BULE HORA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

DEPARTEMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE

TITLE;EFFECT OF UREA FERTILIZER RATE ON GROWTH AND

YIELD OF BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.)AT BULE HORA UNIVERSITY
WEST GUJI ZONE

Research Proposal by:

1.TESFA AMARE ID RU5152\13

Advisor: MR; TADELE GENET.(M.Sc)

Research Method proposal Submitted to Department of Plant Science and in Partial Fulfillment
of the course research Method proposal for the Requirement of bachelor of science (Bsc) in
plant science.

June, 2023

Bule Hora, Ethiopia

CONTENT. Page

Table of contents.............................................................................................................................i
List of abbreviation and Acronyms.............................................................................................................5
List of table6
1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................8
1.2 Statement of problem and Justification.............................................................................................9
1.3. Objectives.......................................................................................................................................10
2. LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................................................10
2.1 The origin and Distribution of Barley..............................................................................................10
2.2 Soil and Agro-climatic conditionsfor the Barley.............................................................................11
2.3.Barley production in Ethiopia..........................................................................................................12
2.4 TheChallenge's influencing the growth of barley.............................................................................13
2.5 . Role of urea in plant nutrition........................................................................................................15
2.6 Importance of Nitrogen to Barley growth and development...........................................................16
2. 7 Effect of urea fertilizer on growth and yield components ofBarley................................................16
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS...........................................................................................................17
3.1. Description of the Study Area.........................................................................................................17
3.2. Experimental Materials and Tools..................................................................................................17
3.3.Landpreparation...............................................................................................................................18
3.3.Treatmentand experimental design.................................................................................................18
Field lay out...........................................................................................................................................19
3.4.1 Growth parameter of barley......................................................................................................19
3.5 Statistical Analysis.........................................................................................................................20
4. WORK PLAN and Budget....................................................................................................................20
Table 1: Schedule of activity.....................................................................................................................20
4.1 Logistics and budget............................................................................................................................21
5. REFERENCE............................................................................................................................................23
List of abbreviation and Acronyms

ANOVA Analysis of variance

FAO Food Agricultural organization
Ha Hectare
LSD Least significance difference
M.a.s.l. Meter above sea level
RCBD Randomized complete block design
Trt. Treatment
USDA. United State Department of Agricultural

List of table

Table 1:work plan………………………………………………………………………………22

Table 2: personal cost…………………………………………………………………………..22

Table 3: Equipment and supplies cost…………………………………………………………23

Table 4: stationary cost………………………………………………………………………….24

Table 5: budget summary………….……………………………………………………………24

 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Barley (Hordeumvulgare L.) is one of the main cereal crops produced in the world. It ranks
fourth in the world in production after wheat, maize, and rice (FAO, 2013). Global barley
production is estimated about 141.7 million tons (USDA, 2017). Globally European Union,
Russia, Canada, USA and Argentina are the top five largest barley producers where, European
Union produces the greatest quantities of barley with an estimated of 20.5 million tons followed
by Russian federation with a production of about 8 millions tons, whereas Canada, USA and
Argentina barley production was estimated 7.3,3.1,and 2.8 million tons respectively (USDA,
2017). Ethiopia is the second largest Barley producer, in Africa next to Morocco accounting for
about 25% of the total barley production in the content (FAO,2016).

Barley is a fast growing, cool season annual grain crop, that can be used as forage, as well as
cover crop to improve soil fertility (Ghanbari et al., 2012). Barley grows up to 120-150 cm and
tillers freely. It has adventitious root system and erect type of stem. The plant bears 5-10
alternate and simple leaves per Culm. They have spikelets containing 10-30 nodes. ovary. The
seedling emerges from soil 5-6 days.Barley predominantly self pollinated and there is 10 %
chance of cross pollination. The grain matures within 3-4 months and ripens in 20-40 days
(Mulugeta, 2010).

