT HO Towororwii uw TooTOM AOTKHO NOKAZaTbCA BMOTHe ecrecrBeHEN. B xuure mvetores cornu ynpaxieunil, Kak coscem npocrax, Tax 4 Gonee eaO%HEIX, ANLTOTD AO HepemenitHix npodaem. Ox coxepaKaT MpHMepsk H AOMOANEHUA K OCHOBHOMY MaTepHAsy H AMID B ONCHD BEMHOTHX CAY¥aRX HeMOMsyIOTCA B AOKASATeABCTBAX TeopeM.Tlocesuaemea nansmit Tenpu Yaimxeda:Bregenne can npodtewa wenwetiia no caoeny apautepy, scam 2 teh yuncayer Gone Seu ont chereuanoopatiar Hak Gonee SleMt Oxo Repewonnoe fam ecai ona. ae earn esonamnman pmo onpetene. Sol erpyerypuy ro. power sro np ‘eau oun speSyer pune Ton Zora nau seapiserpytn.. Koscensecna Siania,, Kak npaauzo, npiseuneren mpi Dear onodax 4podnew Kak cpencroo Hpaxaapurensiore axantioro. u3yachtn, focrexyiouan ike “rrodamnaaton npors: Dope © Howottso TONAOCHH HAM TOP py, M. Mope, Bapuawonioe cunenenne weno, 1934 Boawoxsiocts enonbaonaiin Hippo pemnansioh Mogens — nor, M2 MO Boraag, noczeanee onpasaane _npmene- dm xoauvecrocnmtax Nogetell B “Hayxax PL Tom, Crpyxrypnax__ycrofunnocts 1 nopporenes, 1972 Bo muorHx pasaenax MareNaTukH mpHxogures crankHisaTees © npocrpanersanm, KoTOpHe TOKATbHO NoryT OwTs onHcaHt 1a60- anit HB n BeulecroeHUBIX uHceT. TaKHe OOMEKTE laKIBAIOTCR MHO- TooGpasnaun: stHoz00Gpasue ecm monoadewreckoe npocmparcmso, Komopoe nokateHo comeoxopipHo eskaudosy n-npocmpancmey R". Moxtio mpeacranaats cee wHorooGpase Kak cocTanneiioe 13 KycKoa mpocrpaetsa R", ckneeeusx apyr ¢ xpyrom nocpeterBoM Toueomopuswos. Een 3ra roMeomoppiamm BhOpanst maaKnMn, Mit Moaydaen 2aadkoe stoaoo6pasue. Sta KHNTA MocBauIeNA PTABIENM OGpasom TeanKuM MHOTOOSpasHAM. Passurue audbepenumatsiol Tonosorn Tlousrite muorooGpasia noaBiitocs He cpasy: oo nocreneHHo BHIXOAHTO 19 TOMeTPHH H TeOpHH dyAKUNA NeBATHAMLETOTO cToAe- ‘ux. Dndepentnaminite reomerpi iecnegopartit KpuBbie H MoBePX- HOcTH 8 , WTO KON naKTusie OpHeHTpyeMBe NOBEPXKOCTH TonOTOTHNecKH KAACCHpUILH- pyioren cBoelt cpxstocrsto, YauBuTeRbHO, TO HUKTO B AeBATHARua- TOM BeKe He BHZEN HEOOXOAUMOCTH AOKASHDATb TOHKY!O H TPYAHYIO Teopemy, 4TO CBASHOCTD KOMMAKTHOM MoBepxHOcTH BeeTAA KoHewta, ‘onoworaveckwit atanus TpexdepHEK wKorooSpasiti Hasan Tlyait~ ape. B cepxi pa6or, oOnenitaentix waspannem «Analysis Situs», eanevarerbHOl cacel’ opurittacsHocTbI HM NOWIO, ox nocrpont MHOTHe —H3 OCHOBHBIX HeTPYMeHTOB anreSpaniecKof romoxorn, On sapeman Ham TaKxe caMyio BAMHI 19 HepeuIeNEX npoGaeM Aubpepernnarsitol TonoTOTHH, Tak HasbiBaeMyio eunomesy [Tyan- ‘ape: scaKoe nossasioren 9 Toll nan nnofi oGnactit MaTeMariRi, ORM OGAZaTeRbHO HecyT KakyIO-HUOYAb Aonoawureasityio CTpYKTypy: puMaHoBy MeTpHxy, GwxapHyt one- Ppauwio, suianmYecKyIo CHereMy, KOMpopMuyio etpyKtypy MT. A. Oswano 97a erpyxtypa H OxasbibaeTCA TIABHLIM OODEKTON HIy4eHHA: nuorooSpasue Ke urpaet ponb aexopaicin. Ho anbpepenitatbabl ‘ToMlowor HByYaer AHOrOOEpAsHA caNH MO ce6e, HeNOAK3yA RONOAHN- Terbutie cTpYKTYpH B KaNecTse HCTpyMenToB. C gonoamure.toneinn ctpyxtypamit OsBAI0T CARSAHEE ONeRG HtTTe- pecubie ToKarbatie Bonpocss. CkarKeNt, 8 pHMAHOBOH reoNeTpH KPU- BHSHa MONET MeHsTHCH oF ToUKH x TouKe. Ho @ Oudxbepenyuasenod10 Bovdenue ‘monoaceuu Hem soxaavnesx aonpocos. (TIpapiaenee ckasats, ont Mpritautexat matematuyecxomy attaausy.) MuorooGpase yerpocno- ‘COBEpIMIeHHO OAMHAKOBO BO BCEX CBOMX TOYKAX, NOTOMY WTO OHO sN0- KanbHo enxawi060. B geficrauesstiocth wmOrooGpasHe (cBA3HOC, Ge3 pas) oaHopoRHo B Gove TOWHON cMBiene: rpyina ero sUfypeo- opbiavon Aeflerayer TpansiTHBHo. Bonpocst, wa Koropsie mbitaerca ornerits andbepenuuanas ‘TonoTorHa, THOGaNbI: OM KacaMTeA BceTO MioToOGpasna. Bor HeckoabKo’ THNMUHEIx BOrpocos. MoxeT AN AaHHOe wHOrooGpazKie Guirs aomeHo 8 Apyroe AaxHoe HOTOOSpasHe? EcaH 23a wHOrOOO- pasa roneowopdint, oGsantt au ont Gur audxbeomoppusan? Kaxue niorooOpasis apasiotes Kpasit KOMMaKTHEX MHOrooGpa- swf? OGnazaior Aan KaKHom-HNOyAb cneitHaabHBIM cDOfcTBaMH TOMO- HOrHicexne mHoapuantst xmorooSpasnii? Beakoe 1H wuoroobpasne Ronyexaer HeTpUBHaMbHOe