Traditionally, barley was one of the dominant food grains but has been surpassed by rice and
wheat in many countries. Barley is still an important food grain in several regions of the world
including Morocco, India, China and Ethiopia (OECD, 2004). For example, barley flat bread or
porridge is widely consumed in North Africa and parts of Asia. Food barley is generally found in
regions where other cereals do not grow well due to altitude low rainfall or soil salinity(FAO,
2002).The crop is used for preparing various types of traditional food such as Kita, Kolo, Beso,
and Enjera.

Barleyt adapted to fertile and well drained silt to clay loam soils and warm dry climates (Mishra
and Shivakumar, 2001). In Ethiopia, barley is grown best at an altitude ranging from 2000 to
2800 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l) with average annual rainfall between 700 and 1000 mm
(ANRS Bureau of Agriculture, 2000).

Barley is used for local and industrial beverages. The straw is the second preferred animal feed
next to teff straw. Stem stubs of barley are also used for roof thatching (MoARD, 2007).

1.2 Statement of problem and Justification

Despite its long history of cultivation and wide range of uses by different communities, the
productivity of the crop, at the national level, was estimated at 21.57 q ha-1 (CSA, 2017/2018)
compared to the world average 5.87 to 6.31 ton ha-1, (Benton, 2003). The main limiting factors
are poor soil fertility (Minale, et al.,2001). Low levels of chemical fertilizer usage and low pH
(Berhaneet al., 1996). Since the major barley producing areas of the country are mainly located
in the highlands, severe soil erosion, continuous mono-cropping, lack of appropriate soil
conservation practices and lack of appropriate crop rotation system (Alemu, 2001; Minaleet al.,
2001) have resulted in soils with low fertility and pH. Therefore in area where barley producing
today are highly affected by deficiency of nitrogen element, due to this reason appropriate use of
nitrogen fertilizer rate is very crucial. Based on this the study will be conducted with the
following objectives;-.

1.3. Objectives

1.3.1. General objective

 To identify the effect of Urea fertilizer on growth and yield of Barley.

1.3.2. Specific objectives

 To determine the optimum dose of urea fertilizer rate on growth and yield of barley.
 To understand the effect of urea fertilizer on growth and yield of barley.
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 The origin and Distribution of Barley

Barley was one of the first agricultural domesticates together with wheat, peas & lentils dating
from about 10,000 years. Barley will be first used as human food but evolved primarily into a
feed, malting and brewing grain due in part to the rise in prominence of wheat and rice (Badr et
al., 2000).

Barley played a vital role in the establishment and growth of the Old World. According to
multiple sources, there is overwhelming evidence proving that barley was very important crop,
reaching back thousands of years. In the Bible barley is listed along with wheat, emmer, spelt,
millet and sorghum. Ancient Hebrews revered barley as a very special plant along with grapes,
figs, pomegranates, olives, and others. In 2800 B.C., the Chinese also saw barley as a very
important crop similar to rice. Spreading to Europe, barley’s uses increased. In Greece, the
traditional breads were made of both wheat and barley (Andrew, 2004).Ethiopia is the second-
most populous country in Sub-Saharan Africa with a population of 96.5 million, and
population growth rate of 2.5% in 2014. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian economy. It is the
major supplier of raw materials to food processing, beverage and textile industries. It accounts
for more than 85% of the labor force and 90% of the export earnings.

Cereal production and marketing are the means of livelihood for millions of households in
Ethiopia and is the single largest sub-sector within Ethiopia’s agriculture, far exceeding all others
in terms of its share in rural employment, agricultural land use, calorie intake, and contribution to
national income (Shahidur, 2010).

Barley is the fourth most important cereal crop in the world after wheat, maize, and rice, and is
among the top ten crop plants in the world (Akar et al. 2004). Globally, European Union,
Russian Federation, Ukrian, Turkey and Canada are the top five largest world Barley producers
where, Europian unions produce the greatest quantities of barley with an estimated production of
nearly 60 million tons followed by Russian federations with a production of about 20 million
tons according to Untied state of Agricultural institute estimate in 2014.On the African continent,
,Morocco Ethiopia ,Algeria, Tunisia and south Africa were the top five largest barley producers
for the year 2014 with estimated production of approximately 2.1 million tones,1.7 million
tones,1.3 million tones,0.9 million tones and 0.307 million tons respectively.

Barley is an important grain crop in Ethiopia and has diverse ecologies being grown from1800 to
3400 m altitude in different seasons and production systems and makes Ethiopia being the
second largest producer in Africa, next to Morocco, accounting for about25% of the total barley
production in the continent (FAO, 2014) and recognized as one of the world’s most ancient food
crop, which is believed to have first domesticated about 10,000 years ago from its wild relatives
in the Fertile Crescent of the Near East and center of diversity in Ethiopia.
According to the 2014/2015 forecasts from Ethiopia’s Central Statistics Authority,

2.2 Soil and Agro-climatic conditionsfor the Barley

Barley can successfully on a wide variety of soil ranging from Sandy to heavy loam in texture.It
is also grown in well drained,moderately fertile loam or light soil.However, highly fertile soil
can causes lodging with excess of Nitrogen content in the grain, which is in comfortable for
malting in beverage industry.

Barley isa crop of temperate climate like wheat, even though may be grown under sub - tropical
climatic condition.It thrives best in areas having cool dry winter with low Rain fall.The crop can
with stand cool humid and warm dry climate but not humid climate, humidity disfavor mainly,
due to disease prevalence.Rain during the period of results in good quality of crop but rain at
maturity causes discoloration of the grains .The uniform moisture supply and bright sun shine at
ripening are important for the production of bright kernel required by the malting industries . The
Barley requires temperature range of about 12°c-150°c during growing period.

2.3.Barley production in Ethiopia

Barley is one of the oldest crops in the Ethiopia and known as early as 3000 BC
(HaikuandVanleur,1996)

Ethiopia is ranked twenty-first in the world in barley production with a share of 1.2 percent of
the world’s total production. According to USAD reports on assessments of commodity and
trade, Barley cultivation is widely distributed across the country on over one million hectares of
land and by more than four million small holder farmers. Currently, it is grown exclusively for
the domestic market and is neither imported nor exported. Barley is a high-opportunity crop,
with great room for profitable expansion, particularly when connected with the country’s
commercial brewing and value-added industries. It is the fifth most important cereal crop in
Ethiopia after teff, wheat, corn, and sorghum. According to Shahidur et.al (2015), Ethiopia is the
second largest producer of barley in Africa next to Morocco, accounting for about 26 percent of
the total barley production in the continent. According to these authors, about 4.5 million
smallholder farmers grew barley on more than 1 million meher hectares of land. The total
production has been increasing steadily over the past decade it has increased from 1.1 million
metric tons in 2003/4 to 1.9 million tons in 2013/14, which is equivalent to an annualized growth
rate of 6 percent per year.

At national level it is thethirdmost important crop after Sorghum and Teff which is cultivated
from as high as 3000m above sea level to low rainfall areas with altitude up to 1500 m.a.s.l.Belg
Barley is produced in parts of Wello,Shewa, Bale andSome parts of Arsi.Barley grain is used as
a major food item while the Straw is used in the building of House Walls with mud. In most of
the high lands, Barley accounts for over 60% of the total plant food of the inhabitants. The major
determination of barley profitability is yield. To maximize yield, it is important to ensurethat the
crop has every chance to succeed several a biotic and biotic factors that have contributed to this
low productivity.

Some of the constraints are poor crop management practices, new introduced barley varieties are
susceptible to mildew, barley yellow dwarf virus, net blotch and scald diseases and the limited
availability of the very few improved cultivars released, weeds, insects and the inherently low
yield potential of the prevalent local varieties.