JeflerBHe KAKOM-HHGyA KOEUHOA LHKTH- ecko rpynma? Kaxxabii us raxoro pra sonpocos rpeGyer suns eBoero peurenia ocTpoeHita cneiLKaabHOl meopuu. HanpuNep, Bonpoc 0 BnOmeHHAX, B aeiicroHTenbiocTH oBHavaeT: OnpereTHTD 'N BIEYHEARTS Amxbe~ PeHUNATBANE UHBAPUAHTH!, C MOMOUIbIO KOTOPUX MOKHO y3HaTb, BenamuDaeres an MB Nw cKOMBKO HMeercA cyblecTBeHHO pastHaHX croco6os TaKoro BOKeHHS. Ecam Os! mut suai, Kak NOCTpOHTb BCE BOSNOKHELe MHOTOOOpa~ SHS H Kak Y3HaT 10 SBBNCAHMENO WHDapHaliTaM, KAKHe 19 HHX, Aubbeomophuss, Han Osi00 Gu sterko orBerTb Ha ‘s060K Bonpoc, Kacaioutniicn NuorooGpaanfi. K tectacrbio, 8 nacrosmee npema TPYANO HAeATBCR AOKasaTS TaKy!0 KJaccHpHKaLMOHHY!O TeopeHy, coat He orpalimanBatser ovenb creumanbiHbiNi KMaccaNit MHOTO- oGpasni (raxinm, Kax nosepxtocra). Tlosromy Ham mpHxoautes astaKosary 8 100 kaxcayio Komcperayio sazayy, cosnasan min karcxol 3 MHX orgenbHy!o TeopHo. Hexoropsie #3’ 9THx TeopHA wai Hx NacTH mpexcranienst B sto KHHre, Coxepxanne stoi xmurn Tlepsas Tpyakocts, ¢ Koropoft Mer cratkisaemcs pit wsysentit wuoroobpasiii, sakmiowaeres p Hx oxopogHocTH. Muoroobpasne He HMeeT BLINeTEHHEX YacTel: Kaan efo TOUKA BETARANT aGcO- awoTHo TaK %Ke, KaK aIOGaa Apyran ero TowKa, Kax Haw pasGure Ha Gosee mpoctiie oSbextéi? Buixox sakmowaetes m Tom, WroGM ucKyecTReHHO BBECTHH B MHO- rooGpasie KaKylo-iNGyab HeonKopoxKyio cTpYKTYpY, aerKO non Ra‘ouyiocr naywenno, Mocte storo raasias Satava Gyzer coctonts B TOM, ‘WTOGs! UsBAle%b pHyTpeHHHe cpoficraa HexOLHOTO mHOTOOGpa- eHA_¥3 cBoficTB McKyceTBeHHOn crpyKTypss. Takan mpouerypa mpiweltsetes BO MNOrHx pasgenax Marema- ‘tuxu, Hanpinep, u3y%as Bextopmsie mpoctpaHcTBa, BBOLAT KOOPAK=Beedenue 1" aral, uxcupys Oasue, Ueno s1ewewTos sroro Gasca, KaK 3aTew. ROKaSHIBdeTCH, SADUICHT TORLKO OT HCKORHOTO BeKTOPHOTO MpocTpaH- ‘emma. B anredpanecko& Tonax0rHH ronosorHeckie rpynm non ‘aupa onpesenmores ¢ moNomtsio GuKCHpOBARHOH tpnaHryaanHt, H TONbKO MOCKe FTOTO LOKABHIBAeTeH, YTO 9TH rpynmb OT TpHaryAR- wun He sapnenT. B sellerbureabiiocsn u mntorooSpasis Yacro Hayaiorcs ¢ noMOMEIO ‘rpuasryanuit. Onnaxo Gotee ecrectaenHoe pasOuenne xocrasnaior ain ypoaus f(y) raanxoh Gym f: M+R, ocobentocta (osiporienna anrpepemtiana) xoTopofi yerpoerm apocreliuiust BOI soni OOpaso. Stor meron socxorur K Tlyankape H aame x ME~ Guycy (1866); oaiaKo ero cucrearuNeckoe passurve spanerca sacayrofi Mapcrouia Mopca, 8 tactosee opens on waasiaaercs: meopued Mopca. Ua. 6 sto KUHrH nocBsueKa sneMeHTapHBiN acrieK- ‘tam teopun Mopca. 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B stom eaysae f(A) oxasumaerca noguHorooSpaaieM wHorooGpasia M, mM TonaaorMvecKue caolicrBa Kaaaniioro MoRwioTooGpasHa oTpaxa¥oT cBoficrsa oroSpaxeHNA f. ja sTOM MYTH YeTaHaBANBaOTCA BAKHBIE CBASH MERAY MMOTOOSpa- ‘susan oTOGparKenttaMt. ‘Tpautenepcarsuocrs rpact 8 aMbepennuansioi rononorna YuupuuNpyiouyio pow; MeoTHe pesyabTaTet amdypepemmatHoR TononoruW, B TOM NiCAe MHOTHE pesY.ibTaTH STON KUNTH, B KOHEY- HOM cere OcHOBAHE! Ha TOM W.IH HKOR pasNOBHANOCTH Tpaltcsepca.ty- ocr. B cneryromen cusiere octosaita Ha Tpaepepcarstiocra TeopHiA rene oTOGpaxKeHttA, KOTOPY!O wet CTPOHM B rt. 5. Tycrs f: M > => N — oroGpaxenne ‘Meway KOMnaKTIAIMN OpHeHTupyeNNIT Ato TooSpasusinit oxuo! pasmepuiocr#t, He uMeouLHMH Kpas. Tpexnono- aku, 470 J Tpalicnepcambio K HeKoTOpolt ToKe y € N; TaKag TONKA Haabibaeres peryaapuBiM aHaveniten oroGpamcenuta f. 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Baaronapuocta 1 6aaronapen Anany Jophi sa wenpanaeune Gonsuoro KoaK- vecrsa oum6ox '); Mapa Maxsaxunn 3a nepenevarsy pyxonuen: Haunonansomy way"Hony dowry 4 Muateponckomy micruryry 84 dunanconyi noMoUs, KoTOpam HeOMHOKPATHO Ke OxasMIBaracD, moka # paGoran Mag sToMt KUHTOA, 42) Boe ae wx ocranoert nopaoxuo wna nowy xome.— Mpun. nepee,Taapa 1 MHOFOOBPA3HA HM OTOBPAKEHHA TIpexaxe cero ueobxonuwo paccno- pers bompoc. 0 onpeseneumu wnoroot- pas, TL Xerop, uccepraums, 1892 Coueticrso roxex, sewauux ua noe aepauoeTa, cere aoykpatias 0700p 43- oer; ceuelierso ToteK, AewaulNx B TpeX- Mepiou npocrpaneree, "cre Tpexkpavlag oroogpasiioens; ausvellnnvenpeplanion yum @ aprynenron npescraeasior co- Gail nexparayio’ sorooSpaanocts, F. Kpwezaa, Bpurauienaa ‘Suttnesoneaus, 1892 Begente wicer xa KOOpRIMET T, Bela, @usocodua siTewaruia w ecrectuoauanng, 1949 Awdbepenuuansuan tonozorus npexcrasaser co6oh pasxer Ma- TeMarHki, uaysaiomui TmaaKHe MMOTooSpasiA M TaamKHe oroGpa- axentis, MuoroopasHe — 9t0 Tonosoreckoe mpoctpalicTso, KoTO- poe AOKAabHO BUIARAUT KAK ReKapToRO n-npocrpancrso R", o110 CocraneHio 13 KycKoB mpocrpanicrua RY, cxslecHiBx Mexkry CoOOf nocperctsox roMeoopduanos. Ecai 9t ToMeonopeHsMel ABtnoTCA TaaZKUMH, TO Mbt NOAY4aeM ‘FtatKoe mHOroOGpaake Sanaa AubepeniuiaasHoh TonosorH 3aK.qoKaeTes a BREE Bun wecaenOBaKMn raOaabHNI cBolicTe MAOrOOGpasuil. STH csoficraa acto OKasHBaloTeR AOBOABHO TOHAMMN. HrOOH 1X Bayar, a MHOrAa Aaxe MpOCTO AAA TOTO, NTOGEI CKa3ATB, B WeM OHM S8K.t0" Nalores, mpHXOAiTeA MpHBseKaTs umMpoxili xpyr ToNOROrHYeCKHX, anaruTineckux H aareOpameckix cpeners. C HexoTopsiMil HS. 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[lta sroro Mét_saweTun, ro alo6ag ToKa OGacTH onpenereHna oToOpaxeHus Wp? uNeET put g (x), rae x € UM F*(V). ean (9, U), (bs V) — Kapri ntio- TooGpasnit M, WN, raxue, wo x € U, f(U) c'V u orodpaxcine Wor! npunaxtexur x1acey C’, Toa Hexoropol oKpectuocrH TowKH 9) Bet = GE) HED CT.0. Modunosootpasin npoempanemsa R™* 19 Taxum o6pasom, oro6paxenne ¥fp! xoKabwo npercrasaseres B Bie KoMTIOOHKHH Tpex Cl-oToOpaxenul, sHavHT, H CAMO OHO Mpntiannexut xnaccy C’. Odparunes Teneps K MulorooGpasiio KacaTembHNX BeKTOpOB n- MepHoro noxnnorooSpasia M npocrpauctsa R™*. Tycts x ¢ M, a nycr» (p, U) — Kapra, noxpsmaiouas x(t. e. taxan, sto x € U). Tlonoxun a= g (x) € R" 1 oGosnaunn epes E, noanpoctpancrso npoerpaneraa R", Koropoe siaaserea o6pasom inHelluoro oro Gparxenus oR, B cury nssectunix csofiers anbpepenuuaros caankix oro6paxennit. npoctpatictno E, ne sasuext or BusGopa xaprat ((p, U), a onpeneaierca TouKolt x Mutoxectao x x E, = M, Hasbipactes ekacareasuem mpocrpat crow x M 8 rouKe x. Ouo Hacaieayer or E, BeKTOpHYW cTpyKTYpY. Samerum, sto Dga' uiayunpyet qauehuii usoMop@usM Mexay npoctpanersaun "My. Ornoca rouxe (x, y) € M, touxy x+y € R™*, ww moay- 4aem Baoxenne M,! - R"* O6pas sroro BaomeHA npeactaBaaet co6olt_afpumyio n-naocKocrs BR", npoxogauyio vepes x. Tlocateauas kacaeres wioroo6passt Mp Tom entice, uo ofa cocronT H3 BeKTOpOB ¢ HaNa.TOM x, KACAIONHXCR KpHBLIX BM, MpoxoRAMLtX wepes x. Ecau f: M +N ects C’-oroSpamenue (wexay roasiorooSpa- ouatin) nf (2) = 2, To BositaKaer ammelitice oToGpaxentte 7} M, Nz, onpereinenoe caeayiouun oGpasom. Myers (@, U), (, V)—‘kapra moroo6paanfi M,N, noxprparomne TouKH’ x, 2, Toaoxun (x) =a m saxeaum Tf, ‘spopsyaok Thele, N=, DO Dash: Hesaanicuvocrs or piiGopa Kapr (@, U), (i, V) oveauana. OGveaunenue TM vcex xacavetbunix mpoctpancrs x MuorooGpa~ aio M tastipaerea ero euHorooSpasiieM KacaTemtbIIKix BexTOpoB. Jhuyeiiase oroSpaxenua T}, cocrannaot oroOpaxenne Tf: TM — <> TN. Tlocnemnee urpaet pons «anihepennatar orodpamenns f: Mow. C rowomi0 oroSpancenus Tf mix MoxeN pacnpocrpanuT» nonsTiHe «paliray Ha oroGpaxenna Nexry noxwHorooSpasuANH: paur orobpa~ axons fp Toke x € M onpererseren kax pat telinoro oTOOpa- menna The My Ne Muoxectso "TM fipererasnser co6oli nommwoxecrBo nponsse- aenna Mx R™* u, snauut, nponsnegenna RM xR". Ecre- ‘erwento nounepecoBarsca, Gyaet au TM nogwtiorooGpasnem.20 Ta. 1. Muocoobpasus w omo6parcenus Ecau (y, U)— Kapta mnoroo6pasua M, mst wore noctponTs ectecraesiuyio Kapry (D, TU) aax TM, otowgectsann TU ¢ (& 9) € TM|x € U} w nonaran ©; TUR" x RY, D(x, 9) = (9), (Dga''y). ‘Stu Kara npespawaior TM 8 C’'-noswnorooGpasne. Oro6pame- wus Tf TaKxKe npuHagaenat Kaaccy C’~', Ha stow wht sakaniuipaes wain npeasapurenbastht o630p noxsruit noecd6pasua, onoGpaacenun u snoeoo6pasua Kacamenbxoue Gexmopoa cheuuams¥om cay¥ae noxMuorooGpasiit esKaNsosa npocrpaucrBa, ‘Mu nepexoanm Tenep K aGerpaxrimam miorooGpaauss. 