It is considered as dependable food security crop for the majority of highland farmers because it
is grownin marginal areas where the choice if cereal is limited. In comparison with other
cereals.Barley is harvested early and provides relief from food Shortages during the long rainy
season (CSA,2008).
2.4 TheChallenge's influencing the growth of barley

According to CSA, 2013 Post Harvest Survey data, shows, the storage of farm households. At
the regional level shows, an overwhelming majority of barley growers store their barley; the
primary reason for storage is for future consumption, which implies limited commercialization.
For example, consider the case of Oromia, where 89percent of the farmers store their barley
immediately after harvest. However, 93percentof the households reported that the primary reason
for storage was for consumption and the secondary reason was seed (82percent). Only
14percentof the farmers reported having stored their barley to sell at a later time for a higher
price. At the national level, 92percentof the farmers reported that the primary reason for storage
was for consumption; and the main secondary reason was for seed (81percent) and future sale
(14percent), respectively Second, responses to the methods of storage indicate that farmers use
very primitive storage facilities.

At the national level, no farmers used metallic storage facilities for their cereals;

58 percent of the farmers store their barley in bagson the floor, with the proportion ranging from
78 percentin Oromya to 28 percentin Amhara; and 29 percentuse other means of storage within
their home. Finally, unless the storage constraints are alleviated, commercialization will not take
root and the country will continue to be dependent on barley imports. However, this does not
mean that each farmer requires storage facility of their own to address the liquidity constraints
and to reduce market volatility. There can be an alternative institutional mechanism—such as
community storagethat can address the farm level constraints.
Generally, according to the study on barley value chain in Ethiopia, studied by (Shahidur et.al
2015), suggest that storage is a pervasive and systemic problem at all levels of the value chain. In
most of the kebeles and woredas, the largest storage facilities are owned by the cooperatives; and
neither retailers nor wholesalerreported to have large storage facilities. Moreover, many traders
reported that grain storage is discouraged by the government. Storage is a serious constraint in
Ethiopia’s grain markets in general and malt barley in particular.

This constraint is unlikely to be alleviated through market forces, implying that deliberate policy
action may be needed. Instead private investment in storage should be encouraged and bolstered
bappropriate and transparent rules and regulations. According to the study by (KalebKelemu,
et.al, 2014), the following are major constraints identified as factors that affect Barley Value
Chain. These includes: Shortage of supply of disease resistant and high yield varieties ,Weed and
pest occurrence ,Low soil fertility and low soil pH,Poor soil drainage ,Frost and
drought ,Diseases, such as scald, net blotch, spot blotch and rusts, Rising costs of
transport ,Market price fluctuation and others. According to this author, most farmers are not
able to access pesticide and fungicide in the nearby market. Problems of adulteration and selling
after expiration dates were often mentioned. At present cooperatives are providing fertilizers but
often at unaffordable price

In the highlands of Ethiopia, particularly the uplands and the hillsides soils become shallow and
stony as a result of severe soil erosion and nutrient depletion. As much farmland is now not used
for production farmers also recognize poor soil fertility as a factor constraining barley yield. Soil
fertility is the most limiting factor for barley production in highlands of Ethiopia. Therefore the
use of fertilizer significantly increases the plant height and the stand of the plant (Getachew et al,
2003). As a result, the production and productivity of barley in Ethiopia is low as compared to
international average. This problem arises from the lack of application of appropriate nitrogen
(urea) fertilizer to the plant.

2.5 . Role of urea in plant nutrition

Nitrogen is the most abundant mineral nutrient in plants. It constitutes 2-4 percent of plant dry
matter. Nitrogen is the key nutrient input for achieving higher yields of barley. Barley is very
sensitive to insufficient nitrogen and very responsive to nitrogen fertilization. Nitrogen plays a
central role in plant biochemistry. (Alma et al. 2007) indicated that the most important role of
nitrogen in the plant is its presence in the structure of protein and nucleic acids, which are the
most important building and information substances from which the living material or
protoplasm of every cell is made. In addition, nitrogen is also found in chlorophyll, the green
coloring matter of plants.

Nitrogen is an indispensable elementary constituent of numerous organic compounds of general

importance; amino acid, proteins, nucleic acids, and hormones. It is involved in all major
processes of plant growth and development and yield formation. Besides, a good supply of
nitrogen to the plant stimulates root growth and development as well as uptake of other nutrients
(Brady and Weil, 2002). Nitrogen is responsible for the dark green color of the stem and leaves,
vigorous vegetative growth, branching/tillering, leaf production, size enlargement, and yield
formation (FAO, 2006).