1. QUOEPEHUMATBHBIE CTPYKTYPBE Tonarornueckoe mpoetpasieroo M wassiaeres n-mepmtin sHo20 ob pasuext, eC OHO TOKANMIO ToNeoMopi>HO R". Tlocnemwee o3na- uaer, sto y M eeth orKpsiroe noxpstue W% = (UiJica, TaKoe, 70 pu Kamxow ¢ € A cymectayer oroSpanene g;: U;—» R", roxeo- Mopdio otoGpaxarouce U, Ha oTKpuToe noAMtioxectso npoctpat- crsa R". Tipu stom mut taseipaes (g,, U) Kapmod (unt cucme- ot KoopOunam) ¢ oGnacrsio onpeserenut Uy: moxectso @ =[(@ Ud|iEa Beex Kapt npenctasnaer co6oH amazac. Tobopar, uro ape Kapri (p,, U,), (9, Uj) amet Cr-nepexpamue, ect nepexod . 99 OU NU) Ue NUD Of mmx Koopanuiar K ApyriM OGnagaer tanKocriio Kaacca C H cCaH g,9;' TaKKe NPHHAaRMEKUT Kaaccy C’ (eM. puic. I—1). 3aece r moxxer Our Hatypanbitsin') wHenoM, co Ha @ (nocAeAHee OBoSiraaeT Bettectneniiyio aiaauTitunoeTs). Onpeneresie tneeT emien, mor exonpxy @,(U; 1U,) mo) (U, NU; —orgpurwe miomectoa oR Ataac © muorooSpasun M wasuiszeres npunanreamum Kaaccy C*, een moGure ase ero Kaptat nner C’-nepexpurtue, B stom caysae cyuecTayer exicrwenmd Maxcumarbut C-amae W, conepxa- uli @: On cocTOuT 43 BCeX KapT, KOTOPHE uMeOT Cr-nepeKpHTLE © Kamo Kaptofi ataca ®, Makeuwanbusih C'ataac & wa M nave nastpaeres Oudpepen- ‘quatenod cmpyxmypod Kaacca C'; napa (M, a) HasbiBaeres sx020- oGpasuen xracca C’. MuorooSpasue kaacca 1 waswBaeren eAadKus. 4) To ect wens neorpuuareanmun.— IIpun. epee,1. Mudhpepenyuasonwe cmpyrmypes at UroOu sanars AMdppepenuuaasuyto erpyktypy Kaacca C', nocra. rrouulo ykasat» aro6oii C'-ataac, KoTOpwil B Hell conepaxutes. Hanput- Mep, mpoctpancrso R” ofaagaer eannctBenHoit audxbepenumann noi enpyxrypoit xnacca C', coreprawel toxwnectuennyio xapry. Bone oGuui npunep: BesKoe oTrKpwToe MuoxKecT20 UCR" o6nagaer L Tlepexpsrvatousees apres, eamncrseHHol anpepenunansxoh crpyktypoh Knacca C’, conep- >xautelt Bxmioene U — R" Tpeanonoxns, ao a ects amdypeperunansxan erpyxtypa knacca Co na M 4 to 1 O Kaas TONKA MuOxeCTBA A mpunannexut oGaact onperencuns Taxol xapra (g, U) € @, wo UN A=—r®, rae Rt CR" — uomectao vextopos, y KoTopHx nocneaume n — & Koopawiat pasuit 0), Besxyio taxyio Kapry (g, U) mu nasnsaew, Hopmaasnod kapmod napa (M, A). flewo, uto 'ecan A cet m0R- MHorooGpasne muorooSpasas iM, To cTobpaxenns GU 1 A:U ASRS, rae (9, U) npoGeraer sce Hopmanbutie Kaprit, cocrasasior C’-araac npocrpartctsa A. Taki oGpasom, A ect canoctortersioe C'= wHorooSpasue pasmepnocm &. Unco n — k wasbioaetes ero Kopas- xepHocmero Tycrs W CR" —orkpsrroe wHomectso, w nets f: W— RP cere C/-oroGpamenue cl (Baltte vo oe BilBte + oop Bal8ib 2) Tip r= 0 raxue nogysoxectaa uioraa Hastinaor aonaeno nécenuau Ci ‘noguoroodpasusu.4 Ta. 1. Muoroodpaous omobpancenan ae /\ canavaer, aro coomvererayiouuil saewenr ayxxHo nponyerare. C yuerow cere cerucunoro oroxaecTatektin KourutexeHoro a-npocrpatcraa C* ¢ R® sta orobpaxce 3. Keamepnuosnoe npackmusnioe m-npoempanemo ects 4n-uepnoe snoroo6pa- ‘ne, xoTopoe onpereaneren xonerpyxuel, otucamuol » yup. 2, ecaH B s7oH KOM expan saveuirs Kounnexcnse SHeaa KbarepHHOuaM, 4. Tpynma 0 (7) oprorouansiisx 2 X n-sanpin ecto KoNMaKTHO® nomMHOrD- opasne vexopnoro npocrpanersa R™ acex mn X nwarpmu paswepnoers sr0r0 noxworsospasun panus Sy. Kovmonenra exinns eos noarpynne SO (no roveanwraix xarpint © onpexenimene 1 5. Nyers @ = f9y, Uj)iq — ataae wexoTopor@ nepnorO storooG SAHA M. Tosoxine (Ui) = Vi CR" H oboananns nepea Xnpocpancre, soaysaimeecR aa Y V; X { mocpercroos oromctecretenus (x, .¢ (p(T (x), /)- Torna X roweo- An wopid a 8. Fes A —novmorooGpaase wsoroospanva M, 70. ecm (oriocwressi2) saute noxworonpsne moepoT erxpurore Raworesdpany sora 2.Mem GER XR — mate gyaman y= 2, rae 0-< AAO, Bean rehire I rier € Z, 10 Gy ect C*-noantioroospaste, uo ue ects CH nox Aisrocdpaom. Ue dyson cam he 2 8. Amaac raacen C! nia ssogeremee X onpexeaneren uuorsa Kak coBoKyawoeTe osparistie croGpancil noastonecr wiowecraa X's onxpuinue hoensneeren posrpaneree R" rake, wo bce nepexoni or Onmx Koopantay yt npaNaane- oka Kaaccy C’, Ecam sagan taxol araac @, ro X oGaagact eausicteenuolt ronon0- Tae, no onan oropon @ mraece Cannon aporpancs X (8 cae 9, TIyere C— wioxserao egersnix nopnatoaixsucen. zor Ml = CX (Dy co) # yropanoan i opuyach <0), oma ca’ mana niet. Bacte, asses, 8, renosorina nopsaKa. Torae Ml cranoowtes.I-unor0o6p sane, xoropoe Sayexopho, no ne mapanonraniaoy ao asorooopsaNe nasunacte® Oat toi npavos. Ovo o€aaaver subfepennrani oh crpyrypoa nnacee C®y noe wher Drnuatonod rpc. (Co. Kon w Tiyane {ty Recep Kasoep 101) 10, Myers L— npoerpanerao, narysnoutsees aX 1) U (RX 0) ome seaccrnennes (f; 1) ete O) mpm aces 4-20. Tongs L ects nexayesopono [anoro: panne, nanuacuoe npawod ¢ dope nyanat. 270 uvorootpane o83anaet Cee ‘pot SH Tyers UC RE—weayeroe orepieme aiekecrDo. ‘TTpeanaront, 9 1a U aazao ne ob pamnoatecn 9 wythsexroptoe nogenascea C! €7 > 0, raK0%, «To axcan nnerpantan nprsan stove non sunny) m UTiyers, face, At = eo. Expanerso,nanyusomestn ns U tocpesereoi OTORIWETAREHINE REE TONER RaMCOk rimerpaaenol pod © oxty roeny. Toraa Mt cee Eorootpanne wxacca C's ») Kak nommmonecreo.— Mpus. nepes.2 Taadrate omoSpaxcenua uw asoecoGpasia Racamessunts setmopoe 25 -oropoe He oCasano Gury xayczoppouuns. (Veasauue: ans nocrpoews xapr ueuoase ayiie wanenbune niepeanty, tpanenepeansiine mirerpalbatan kpHak.) 4412. MuorooGpasxe merprayewo m Tow M ToNDKD TOM cxyS2e, ert OH mapas ‘owaxtio w xayenoppoao; sToM cayae ovo oGaaAaer TlOAHOk werpuKOR. CoA3Hiog NNerpuayeuce silorooOpasie yaonneTsopaeT sTopoH aKcuowe cYeTuocTH. BT Ke peut MoxHO ocrpouTL ceRaHoe cenapadembnoe xayeaopgono. 2-suoroodpaztt, he maamioutecesnapakounanrinim (raKoBM BNAETCA yaBoeNINe MNOTCOOPAINA Al us yop. 7 § 4.0). 513, TlapavonnaKruuie snioroeSpasua seamoTea sGconoruun oxpectHocr= weno perpaxzast (ew. Xaunep (1. 2. TIARKHE OTOBPAKEHHA HW MHOTOOBPA3HA KACATEJBHBIX BEKTOPOB Haunuas ¢ storo Mecra, 8 oGosnasenim raanKoro Muoroo6pasus Mul, KAK sIpABUAO, He GyaeM BHO YkaswiBATk AUppepenuiatbsylo eTpyRTYPY. Tiyets Mn N — mwrorooGpasua xnacea Cr uf: M — N — npo- wsBombHoe oTOGpaxenue. Tapa, cocrasmenan u3 Kapta (p, U) Muoroo6pasin Mm Kapri (ip, V) moroo6pasia N, naswpaeren npucnocoaennoi x f, ecau { (U) GV. B stom caysae onperenenio oroGpaxenne Wer: GU) PM); Mul WaSHBaeM ero AOKAAoNDUAL MpedemassenueM OmobparceHua fn oTMoMenMo K AIIM KepraM HAM AOKanbHBIM npexcTanneHnen stro OTOOpaxKeHHA ¢ mouke x, ccan x € U, Onooparenne f nastinaetes exadku B TOUKE x, eC TaKOBO HeKO~ Topoe Fo AOKAASHOe NpeNcTaBReHe B STO TOKE. Onpenenenne Meer CNBC, —OCKOMBKY AOKaMbHHe MpereTanneNA sBAsIOTeR CToSpaxeHMANH MexAY OTKPHTBIMN MOIMHOKECTEAMH eDK.UAOBHX mpoetpancta. TlozoSutim >%e o6paaom, rosopar, 70 f npunadzencum aaccy C’, ecan 3 21060! ToaKe MuorooSpasHA M OHO Hacer noKaTb- noe mpexcrapnene Kaacca C’ Ecau f npunadaeacum xaacey C’, mo u xaacdoe e20 soxasonoe nped- cmacserue npunadacrcum xaaccy C'. Yro6e yGenurses 8 stow, quxesrpyen npuenocobrennyto x f napy xapr (p, U), Gp, V) « npeano- aroxus, 970 f mpunannemnt knaccy C’; wht 2oWKNM noKAgaTb, WTO Kownosnuna Wig”? mpwnannernt Kaaccy C’. Boabwen npoisbony- nyo Touy y € @(U) nonoxKuM x = G4 (y). B cuny npeanono- 2DKCHHA, AOKAABHOE NpencTannenne oTOpamenna f mo oTHOWNMIO K wekGropol npucnocotuesuon x f nape KapT (Pp, Us), (Ye Va) ex € Usnpunaanenur xaacey C’, Samenas, cnn nyrkwo, wioxecTsa Up wi Vo menommun OTKPHTBINH MHORECTBAMH, MBI AOSKEMEH BK.MIO- vent Uy GU nw Vy GV B sof cutyaunn Ha muowmectoe @ (Ue) Wig = (H15") (lee }gie™).8 Ta. 1. Mnovoobpasue u omobpascenus B npapoA actu meppoe m Tpetee oToSpaxenta npunannexar Kacey CC’, nockonbKy ORK sBasiOTeR nepexXonaMH OT ORKOM CHeTeMEI KOOPAH- Wat K Apyrol, a BTOpOe MBARETER TOKAKEUBIM MpeACTaBAEMHEM OTO- Oparxenns f fo orHomenHto K KapTaM (%, Up), (Wo, Vo) noTomy