Nitrogen deficiency in plants results in a marked reduction in growth rate. A deficiency of N

limits cell division and expansion, chloroplast development, chlorophyll concentration and
enzyme activity. N-deficient plants have a short and spindly appearance. Tillering is poor, and
leaf area is small. As N is a constituent of chlorophyll, its deficiency appears as a yellowing or
chlorosis of the leaves. This yellowness usually appears first on the lower leaves while upper
leaves remain green as they receive some N from older leaves. The effects of N toxicity are less
evident than those of its deficiency. They include prolonged growing (vegetative) period and
delayed crop maturity (FAO, 2006). High ammonium in solution can be toxic to plant growth,
particularly where the solution is alkaline. The toxicity results from ammonia (NH 3), which is
able to diffuse through plant membranes and interfere with plant metabolism.

2.6 Importance of Nitrogen to Barley growth and development

Nitrogen is the of the major plant nutrients were satisfactorly level of grain and foliage
production on vertisoldependits adequate supply.Although Nitrogen requirements of crop met
through addition of Nitrogen fertilizer, it is an expensive input and these reflects its low
consumption in Ethiopia highland(Murinen, 2007).it plays vital role in all living tissue of the
plant. No other elements has such an effect on promoting vigorous plant growth.Abundant of
protein tends to increase the size of the leaves accordingly, to bring about an increase
carbohydrate synthesis(Murinine,2007).Nitrogen is one of the major plant nutrients were
satisfactory level of grain and foliage production on vertsoil depend on the application of proper
amount of Nitrogen is key to obtain better cropof Barley. High Nitrogen favors the conversion
of Carbohydrate into protein which in turn promotes the formation of protoplast.N-application at
120 kg/kg has been recommended by various research workers. N-application can increase

spike numbers, grain weigh and grain yield.Therefore, increases Nitrogen level can increase
grain yield(Hussein etal.,2005).
2. 7 Effect of urea fertilizer on growth and yield components ofBarley

Nitrogen deficiency in cereals results in restricted root growth, poor tillering, thinner and smaller
stems, premature ripening of grains (Mishra and Shivakumar, 2005).The rate of N fertilizer
application is among the most critical decisions for malting barley production due to its
largeimpact on grain yield, yield components and quality (Bulman and Smith, 1993). The
amount of N to be applied depends on the difference between crop requirement and the supply of
available soil N, which depends on mineralization of organic matter and residual N from
previous applications (FAO, 2006

Nitrogen fertilization has an important effect on the final harvest:therefore, if this element is not
available in sufficient amount yield is impaired. N deficiencies diminish grain number and yield
both in wheat and barley (Fischer, 1993; Baethgenet al., 1995). According to (Dale and Wilson
1998), an increased N does generally increases number of kernels per ear, while deficiencies of
this element can cause important reductions in this parameters estimated by these authors to be
around 40-60%. N fertilization has a crucial effect on barley yield, which results harmed by
either shortage or excess of this element ( Morenoet al., 2003) Working with influence of N
fertilizer on yield of malt barley reported that the main effect of the N dose was decisive on all
the parameters measured and the treatment without N supply was the least productive.

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. Description of the Study Area

The experiment will be conducted at Bule Hora University, West Guji zone experimental site in
2023. Bule Hora is located at 467 Km of Addis Ababa, from the capital city of Ethiopia, at
8°12North latitude and38°20' east longitude. It has total geographical area of 83,598.6
sq.km.,with elevation ranging from 1716 m.a.s. Annual Rainfall (RF) ranged from 600 -1250mm
and temperature ranged from 25 -30°C,with average of 27.5°C.In terms of farming system.
Thecommunity practics animals rearing and crop production. The soil type of the study site is
clay loam soil with a pH value 6.2.

3.2. Experimental Materials and Tools

Every bed preparation should have a sufficient supply of tools for different operations. A good
care should be taken of the tools which would then have a long life. It is not wise to keep
workers sitting formal at critical period of worker because of shortage of tools. Material tools
important for bed preparation are listed below.