raKKe npnvantexut Kaaccy C’. CrexosarensHo, H KOMMOsHKHs stux oro6paxenui prong (Uy) npunanaenut Kaaccy C’. Taxust ‘o6pasoM, Mit LOKASAAH, TO KONTOSHMUR Wig"! MpHHARTEXHT Kitaccy C’ s oxpecrioctn ao6of Towku; suaunT, ona npHHaRTeRHT Knaccy C’. Tlycrs f: M — N ug: N + P —oro6paxenns xaacca C wexay C-wworooSpasuawu, Jlerko noKasat, ¢ moMoWbiO AOKambHBIX npegerasaeunii, wio Komnostunt gf: M— P takxe npnnaarexnt raaccy C’, Mputiagnexat Kaaccy C’, ouesnano, ronectsenuse HW mocTosiinwe oTo6paxenma. Taxi o6pasoM, MoxKHO rosopHTs © Kareropum C’-mtorooGpasuh x C’-oropaxewit Hoonoppus 8 C’-xateropun Haaneacres C’-dusrpeomoppussost, (lip r = 0 910 npocto romeomopdusu.) Bone ssisim oGpasom C’~ auihipeomopiHsi Moxkuo onpenenttts Kak C’-oTo6pameune f: M— N mexay C’-xworoopasnau M nN, Koropoe ssiserea romeomopipua- Mow 1 oGparioe x Koropony f"!: N “+ M TaKxe npitHaamexi Kaaccy C’, Ecau taxoe oro6panenue cyuecrayer, wii wasninaen Mn Nv Cdudpbeouoppnenu 4 nuwen M as N. Sto — rnapuioe orHomenue OKBHBaReNTHOCTH 8 ANdybepenuHarbHol ToNlOAOrHH ‘UroOm siTaTem Ke TOTepAA roxOBY NpH Bite CecKoNeNHOH no~ caetovatenbilocr# oTHOWeHHR sxBHBANeHTHOCTH, nocneMHM gaNe- Tit, HTO D oTOM onpexencnu eT cymecraeuKof pasties wexMy Co WCF, ccm 1 Hx AudybeoMopdiocns? Tovorvo acto auppepenitvansube WHBapHanTe oKaswBaIoTCS wuBapwaxTaNn TonoMorH¥eckKoro Wat FoMOTOMHNecKOTO Tuna. (Knac- cuseckiifi mpunep — cyswa usiaeKcoa Hyde BexropHoro Nowa ua KONMAKTHOM [aKOM MHorooOpasHi, KOTOpaa okasboacTex paDioil sfineponofi xapaxrepucrixe,) Taxue unsapwawnit ecnocobuit pas AuNiats Remudrbeomopdubie NuiorooOpasiA, KOTOpMIe roNcOMOpOHEL. Baro xoraa auipepenitnanbubih wubapHanir oKaabibaeTeR roMoTOMI- Necks, efo ropasro serve abWHCAITS, Oni ua parkuehum audshepenmuars ix HBapsiaxtos — wuoro- OGpaaue KacaTeabmerx Bexropos, B rtocnesyiouix raasax Met HSy"I eo AoROXsHO MoApoOHO; 9nech NAL OTpAHUWUNCA Tew, ¥TO jAmuM onpesenenue sToro unorooGpasHa u onpenerenne andpepenunana oro6panemns. Tlycts (M, ©) — nexoropoe C’tmnoroo6pasne c Or x M's Touke x € M NOx npeacranis, ceGe npocTo Kak nextop 8 R", sanamitli pwecte c Kap- Toll, KOTopas OTONRECTEARET TOUKH, AeNaUlule BOAKSH x, € TONKAMH mpoerpanersa_R". Caeayer, ontako, caenaTs KacaTensimnih neKTop He saBnestnHM or puGopa Kapri, H Mm mpiinwaent Taxoe onpenenenne. Kacameso- Hot sexmop % wHorooOpaanio M ects Kaace Lx, i, a] TpoeK tz, i, DEM XAXR" oTmocHTeabHo exeaytoutero oTHOUIeHNA 9kBHBAMeNTHOCTH: i i al—=ty, i 6) TOM H ToRbKO TOM cayuae, com x= y H D( gir Jo, «a= b- Tipyrunm cnosanu, a nepesoautea 6 6 aucppepenmanos nepexona ot oguoh cucTewsi Koopauuar & ApyroA, DEINHCAeHKEM B TOuKe @ (2). Uro 970 —orkowenne sxpuBanentHocTH, noKasHBAIOT mpa- Biida portcAeHiA AUdMbepeHUMaA KOMNOSHMH H OOpaTHOrO CTOGpa- 2Keuna, ‘MuoxxecrBo Beex KacaTenbntix Bextopos ofosHauaerca uepes TM 4H HaseiBaeres seHo2006pasues Kacamexoneix aexmopos. Onpenereuo ectectBenHoe oTrobpaxentie p= py TM M, by i lees,8 Ta. 1. Muozootpaas u omoBpancenua Zina mpoussombvoro noamuoxecrsa A witorooGpasna M Mit nana raem p! (A) = 74M; moi noaaraen Taoxe p™ (x) = M, aan npo- Wapoasiof TouKu x € M. Ecan muomectao Uc M orkpssro, ro (U, ®{U) taxxe ects C-muoroo6paane, HK Mil nponsBonuM Gesnpeatioe otoxnectanenne TyM = TU. Teneps yeraxosu, wro TM gelicrowreabtio cet» mHoroo6pasne, Jaa xaxnoli apt (¢), U,) € P nmceres Koppexrio onpenencsoe ‘oGparimoe orodpaxcnite Toe TU, 9, (U) XRER" XR be, i, alee (ole), 0). Oro6parxenne (Pq) (THI: & UU) XR 9) Ui NUD XR" acticrayer np stow mo dopmyae , a> (egw), D(arer ya) i manseTes, O¥eBHAKO, roMeonoppusmom, CnezovarenbHio, TM o6aa- Ager TONOTOTHe!, Mo OTHOMIeRHIO K KOTOPOR KarKoe Hs OTOOPaReHHi To, seasierea romeoMoppiisMoM, H TOnOAOrHA ¢ 3THM CBOMCTION exiersenua. Bonee Toro, Tax Kak (Tq) (Tp)! ects C’-auiheowop- quam, copoxynuocts Kapt {(T, TU,)}ic, coctananer C’-arnac xa TM. Stor ataac xeaaer TM C’-muorooGpasitem, mpHuen mpoek- uu p: TM — M nenaerea C'-orobpaxemen. Kaptat (Tq, TU) wasbibawoTeR ecmecmaenneiu Kapmanu sa TM. Tlyets x € U,. Oro6parenne To;,.: M,—R", onperensemoe Kak Kounosiiust M, CTU, 7% 9,(U,) XR">R', OGparHNo; cxexosarersHO, oO nepenocut » M, ctpyKtypy A-mepxoro BekTopHoro npocrpasicrsa. Ima cmpykmypa He sasiucum om euGopa i, nocxombxy ect x € Uj, 10 (Poin) (Tin) = D (9/97 "Joye HocaesHee xe ecth auueHuist aBroNopgisM npoctpaeraa R. Taxwm oGpasou, TM ects o6nenuenne nomapHo HenepeceKarouxeA BexTopHbsx npocrpancra M,, itl, KaK TOBOpAT, «YOK BEXTOpHBIX npocrpaxcray, B nocneayomnx raasax sta cTpyxtypa mioroo6pa- sui_TM Gyxer urpat oco6yto pons. TIpome ‘scero yerpoeno MHoToo6pasHe KacaTenbKKx BeKTOpOB Y otkpsiroro Muoakeetsa WR’. B stom caywae Met oTOxRe- eronsen TW e W xR? nocpenersom ecrecrseHHoh Kapri, OTB2, Taadrue omodpanenus u snacrodpasus Racamesense sexmopes 29 aoueh exmovemno g: W—R', Mpoexuns TW» W npeapa- maevea npi stoM p ecrecrseuny‘o npoexumo W x R’—- W. Ecan M ech JlayMepiioe noawHorooSpaaue npocrpauetsa R°, 7o Kacarembube pekrophi K M Moxkwo u206parxare crpeaxaam, a M, Norkwo mpeneraa- ait ce6e Kax aexamyio 8 R® maocxoers; ex. puc, 12, Tlycts f: M —» N — nexotopoe C’t“oro6paxenie 0 R™, yy: Vp RY — aK KapTat suoroodpasnil M,N, 10 FU) SV). Tipanexsa npasito pst weneuna ‘aupibepenunana —Kownosn- aH, asst BHAHN, TO C/-oroGpaxenHE Thi TU, TV), tx, i alee fF) f, DGaT Dexa] ne sasncut or BuGopa i, j. Benen- crane sToro nMeeTCA eMHHCTBeHHOe Puc, 1-2. Kecaremuste nexro- oro6paxenne Tf: TM—+ TN, Koro- pak Me SCR poe copnanaer ¢ (Tf) wa TU). Eeam f (x) = y. 10 Tf oro6paxkaer M, 8 N, at ey:xeutte orobpaxe- wus Tf Aocranasier auneiivoe oToGpaxeue Tf: M, — Ny. B ecrectaenubix Kaprax nocaenHee ecTh Ke To Hoe, Kak pudepe> PeHuat B TOKE x cOoTBercTsyIoUtero AOKaN_YOTO NpeACTaBseHUA oTodparkens f. 970 Aaet Ham mpaso HaswiBars Tyf auxpepenuiarom oTo6parkenus /'s TouKe x. Sametun, pnpOweM, TO ero OGacT® Onpe- Jeena M OGnacTs aHaNeHMi saBicaT of x. 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Tlo-apyromy Kacareapiteth BexTop K MHOroopasHio M mora onpexeanior Kak kaace Cl-oro6paxeuul f: 10, a) — M, rae f came ‘aeTeR sKBuBaneHTHBM oTOGparKeRuIO g: (0, b)— M, ecan f (0) = = g (0) # Ans HeKoropoll (a, suas, W ans a10G0h) Kapry (p,, Ud nuoroobpasuz M, roxpswatomeh TouKy f (0), DGDy = DPB Takowy Knaccy wbI OTHOCHM KacaTeHIb HK BeKTOp (B CMMCAe MpeX- nero onperenenis) 10), &, Depdl Osparno, Kacarenpiomy Bextopy Lx, f, a] mel orHocuN Knace Cl oro6paxkenuit, KoTOpoMy mpHHaRNeEXiT croSpaxenue £10, aM, FO = gr" (oe) + ta), onpenenentoe MPA ocTaTowHo wasoM a > 0.2, Taadxue omo8paarenu u anosooBpasun racameasnotr eetmopos 31 Stu conocrasaenus BsaKNKO OOpaTiit, Tak WTO 20a OnpereneH SKBHBANCHTHEL; HO MepBOe OnpeNeNeHHe, Kak MEX YORANM, yUe npHenocoGaeHo K MHoTOOBpasiiAM ¢ KpaeM. B saKmioverne wit BBeReM 282 cHICLHANbHBIX O6oaHaNeHHA, TOW ee, pacuIpHM rpaHituE MpHMeHRMOCTA ABYX cTaWaprHssx ooa1a- newitit a3 axanusa, Eean J CR ect» uutepsan nf: J — M ects Choro6paxeume, To AMA Kamnoro « € J oosnayum sepes f’ (x) o6pas npn oro6paxeium TP xacatensxoro pexropa ( DET IS =I xR. Ecru U GR" cers orkpsiroe muorectso Hf: M — U ects Cl oroGpaxxenne, To naa Kaxzoro x € M we onpeneaum annelinoe oro6paxxenne Df: M,—R" Kak KowmosHituto MTU @U x R"=RY YIIPAXHEHHA 1. Myers M, N— na C-wuoroospaaus. Orodpanenne [i M+ N a Tom W romxo ToM eaysee npniasaenier xaaccy C%, ecam Kownosnuns fog: W > Nnpue namtexwr Kaacey C’ aaa s160ro C’-oro6pamcenus g: W + M, tae W — orxpuroe Tomwomectoo ekoroporo enktwaesa tipocrpavcrsa. 2, Tycts M cots C’-smoroo6pasne cr 3 1 AC M — cosanoe nowuaxectno, Mipeanonoxn, w70 wweeres C'-perpaxuns [: M =r A, t.6. C-oro6pamenne f: M— AS fonsermem eymcuen 14s Toran Aeon, Cemameretpane (oper {Measenne: | acer nocrosunick pase stan A.) 3, Tlyers A, My, Bly — snorooGpaoua nacca C’. Orotpancenue f: Ale My X Xi, aelerayoute no dopuyae fc) = Ux Hs fa (@, # TOM a TOnbxO Tow cxy'ae pwnaniexnr enaccy C', eean xaxaoe crotpanente fy: Ar Mi npunanneni waacey C. 4. Orobpancenne Gp. Grint» onpexeanewoe dopuyaot E->E* (ow. mp. {wa § 1.1), seaseren C”.zubeowopdianon. 6. Myers f: RR — npoussotsnoe Meapepwisioe orodpaxcune. Toras a RE X RE cymecrayer taxan anbbepenuansnan crpyerypa D xaacca %, 70 oroGpamete BR (RY XR, ©) eG) =, 19) maneren C®-anomentien, "6. Cassie napaxonmakrive xayczopq0%0 _I-unorooSpaane anpeowophx0 oxpyaiioent, ccamt obo KONTAKTHD, Hanipeowopgwo upsMOA, em OND Ue KOM maxtuo. 7. Tyere Q—nooxarenvo onpexeseiiion xuaaparusnan gopua ua RY. ‘Tora Q~! 4) upu y > 0 ayixpeonopipuo S°—",Ta. 1. 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Tora G ofaareer aedsbepeninansnof expynrypol waacea C™, sextoueh exaoseme GR XR C*-oro6pamennen. 18 (Spay (11) Fey A am nanoitpane mga Mae nanan ‘Mu anpeouopivo Rn Ma © Mi Tor Am 8 AOKEIIA_H noreyKEM Tiyers f: M— W ects Cl-oro6parxenue (rae Mt N — nnioroo6- pasa knacca C’ cr > 1), Has0n'm orobpamenne f ustuepcusneis B touKe x € M, ecan anuelinoe otoSpaxenne Tf: M,—> Ny a Monowopd1o, u cyOsepcusnux, ecan Ty amunopdio, Ecatt orobpa- xeHtle } itMMepcHBHO B KAKAOM TOKE MKOrooUpasna M, OHO HasbI BaeTCR WANepCUed HAH ROEpYACeHtEN; CCAM OHO CyEMEPCHBHO B KarK of TouKe, OHO HasbiBaeTes cyOxepcuell. Hasovew, nasee, oToSpaxenne jf: M— N esoacenuest, ecan | ects unaepcis, romeonophxo oropaxaiouad Muoroobpasie M a ero o6pas. JIA BIOKeHHA NOxKHO HeTOaKSoBaTH santice f: M ce N. 8.1, Teopema. Tycm» N ecm» C'-xnoeoo6pasue ¢ r > 1. Mod senoacecmeo AN 6 mos u moarko mom caywae saasemea Ci-n0dsHor eo06pasues, eau oO ecm» o6pas Cl-esonents. Aloxasameavcmao. Tpernonorkus, ro A ects C'-noamuoroobpa- sue, Torga, Kax mul Buxenit Bn. 1, A OGnanaet ectecreention andhpe- Penuuanbxol cxpyxtypol kaacea C’, onpesensemoi © noMoubI08. Baoseenun u nospyacenun 33 nOKpHTHs HOpManbuiMH Kapranu, To OTHOWeNIO K 9TOH AmdKpe- penanbiofi crpystype akmovenne A BN apaseres C'-nnomennen. Tipenonomunt, uto f: M— W cers C’-anoxkeune cr > 1, Caoii- ‘erw0 OsIT» MOAMHOrOOGpastiem HOCHT AOKAADNOAa xapaKmep, 7. C. O10 B TOM Mt TosbKO Tom caywae cnpanentiBo Ain ACN,’ ecau ono cenpaseatuso ain A, G N,, rae {A,) ects oTkptitoe noxperTie s0- xecraa A Kaxxaoe N, cet» OTKPETOE MORMHONKeCTBO MHOroOtpa- ana N, conepxamee A. Kpowe toro, sto esoficrao nupapHanrHo oTHO- crea C'-audypeomopusos, 1. €. A NB ToM i TonbKO TOM cayae core C’-nonntorooGpasie, ecam TakoBuN spnserca g (A) c A! ene g: N—+N’ cer C'nndrpeomoppuse (nan aaxe C'-nno- >«ennte). ‘YroOM BocrioaDsoBaTées AOKAABHOCTEIO H IitBapHateTHocTHIO OTHO- curenbHo audpeoNopdusvon, BBeReM B paccmorpeHne ceuciicTRO = (ye N,— R’]icq Kept morooSpasua NV, noxpuna‘ounx A. Baren Haiiaem annac @ = (9, M,—+R"),c, Nuoroopasna M, raxoll, wro f (M,) & N; (waMemo, ecam ny%KHO, wugexcaniio cemelt- cpa W). TlockoabKy f ects snoxenue, © 4 V woryt Ons pOpantt Takum Opazom, wo /(M,) = Af W,. B cuay Munapnasruocta, poctaroao oKasars, 470 C’-nogutiorooGpasien abzserca wif (M,) CR". Monoxun U,=a(MER™ fhe= wor UR’ Torna f, ecte C’-ptoxenne wf, (U) = vs (M). Taxus o6pason, Ibi CBN Hawle yrBepoKReHIe K CleMMANBHOMY cAyYaIO, B KOTOPOM N=R", M ect orkpsrroe muoxecrao UGR™ a f: UR" eos C’-nnowene. Ap stom cayuae cytiecrsonanne HopmanbHoa kapt xnacca C” y napw (R, f(U)) B Kaxkaoh TouKe nuorKectBa J(U) spaseres caencrBnex Teopemsi 06 oSpariof dynxuan. ff Tokasannaa teopena cayauit Haaoctpaunell oGuiero npununia saaiinozelicTeH AowassHo2d ¢ enobaaenum. Ona yeTananmnBaer, NTO OGbexT, onpenensieNDii TOKatbuBiNn cBOficTeaNH, — OmMHOrO- oGpaae — ue orauuaerea or oOBeKTa, onpenessenoro 8 r=1oSaabitinx Tepuunax, —o6pasa Bnoxenis. Tleppas wacts joxasateneTBa mpoeTo ekitennaer okaabxo saadiubte Hopwaabibte KapTa (ey AKeHMBIE na A) 8 audepenumanbuyto crpyktypy Ha A; 9T0 Aenaer Bxatouenne aN anoneunen, Bo bropoli wacri joKasatenbcTea nomBAseres HoBad Hges: nepe- Xo OF unpunumesusaaonoe K AogaaoHowy. Yeatonue, sro f: M — ects NOrpYAeHie, ABAAETeA UANGHHNTESKMANBUBIA, —NOCKOASKY 2m, Xap