1. Boxes:-for carrying of the seedling when distribute to community and planting take place.
2. Spade:-for mixing of soil for bed preparation and for load to wheel barons.
3. Digging fork:-for digging of soil prepared for bed preparation.
4. Digging hoe: -establishment and lining of the mark out bed.
5. Watering cans:-for watering of the seeded and soiled bed after mulch.
6. Rake:-for leveling of the bed.
7. Pruning knives:-for pruning of easy growled root and shoot of plants.

3.3.Land preparation

Barley requires as mooth seed bed, which free from weed and crop residues (Kedir,2006). It is
best the land ploughed two to three times before sowing and once for seed covering. The first
ploughing should be made during the dry season to expose perennial weeds to sun light.The
weeds are allowed to germinate after this first ploughing and then destroyed by asecond
ploughing(Kedir,TilahunandFeyisa,2006).

3.3.Treatmentand experimental design

The field experiment will be laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three
replication and four treatments. The experimental area will be divided into small homogenous
blocks and each replication contained complete set of treatment which will be allocated to plots
within each block at random. The arrangement of our block will be against concentration
gradient since concentration of gradient is perpendicular (North to South). The size of each plot
will be 1.5m.1m and the distance between the block will be 1 m and the distance between the
plot will be 0.5m. The seed will be sown at the recommended rate of 75 kg ha -1 in rows and the
treatment will be used are;-

 Treatment one (T1) =0kgN/ha will be used as control

 Treatment two (T2) =40gN/ha
 Treatment three (T3) =80kgN/ha
 Treatment four (T4) =120kgN/ha

Total area: Length x Width= 7.5mx5m=37.5m2

Field lay out

1.5m

B1
T2 T1 T3 T4
1m

5m

B2 T1 T4 T2 T3

T3 T2 T4 T1
B3

7.5m

3.4 Data to be collected

3.4.1 Growth parameter of barley

The important growth parameters will be measured from the two central rows of each plot for
growth and yield of barley
Plantheight (cm): The plant height will be measured from the soil surface to the tip of spike
from five randomly selected plants and their average will be recorded.

Number of tiller per plant: The number of tiller per plant will be counted and recorded from
the five randomly selected plants and their average will be recorded.

Spikelength: the spikele length will be measured from base of starting spike and end of upper
leaf stem of five randomly selected spikes and the average will be recorded as spike length.

Number of grain per spikenumber: Number of grain per spike will be counted from the five
randomly selected plant and the average will recorded as number of grain per spike .

Hundred seed weight: hundred seed weight will be recorded for 1000 randomly selected seed
per plot.

Biomass yield: Biomass yield will be measured by weighting all harvested above ground parts
of the plants per plot.

Grain yield per plot; Grain yield will be measured by weighting grain gained per plot and
convent into quintal per ha

3.5 Statistical Analysis

The collected data will be subjected to statistical analysis using SAS software. Significant
differences between and/or among treatments will be separated by Least Significant Differences
(LSD) test. Interpretations were done following the procedures described by Gomez and Gomez
(1984).

4. WORK PLAN and Budget

Table 1: Schedule of activity

Activities Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Proposal Wtiting X

Proposal Defence X
 Land preparation X

Planting X

Weeding X X

Fertilizer application X

Follow-up & data collection X X X

Harvesting X

Data entry & analysis X

Reporting X

4.1 Logistics and budget

Table 2: Stationary Cost

No. Expenditure items Quantity in Single Total cost

number price (ETB)

1 Notebook 1 50 50

2 Pen and pencil 3 20 60

3 Paper 100 2 200

  Total 310

Table 3:Planting Materials Cost

No Materials Quantity(kg) Unity price in Total

kg
1 Urea Fertilizer 4.25 55 235
2 Barley seed 1 30 30
3 Total 265
Table 4: Budget Summary

No Items Total cost in ETB

1 Stationary 145
2 Planting materials 105
3 Total 255
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